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Mathematics 221, Spring 2006 Lecture 3 (Wilson)
First Midterm Exam February 17, 2006 Answers
Problem (18 points)
For each of these functions f(x), find f'(x)
(a) f(a) = 52° tan(x)
Answer: We start with the product rule: We will need each of 52° and tan(z) times the derivative
of the other. The derivative of 5° is 5 x 8 x 7 = 4027. The derivative of tan(z) is sec*(x). So
the answer is 52* sec?(:r) + 4027 tan(2).
: = 2041
0) f@) =a
Answer: We hare to use the quotient rule, The derivative of 32% — 2r +1 is 6x —2 and the
2n
derivative of 22-5 is 2, so the answer is © — 5)(6x — 2) — 2x(3x? — 20-41) _ es
(e) f(x) = sin(cos(x*))
Answer: We use the chain rule: The “outside” function is the sine, whose derivative is the cosine.
Moving in one level we have the cosine, whose derivative is ~sine, Inside that is x, whose
derivative is 2n. Hence the answer is eos(cos(2r))(—sin(x?))(2r) = —2r sin(x*) eos(cos(s
Problem 2 (18 points)
Evaluate the limits, or tell if they don’t exist:
tn
A
We certainly cannot “plug in” x = 0 since that would give ! which is meaningless. We
sin(z) sin(x)
1, and this resembles that, So we rearrange things: lim, =? =
Tim 2 yim) isn) 1
remember that lim
1
tim 5x 3X1 = 5 using the theorem that said we could take a multiplied
constant ottside the limit.
ver: If we think of a value for xr “near” 3, on the left side of 3, 1 will be near 9 but less than
J. Hence the denominator of the fraction will be a small negative number, nearly zero, while the
numerator is about 9. ‘Lhe ratio will be very large and negative, getting larger in size as x — U.
Hence the limit from the left is —a0,
If we think of a value for 1 near 3, but now on the right side of 3, 2? will be near 9 bnt greater
than 9. Hence the denominator of the fraction will be a small positive number, nearly zero, while
the numerator is still about 9. The ratio will be very large and positive, getting larger
0. Hence the limit from the left is no.
Since the limits from the two sides don’t agree, the two-sided limit given in the problem DUES
NOV EXIST © BaP
Answer: Unlike in (b), this time as 2 + 3 the denominator does not go to zero. Hence we have
‘rational function where the denominator is not going to zero, and a theorem tells us that is
continuous. So we this time we can “plug in” x = 3. That gives us as the answer yr = 35
Comment: I had intended this problem to read lim, ayy and mistyped it, Tid not want to
change it at the exam time, that always causes confusion and this did not seem worth it. But as
an example, for that version of the problem: The reasoning in (b) almost applies, but this time
the denominator (being a square) is positive on either side of 3 and so the limit from either side
is positive oo. Hence the two-sided limit does exist and is oo.
Problem 3 (15 points)
For the funetion f(x) = 32" — 42 +1:
(a) What is the average rate of change of f(r) as « goes from 0 to 2!
£2)
2a
Au
ver: We divide the change in f from x = 0 tox = 2 by the change in «x. We get
b-1_4
=?.
{b) What is the derivative of f(r) as a finetion?
Answer: We can use the power rule and other simple rules to get "(r) = 6x — 4.
(c) What is the instantaneous rate of change of f(x) at r= 0?
Answer: We evaluate f"(0) and get 6 x 0-4 = 4
{d) What is the instantaneous rate of change of f(2) at
Answer: Similarly, f"(1) =6 x 1-4=2
(c) What is the instantaneous rate of change of f(r) at = 2?
Answer: And f"(2) =6 x 2-4 =8.
Comment: Note that the instantaneous rate of change in the middle of the interval [0, 2) is the same as
the average rate of change over the whole interval. ‘This does not always happen, but it would always
happen if f is given by a polynomial of degree 2 or less.
re
Problem4 (15 points)
Use the definition of the derivative as a limit to find f"(z) for f(x) = 2r* +2 +3.
Answer:
@) = fim, h
; 3
= h
Gp 20? +4ch + 2h? +a0-+h+3—2x?-2-3
a
= tim tht h
mh I Jim (4 + 2h + 1)
mo
4 +1
Problem (16 points)
For f(x) = sin(2r) +3:
(a) Find an equation for the tangent line to the graph of f(x), at the point (0,3) on the graph.
Answer: We need to find an equation in a form such as y = mz +b where m is the slope. So first
we find the slope. That will be ’(0) so we find f’(zr) and evaluate it at = 0. Using the chain
rule we get f’(x) = 2cos(2x). Then f"(0) = 2cos(0) = 2 x 1 = 2. So now we know the slope,
m = 2. We can proceed in at least two different ways. One, the most general, is to say the line
goes through the point (29,40) = (0,3) so the equation can be written as y — yo = m/(: — 29).
But in this case we note that the point (0,3) is on the y-axis, ie. 3 is the y-intercept, so b must
be 3. Hence the equation is y = 2x + 3.
= ae
elas 143 4° 2
{b) For f(x) = x? -2: Show that there must be some value of a for which f(x) =
scmnare root of 2”
Don’t just give some numeric approximation to y2. Use some theorem(s) we have studied.
Answer: ‘The main theorem we have that says a function must take some particular value is the
Intermediate Vahte Theorem. Since f(.r) is given by a polynomial, it is continuous at any value
of x, So if we can find some x that makes f(x) negative and some other « that makes f(r)
positive, the IVT will guarantee there is an + between those two values that makes f(r) zero
and we will be through. If I try for example x = 0, f(0) = 0 ~ 2 is negative. And if I try x =2
as another example, f(r) = 4-2 is positive, Hence we know not only that f(r) is zero for some
but even a little more, that there is some xr between 0 and 2 making f(x) = 0.
|e. “there is a
