BRM 2 Marks Answer
Deepak Dhiwar
Group 1: Research Concepts and Design
Q1) Define any five of the following: [5 × 2 = 10]
a) Sampling in research
Sampling in research refers to the process of selecting a subset of individuals or items from a
larger population to gather data and make inferences about the entire population.
b) Population in research
Population refers to the entire group of individuals, objects, or data that a researcher is
interested in studying.
c) Qualitative Research
Qualitative research involves collecting non-numerical data to understand concepts,
experiences, or social phenomena, often using interviews or observations.
d) Research design
Research design is the framework or blueprint for conducting a research study, outlining the
methods and procedures for data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
e) Literature Review
A literature review is a comprehensive survey of existing research and theoretical works
relevant to the research topic, providing background and context.
Q2) Solve any five of the following: [5 × 2 = 10]
a) What is research? Why is research essential in Business? Give two reasons. [2]
Research is the systematic investigation into a subject to establish facts and reach new
conclusions. In business, research is essential for informed decision-making and identifying
market trends.
b) List the stages in the Research process. [2]
The stages in the research process are:
1. Identifying the research problem
2. Reviewing literature
3. Designing the research methodology
4. Collecting data
5. Analyzing data
6. Interpreting results
7. Reporting findings
c) Discuss the two basic means of obtaining primary data. [2]
Primary data can be obtained through:
1. Surveys/Questionnaires
2. Interviews or direct observations
d) What are the steps in the research process? [2]
The steps include:
1. Problem formulation
2. Literature review
3. Research design
4. Data collection
5. Data analysis
6. Conclusion
e) What is the purpose of a Literature Review? [2]
The purpose is to understand existing research on the topic, identify gaps, and build a
theoretical framework for the current study.
Group 2: Sampling Techniques
Q1) Define any five of the following: [5 × 2 = 10]
a) Systematic Sampling
Systematic sampling is a probability sampling technique where every nth element from a list of
the population is selected after a random starting point.
b) Snowball sampling
Snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling method where initial participants are asked to
refer to others, creating a "snowball" effect for recruitment.
c) Extraneous variable
An extraneous variable is any variable that is not the focus of the study but could influence the
dependent variable if not controlled.
Q2) Solve any five of the following: [5 × 2 = 10]
a) Enumerate types of non-probability sampling methods. [2]
Types include:
1. Convenience sampling
2. Judgmental sampling
3. Snowball sampling
4. Quota sampling
b) What are the types of probability sampling? [2]
Types include:
1. Simple random sampling- Every member has an equal chance of being selected.
2. Systematic sampling-Systematic sampling involves selecting every nth individual from
a list or sequence after a random starting point, ensuring a spread across the population.
3. Stratified sampling-The population is divided into strata, and samples are drawn from
each stratum
4. Cluster sampling-When the population is large and geographically dispersed, making it
costly to sample individuals directly.
c) Under what circumstances would you recommend stratified and cluster probability
sampling? [2]
● Stratified sampling is recommended when the population is divided into distinct
subgroups, and the goal is to ensure representation from each subgroup.
● Cluster sampling is used when the population is large and geographically dispersed,
making it more practical to sample entire clusters (groups) rather than individuals.
Group 3: Hypothesis Testing & Variables
Q1) Define any five of the following: [5 × 2 = 10]
a) Alternate hypothesis
An alternate hypothesis is a statement that contradicts the null hypothesis, suggesting that
there is a significant effect or relationship in the population.
Q2) Solve any five of the following: [5 × 2 = 10]
a) What is a hypothesis? [2]
A hypothesis is a testable statement or prediction about the relationship between two or more
variables in a study.
b) What is Type-I error in testing of hypothesis? [2]
A Type-I error occurs when a null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true, also known as
a false positive.
c) What is the test of validity? [2]
A test of validity ensures that a research instrument measures what it is intended to measure
and produces accurate results.
d) What do you understand about extraneous variables? [2]
Extraneous variables are variables not of primary interest in a study but can influence the
outcome, potentially leading to misleading results if not controlled.
Group 4: Measurement Scales and Data Types
Q1) Define any five of the following: [5 × 2 = 10]
a) Likert Scale
The Likert scale is a psychometric scale commonly used in surveys to measure attitudes,
typically offering a range of responses from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree."
Q2) Solve any five of the following: [5 × 2 = 10]
a) What is ‘Likert Scale’? [2]
The Likert scale is a type of rating scale used to measure attitudes or opinions, where
respondents select their level of agreement or disagreement on a multi-point scale.
b) Explain semantic scale. [2]
A semantic differential scale is a type of scale used to measure the meaning of a concept, with
bipolar adjectives (e.g., "good-bad") at each end.
c) Write the difference between questionnaires and schedules. [2]
● Questionnaires are self-administered and filled out by respondents.
● Schedules are administered by an interviewer who asks the questions directly.
Group 5: Statistical Analysis and Variables
Q1) Define any five of the following: [5 × 2 = 10]
a) Linear regression
Linear regression is a statistical method used to model the relationship between a dependent
variable and one or more independent variables by fitting a linear equation.
Q2) Solve any five of the following: [5 × 2 = 10]
a) Define Correlation. [2]
Correlation measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables,
indicating how changes in one variable relate to changes in another.
b) List different variables used in experimental research. [2]
Variables in experimental research include:
1. Independent variable (manipulated)
2. Dependent variable (measured)
3. Control variables (kept constant)
Group 6: Research Types and Reliability
Q2) Solve any five of the following: [5 × 2 = 10]
a) What is Reliability? [2]
Reliability refers to the consistency or stability of the results obtained from a measurement tool
or instrument over repeated trials.
b) Mention two major differences between descriptive research and exploratory research.
[2]
1. Descriptive research aims to describe characteristics or functions of a population, while
exploratory research seeks to investigate a problem that is not well understood.
2. Descriptive research involves systematic data collection, whereas exploratory
research is more flexible and open-ended.
c) Explain in short about cross-sectional study design. [2]
A cross-sectional study design involves observing or collecting data from participants at one
point in time to examine relationships or patterns within a population.
1. Explain which are different ethical considerations researchers should think about
before start of business research. [5]
Before starting a business research project, researchers should consider several ethical factors
to ensure the integrity of the study and protect the rights of participants. Here are five key
ethical considerations:
1. Informed Consent
Researchers must ensure that all participants fully understand the nature of the
research, including its purpose, the methods being used, and any potential risks
involved. Participants should voluntarily agree to participate without any form of coercion
or pressure. This consent should be documented, and participants should have the
option to withdraw at any time without facing any negative consequences.
2. Confidentiality and Anonymity
Researchers are responsible for protecting the privacy of participants. Any personal or
sensitive data collected during the research must be kept confidential and stored
securely. If participants' identities are used in the research, their consent must be
obtained. Where possible, anonymity should be maintained, meaning participants'
identities should not be disclosed even in aggregate data.
3. Avoiding Harm to Participants
Researchers must prioritize the well-being of participants and avoid causing any
physical, emotional, or psychological harm. The research design should be carefully
planned to minimize risks, and any unforeseen adverse effects should be addressed
promptly.
4. Objectivity and Avoiding Bias
Researchers must approach the study with objectivity, avoiding personal biases that
could skew data collection, analysis, or interpretation. This includes presenting results
honestly and not manipulating data to support a preconceived outcome or hypothesis.
5. Honesty and Transparency
Researchers should be transparent about the research process, including their
methodologies, funding sources, and any conflicts of interest. All findings should be
reported truthfully, regardless of whether the results align with the researchers’
expectations or interests. Any financial or institutional influences that could compromise
the research's impartiality should be disclosed.
By considering these ethical factors, researchers can ensure that their business research is
conducted with integrity, protects participants' rights, and maintains public trust in the research
process.
3. Discuss outline of research report. [5]
A research report serves as a detailed document that presents the findings, methodology, and
analysis of a research study. The report should be structured in a logical and systematic way to
make it easy for readers to understand and evaluate the research. Here’s an outline of a
typical research report:
1. Title Page
1. Title of the Research: Clear and descriptive title reflecting the study's content.
2. Author(s): Name(s) of the researcher(s).
3. Institution/Organization: The institution or organization under which the research is
conducted.
4. Date: The date of submission or completion of the research.
2. Abstract
● A concise summary of the research report, including the problem, methodology, key
findings, and conclusions. It should be brief (typically 150–300 words) but
comprehensive enough to give the reader a quick overview.
3. Introduction
● Background: A brief overview of the topic, setting the context for the research.
● Problem Statement: Clearly defines the research problem or the issue the study aims to
address.
● Objectives of the Study: The goals or aims of the research.
● Research Questions or Hypotheses: Specific questions the research seeks to answer or
the hypotheses being tested.
● Significance of the Study: Why the study is important and its potential impact on the field
or business.
4. Literature Review A review of existing research and theoretical frameworks relevant to
the research topic. It identifies gaps in the current literature that the research aims to fill.
This section sets the foundation for understanding the context of the study.
5. Methodology
1. Research Design: The approach used in the study (qualitative, quantitative, or
mixed methods).
2. Sampling: Describes how participants or data points were selected (e.g., random
sampling, purposive sampling).
3. Data Collection Methods: How data was collected (e.g., surveys, interviews,
experiments).
4. Data Analysis Techniques: The methods used to analyze the data (e.g.,
statistical analysis, content analysis).
5. Limitations: Any constraints or limitations of the study that might affect the
results.
6. Results : A presentation of the findings from the research, often supported by tables,
charts, and graphs. The results should be presented objectively, without interpretation.
7. Discussion
1. Interpretation of Results: A discussion of the results in the context of the
research questions or hypotheses. How do the findings answer the research
problem?
2. Comparison with Previous Research: How do the results compare with
existing literature or studies?
3. Implications: Practical or theoretical implications of the findings.
8. Conclusions : A summary of the key findings, directly answering the research
problem or questions. This section should be concise and reflect the overall conclusions
drawn from the study.
9. Recommendations (if applicable) Based on the findings, this section provides
actionable suggestions for practice, policy, or further research. For example, business
researchers might recommend strategies based on their results.
10. References : A list of all the sources cited throughout the research report, formatted
according to a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
11. Appendices (if applicable) : Additional material that supports the research but is
not included in the main body of the report. This can include raw data, detailed tables,
survey instruments, or extended mathematical proofs.
This outline ensures that the research report is comprehensive, well-organized, and provides all
necessary information for readers to understand, evaluate, and possibly replicate the study.
4. Describe sampling & non-sampling error in research.
In research, errors can occur during the data collection process, impacting the validity and
reliability of the study’s findings. These errors are generally classified into two categories:
sampling errors and non-sampling errors. Here's a detailed description of each:
1. Sampling Errors Definition: Sampling errors arise from the process of selecting a sample
from a population. They occur when the sample does not accurately represent the population,
leading to differences between the sample findings and the true population parameters.
Causes:
1. Random Sampling Error: Even when random sampling methods are used, there can
still be differences due to chance. For example, a random sample may happen to include
a higher or lower proportion of a certain subgroup than the overall population.
2. Sample Size: Smaller sample sizes are more prone to sampling errors, as they provide
less information about the population and may not capture its diversity.
3. Sampling Method: The methodology used for selecting the sample can also introduce
errors. For instance, convenience sampling or biased sampling methods can lead to
unrepresentative samples.
Examples: If a survey collects data from only a specific region or demographic group and
generalizes the results to the entire population, it may not accurately reflect the views of the
larger population.
2. Non-Sampling Errors : Definition: Non-sampling errors are all other types of errors that can
occur during the research process, excluding the inherent inaccuracies of sampling. These
errors can happen at any stage of data collection, analysis, or interpretation.
Causes:
1. Measurement Error: inaccuracies in data collection due to poorly designed instruments
or biased questions. This can include leading questions in surveys or misunderstanding
by respondents.
2. Response Bias: When participants give false or misleading answers, often influenced
by social desirability or misunderstanding the question.
3. Data Processing Errors: Mistakes made during data entry, coding, or analysis can lead
to incorrect conclusions.
4. Non-Response Error: When a significant number of selected participants do not
respond to the survey, leading to potential bias if those non-respondents differ
significantly from respondents.
5. Interviewer Bias: Influence of the interviewer’s behavior or demeanor on participant
responses, potentially skewing results.
Examples: If survey questions are worded ambiguously, participants may interpret them
differently, leading to inconsistent answers that do not accurately reflect their views.
High rates of non-response from a particular demographic group can skew results if that group's
perspectives differ from those who participated.
Conclusion
Both sampling errors and non-sampling errors can significantly impact research findings.
Understanding these errors is crucial for researchers to design their studies effectively, minimize
inaccuracies, and ensure that their results are valid and reliable. Researchers can take
measures such as increasing sample size, improving data collection methods, and ensuring
clarity in survey questions to reduce the likelihood of these errors.
Advantages of Internet-based Questionnaires Over Personal Interviewing [5]
Internet-based questionnaires have become increasingly popular in research due to their
numerous advantages when compared to traditional personal interviews. Below are some of the
key benefits:
1. Cost-Effectiveness
Internet-based questionnaires are typically less expensive than personal interviews.
They do not require travel expenses, interviewers' salaries, or rental fees for interview
locations. Once designed, they can be distributed to a large number of participants at
minimal additional cost.
2. Wider Reach and Accessibility
Internet-based surveys can reach a global audience, making them ideal for studies that
need diverse or geographically dispersed respondents. Unlike personal interviews, which
are limited by location, internet surveys can be distributed to participants regardless of
their physical location.
3. Time Efficiency
Respondents can complete internet-based questionnaires at their convenience, which
increases the likelihood of participation. There is no need for scheduling interviews, and
responses can be collected and analyzed quickly. Personal interviews, on the other
hand, require coordination of schedules between the interviewer and participants.
4. Anonymity and Reduced Bias
Internet-based surveys offer greater anonymity for respondents, which can encourage
more honest and accurate responses, especially on sensitive topics. Participants may
feel less pressured than they might in face-to-face interviews, reducing the social
desirability bias that can influence personal interview responses.
5. Automated Data Collection and Analysis
Responses from internet-based questionnaires are automatically collected and stored in
a digital format, which facilitates faster data analysis. There is minimal manual
intervention, reducing the chances of human error. In contrast, personal interviews
require manual data entry, which can be time-consuming and prone to mistakes.
6. Standardization and Consistency
Internet surveys ensure that each participant receives exactly the same questions, in
the same order, and under similar conditions. This minimizes interviewer bias that can
occur in personal interviews, where the interviewer may unintentionally influence the
participant's responses through their tone, body language, or questioning style.
7. Convenience for Respondents
Participants can complete internet-based surveys in their own time and in a comfortable
environment, leading to higher response rates. Personal interviews, in contrast, can be
more disruptive and require participants to set aside time for face-to-face interaction,
which can limit participation.
Conclusion:
While personal interviews offer the advantage of deeper interaction and the ability to clarify
questions in real-time, internet-based questionnaires are superior in terms of cost-efficiency,
reach, speed, and anonymity. The choice of method depends on the research goals, the nature
of the questions, and the target audience.
Aspect In-depth Interviews Focus Groups
Definition One-on-one interviews between the A group discussion led by a facilitator
researcher and the participant to where a small group of people
explore individual perceptions, discusses a specific topic, providing
attitudes, and experiences. insights from multiple participants.
Structure Structured, semi-structured, or Group discussion guided by a
unstructured interviews with the facilitator, typically with a set of
participant. predefined topics or questions.
Size of Typically one participant (individual Typically 6-12 participants per group.
Group interview).
Interaction No interaction between Interaction between participants,
participants—focused on individual allowing for diverse opinions and
perspectives. group dynamics.
Time Can be longer, usually 30 minutes to Generally shorter, typically 1 to 2
Investment 1 hour, depending on the depth of hours.
the conversation.
Flexibility Highly flexible, as the researcher Less flexible, as group dynamics and
can dig deeper into individual time constraints can limit individual
responses. exploration.
Data Depth Allows for detailed exploration of Provides a broader range of
individual thoughts, feelings, and perspectives and spontaneous insights
motivations. but may lack depth in individual
responses.
Cost and More expensive and time-consuming More cost-effective in terms of time
Logistics as each interview must be and logistics, as multiple participants
scheduled individually. are interviewed at once.
Analysis Data is often more complex to Easier to analyze patterns across
analyze due to the depth of participants, but can be influenced by
responses and individual variation. group dynamics or dominant
participants.
Bias and Less influenced by external Can be influenced by dominant voices
Influence participants or social pressure. or peer pressure within the group,
potentially leading to conformity.
Conclusion:
In-depth interviews are ideal when the researcher seeks deep, personal insights from individual
participants, while focus groups are more effective for exploring collective perspectives and
group dynamics. The choice between these methods depends on the research objectives,
available resources, and the type of data needed.
