Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 1 of 23

1. Introduction
Burner Tip is the front part of the kiln burner where fuel and air are mixed and ejected into the kiln to form
the flame. It plays a crucial role in flame shaping, combustion efficiency, and kiln performance.

2. Main Causes For Burner Tip Replacement

The burner tip in a cement rotary kiln is subjected to extreme conditions, including high temperatures,
abrasive fuels, and thermal cycling, leading to wear and damage over time. Here are the main causes for
burner tip replacement:

2.1 Thermal Erosion & Oxidation

 Cause: Prolonged exposure to temperatures exceeding 1,400–1,500°C causes oxidation and
material degradation.
 Effect: The tip may develop cracks, deform, or lose structural integrity.
 Signs: Visible warping, scaling, or flaking of the tip surface.
2.2 Fuel Abrasion & Corrosion
 Cause: Solid fuels (coal, petcoke) or alternative fuels (tires, waste) contain abrasive
particles or corrosive elements (chlorides, sulfides).
 Effect: Erosion of the nozzle openings, leading to improper fuel dispersion.
 Signs: Uneven flame shape, increased fuel consumption.
2.3 Clogging & Deposits
 Cause: Low-quality fuels or poor atomization can leave residues (ash, unburnt carbon)
inside the burner tip.
 Effect: Restricted fuel flow, unstable flame, and inefficient combustion.
 Signs: Reduced kiln temperature, higher CO emissions.
2.4 Mechanical Wear & Misalignment
 Cause: Vibrations, misalignment, or improper installation can cause physical damage.
 Effect: Cracks, fractures, or detachment of the tip.
 Signs: Flame instability, kiln hotspots, or burner pipe damage.
2.5 Thermal Shock
 Cause: Sudden temperature changes (e.g., during kiln startups/shutdowns or flame
adjustments).
 Effect: Cracks or spalling of the refractory lining inside the tip.
 Signs: Visible cracks, flame flickering.
2.6 Poor Flame Control & Backfire
 Cause: Incorrect air-fuel ratio or damaged tip geometry.
 Effect: Flame impingement on the tip, leading to localized overheating.
 Signs: Burner tip glowing red-hot, flame pulsations.
2.7 Chemical Attack (Alkali & Sulfur)
 Cause: Alkali salts and sulfur compounds in fuels can react with the tip material.
 Effect: Accelerated corrosion and thinning of the tip.
 Signs: Pitting, discoloration, or material loss.
 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 2 of 23

3. When to Replace the Burner Tip?

1) Flame instability (flickering, uneven shape).
2) Increased fuel consumption without changes in production.
3) Visible damage (cracks, erosion, warping).
4) Frequent kiln coating loss due to poor flame control.
5) Higher emissions (NOx, CO) indicating incomplete combustion.
4. Scope of work
The intent of this work is to deal about Third Line Rotary Kiln Burner Tip replacement. The replacement
work should be acted according to Novaflam burner tip replacement procedure. This work includes
maintenance of standby burner pipe, assembling/welding new burner tip to standby burner pipe, withdrawal
of existing burner from kiln and cooling, dismantling exiting burner pipe with burner tip and replacing
maintained standby burner to the burner system.

5. Safety Precaution
 All safety rules have to be closely followed.
 All personal protective equipment and tools have to be fulfilled.
6. Manpower, Material Consumptions and Work Duration

Burner Tip Replacement

S/No. Required manpower Material consumption Work duration
1.  Mechanical Engineer:#2  Burner tip:1set
 Mechanic:#2  Welding machine:1pc
 Electrician:#1  Electrodes :2pack
 Welder:#1  Grinding discs:4pcs
 Helper:#4  Cutting discs:2pcs
 Forklift:#1  Grinder machine:1pcs
 Truck crane:#1  Chain block:6pcs
 Different wrenches:
 Different steel ropes/straps and
shackles:
 Anchor:300pcs
 Cast:2t
 Oxyacetylene :1/1
 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 3 of 23

7. Dismantling procedures of burner of main parts

7.1 Dismantling refractory lined tube
There are two ways of burner parts dismantling procedures:

7.1.1 Dismantling refractory lined tube with Novaflam burner fitted to carriage (refer to
Annex 07 and 18).

Annex 07. Dismounting of outer tube/burner on its trolley

1) Before dismantling the refractory lined tube, check the presence of a reference mark on the
flange of the leading end and the intermediate part. (When reassembling, one must reset the
reference marks so that the leading end is put back to its initial position).
2) In the opposite case, it is necessary to mark the position of the flanges before dismantling
them.
3) Lift refractory lined tube by its center of gravity with the lifting device. This is to obtain
balance so as to limit rubbing during dismantling.
4) Slowly unscrew bolts from flange whilst checking the correct position of center of gravity.
Note: during this operation the inner axial pipe must be free from any load. It will not resist
to the load from the refractory lined tube.
5) Slide out the refractory lined tube. Take care of refractory lining during dismantling.
 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 4 of 23

Re-fitting:
 Proceed in the reverse sequence as that for dismantling. Please, note that the gasket has to be
replaced every time the joint has been dismantled.

7.1.2 Dismantling refractory lined tube with Novaflam burner removed from the carriage
(refer to Annex 08 and 18).

The refractory lined tube is to be rested on two support points. (Wooden wages)

1) Lift the rear part of the burner by its center of gravity with a lifting device. This is to obtain
balance so as to limit rubbing during dismantling.
2) Slowly unscrew bolts from flange whilst checking the correct position of center of gravity.
3) Slide out the rear part of the burner together with the inner pipe. During this operation slinging
points may be moved.

Re-fitting:
 Proceed in the reverse sequence as that for dismantling. Please, note that the gasket has to be
replaced every time the joint has been dismantled.

Annex 08a. Dismounting of outer tube/lifted burner

 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 5 of 23

Annex 08b. Dismounting of outer tube/lifted burner

7.2 Coal tube dismantling (refer to Annex 11)
 Proceed exactly the same way as for the radial air tube.
 During this operations take care of the expansion joint.

Note: Sometimes the special wear piece inside the backside of radial air circuit may be slide with the
coal tube. In this case do not forget it during remounting.

Re-fitting:
 Proceed in the reverse sequence as that for dismantling. Please, note that the gasket has to be
replaced every time the joint has been dismantled.

Annex 11a. Dismounting of coal pipe/lifted burner

 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 6 of 23

Annex 11b. Dismounting of coal pipe/lifted burner

7.3 Central air tube dismantling (refer to Annex 12).

 Proceed exactly the same way as for the radial air tube.
 During this operations take care of the expansion joint.
Re-fitting:
 Proceed in the reverse sequence as that for dismantling. Please, note that the gasket has to be
replaced every time the joint has been dismantled.

Annex 12a. Dismounting of central air pipe/lifter burner

 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 7 of 23

Annex 12b. Dismounting of central air pipe/lifter burner

7.4 Jacket tube dismantling (refer to Annex 13)

 Proceed exactly the same way as for the radial air tube. However if the set is not
heavy, dismantling can be carried out by hand.

Annex 13. Dismounting of jacket pipe/lifted burner

8. Special Points
8.1 Handling
 No slinging point is in a position to stress the expansion joints.
 Synthetic slings are preferable to metallic ones.
8.2 Help for dismantling

In order to help whilst dismantling the tubes, following equipment may be used:

 Horizontally mounted cranes.

 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 8 of 23

 Mechanical or hydraulic jacks.

8.3 Setting/Removing Assembly Parts
1) Flange Separation: (refer to Annex 14)
 Check the presence of the reference mark on both flanges. If not, a reference
mark must be made.
 Use a wedge by tapping gently or use the threaded holes if existing with
extracting screw.
 Don't damage sealing surfaces.

Annex 14. Unlock of flanges

2) Flange Setting: (refer to Annex 15)

 Each channel with an expansion joint is fitted with an anti-rotation device.
 Locking is achieved by trapping a mobile centering tab between 2 fixed tabs.
 It is therefore important to align the flanges correctly at the end of the positioning
manoeuvres.
 Manually check that the mobile tab is between the 2 fixed tabs with the space
between flanges at approx. 100 mm.
 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 9 of 23

Annex 15. Centering Cautions

9. Replacement of Tips (refer to Annex 16)

A= To be filled mm

Annex 16. Tip Positioning

 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 10 of 23

9.1 Welded Tips

9.1.1 Axial outer tip tag 02 (refer to Annex 01 and 17)
 Outer tube has to be removed from NOVAFLAM.
 Break away the refractory lining until the weld appears.
 Grind off the existing weld or cut away the weld with flame plasma torch. Once the
old tip is removed, put the chamfer in order to have its face perfectly flat and
perpendicular.
 Temporally weld 4 or 6 flat steel pieces on SS ferule tag 14 to help tip positioning.
 Slide the new tip and position it according to Annex 01.
Check:
 1 to 2 mm gap between pieces should be disposed such that the weld has sufficient penetration.
 Concentricity and parallelism of pieces. Now welding preparation is over.
 Use suitable weld rods according to metal quality:
 Cast SS tip tag 02: welding rod type SAFINOX R CND 25.20 or equivalent.
 SS ferrule tag 14: welding rod type SAFINOX R CND 25.20 or equivalent.

In order to avoid any distortion during welding we recommend:

 Tack weld in at least 4 to 6 spots.
 Weld in diametrically opposite sectors.

Annex 01. Outer tip item 20

 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 11 of 23

9.1.2 Coal tip tag 08

 Coal tube has to be removed from NOVAFLAM.
 Grind off the existing weld or cut away the weld with flame plasma torch. Once the old tip is
removed, put the chamfer in order to have its face perfectly flat and perpendicular.
 Temporally weld 4 or 6 flat steel pieces to help tip positioning.
 Slide the new tip and position it, then proceed with the welding.

Check:

 1 to 2 mm gap between pieces should be disposed such that the weld has sufficient penetration.
 Concentricity and parallelism of pieces.
 Now welding preparation is over.
 Use suitable weld rods according to metal quality.
 Cast SS tip tag 08 : welding rod type SAFINOX R CND 25.20 or equivalent

In order to avoid any distortion during welding we recommend:

 Tack weld in at least 4 to 6 spots.

 Weld in diametrically opposite sectors.

9.1.3 Central stabilizer tag 09 (refer to Annex 02)

 Jacket tube set has to be removed from NOVAFLAM.
 Grind off the existing weld or cut away weld with flame plasma torch. Once the old tip is
removed put the chamfer in order to have its face perfectly flat and perpendicular.
 Install the new tip and position it according to annex 02.

Check:

 1 mm gap between pieces should be disposed such that the weld has sufficient penetration.
 Concentricity and parallelism of pieces.
 Now welding preparation is over.
 Use suitable weld rods according to metal quality
 SS tube (stabilizer side): welding rod type SAFINOX R 308L (18/8) or equivalent
 Carbon steel tube : St 37 or equivalent
 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 12 of 23

Weld must be carried out with a lack of penetration to allow oil gun or other to go through freely.

Annex 02. Stabilizer item 09

9.2 Treaded Tips

 Apply high temperature lubricant paste type P-37 Molykote or equal on all threaded parts.
9.2.1 Radial air tip tag 04 (refer to annex 4a and 4b)
Two cases are possible:
Case 1: Radial air tube is removed from NOVAFLAM.
Dismantling the tube:
 Radial air tube has to be removed from NOVAFLAM.
 Remove the tip tag 04 by unscrew 3 item 14.
 Tap gently with a hammer in order to free it.

Case 2: Radial air tube is not removed from NOVAFLAM

 Release the blocking nut (rep. 15), move the burner tip out of the outer pipe with the swirler
adjusting device, unscrew 3 item 14 and then pull on the swirler to take it out from its item 12.

RE-FITTING:
 Proceed in the reverse sequence as that for dismantling.
 Coat sliding parts with high temperature grease, smoothly tight the screw item 14.
 Verify the tip position from outer pipe, refer to Annex 16.
 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 13 of 23

Annex 04a. Swirler item 22

 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 14 of 23

Annex 04b. Swirler dismounting

10. Post Re-Assembly Checks

10.1 After replacement of part(s) of tip (refer to Annex 16)

REFER TO SHET 16

 Before re-inserting the NOVAFLAM burner in the rotary kiln it is absolutely imperative to check
the zero position of the tip. For the zero position of the tip refer to Annex 16. The reference position
set before shipment (size A).
 Therefore, align all the tips for vertically face flush position. Only the tip tag 02 has to be forward
as shown on the fig. 8. This alignment is carried out by mean of turn buckles or cylinders on the side
of the burner. In this position the indicator of each channel must be on « 100% » on the aluminium
scales.
 If this is not the case, remove the rivet of each scale showing a deviation from zero. Reposition the
scale with zero aligned with the arrow indicator. This operation finished, fix each indicator that has
been adjusted by installing a new rivet.
 Keep in your records for each channel the distance between expansion joint flanges when tips are
at "0 position". All tips have to be re-positioned as it was before dismantling.

IMPORTANT:

This above checking is to be carried out even in the case of a simple replacement time when at least one
piece is dismantled.
 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 15 of 23

10.2 During a kiln stop

 In order to avoid faulty referencing of the tip settings it is desirable that the temperature of
the refractory lining of the supporting tube does not exceed 100 °C. If thus is not the case,
let the front part cool down.

A) Outer Tip Erection and Mounting

1) Weld 20 nuts H M27 on one expansion compensator flange. Weld two screws item 01 on the
second flange and 18 nuts H M27
2) Install the expansion compensator on inner axial pipe with the 20 bolts H M27 x 80
 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 16 of 23

3) Weld the item 12 on radial pipe as per welding W5 and install the swirler item22.
 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 17 of 23

4) Install the axial inner pipe on radial pipe and weld item 13 on axial inner pipe as per welding
W1.

5) Push the axial inner pipe in order to pass the two screws item 01 through the two holes on back
flange and install 2 x 2 nuts on screws item 01. Then install the axial outer pipe and weld item
14 as per welding W4.
 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 18 of 23

6) Pull forward the axial inner pipe (about 70 mm) and weld item 20 as per welding W2. Install
two threaded rod item 02 on axial outer pipe flange
 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 19 of 23

7) Pull forward the axial outer pipe (about 70 mm) and weld item 20 on item 14 as per welding
W3.

8) Push back all pipes with the two threaded rod item 02. Then fix the expansion compensator
from outside with 22 screws H M27 x 80, and the outer pipe with 22threaded rods M30 x 190.

Caution: Do not pull pipes with the 2 screws H M27 x 180, you may damage the compensator.
 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 20 of 23

B) Outer Pipe Dismounting

1) Remove the 2 threaded rods M30 x 260 and the 22 threaded rods M30 x 190
2) Remove the 2 x 2 nuts M27 and the 22 screws M27 x 80

3) Pull out the complete outer pipe set including, axial outer & inner pipes, outer tip item 20 and
the internal compensator. For outer pipe set re-mounting, proceed at opposite way by pushing
in the complete set and re-assembling screws and threaded rods.
 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 21 of 23

4) For spare outer pipe use, the compensator shall be dismounted from the original outer pipe set
and reassembled on the spare one. The spare outer pipe includes the axial outer & inner pipes
and the outer tip item 20.

11. Burner Refractory Lining Recommendation

1) Principle
 The thickness of the refractory lining is 80 mm.
 The refractory lining consists of anchored hydraulic concrete.
a) Burner tip zone (from burner tip to 1,4 m)
 Concrete: BASACAST LC 60-717 F concrete (or GIBRAM concrete) with addition of
3% mass wiredrawn metallic needles with hooks ZL 30/0.4 in AISI 310.
 Anchors: V shaped moveable anchors with welding loop.
b) Burner hot length (from 1,4 m to the burner flange)
 On the remainder of the burner hot length, implementation of the PHLOX 1500 C SR
concrete with standard V shaped anchors as shown in appendix 5.
 The concretes are poured under formwork with 4 expansion joints on the circumference
and every 700 mm on the length.
2) Anchors
a) Burner tip zone (from burner tip to 1,4 m)
On 1.4 m from burner end, anchors will be of the following type:
 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 22 of 23

The anchor is composed of:

 1 plate (welding loop) to be welded (H = 20mm) - material: AISI 309 or equivalent

 1 anchor with 2 unequal branches - material: AISI 310 or equivalent
 1 maintenance plastic clip
 2 plastic caps on each extremity

b) Burner hot length (from 1,4 m to the burner flange)

On the remainder of the burner of the burner hot length, the anchors are V shaped anchors in AISI 310 with
2 unequal branches and plastic plugs, welded on the burner outer pipe as shown in the drawing N° Z-
263972/0 in appendix 5).

3) Concretes
Appendixes 1, 2 and 3 give the technical files of the BASACAST LC 60-717 F, PHLOX 1500 C SR and
GIBRAM concretes, and the implementation file
 The BASACAST LC 60-717 F is applied to the burner end, over a length of 1.4 m.
Note: BASACAST LC concrete is specially recommended for kiln operating which high alkali cycle (uses
of alternative fuels, high alkali raw mill, high Sulphur petcoke,).
 When alkali cycle is low, the GIBRAM concrete shall be used instead of BASACAST LC.
 The PHLOX 1500 C SR is applied to all the remaining length of the burner hot end.

Precautions to be taken:
 The concretes are ready for use: the bags must be stored in a closed and dry covered place.
 Their lifetime is 6 months.
 If the validity is exceeded little, carry out a test of setting with, in case of doubt, a cold crushing on
test-tube. If the concrete presents a beginning of agglomeration or hardening, throw the bags away.
 The concrete must be mixed with drinking water at a temperature higher than 10°C.
 The quantity must be sufficient in order not to make a pouring retaking on a same section.
 Company: Document No:

በኬ.ኢ.ኮ. ሙገር ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ OF/MCF/ED/xxx

C.I.C. MUGHER CEMENT FACTORY
Title: Issue No: Page No:

SOP Burner Tip Replacement 1 Page 23 of 23

Procure:
 A mixer appropriate to the refractory concrete,
 A vibrating poker.
 For BASACAST or GIBRAM, include metallic needles: powder uniformly 3% (of the concrete
weight) of needles during the first dry malaxation, just before the humidification of the concrete. The
target is to distribute them avoiding their agglomeration in "ball".

Preparation of the concrete: refer to the implementation file in appendix 4.

4) Formwork (see drawing N° Z-264082/0 in appendix 6)

 The formwork is carried out according to the drawing N° Z-264082/0
5) Implementation
 Weld the anchor plates at the steps indicated on appendix 2,
 Lay out the anchors by putting the plastic clip.
 Check that the plastic clips prevent the anchor from rotation
 Check that the anchors have all their plastic plugs at the ends of their 2 branches,
 Prepare the formwork and coat the interior with dismantling oil,
 Put the tube to be concreted in vertical position and fix it on the ground,
 Position the first section of formwork with the longitudinal joints,
 Prepare the concrete with the quality corresponding to the zone to concrete, by adding
metallic needles for the pouring on first 1400 mm length zone,
 Pour the concrete while vibrating it without exaggeration, not to exceed 3 mm to 4 mm in
order not to have a segregation of the concrete,
 Assemble an additional stage of formwork by laying out the joints on the vertical and
circular flanges, and pour the concrete,
 Proceed in the same way up to the tube end,
 During the pouring, make 2 test-tubes to label with contract N° and date, and preserve them
for possible tests.
6) Drying
 After 48 hour air drying in a humid zone, a thermal drying shall be applied to evacuate the
residence water from the concrete:
 Rise to 200°C with 20°C/hr.,
 Plateau of 8 hours at 200°C,
 Descent to the ambient with 50°C/hr.

This could be performed using a small oven made of electrical heater and mineral fibber covers or radiant
heaters. The sketch of such an oven is given in the drawing N° Z-264198/0 in appendix 7.