University of Tripoli

Faculty of Engineering
Aeronautical Engineering Department

Conceptual Design of a Tube Launched UAV

By
Yousuf Salah-Aldin Errayes 22162352
Almuetasim-Billalah Abdullaha Salih 22180137

Supervised By
Mr. Adel Ali Kurban

A Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement of

Bachelor of Science Degree in Aeronautical Engineering

Tripoli -Libya
Fall 2024
 ‫‪Acknowledgments‬‬

‫بكل فخر واعتزاز‪ ،‬نهدي هذا العمل إلى كل من كان له دور في دعمنا وتشجيعنا خالل رحلتنا العلمية‬
‫واألكاديمية‪ ،‬وإلى من منحونا القوة والصبر لمواجهة التحديات وتحقيق هذا اإلنجاز الذي نفخر به اليوم‬
‫إلى والدينا األعزاء‪ ،‬أنتما النور الذي أنار طريقنا‪ ،‬والدافع الذي حفّزنا لالستمرار رغم الصعوبات‪.‬‬
‫لقد كنتم لنا السند الدائم‪ ،‬والداعم األول في كل خطوة‪ ،‬فبفضل دعواتكما وتشجيعكما‪ ،‬استطعنا تجاوز كل‬
‫العقبات والوصول إلى هذا اإلنجاز‪ .‬كلمات الشكر ال تفيكما حقكما‪ ،‬ولكننا نحمل لكما في قلوبنا كل االمتنان‬
‫والتقدير‪.‬‬

‫إلى إخوتنا وأصدقائنا‪ ،‬الذين كانوا بجانبنا في كل لحظة‪ ،‬يشاركوننا األفراح والنجاحات‪ ،‬ويشدّون من أزرنا في‬
‫أوقات التحديات‪ .‬لقد كنتم لنا أكثر من مجرد رفاق‪ ،‬كنتم العائلة التي نختارها‪ ،‬واليد التي تمتد لنا عند الحاجة‬
‫وشكرا لوجودكم الدائم إلى جانبنا‪.‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫وشكرا لثقتكم بنا‪،‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫شكرا لدعمكم‪،‬‬
‫ً‬

‫إلى مشرف مشروعنا الدكتور عادل كربان‪ ،‬ال يسعنا إال أن نقدم لكم أسمى آيات الشكر والتقدير على ما‬
‫بذلتموه من جه ٍد معنا‪ ،‬وعلى دعمكم الالمحدود وإرشاداتكم القيّمة التي كان لها الدور األكبر في إنجاز هذا‬
‫المشروع‪ .‬لقد كنتم لنا أكثر من مجرد مشرف‪ ،‬فقد كنتم قدوة في التفاني وااللتزام‪ ،‬ومصدر إلهام بعلمكم‬
‫وخبرتكم لم تبخلوا علينا بالنصح والتوجيه‪ ،‬وكنتم دائ ًما حريصين على أن نصل إلى أفضل النتائج‪ ،‬فلكم منا كل‬
‫االحترام والعرفان‪.‬‬

‫إلى كل من يطمح لتحقيق أحالمه‪ ،‬ويؤمن أن طريق النجاح مليء بالصعوبات لكنه يستحق العناء‪ ،‬نهدي هذا‬
‫المشروع‪ ،‬متذكرين دائ ًما أن "ربي يعطي أقسى معاركه إلى أقوى جنوده"‪ ،‬فكل تح ٍ ّد واجهناه لم يكن سوى‬
‫خطوة أخرى نحو تحقيق أهدافنا‪ .‬لقد تعلمنا أن الصعوبات ليست سوى دروس قيّمة تجعلنا أقوى وأكثر‬
‫استعدا ًدا لمواجهة المستقبل‪.‬‬

‫وأخيرا‪ ،‬إلى كل من يحمل شغف العلم والمعرفة‪ ،‬وكل من يسعى إلى االبتكار واإلبداع في مجال هندسة‬
‫ً‬
‫الطيران‪ ،‬نأمل أن يكون هذا المشروع إضافة متواضعة تساهم في تطوير هذا المجال‪ ،‬وأن يكون بدايةً‬
‫النطالقة أكبر نحو مستقبل مشرق ومليء باإلنجازات‪.‬‬

‫‪ii‬‬
 Abstract
This project focuses on designing a small, tube-launched unmanned aerial
vehicle (UAV) that combines efficiency and low cost. The UAV is
designed to be lightweight, with a maximum folded diameter of 150 mm
and a total weight of approximately 3 kg, making it portable and easy to
deploy. It uses an electric propulsion system for power and can carry a
payload of up to 0.7 kg, including sensors and a warhead. The design
includes innovative wing and tail mechanisms that enhance aerodynamic
performance and stability during flight. The goal is to create a UAV
capable of reconnaissance and precision strikes, with a minimum
endurance of 25 minutes and a range of 20 km.

iii
 List of Symbol

AR Aspect Ratio
a Speed of Sound
A Tube Cross -Sectional Area
𝑏w Wing Span
𝑏HT Horizontal Tail Span
𝑏VT Vertical Tail Span
CD Drag Polar
𝐶𝐷𝑜 Parasite drag coefficient
𝐶𝐷𝑜V𝑇 V tail parasite drag coefficient
𝐶𝐷𝑜𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝 Propeller parasite drag coefficient
𝐶𝐷𝑜f Fuselage parasite drag coefficient
𝐶𝐿T0 Lift Coefficient at Take-off
𝐶𝐿max Maximum Lift Coefficient
𝐶ƒ Skin Friction Drag
𝐶r Chord Root
𝐶t Chord Tip
𝐶̅ Mean Chord
C.G Centre of Gravity
𝑐VT Vertical Tail Volume Coefficient
𝑐HT Horizontal Tail Volume Coefficient
𝐷Prop Diameter of Propeller
dƒ Diameter of Fuselage
E Oswald efficiency Factor
Ip Power Index
Lƒ Length of Fuselage

iv
LHT The Distance Between a.c of Wing to a.c of Horizontal Tail
𝐿VT The Distance Between a.c of Wing to a.c of Vertical Tail M
L Tube Length
Sh Horizontal tail area
SV Vertical tail area
𝑆 Wing area
𝑇 Net thrust
t/c Thickness ratio
𝑇𝑂𝑃 Take off parameter
𝑇𝑂𝑃𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑈𝐴𝑉 Take of parameter for mini unmanned Arial vehicle
M Mach Number
Mah milli-ampere-hour
𝑁blades Number of Propeller Blades
𝑉𝐶𝑟 Cruise speed
𝑉𝑠𝑡 Stall speed
𝑣𝑎𝑑 Velocity at distance in a tube
WPL Pay load weight
WTO Takeoff weight
WE Empty weight
𝑊𝐹 Fuel weight
𝑊/ Power loading
𝑃
𝑊/ Wing loading
𝑆
X̅CG Position of Center of gravity at z axis
𝜆 Taper ratio
𝜌 Air density at sea level
𝜎 Density ratio

v
 Table of Contents

Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................... ii

Abstract ........................................................................................................................iii

List of Symbol ............................................................................................................. iv

Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... vi

List of Figure ............................................................................................................... ix

List of Tables .............................................................................................................. xi

1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 2
1.1 Mission Profile ............................................................................. 3
1.2 Design Objectives and Rationale: ................................................. 3
1.2.1 Key Specifications: ............................................................................... 3
1.2.2 System Designation: ............................................................................ 4
1.3 Project Overview .......................................................................... 5

2 Aircraft Survey ................................................................................................... 8

2.1 Market Survey .............................................................................. 8
2.1.1 Existing Aircraft Features ................................................................. 8

3 Launch Method ............................................................................................... 21

3.1 Tube Launched ........................................................................... 21
3.2 Tube-Launched UAVs: ................................................................ 21
1.1 Equations For Calculations ......................................................... 22
1.1.1 Calculation of Projectile Exit Velocity ....................................... 22
3.3 Given Data and Assumed Values: ............................................... 22

4 Estimating Take Off Weight Wing Area And Take Off Power ..... 27
4.1 Weight Estimation ...................................................................... 27
vi
 4.1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 27
4.1.2 Estimation Of Takeoff Weight ...................................................... 27
[Link] Estimate Power Consumption of Each Component .... 31
4.2 Parametric Analysis .................................................................... 34
4.2.1 Sizing To Stall Requirement .......................................................... 34
4.2.2 Cruise Requirement .......................................................................... 35
4.2.3 Matching For Sizing Requirements ............................................ 39
4.2.4 Selection of design point ................................................................ 39

5 Conceptual Design ......................................................................................... 41

5.1 Choice of Configuration .............................................................. 41
5.1.1 The Second Model ............................................................................. 41
5.1.2 The Third Model ................................................................................. 42
5.1.3 the fourth model ................................................................................ 42
5.2 Wing And Tail Mechanisms In UAV Design ................................. 46
5.2.1 Simplified Overview ......................................................................... 46
5.2.2 Wing Mechanism ............................................................................... 46
5.2.3 Tail Mechanism .................................................................................. 47
5.3 Initial Layout............................................................................... 48
5.3.1 Wing Layout ......................................................................................... 49
5.3.2 Wing Aspect Ratio ............................................................................. 49
5.3.3 Wing Taper Ratio ............................................................................... 50
5.3.4 The Airfoil Sections ........................................................................... 51
5.4 Tail Sizing.................................................................................... 55
[Link] Tail Airfoil Selection ..................................................................... 55
5.5 V-Tail .......................................................................................... 55
5.5.1 Tail Geometry ...................................................................................... 55
[Link] Horizontal Tail Area Calculation ............................................. 55

vii
 [Link] Vertical Tail Area Calculation............................................... 56
[Link] V-Tail Tilt Angle Calculation ................................................. 57
5.6 Fuselage Geometry .................................................................... 58
5.7 Data Summary ............................................................................ 59
5.7.1 Three-View Drawing ........................................................................ 59
5.7.2 Summary for Wing ............................................................................ 61
5.7.3 Summary for V-Tail........................................................................... 61
5.8 Engine Layout ............................................................................. 61
5.9 Control System ........................................................................... 62
5.9.1 Electric Speed Controller (ESC) ................................................... 62
5.9.2 Servo Motor.......................................................................................... 63
5.9.3 Receiver ................................................................................................. 64

6 COMPONENT WEIGHT AND DRAG ESTIMATION ............................ 70

6.1 Component Weight Estimation .................................................. 70
6.1.1 Center Of Gravity .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.2 Drag Estimation .......................................................................... 73
6.2.1 Drag Of Wing ....................................................................................... 73
6.2.2 Drag Of Fuselage ................................................................................ 74
6.2.3 Drag Of Propeller ............................................................................... 75
6.2.4 Drag of Tail ........................................................................................... 75
6.2.5 Total Drag ............................................................................................. 76

7 Conclusion and Recommendations ........................................................ 78

8 References ......................................................................................................... 79

Appendix A ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Appendix B ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

viii
 List of Figure
Figure 1.1 Mission Profile ..................................................................... 3
Figure 2.1 Shahed-136 [1] ...................................................................... 9
Figure 2.2 Switchblade 300 [2].............................................................. 9
Figure 2.3 Harop [3] ............................................................................. 10
Figure 2.4 ZALA Lancet [4]................................................................ 10
Figure 2.5 Alpagu drone [5] ................................................................. 11
Figure 2.6 Warmate Drone [6]............................................................. 11
Figure 2.7 FQM-151A Pointer [7] ........................................................ 12
Figure 2.8 Dragon Eye [8] .................................................................... 12
Figure 2.9 RQ-11 Raven [9] ................................................................ 13
Figure 2.10 skylark drone [10] ............................................................. 13
Figure 2.11 skylite b drone [11] ........................................................... 14
Figure 2.12 Switchblade 600 [2]........................................................... 14
Figure 2.13 Hero-30 [12]...................................................................... 15
Figure 2.14 Altius-600 [13] .................................................................. 15
Figure 2.15 Kub-BLA [14] ................................................................... 16
Figure 3.1 State diagram of a UAV launch tube [15] ............................ 22
Figure 3.2 The Relation Between Stall Speed and Takeoff Parameter .. 24
Figure 4.1 Empty Weight and Takeoff Weight Relation ....................... 30
Figure 4.2 Payload Weight and Take off Weight Relation .................... 30
Figure 4.3 Battery Weight and Capacity Relation ................................. 31
Figure 4.4 Cruise Speed and Power Index Relation for Different Mini
UAV .............................................................................................. 36
Figure 4.5 Show the Matching Diagram ............................................... 39
Figure 5.1 The Configuration shape of the first model [19] .................. 41
Figure 5.2 The Configuration shape of the second model [19] .............. 41
Figure 5.3 The Configuration shape of the second model [19] .............. 42

ix
Figure 5.4 Model A : initial concept [20] .............................................. 43
Figure 5.5 Model B : improved version [20] ........................................ 44
Figure 5.6 Final model with the wing and tail mechanisms fully open . 45
Figure 5.7 Final model with the wing and tail mechanisms fully closed 45
Figure 5.8 Final UAV Design from Multiple Angles ............................ 46
Figure 5.9 extension spring................................................................... 46
Figure 5.10 Wing Mechanism Closed................................................... 47
Figure 5.11 Wing Mechanism Open ..................................................... 47
Figure 5.12 Torsion Spring................................................................... 48
Figure 5.13 Wing Shape Diagram ........................................................ 51
Figure 5.14 NACA2412 Shape [22] ..................................................... 53
Figure 5.15 section lift coefficient Vs angle of attack [22] ................... 53
Figure 5.16 section drag coefficient Vs angle of attack [22] ................. 53
Figure 5.17 section moment coefficient Vs angle of attack [22] ........... 54
Figure 5.18 section lift/drag ratio Vs angle of attack [22] ..................... 54
Figure 5.19 NACA 0012 Airfoil Shape [23] ......................................... 55
Figure 5.20 sketch of a tail with dimensions ......................................... 57
Figure 5.21 Fuselage Layout ................................................................ 58
Figure 5.22 Shows Front View of UAV ............................................... 59
Figure 5.23 Shows Top View of UAV ................................................. 59
Figure 5.24 Shows Side View of UAV ................................................. 60
Figure 5.25 Shows Final Design of UAV ............................................. 60
Figure 5.26 Shown Electric Engine ...................................................... 62
Figure 5.27 Shown Electric Speed Controller (ESC) ............................ 63
Figure 5.28 Shown Servo Motor .......................................................... 64
Figure 5.29 shown FLYSKY FS-16 ..................................................... 65
Figure 6.1 Show C.G Position for All Component Aircraft .................. 72
Figure 6.2 Lifting Surface Correlation Factor for Wing Subsonic ........ 74

x
 List of Tables
Table 2.1 Comparison of Tube-Launched UAVs .................................. 17
Table 3.1 Pressure and volume required and exit Velocity ................... 23
Table 3.2 Stall Speed and Take off Parameter for Different Mini UAV 24
Table 3.3 relation between Wing loading and power loading in different
CLMAX ............................................................................................ 25
Table 4.1 Takeoff Weight, Payload Weight and Empty Weight for Mini
UAV .............................................................................................. 28
Table 4.2 Battery Weight, Voltage and Capacity for Different Battery . 29
Table 4.3 Thrust power versus lift-to-drag ratio and flight speed. ......... 32
Table 4.5 Wing Loading for Stall Requirements................................... 35
Table 4.6 Cruise Speed and Power Index for Different Mini UAV ....... 36
Table 4.7 Wing Loading and Weight Power Ratio for Cruise
Requirements ................................................................................. 38
Table 5.1 Airfoil Aerodynamic Characteristics .................................... 52
Table 5.2 Airfoil Aerodynamic Characteristics (2D) ............................ 52
Table 5.3 Fuselage Dimensions ............................................................ 58
Table 5.4 Shows Summary of Wing Data ............................................. 61
Table 5.5 Shows Summary of Tail Data ............................................... 61
Table 5.6 engine properties .................................................................. 61
Table 5.7 Electric Speed Controller Properties ..................................... 62
Table 5.8 Servos Properties ................................................................. 63
Table 5.9 Receiver Properties ............................................................... 64
Table 6.1 Aircraft Component Weight Distribution .............................. 70
Table 6.2 Display of All Aircraft Parts and C.G Position for All Aircraft
...................................................................................................... 71
Table 6.3 Total drag ............................................................................. 76

xi
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1
 1 Introduction
In recent years, loitering munitions, also known as suicide drones, have
become an integral part of technological advancements in the military
field. These drones combine the capabilities of reconnaissance and attack
in a single system. Loitering munitions are designed to hover over
operational areas for extended periods before striking a target with
precision, making them an effective tool in modern warfare.

These drones are characterized by their lightweight design, as they

typically lack landing gear, reducing their overall cost. Additionally, they
require minimal maintenance due to their one-time use nature. This
enhances their operational effectiveness while minimizing risks to human
personnel, making them an ideal choice for high-priority missions.

Examples of such drones include the Switchblade 300, HARPY, and

HAROP. The Switchblade 300 stands out for its portability and ability to
be launched from a compact tube, making it suitable for individual and
tactical operations. On the other hand, the HARPY and HAROP are
designed for long-range targeting with advanced autonomous navigation
systems, enabling them to execute missions with high precision in
complex environments.

This project aims to design a small-sized loitering munition that combines

operational efficiency and low cost, with a focus on reducing dimensions
and optimizing aerodynamic performance.

2
1.1 Mission Profile

 Launch
 Climb
 Loitering
 Diving

Figure 1.1 Mission Profile

1.2 Design Objectives and Rationale:

To advance beyond previous developments, the UAV specifications must
be ambitious, pushing the boundaries of current technological capabilities.
A tube-launched UAV offers significant advantages in terms of portability
and rapid deployment. To maximize the system's potential, both the UAV
and its ground control unit must be compact and lightweight, ensuring
ease of transport and operation in the field.

Key Specifications:
1. Launch Mechanism: The UAV must be tube-launched,
compatible with standard cylindrical tubes carried by soldiers.

3
 These tubes typically do not exceed 0.15 meters in diameter,
necessitating the UAV's design to conform to this constraint.
2. Folded Cross-Section Diameter: Maximum of 150 mm to align
with existing tube dimensions.
3. Payload: Capable of carrying standard RC hobby components,
including a PixHawk (or ArduPilot) autopilot module, a gimbal-
mounted camera, and accompanying sensors for day and night
operations. The payload weight should not exceed 0.7 kg to
comply with regulatory testing limits.
a) Detection and Recognition: Detection range of 5 km and
recognition range of 1 km.
b) Warhead: Approximately 0.7 kg.
4. Structural Requirements: A safety factor of 1.3 must be
maintained at all times, with the ability to withstand positive and
negative structural loads.
5. Endurance and Range:
 Endurance: Minimum flight duration of 30 minutes, with a
target of 1/2 hour to remain competitive in the mini-UAV
category.
 Range:20 km, exceeding the standard 15 km range of existing
systems.
6. Launching System: Mobile tube launcher capable of holding and
deploying up to 3 UAVs simultaneously.
7. Power System: Low-cost electric propulsion.

System Designation:
The system will be officially designated as TLMP-UAV (Tube-
Launched Man-Portable Unmanned Aerial Vehicle). This name

4
highlights its tube-launched capability and man-portable design,
emphasizing its suitability for rapid deployment and ease of transport in
field operations. The acronym will be used consistently to refer to the
system in all future communications and documentation.

1.3 Project Overview

1. Introduction
 Overview of loitering munitions and their role in modern military
operations.
 Key specifications for the UAV, including launch mechanism,
dimensions, weight, payload capacity, and operational
requirements.
 Definition of the system designation: TLMP-UAV (Tube-
Launched Man-Portable Unmanned Aerial Vehicle).
2. Aircraft Survey
 Market survey of existing UAVs, analyzing features such as
weight, engine type, wing dimensions, and flight speeds.
 Comparative analysis of tube-launched UAVs like Switchblade
300, Alpagu Drone, and others.
3. Launch Method
 Selection of the tube-launch method due to its advantages in
portability and reliability.
 Mathematical calculations to determine the optimal pressure and
velocity required for launching the UAV from a tube.
4. Weight Estimation and Parametric Analysis
 Estimation of takeoff weight, wing area, and power requirements
using equations and regression analysis.
 Matching process to identify the best combination of wing loading
and power loading for optimal performance.
5. Conceptual Design
 iterative refinement of the UAV's configuration, leading to the
final design with a V-tail and foldable wings.

5
  Detailed description of the wing and tail mechanisms, including
the use of extension springs and torsion springs.
6. Weight and Drag Estimation
 Component weight estimation, including the center of gravity
(C.G.) location.
 Calculation of drag coefficients for the wing, fuselage, propeller,
and tail to estimate total drag during takeoff and cruise phases.
7. Conclusion and Recommendations
 Summary of the project's achievements and potential areas for
future improvement.

6
 CHAPTER 2
AIRCRAFT SURVEYS

7
 2 Aircraft Survey

2.1 Market Survey

Existing Aircraft Features

The first step in the preliminary design phase involved collecting and
studying the characteristics of different aircraft, and the following
characteristics were analyzed for each aircraft.
 Total weights
 Engine power and type
 Wing dimensions (such as span and area)
 General dimensions (length, width, height)
 Flight speeds (maximum speed, takeoff speed)

Additionally, illustrative pictures were attached for each aircraft to gain a

precise understanding of their designs and structures. This initial analysis
was essential for defining the design criteria and guiding the next steps in
the project.

8
 Figure 2.1 Shahed-136 [1]

Length (3.5m) Range 2500km

Wingspan (2.5m) Max. speed (185km/h)
Weight 200kg) Endurance 11.5h)
Warhead (36kg) Power plant MADO MD-550
piston engine 50hp

Figure 2.2 Switchblade 300 [2]

Length (49.5cm) Range (10km)

Wingspan (68.6cm) Max. speed (160km/h)
Weight )2.5kg) Endurance (15min)
Warhead (0.7kg) Speed cruise (101Km/h)

9
 Figure 2.3 Harop [3]

Length (2.5m) Range (1000km)

Wingspan (3m) Max. speed (400km/h)
Weight )135kg) Endurance (6h)
Warhead (23kg)

Figure 2.4 ZALA Lancet [4]

Length (1.60m) Range (40km)

Wingspan (1m) Max. speed (300km/h)
Weight )12kg) Endurance (40min)
Warhead (3kg) Speed cruise (110Km/h)

10
 Figure 2.5 Alpagu drone [5]

Length (125mm) Range (5km)

Wingspan (65cm) Max. speed (80km/h)
Weight )3.7kg) Endurance (10min)
Warhead (0.6kg)

Figure 2.6 Warmate Drone [6]

Length (1.1m) Range (30km)

Wingspan (1.6m) Max. speed (80-150km/h)
Weight )5.7kg)
Warhead (1.4kg)

11
 Figure 2.7 FQM-151A Pointer [7]

Length 1.83m Cruising Speed 35km/h

Wingspan 2.74m Max. speed 90km/h
Weight 4.3kg Endurance 2h
Warhead 0.91kg Power plant 300 w

Figure 2.8 Dragon Eye [8]

Length 0.91m Cruising Speed 65km/h

Wingspan 1.14m Endurance 30-60min
Weight 2.6kg Power plant Electric momtor 214w
Warhead 0.225kg

12
 Figure 2.9 RQ-11 Raven [9]

Length 0.91m Cruising Speed 65km/h

Wingspan 1,37m Max. speed 96km/h
Weight 1.9kg Endurance 1h
Warhead 0.10kg

Figure 2.10 skylark drone [10]

Length 2.2m Cruising Speed 65km/h

Wingspan 2m Max. speed 111km/h
Weight 4.5kg Endurance 1h 30min

13
 Figure 2.11 skylite b drone [11]

Length 1.15 m Cruising Speed 70-100 km/h

Wingspan 2.4 m Endurance 1h 30min
Weight 6.5 kg

Figure 2.12 Switchblade 600 [2]

Length 1.3m Range 40 km

Wingspan 1.9m Max. speed 113-185 km/h
Weight 22.7 kg Endurance 40 min
Warhead 15 kg Speed cruise (101Km/h)

14
 Figure 2.13 Hero-30 [12]

Weight 3 kg Range 10 km
Warhead 0.5 kg Endurance 30 min

Figure 2.14 Altius-600 [13]

Length 1m Range 440 km

Wingspan 2.54 m Speed cruise 60 km/h
Weight 12.25 kg Endurance 4h
Warhead 3.17 kg

15
 Figure 2.15 Kub-BLA [14]

Length 0.95 m Range 40-60 km

Wingspan 1.21 m Max cruise 80-130 km/h
Weight 13 kg Endurance 30 min
Warhead 3 kg

16
 Below is a detailed comparison of the Switchblade 300, Alpagu Drone,
Switchblade 600, UVision Hero-30, and Altius-600 tube-launched
UAVs. The comparison includes dimensions (folded), tube size, weight,
and key features:

Table 2.1 Comparison of Tube-Launched UAVs

Dimensions Tube Weight
UAV Model Key Features
(Folded) Size Kg
- Compact and portable
Switchblade Length: 0.6 m, 0.09 m - 15-minute endurance
2.7
300 Diameter: 0.09 m diameter - 10 km range
- EO/IR camera and explosive payload

- Lightweight and portable

Alpagu Drone Length: 0.8 m, 0.1 m 2.5 - 30-minute endurance
Diameter: 0.1 m diameter - 10 km range
- EO/IR camera and explosive payload

- Larger payload capacity

Switchblade
Length: 1.2 m, 0.15 m 15 - 40-minute endurance
600 Diameter: 0.15 m diameter - 40 km range
-EO/IR camera and anti-armor warhead

- Compact and portable

UVision Hero-
Length: 0.8 m, 0.13 m 3.0 - 30-minute endurance
30 Diameter: 0.13 m diameter - 40 km range
- EO/IR camera and explosive payload.
- Modular payload options
Altius-600 Length:1.2 m 0.15 m 12 - 4-hour endurance
Diameter: 0.15 m diameter - 440 km range
- EO/IR camera and strike capabilities.

 Summary of Key Features:

1. Switchblade 300:
Lightweight, rapid-deployment missions.
Extremely compact and easy to carry, ideal for short-range
precision strikes.

17
2. Alpagu Drone:
Lightweight reconnaissance and strike missions.
Low cost and portability, with a focus on short-range
operations.
3. Switchblade 600:
Medium-range precision strikes against armored targets.
Larger payload and longer range compared to the
Switchblade 300.
4. UVision Hero-30:
Precision strikes and reconnaissance in urban or confined
environments.
Balanced size, weight, and range, with a focus on portability
and precision.
5. Altius-600:
Long-endurance ISR and strike missions.
Exceptional endurance and range, with modular payload
options for versatility.
 Operational Areas:
 Reconnaissance and Surveillance: All UAVs are capable of ISR
(Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance) missions.
 Precision Strike: Switchblade 300, Alpagu, Switchblade 600, and
Hero-30 are designed for precision strikes with explosive payloads.
 Long-Endurance Missions: Altius-600 stands out for its long
endurance (4 hours) and extended range (440 km), making it
suitable for prolonged operations.
 Weight and Portability:
 Lightest: Switchblade 300 (2.7 kg) and Alpagu (2.5 kg) are the
most portable, ideal for single-operator use.
18
  Heaviest: Altius-600 (12 kg) and Switchblade 600 (15 kg) require
more robust launch systems but offer greater payload and range.
This comparison highlights the strengths and use cases of each UAV,
helping to identify the best fit for specific mission requirements.

19
 CHAPTER 3
LAUNCH METHOD

20
 3 Launch Method

3.1 Tube Launched

The air-launch method was selected because this technology provides
several advantages that make it suitable for the project’s requirements.
First, the use of air pressure for launch allows for high launch speeds and
precise control over the trajectory, making it ideal for drones that require
immediate speed after launch. In addition, the air system does not involve
complex moving parts, which enhances its reliability and reduces the
potential for failure, especially in harsh environments. Furthermore, this
method is considered more cost-effective compared to traditional drone
launch systems, both in terms of initial cost and maintenance.

3.2 Tube-Launched UAVs:

1. Lockheed Martin Fury
Designed specifically for tube launch, with a diameter of 0.15
meters to fit standard tubes.

2. AeroVironment Switchblade
Compact and lightweight, designed for tube launch with a
diameter of 0.09 meters.

3. Raytheon Coyote
Compatible with standard launch tubes, with a diameter of 0.15
meters.

4. UVision Hero-30
Designed for tube launch, with a diameter of 0.13 meters.
21
 Figure 3.1 State diagram of a UAV launch tube [15]

3.3 Equations For Calculations

In this section, the mathematical equations used for designing the air-
launched projectile system are presented, ensuring the system meets the
required speed and accuracy for launching the drone. These calculations
include aerodynamic equations, equations related to pressure and velocity,
as well as basic motion laws [16].

3.3.1 Calculation of Projectile Exit Velocity

𝛾−1
2 𝑝0 𝑉0 𝑉0
𝑣𝑎𝑑 =√ ( (1 − ( ) ) − 𝐴𝐿𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝐿𝑓 )) 3.1
𝑚 𝛾−1 (𝐴)(𝐿) + 𝑉0

Given Data:
 Projectile Mass (m):[2.7 𝑘𝑔].
 Tube Length (L):[1 𝑚]
 Tube Diameter (d):[0.15 m]
 Tube Cross-Sectional Area: (A): [0.01766 m2].
Assumed Values:

22
  Initial Volume (𝑉0 ): [0.0040277 m3].
 Initial Pressure Inside the tank (𝑝0 ): [447456 Pa].
 Specific Heat Ratio (γ): [1.4].
 Friction Per Unit Length (f): [0].
 Atmospheric Pressure (P atm): [101325Pa.].
Result:
Table 3.1shows the result of using equation 3.1
Table 3.1 Pressure and volume required and exit Velocity
Pressure (Pa) Volume(liter) Velocity(m/s)
397456 3.5599 3.4103
407456 3.6488 8.2732
417456 3.74011 11.2544
427456 3.8336 13.6490
437456 3.9294 15.7278
447456 4.0277 17.6035
457456 4.1283 19.3357
467456 4.2316 20.9604
477456 4.3373 22.5012
487456 4.4458 23.9747
497456 4.5569 25.3928
507456 4.6708 26.7647

Form Table 3.1 the selected required pressure to accelerate a 2.7 kg

projectile to a velocity of 20.9 m/s in a 1-meter-long tube with a diameter
of 15 cm, using a valve to control the air flow, is approximately 0.47 MPa.

23
Table 3.2 Stall Speed and Take off Parameter for Different Mini UAV
NO UAV Name Stalling speed Takeoff parameter
(m/s)
1 Switchblade 300 18.6642 1.0023
2 ALPAGU Drone 23.4641 3.2488
3 Warmate Drone 8.5266 0.0204
4 FQM-151A Pointer 4.9610 0.1909
5 Dragon Eye 5.8717 0.0385
6 RQ-11 Raven 20.4015 1.6664
7 Skylark drone 8.7481 0.1814
8 Sky Lite B 7.3582 0.0342

From the statistical data it shown in above table can be find mathematical
relation by using trend line as shown in figure (3.2)

30

25

20
Vst (m/s)

15

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

TOP (N/m3 )

Figure 3.2 The Relation Between Stall Speed and Takeoff Parameter

Vs= 5.7894TOP+7.63 3.2

Where:
24
Vs=17.6 m/s
TOP= 1.722
W
W ( ) σ CLmax
S TO 3.3
( ) =
P TO TOPMinUAV

Table 3.3 relation between Wing loading and power loading in different
CLMAX
CLMAX=1 CLMAX=1.3 CLMAX=1.5
(W/S) (W/P) (w/s) (w/p) (w/s) (w/p)
5 0.3444 5 0.2649 5 0.2296
10 0.1722 10 0.1325 10 0.1148
20 0.0861 20 0.0662 20 0.0574
30 0.0574 30 0.0442 30 0.0383
40 0.0431 40 0.0331 40 0.0287
50 0.0344 50 0.0265 50 0.0230
60 0.0287 60 0.0221 60 0.0191
70 0.0246 70 0.0189 70 0.0164
80 0.0215 80 0.0166 80 0.0144
90 0.0191 90 0.0147 90 0.0128
100 0.0172 100 0.0132 100 0.0115

25
 CHAPTER 4
ESTIMATING TAKE OFF WEIGHT,
WING AREA AND TAKE OFF POWER

26
 4 Estimating Take Off Weight Wing Area And Take Off
Power

4.1 Weight Estimation

Introduction
Once a preliminary design is chosen, the aircraft needs to achieve the
performance goals outlined in the operational plan. Since many elements
affect aircraft performance, constraint analysis helps identify a feasible
range of options for further refinement.

Estimation Of Takeoff Weight

The method used to determine the initial sizing of the design concept was
calculated using the following equation:
WTO =WE+WPL+WBAT 4.1
Where:
WTO Takeoff weight
WE Empty weight
WPL Payload weight
WBAT Battery weight

The fuel weight (WF) is considered zero because the propulsion system
consists of three main components: an electric motor, a propeller, and a
battery. This eliminates any loss in takeoff weight due to fuel
consumption. Therefore, the takeoff weight is calculated using the
following equation. [26]
Assuming Takeoff weight 2.7 kg
WTO =WE+ WBAT +WPL 4.2

27
Table 4.1 Takeoff Weight, Payload Weight and Empty Weight for Mini
UAV
NO Name of UAV WTO WE WPL WTO/WPl
(kg) (kg) (kg)
1 Casper 200 2.3 1.8 0.5 4.6
2 Pointer 3.8 2.9 0.9 4.2
3 ZALA Lancet 12 9 3 4.0
4 Switchblade 300 2.5 1.8 0.7 3.6
5 Meraj-521 3 2 1 3.0
6 HERO-30 3 2.5 0.5 6.0
7 Desert hawk 3.2 2.7 0.5 6.4
8 RF90 Loitering Munition 10 7 3 3.3
9 Warmate Drone 5.7 4.3 1.4 4.1
10 Silent eye 3.5 3 0.5 7.0
11 Dragon Eye 2.6 2.375 0.225 11.6
12 Irkut-2 2.8 2.5 0.3 9.3
13 Alpagu Drone 3.7 3.1 0.6 6.2
14 Altius-600 12.25 9.08 3.17
3.9
15 Deli drone 13 9.9 3.1 4.2

The data in the table suggests a relationship between empty weight,

payload weight, and takeoff weight. By performing regression analysis,
we can establish a trend line, as illustrated in figures (4.1(and (4.2) (that
captures this relationship.

28
Table 4.2 Battery Weight, Voltage and Capacity for Different Battery
Capacity
NO Type Voltage (V ) Weight (g )
(Mah)
1 lipo 860 860 11.1 75
2 lipo 1050 1050 14.8 124
3 lipo 1450 1450 7.4 104
4 lipo 1850 1850 7.4 87
5 lipo 2000 2000 7.4 100
6 lipo 2250 2250 7.4 121
7 lipo 2375 2375 7.4 112
8 lipo 2800 2800 7.4 128
9 lipo3250 3250 7.4 171
10 lipo3750 3750 7.4 222
11 lipo 4750 4750 7.4 204
12 lipo5200 5200 7.4 256
13 lipo 5450 5450 11.1 385
14 lipo 6000 6000 11.1 411
15 lipo 6500 6500 11.1 516
16 lipo 7500 7500 7.4 402
17 lipo 8000 8000 7.4 392
18 lipo 9000 9000 7.4 420
19 lipo10400 10400 7.4 496
20 lipo 10900 10900 7.4 467
21 lipo 11000 11000 7.4 430
22 lipo12000 12000 7.4 538

29
 12

10

8
WE(kg)

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Take off Weight WTO (kg)

Figure 4.1 Empty Weight and Takeoff Weight Relation

From figure (4.1) the mathematical relation between takeoff weight and
Empty Weight can be estimated:
WE =0.722WTO +0.2519 4.3
𝑊𝐸 =2.2013 kg
4
3.5
3
2.5
WPAY(kg)

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
WTO(kg)

Figure 4.2 Payload Weight and Take off Weight Relation

From figure (4.2) mathematical relation between Takeoff weight and
payload weight can be calculated
WPL= 0.278WTO − 0.2519 4.4
WPL=0.4987

30
 600

500

400
Weight ( g )

300

200

100

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Capacity (mAh)

Figure 4.3 Battery Weight and Capacity Relation

From figure (4.3) mathematical relation between Battery weight and
Battery Capacity can be calculated:
WBAT = 0.0425 Capacity (Mah) + 51.199 4.5

[Link] Estimate Power Consumption of Each Component

The engine power can be calculated as following [17]
Pthrust = T . vcr 4.6

For level, unaccelerated flight, thrust equals drag. [17]

4.7
𝑤𝑇𝑜 . vcr
Pthrust = D. V = 𝜂𝑝 ( )
𝐿
𝐷

Hence
For single engine the value of 𝜂𝑝 = 0.7

31
 Table 4.3 Thrust power versus lift-to-drag ratio and flight speed.
Thrust Power(w)
V=80(m/s) V=100(m/s) 120(m/s)
8 185.409 231.76125 278.1135
10 148.3272 185.409 222.4908
12 123.606 154.5075 185.409
14 105.948 132.435 158.922
16 92.7045 115.880625 139.05675

Engine/Motor
For a fixed-wing UAV, the motor power consumption depends on factors
like airspeed, thrust requirement, and propeller efficiency.
From Table 4.3 Motor Power Consumption = 222.5W
Camera System
The camera system includes the camera, wireless transmitter (TX), and
receiver (RX).
• Camera (Runcam Split 6s): ~0.5–1 W
• Wireless Transmitter (TBS Crossfire Nano TX): ~5 W at 1 W output
• Receiver (TBS Crossfire RX): ~0.5 W
PX4 Mini Autopilot
The PX4 Mini consumes approximately 1.5 W under normal operation.
Other Systems
Include a small margin for additional systems like telemetry or sensors.
 Estimated Additional Power: ~2 W.
Total Power Consumption

Component Power Consumption (W)

Motor 222.5
Camera System 6
PX4 Mini Autopilot 1.5
Other Systems 2
Total Power Consumption 232

32
 Component Power Consumption (W)
Motor 222.5
Camera System 6

PX4 Mini Autopilot 1.5

Other Systems 2
Total Power
232
Consumption
Convert total power consumption to current using the battery voltage:

Total Power 4.8

Total Current Draw =
Voltage

Using a 4S LiPo battery (14.8 V nominal voltage) from equation (4.8)

Total Current Draw =15.7 A
Battery Capacity Requirement
To calculate the energy requirement for a 30-minute flight:

Energy Requirement = Total Current × Flight Time 4.9

From equation (4.9) Energy Requirement = 7.85Ah=7850 mAh

Selecting a Battery
For a 4S LiPo battery (14.8 V nominal voltage), choose a battery with a
capacity of at least 8000 mAh. To account for inefficiencies and safety
margins, select a slightly larger battery.

Recommended Battery
 Capacity: 8000 mAh or higher.
 Voltage: 4S (14.8 V).

33
  C-Rating: At least 20C to handle the peak current draw (15.6A).
 Model: Turing Graphene 4S 8000 Mah 20C.
 Weight: Approximately 550 g.

4.2 Parametric Analysis

Following the initial concept stage, the design process entered the
parametric analysis phase. This analysis, based on Loft's method outlined
in reference [17] utilizes data from existing airplanes with similar
characteristics (empty weight around 4 kg, stall speed 9-25 m/sec, and
maximum speed within the same range) to estimate the general properties
of the new propeller-driven aircraft. To ensure the aircraft meets its
performance goals, a sufficient number of similar existing aircraft were
studied.
 Cruise speed
 Stall speed
This method identifies a range of wing loading (W/S), power loading
(W/P), and maximum lift coefficient values that satisfy specific
performance requirements. Typically, the analysis aims to achieve the
highest possible wing loading and power loading while still meeting all
performance goals.

Sizing To Stall Requirement

The stall speed specified in Request for Proposal is (17.6 m/s). Thus, the
wing loading (W/S) for given value of 𝐶𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥
W 1 2
( ) = ρ VST CLmax 4.10
S TO 2

Where:
𝜌 = 1.225 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
VST=17.6 m/s
The result from equation (4.10) presented in table (4.5)
34
 Table 4.4 Wing Loading for Stall Requirements
CLmax (W/S) To N/m2
1 189.728
1.1 208.7008
1.3 246.6464
1.5 284.592

Cruise Requirement
The cruise speeds turn out to be proportional to following factor

W
( ) η p −1
3
VCr =∝ √ S ( ) 4.11
W σ CD
( )
P

Where

W
( )
3
IP = √ S 4.12
W
( )∗σ
P

The parameter (IP) is called power index

Where
𝑉𝐶𝑟 ∝ 𝐼𝑃
Table below shows that the power index value for different Mini UAV

35
 Table 4.5 Cruise Speed and Power Index for Different Mini UAV

Name of UAV Vcr(m/s) power index (IP)

Switchblade 300 28.05 14.93
Warmate Drone 33 11.96
FQM-151A Pointer 18 11
Dragon Eye 15.3 8.73
RQ-11 Raven 22.2 8.22
Skylark drone 30.2 9.49
From the statistical data it shown in above table can be find mathematical
relation by using trend line as shown in figure (4.4)

16
14
12
10
8
Ip

6
4
2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Vcr

Figure 4.4 Cruise Speed and Power Index Relation for Different Mini
UAV

From figure (4.4) mathematical relation between power Index and cruise
speed can be estimated the equation:
I𝑃 = 0.1634V𝐶𝑟 + 6.73 4.13
Where:
Vcr=33 m/s
Substituting these values into equation (4.13)
Ip= 12
36
By dividing, the equation (4.12) through by weight (W) gives the equation
bellows:
W
W ( )
( )= S 3 4.14
P σ ∗ IP

37
 𝑊
Using equation (4.14), the required ( ) was calculated for different
𝑃 𝑇𝑂
𝑊
( ) values to meet the cruise speed. Results are shown in Table (4.7)
𝑆 𝑇𝑂

Table 4.6 Wing Loading and Weight Power Ratio for Cruise
Requirements
(w/s) (w/p)
5 0.0028
10 0.0057
20 0.0115
30 0.0173
40 0.0231
50 0.0289
60 0.0347
70 0.0405
80 0.0462
90 0.0520
100 0.0578
110 0.0636
120 0.0694
130 0.0752
140 0.0810
150 0.0868
160 0.0925
170 0.0983
180 0.1041
190 0.1099
200 0.1157

38
 Matching For Sizing Requirements
Leveraging the methods described previously [18] we can now identify
the optimal combination of wing loading, power loading, maximum lift
coefficient, and aspect ratio. This optimal point, known as the design
point, represents the lowest possible wing and power loadings that satisfy
all performance requirements. This selection process is referred to as
matching, and the resulting diagrams are illustrated in Figure (4.5).
0.2

0.18 Design point

0.16

0.14
(W/P) N/Watt

0.12
cruise
0.1 cl_1.5
CL_1.3
0.08
CL_1.1
0.06
CL_1
0.04

0.02

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
(W/S) N/m²

Figure 4.5 Show the Matching Diagram

Selection of design point

𝑤 𝑁
( ) = 284 2
𝑠 𝑇𝑂 𝑚
𝑊 𝑁
( )=0.119
𝑃 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡

39
 CHAPTER 5
AIRCRAFT LAYOUT

40
 5 Conceptual Design

5.1 Choice of Configuration

During our work on designing the aircraft four models have been
Development until the final model that reflects the ideas
The first model was simple, focusing only on the basics. It had a long body
with straight wings and a pointed nose.

Figure 5.1 The Configuration shape of the first model [19]

The Second Model

In this model we modified the shape of the airplane's body to make it more
streamlined reducing protrusions and sharp angles to improve
aerodynamics.

Figure 5.2 The Configuration shape of the second model [19]

41
 The Third Model
we made some improvements to the wings making them more curved and
streamlined which helped reduce air resistance.

Figure 5.3 The Configuration shape of the second model [19]

the fourth model

Initially, we started the project by creating a hand-drawn design of the drone,
where we sketched the basic dimensions and key details on paper. This hand-
drawn design served as the foundation for the following stages of the project.
Afterward, we transferred these sketches into SolidWorks, a specialized 3D
modeling software, which allowed us to convert the design into a precise
digital model. This step enabled us to simulate parts and functionalities in
more detail

42
 Figure 5.4 Model A : initial concept [20]
After creating the aircraft model in SolidWorks, we encountered challenges
related to the wing and tail opening mechanism. The original design required
the use of two separate mechanisms to control the wing and tail, which
increased the complexity of the components and made implementation more
difficult.

43
 Figure 5.5 Model B : improved version [20]

We modified the design to address these challenges, with the most significant
change being the conversion of the tail to a V-tail configuration. This change
allowed us to eliminate both the horizontal and vertical stabilizers, replacing
them with a single mechanism that ensures effective stability and control of
the aircraft.
After completing the design, we encountered an issue with the simultaneous
opening of the tail and wing mechanisms, causing a collision between them.
To address this problem, we made two key adjustments:
 The tail mechanism was modified to open downward instead of
upward to eliminate the collision with the wing.
 The nose of the aircraft was redesigned to accommodate the motor at
the front

44
The final shape of the aircraft, with the wing and tail mechanisms fully
deployed,

Figure 5.6 Final model with the wing and tail mechanisms fully open

Figure 5.7 Final model with the wing and tail mechanisms fully closed

As a result of this modification, the number of components in the design was

reduced, which contributed to a decrease in the overall weight of the aircraft
and an increase in its performance efficiency.

Figure (5.8) shows the four dimensions of the final design layout

45
 Figure 5.8 Final UAV Design from Multiple Angles

5.2 Wing And Tail Mechanisms In UAV Design

Simplified Overview
This design focuses on developing a mechanical mechanism for the tail and
wing to meet the aircraft's requirements.

Wing Mechanism
The wing mechanism utilizes an extension spring, as shown in the figure
(5.9)

Figure 5.9 extension spring

A simplified explanation of how the spring is mounted: One end of the spring
is attached to the aircraft's fuselage, while the other end is connected to the
wing. This design allows energy to be stored in the spring when the wing is
closed, facilitating smooth and efficient reopening.
46
In the following images, the wing mechanism is demonstrated:
 Wing Closed: The image shows how the wing appears when fully
folded.

Figure 5.10 Wing Mechanism Closed

 Wing Open: The image illustrates the position of the wing when fully
deployed

Figure 5.11 Wing Mechanism Open

Tail Mechanism
Two methods were studied to design the tail mechanism.

47
  The first method: Utilizes a torsion spring, as shown in the figure,
which controls the tail's movement and provides stability.

Figure 5.12 Torsion Spring

 The second method: Adopts the same mechanism used for the wing,
employing an extension spring (Extension Spring) with the same
mounting and operation approach.

After evaluation, the second method, similar to the wing mechanism, was
chosen for its simplicity and efficiency, ensuring the required stability with
an easy and straightforward operation.

5.3 Initial Layout

The preliminary design is based solely on interpolation derived from the
characteristics of similar aircraft and general performance requirements.
Iteration is a fundamental part of the design process, where the designer must
enhance structural efficiency by minimizing the weight of each component
as much as possible. This is done with the primary objective of avoiding any
structural complications to simplify the production process.

48
 Wing Layout
The initial sizing of the wing was based on the results of the parametric
analysis, and its design was highly iterative. The main design focus was to
minimize weight, leading to some compromises.
The first step was to determine the planform shape, tapered or un-tapered. It
was found that a tapered wing was lighter than an un-tapered wing with the
same features (area, aspect ratio, and thickness).
The area and aspect ratio were directly calculated based on performance
requirements and parametric analysis.

Wing Aspect Ratio

Aspect ratio is defined as the span squared divided by the wing area. It can
also be the span divided by the chord for a rectangular wing. Therefore, a
wing with a high aspect ratio has tips farther apart than an equal-area wing
with a low aspect ratio. Because of this, the amount of the wing affected by
the tip vortex is greater for a low aspect ratio wing than for a high aspect
ratio wing, and the strength of the tip vortex increases, as the tip vortex is a
source of induced drag. Hence, a high aspect ratio wing does not experience
as much loss of lift and increase in drag due to tip effects as a low aspect
ratio wing of equal area.
Another consequence of changing the aspect ratio is a change in the stalling
angle. A lower aspect ratio wing will stall at a higher angle of attack than a
higher aspect ratio wing due to the reduced effective angle of attack at the
tips. Also, a higher aspect ratio wing will have a higher weight than a lower
aspect ratio wing.
For this project model, the aspect ratio was identified to be in the range
(5 – 10) since this value is practical and suitable for this type of aircraft [21].
An aspect ratio of 8 was chosen by comparison, as the average value for
small UAVs is around 8 according to the database. A lower aspect ratio
49
implies a shorter span and a lower bending moment at the wing root, which
reduces the need for structure and saves weight.

Wing Taper Ratio

The taper ratio of a wing, λ, is the ratio between the tip chord and the
centerline root chord. The distribution of lift along the span of the wing is
important when introducing the taper ratio. The taper ratio selected for this
aircraft is 1.
Assuming the taper ratio, λ = 1.
𝑊 𝑁
( ) = 284 2
𝑆 𝑇𝑂 𝑚
The wing area S is:
2.7 × 9.81
𝑆=
284.7
S = 0.0930𝑚2
b2
AR = 5.1
S
Assuming the wing aspect ratio AR = 8
The aspect ratio, by the way, is defined as the span b is the air surface divided
by the average chord and equation can be derived from this equation
b = √(AR × S) 5.2
The wing span b=0.86 m
And chord at wing root and tip can be calculated
λ=1
Cr = C𝑡 = 0.11 m
For constant chord wing the main aerodynamic chord MAC is
C̅ = Cr = 0.11 m

50
 Figure 5.13 Wing Shape Diagram

The Airfoil Sections

Choosing the right airfoil section is challenging due to the wide variety of
profiles available. Factors such as low induced drag, high maximum lift, and
minimal structural weight must be considered to ensure efficiency. From the
parametric analysis, 𝐶𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 of 1.5 was achieved, guiding the selection of an
appropriate airfoil. The airfoil impacts cruise speed, takeoff and landing
distances, stall speed, handling qualities, and overall aerodynamic
performance. For UAVs, airfoils optimized for low Reynolds numbers are
typically used. The selection is based on key characteristics, including:
 Maximum lift coefficient
 Minimum drag coefficient
 Thickness ratio
 Moment coefficient about C.G
The first step to analyses an airfoil, was to chart out the flight conditions and
hence the Reynolds number regime it would be operating
Reynolds Number

𝜌𝑉𝐶̅ 5.3
𝑅𝑒 = =
𝜇
Five types of low Reynolds number airfoils were considered for selection:
 NACA0012
51
  NACA4412
 CLARK Y
 NACA2412
 S2091-101-83
To decide the type of airfoil section to be used for wing Several of these
airfoils were compared using reference [22] at the same Reynolds
number and Mach number.

Table 5.1 Airfoil Aerodynamic Characteristics

The (NACA2412) airfoil was selected based on the comparison's result and
the most important considerations for airfoil selection.
The airfoil characteristics are shown in figure (5.14) to figure (5.18) In
following table shown airfoil characteristics at Re=1Milion, and M=0.1

Table 5.2 Airfoil Aerodynamic Characteristics (2D)

Characteristics Value
𝐶𝑙max 1.37
(𝐶𝑙⁄𝐶𝑑) max 95.2
𝐶𝑑min 0.0081
𝐶𝑚0 -0.05
(𝑡⁄𝑐) max 11.9%

52
 Figure 5.14 NACA2412 Shape [22]

Figure 5.15 section lift coefficient Vs angle of attack [22]

Figure 5.16 section drag coefficient Vs angle of attack [22]

53
Figure 5.17 section moment coefficient Vs angle of attack [22]

Figure 5.18 section lift/drag ratio Vs angle of attack [22]

54
5.4 Tail Sizing

[Link] Tail Airfoil Selection

The NACA 0012 airfoil was selected for its symmetric shape, offering
balanced lift and drag performance. It is widely used for its simplicity,
versatility, and suitability for stable and efficient flight conditions.
The airfoil is shown in the following figure (5.19).

Figure 5.19 NACA 0012 Airfoil Shape [23]

5.5 V-Tail

Designing the tail is one of the essential elements in developing any aircraft,
as it directly affects performance and control. In this project, a "V-Tail"
design was chosen to achieve a balance between control and weight
reduction. The "V-Tail" design combines the functions of the horizontal and
vertical tails, providing an advantage in enhancing performance and reducing
air resistance.

Tail Geometry
The tail design follows a structured approach to determine the appropriate
tail areas and tilt angle to ensure aerodynamic stability and control. The
calculations are based on standard aircraft design references, which provide
recommended coefficient values within statistical limits

[Link] Horizontal Tail Area Calculation

The horizontal tail area can be estimated using the following equation, as
recommended by the reference [24].
55
 𝑆𝑤 𝐶̅
𝑆𝐻𝑇 = 𝐶𝐻𝑇 5.4
𝐿𝐻𝑇

Where CHT is horizontal tail volume coefficient which varies typically

between 0.2 and 0.6, from Raymer's [24]
suggested that CHT = 0.6

And 𝐿𝐻𝑇 is the distance between the C.G of the airplane and the aerodynamic
center of horizontal tail arm The horizontal tail arm will be calculated using
Raymer's [24] method, where an aircraft with a front-mounted propeller
engine, the tail arm is about 60% of the fuselage length as shown in following
equation:
LHT = 0.6Lf 5.5
𝐿𝐻𝑇 =0.42 m
Substituting with assumptions in equation 5.4 to calculate horizontal tail
area, SHT = 0.00146 m2

[Link] Vertical Tail Area Calculation

The vertical tail area can be estimated using the following equation, as
recommended by the reference [24]
𝑏𝑤 𝑠𝑤 𝐶𝑣𝑇
𝑆𝑉𝑇 = 5.6
𝐿𝑣𝑇

𝐿VT is the distance between the C.G of the airplane and the aerodynamic
center of vertical tail

Where 𝐿VT = LHT = 0.42 m

Where CVT is vertical tail volume coefficient which varies typically between
0.02 and 0.05, from Raymer's [24]
suggested that CHT = 0.05

56
By substituting the values in equation 5.6 to calculate vertical tail area, SVT
= 0.0095 m2

[Link] V-Tail Tilt Angle Calculation

The V-Tail tilt angle (θ) is determined using the ratio of the vertical and
horizontal tail areas. The tilt angle is chosen to align the projected horizontal
tail area with the vertical tail component, ensuring proper stability.
The tilt angle is calculated using the equation:
𝑆𝑉𝑇 5.7
θ = tan−1( )
𝑆𝐻𝑇
By substituting the values in equation 5.7:
V-Tail tilt angle (θ)=33.08°

Based on the calculated tail areas and tilt angle, the final tail dimensions are
determined as follows:
- Tail span (bVT) =0.32 m
- Chord tip of the tail (CT) = 0.08 m
- Tail area (SVT) = 0.0256m2

Figure 5.20 sketch of a tail with dimensions

57
5.6 Fuselage Geometry
The fuselage is a fundamental component in UAV design, serving as the
main structural body that connects the wings and tail while housing critical
systems such as avionics, power sources, and payloads. Its design prioritizes
aerodynamic efficiency and weight optimization to minimize drag and
enhance overall flight performance.
The fuselage's shape is tailored to the aircraft's mission, often adopting a
streamlined, cylindrical, or blended-wing configuration for optimal
efficiency. In our design, particular emphasis is placed on structural
integrity, weight distribution, and seamless integration with the V-Tail
configuration to ensure stability and maneuverability in flight.
Table 5.3 Fuselage Dimensions
Fuselage Parameters Dimension (M)

Length (m) 0.7

Max diameter (m) 0.13

Inner diameter (m) 0.1

Outer diameter 0.6

Figure 5.21 Fuselage Layout

58
5.7 Data Summary

Three-View Drawing
Figure (3.21) shows the three-view drawing of the final design.

Figure 5.22 Shows Front View of UAV

Figure 5.23 Shows Top View of UAV

59
 Figure 5.24 Shows Side View of UAV

Figure 5.25 Shows Final Design of UAV

60
 Summary for Wing
Table 5.4 Shows Summary of Wing Data
Wing Data
Groos area 0.0930 m2
Span 0.86 m
Aspect ratio 8
Root chord 0.11 m
Airfoil Section NACA-2412

Summary for V-Tail

Table 5.5 Shows Summary of Tail Data
V-Tail Data
Groos area 0.0256 m2
Span 0.32 m
Aspect ratio 4
Root chord 0.08 m
Airfoil Section NACA-0012

5.8 Engine Layout

The chosen motor, Outrunner a brushless electric motor and has the
following properties:
Table 5.6 engine properties
Type Outrunner
Motor Weight 174 gr
Shaft Output at Max. Efficiency 750 watt
No. Load (rpm) 9324 rpm

61
 Figure 5.26 Shown Electric Engine

5.9 Control System

Electric Speed Controller (ESC)

Brushless motor requires speed controllers. The chosen speed controller
Graupner Genius 40
Table 5.7 Electric Speed Controller Properties
Type Graupner Genius 40
Controller Weight 41gr
Max. Continuous Current 40 A

62
 Figure 5.27 Shown Electric Speed Controller (ESC)

Servo Motor
Servos Chosen were light weight and produced enough torque.
Table 5.8 Servos Properties
Type SG90R Servo
Weight 10 gr
Torque 1.5 Kg-cm

63
 Figure 5.28 Shown Servo Motor

Receiver
The FLYSKY FS-16 is a digital radio control system offering precise,
proportional control for drones, RC cars, and more.
Table 5.9 Receiver Properties
Model FLYSKY FS-16
Type Digital Radio Control
Range 3048 m
Weight 7 gr
Frequency 2.4 GHz

64
 Figure 5.29 shown FLYSKY FS-16

 Camera System: Runcam Split 6s

The Runcam Split 6s is a popular choice for UAVs due to its lightweight design, high-
quality video, and day/night capabilities.
 Key Features :
 Day/Night Vision with IR cut filter.
 1080p video recording at 60 fps.
 Lightweight (~50 g).
 Supports FPV (First Person View) systems.

65
  Link : [Link]

 2. Wireless Transmitter: TBS Crossfire Nano TX

The TBS Crossfire Nano TX is a powerful long-range transmitter capable of achieving
up to 10 km line-of-sight range with the right antenna setup.
 Key Features :
 Frequency: 900 MHz or 433 MHz (longer range, better penetration).
 Power Output: Up to 1 W (adjustable).
 Lightweight (~20 g).
 Compatible with TBS Crossfire RX modules.

TBS Crossfire Nano TX

[Link]
[Link]?srsltid=AfmBOooH1WdylZroxg2XaNROqoz4rWKXcoAbg1ahCtzlXlC
MfR0ESmP9

 3. Antenna: TBS TruPoint 8 dBi Patch Antenna

For long-range communication, a directional patch antenna is highly recommended.
The TBS TruPoint 8 dBi is a reliable choice.
 Key Features :
 Gain: 8 dBi.
 Frequency: 900 MHz.
 Lightweight (~50 g).
66
  Compact and durable design.

2-[Link]
sma?srsltid=AfmBOorxX31tVh1v_nMKdHZ2o7AgCnzrZsvv25A-
Odpjp3JQ2VNgdKre
 Link : TBS TruPoint 8 dBi Patch Antenna

 4. Ground Station Receiver: TBS Crossfire RX Module

The TBS Crossfire RX Module is the ground station counterpart to the TBS Crossfire
Nano TX. It ensures stable and low-latency video reception.
 Key Features :
 Frequency: 900 MHz or 433 MHz.
 Lightweight (~10 g).
 Compatible with TBS Crossfire TX modules.

TBS Crossfire RX Module

[Link]

1 Pixhawk Mini
 Description : A compact and lightweight option for smaller UAVs.
 Weight : ~20 g (excluding peripherals).
 Features :

67
 STM32F427 processor.
 Single IMU.
 Ideal for lightweight drones and small platforms.

68
 CHAPTER 6
COMPONENT WEIGHT AND DRAG
ESTIMATION

69
 6 COMPONENT WEIGHT AND DRAG ESTIMATION
Unfortunately, detailed breakdowns of component weights (e.g., wings,
fuselage, engine, battery, and electronics) for specific UAVs like the
Switchblade 300, Alpagu Drone, Switchblade 600, UVision Hero-30, and
Altius-600) are typically not publicly available. Manufacturers often
consider this information proprietary, especially for military-grade systems.
However, a general breakdown of how weight is typically distributed in
small tube-launched UAVs, based on industry standards and common design
practices.

6.1 Component Weight Estimation

The area weight method was used to estimate the weight of the aircraft
components, and the results are presented in Table

Table 6.1 Aircraft Component Weight Distribution

Items Quantity weight (g) %
Payload 1 700 23.86
Battery 8Ah 550 18.75
Fuselage 1 542.5 18.49
Wings 1 434 14.79
Folding mechanism 2 60 2.04
Servo 2 30 1.02
Tail 1 151.9 5.18
Folding mechanism 2 60 2.04
Servo 2 15 0.51
Engine/Propeller 1 260.4 8.88
Receiver/Autopilot 1 65.1 2.22
Engine Controller 1 65.1 2.22
Total 2934 100.00

70
Center Of Gravity
The center of gravity (C.G) is the point where gravity acts on the aircraft,
affecting longitudinal stability, horizontal tail incidence, and
maneuverability. Weight, due to gravity, acts through the C.G vertically
downward. The SolidWorks software was used to estimate the C.G location,
and the result is shown in the following table (6.2)

Table 6.2 Display of All Aircraft Parts and C.G Position for All Aircraft
Items weight (g) X Position (cm) Weight (g) X Position (cm)
Payload 700 7 4900
Battery 550 15 8250
Fuselage 542.5 28 15190
Wings 434 23 9982
Folding mechanism 60 14 840
Servo 30 23 690
Tail 151.9 66 10025.4
Folding mechanism 60 66 3960
Servo 15 66 990
Engine/Propeller 260.4 3 781.2
Receiver/Autopilot 65.1 45 2929.5
Engine Controller 65.1 40 2604
total 2934 61142.1

The method recommended by reference [25] was used to locate the C.G
position within the suggested range of 11% to 30% of the chord line

From table (6.2) can be finding the C.G location

∑m ×x
X C.G = 6.1
∑m
𝑋𝐶.𝐺 = 20.83916𝑐𝑚

The result of the calculated C.G is that the center of gravity located at
22.35601%

71
 Figure 6.1 Show C.G Position for All Component Aircraft

This schematic diagram illustrates the positions of the aircraft components,

with the nose of the aircraft used as a reference point. This approach
ensures proper balance and an optimal center of gravity for improved
stability during flight. The dimensions are given in centimeters (cm).

72
6.2 Drag Estimation
Drag polars were generated for each of the initial designs to evaluate and
better understand the flight characteristics of the aircraft, aiding in the down-
selection process.

Drag Of Wing
Determine the Reynolds numbers for mean aerodynamic chord
ρVC
Re = 6.2
μ

At sea Level 𝑉 = 33 m/𝑠𝑒𝑐 and mean aerodynamic chord 0.11m, the

Reynolds number Re =2.4856⨯105
For complete laminar flow determine the skin friction of drag
1.328
Cf = 6.3
√R e

The skin friction equal 0.0026636

We have obtained the Reynolds number of the fuselage and the Mach
number from calculating the fuselage interference correlation factor R and
the lifting surface correlation factor R for subsonic wing.
ρVLfuse
R [Link] = 6.4
Re

At 𝐿f =0.7 m the Reynolds number 𝑅𝑒f =1.58417⨯106

V
M= 6.5
a

Speed of sound at take-off equal 340.3 m/sec M=0.05

73
 Figure 6.2 Lifting Surface Correlation Factor for Wing Subsonic
[26]

From Figure 6.2 Lifting Surface Correlation Factor for Wing, at Λ=0 and
M≤0.25 RLS =1.052
Rwf RLs t t 4
CD0, W= (1+L( ) + 100 ( ) )Cfw swet 6.2
Sw c C

For airfoil NACA2412 maximum thickness chord ratio (𝑡/𝑐) =0.12 and
wetted area of wing S =0.1712 m2 the drag coefficient of wing
CD0, w=0.0028595

Drag Of Fuselage
The Reynolds number for fuselage was estimated R𝑒f =1.58174⨯106
for complete turbulent flow.
Where fuselage length to diameter ratio (𝑙f/ 𝑑f) = 5.3846 Swet, f = 0.2723m2
The drag coefficient for the fuselage can be calculated by using the
following equation:

74
 60 l swetf
CD0 f = R wf Cff(1+( 3 ) + 0.0025 ( f )) 6.3
lf ⅆf sw
( )
ⅆf

𝐶𝐷0f =0.01743

Drag Of Propeller
The drag coefficient due to propeller is calculated using
0.00125𝑁𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐷 2𝜌𝑟𝑜𝜌
𝛥𝐶𝐷𝜌𝑟𝑜𝜌 = 6.8
𝑠𝑤

At number of blades 2 and diameter blade 0.2 m the drag coefficient

propeller equal 𝐷𝜌𝑟𝑜𝜌 =0.00051174

Drag of Tail
From equation (6.2) the Reynolds number at mean aerodynamic chord
0.08m equal R𝑒 =1.80771∗105 for complete laminar flow from equation (6.3)
the skin friction 𝐶F =0. 0031234
𝑅𝐿𝑠 𝑡 𝑡 4
CD0, T = (1 + L( ) + 100 ( ) )𝐶𝑓𝑇 𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑡 6.9
𝑆𝑤 𝑐 𝐶
Where maximum thickness chord ratio (𝑡/𝑐) =0.12 and wetted are
𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑡 =0.0534m2 the drag coefficient for tail equal 0. 0010458

75
 Total Drag

Table 6.3 Total drag

Component CD0
Wing 0.0028595
Tail 0.0010458
Fuselage 0.01743
Propeller 0.00051
𝛴C𝐷0 0.0218453

Now can be estimated total drag

𝐶𝐿2
𝐶𝐷 = ∑ ∆𝐶𝐷𝑜 + 66.10
𝜋 𝐴𝑅 𝑒

𝐶𝐷 = 0.0218 + 0.049𝐶𝐿2 66.11

76
 CHAPTER 7
Conclusion and Recommendations

77
 7 Conclusion and Recommendations

The TLMP-UAV project successfully demonstrated the feasibility of

designing a compact, tube-launched UAV with advanced aerodynamic
features and efficient performance characteristics. Key conclusions include:
1. Design Success : The final design meets all specified requirements,
including a folded diameter of 150 mm, a total weight of 3 kg, and the
ability to carry a 0.7 kg payload. The UAV achieves a minimum
endurance of 30 minutes and a range of 20 km.
2. Innovative Mechanisms : The use of foldable wings and a V-tail
configuration significantly reduces the complexity and weight of the
system while maintaining stability and control during flight.
3. Efficient Propulsion System : The electric propulsion system ensures
low-cost operation and eliminates the need for fuel, simplifying
logistics and reducing maintenance requirements.
4. Aerodynamic Performance : Through detailed parametric analysis
and drag estimation, the UAV demonstrates excellent aerodynamic
efficiency, achieving a stall speed of 17.6 m/s and a cruise speed of 33
m/s.
5. Future Improvements : While the current design is functional,
further enhancements could focus on increasing the UAV's range and
payload capacity, as well as improving the durability of its mechanical
components.
Overall, the TLMP-UAV represents a significant advancement in the
development of portable and effective unmanned systems for reconnaissance
and precision strike missions.

78
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82
83