Components of Computer

In today's information-rich world, computers have become

an essential part of our daily lives. From ATM withdrawals
and online shopping to diagnosing diseases and social
networking, technology touches every aspect of modern
living.

A computer is fundamentally an electronic device that

accepts input data and instructions, processes that data
according to programmed instructions, and produces useful
output information.
the InformatIon proCessIng CyCle
This Input-Process-Output
INPUT (IPO) cycle is the basis for all
Data and instructions enter the computer. computing.

PROCESSING
The CPU transforms data.

STORAGE
Data and instructions are held in memory.

OUTPUT
Processed information is displayed.

Data → Processing → Information

For example:
Data: Processing: Information:
Shaurya, Class 11, 106 Organizing the data Name - Shaurya, Class - 11, Enrollment No - 106
 BasIC Components of a Computer system
HARDWARE SOFTWARE

The physical components of a computer that can The programs and instructions that run on the
be touched and manipulated. hardware. These intangible components tell the
hardware what to do and how to function.

Eg: Motherboard, memory devices, monitor, Eg: Operating systems, applications, and utility
keyboard, and other tangible parts that make up programs.
the system.

Both hardware and software must work together seamlessly for a computer system to
function properly.
The hardware provides the physical infrastructure, while the software directs its operations.
This relationship follows the Von Neumann Architecture, where data flows through input devices,
is processed by the CPU, and results are displayed through output devices.
Von neumann arChIteCture

Central proCessIng unIt

Control Unit(CU)

Input Unit Arithmetic and Logical

CC Unit(ALU) Output Unit

Registers

Main/Primary Memory Secondary/Auxiliary Memory

In Von Neumann Architecture, where data or instructions enter through Input
Devices are processed by the Central Processing Unit (CPU), and the results are
displayed through Output Devices.

Memory is used to store data during processing.

Every task given to a computer follows the Input → Process → Output Cycle (IPO
Cycle):
[Link] Input Unit accepts input data.
[Link] Processing Unit (CPU) processes the data.
[Link] Output Unit produces meaningful information.
[Link] Memory Unit holds data and instructions during processing.
the Control unIt

Fetch Decode
Retrieves instructions from Interprets what the
memory instruction means

Store Execute
Saves results to memory or
registers Performs the required operation
Input DeVICes: InterfaCIng wIth Computers

Input devices allow users to enter data, Modern systems often incorporate
commands, and control actions into a multiple input methods, allowing
computer system. These devices convert users to interact in ways that best
human actions into binary data that suit their needs and the task at
computers can process. Common input devices hand. Voice recognition and gesture
include keyboards for typing, mouse for controls are becoming increasingly
pointing and selecting, touchscreens for direct common as technology advances.
interaction, and specialized devices like
barcode readers and biometric sensors.
Input DeVICes: keyBoarD
Purpose: The most common input device used for typing data into a computer.

What it has:
• Alphanumeric keys (letters and numbers),

• Function keys (F1 to F12),

• Special keys (like Shift, Ctrl, Alt),

• Lock keys (Caps Lock, Num Lock, Scroll Lock).

Use case: Used for writing documents, entering data, giving commands, coding, and
more.
Input DeVICes: mouse
Purpose: A pointing device used to interact with items on a computer screen.

How it works: Moves a pointer or cursor on the

screen based on hand movement.

Functions: Clicking, double-clicking, right-clicking, and dragging objects.

Use case: Used in graphical user interfaces (GUIs), for navigation and selection.
Input DeVICes: lIght pen
Purpose: A stylus-like device used to draw or select directly on a monitor.

How it works: Detects light from the screen using a

photoelectric sensor.

Use case: Useful in design work, such as CAD (Computer-Aided Design),

and by engineers or architects.
 Input DeVICes: smart CarD reaDer
Purpose: Reads smart cards, which store data securely using a chip.

How it works: Communicates with the chip in the smart card to access personal
data or verify identity

•Use case: Widely used in:

• Banking: ATM or debit/credit card transactions.
• Healthcare: Patient ID and medical records.
• Transportation: Metro cards, digital tickets.
 Input DeVICes: optICal mark reaDer
Purpose:Used to read marked answers, such as multiple-choice test sheets.

How it works: Detects and reads pencil marks on specialized forms, commonly
used for multiple-choice tests, surveys, and forms with limited response options. The
technology converts shaded areas into digital data for rapid processing.

•Use case: Commonly used in exams, surveys, and forms

with limited choices (like yes/no, A/B/C/D).
 Input DeVICes: optICal CharaCter reCognItIon
Purpose: To convert printed or handwritten text in images into editable and
searchable digital text.
.

How it works: Preprocessing – Cleans the image for better clarity

Text Detection – Finds and separates text regions
Character Recognition – Identifies letters and words
Post-processing – Fixes errors and formats the output
.
•Scanning books/documents
•Automating data entry (invoices, forms)
•License plate recognition
Use case: •Translating text from images
•Helping visually impaired users with text-to-speech
speCIalIzeD Input
teChnologIes

smart CarD reaDer

Communicates with embedded chips in cards to
access personal data or verify identity. Widely used
in banking for transactions, healthcare for patient
identification, and transportation for digital
ticketing systems.

BIometrIC sensors
Identify individuals through unique physical
or behavioral traits such as fingerprints, eye
patterns, facial features, or voice recognition.
Primarily used for security applications and
attendance tracking systems.
 auDIo-VIsual Input teChnologIes
Microphones Webcams Scanners Light Pens
Convert sound waves Record or stream Convert physical Stylus-like devices
into electrical signals video to the computer documents and that detect light from
for the computer to in real-time, without images into digital screens using
process. Essential for storing data like formats. Used for photoelectric sensors.
voice recording, video traditional cameras. digitizing paperwork, Primarily used in
calls, virtual Critical for video photos, and other design work such as
assistants, and conferencing, live physical media for CAD applications by
speech-to-text streaming, online digital storage and engineers and
applications. education, and manipulation. architects.
surveillance.

Audio-visual input technologies have become increasingly important as computers have

evolved into multimedia communication tools. These devices bridge the gap between
physical and digital worlds, allowing for rich, multi-sensory interactions with computer
systems.
ASSIGNMENT:
Touch Screen
Bar code Scanner
QR-code scanner