DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG

School of Engineering and Architecture

Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

ASSESSMENT OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

ON SUSTAINABILITY IN LAOAG CITY, ILOCOS NORTE

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of School of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Divine Word College of Laoag

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

RIVERA, JADE MARREN

SAGUID, JEZREEL KEITH
BS Civil Engineering IV

SY 2023-2024

PAGE
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

APPROVAL SHEET

This project study entitled, “ASSESMENT OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE

MANGEMENT PRACTICES ON SUSTAINABILITY IN LAOAG CITY, ILOCOS

NORTE”, prepared and submitted by Jade Marren Rivera and Jezreel Keith Saguid,

in partial fulfillment of the course requirement for the degree BACHELOR OF

SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING is with this approved and accepted.

ENGR. DAPHANE ANNE A. AGBAYANI ENGR. ARIES A. ARCANGEL

Thesis Adviser Thesis Chairman

_________________________________________________________________________
______________
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the thesis review committee with the grade PASSED on ______, 2024.

________________________________ _______________________________
ENGR. MILDRED RAMOS ENGR. MACISTE BAUTISTA
Member Member

_______________________________________
AR. BERNARDO ALCANTARA JR.
Member

_______________________________________
DR. LIBERTINE GERTRUDE R. MACASPAC
English Critic

PAGE
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

_________________________________________________________________________
______________
APPROVED AND ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.

________________________________________
EGDONNA A. QUINTO, RN, MAN, Ed D
Dean of School Nursing, Engineering,
Architecture and Information Technology
DEDICATION

We extend our heartfelt gratitude to all the people who have served as

instrumental in shaping our completeness. The success of this study is not a pleasure

alone. To Engr. Aries A. Arcangel our thesis chairman and Engr. Daphane Anne A.

Agbayani our thesis adviser, has always encouraged and supported us through the

difficulties of the college journey especially since they have been a consistent source of

help in finishing our work. Their encouragement and unceasing support have greatly

contributed to the accomplishment of this study.

First and foremost, to our beloved parents and beloved relatives (supporters), who

have been our source of inspiration and strength when we felt like giving up. Their

selfless sacrifices, endless love, endless patience, and provision of all our needs remind

us always that we are a real gem to them. We will never be able to repay all their

sacrifices and labor of love, which are commemorated in this work.

1
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

To our loved ones and relatives who served as our role models and motivation to

work hard and accomplish larger goals in life. We are who we are now because of their

constant support and concern. They keep us grounded at all times and we are very

grateful to have them in our lives. They reminded us that challenges and pain are part of

the process.

To our dear classmates, who have been steadfast companions during the most

challenging times. Together, we have forged bonds that transcend difficulties, their

presence, and kindness have imparted thrilling memories that will forever be marked in

our hearts.

Above all, we expressed our gratitude to our Almighty God, the guiding force

during our darkest time. His power and grace bestowed upon us. His endless love, wisdom,

guidance, and strength serve as an instrument to make everything possible.

THE RESEARCHER

2
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It would have been extremely difficult to create this amazing piece without the

help of people who provided inspiration, support, and constant encouragement. The

researchers are sincerely thankful to everyone who helped make the experiment a success.

Engr. Daphane Anne A. Agbayani, their research adviser, shared her expertise,

exerted effort, and provided continuous guidance during the research’s conceptualization

and finalization.

Engr. Aries A. Arcangel, their research instructor, imparted knowledge,

suggestions, and guidance throughout the study.

Dr. Egdonna A. Quinto, Dean of the SNEAIT, deserves appreciation for her

encouragement, unselfish support, and valuable suggestions.

The respective parents, siblings, relatives, and friends offered encouragement,

inspiration, and unwavering support, and they have been there in both challenging and

joyful moments.

3
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Above all, gratitude is extended to ALMIGHTY GOD for the love, wisdom, and

perseverance bestowed upon the researchers throughout the study, including unending

care, love, prayers, and financial support.

Jade Maren B. Rivera

Jezreel Keith N. Saguid
ABSTRACT

This study assesses the current construction waste management (CWM) practices

in Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, Philippines, with a focus on their alignment with sustainable

development goals. Through surveys and interviews with local construction firms, the

research examines waste generation patterns, disposal methods, and compliance with

national regulations (RA 9003). The findings reveal a significant gap between local

practices and global standards, with only 51-80% of construction waste being recycled

and persistent reliance on landfilling. Key barriers identified include high operational

costs, inadequate infrastructure, and weak policy enforcement. The study highlights

innovative practices from high-performing firms, such as material recovery facilities

(MRFs) and prefabrication techniques, which demonstrate potential for wider adoption.

Comparative analysis with international models (EU, Japan) suggests opportunities for

improving Laoag City's CWM through policy enhancements, infrastructure development,

and industry capacity building. The research contributes to sustainable urban

development literature by providing empirical data from a rapidly urbanizing Philippine

4
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

city and proposing context-specific recommendations to bridge the implementation gap in

construction waste management. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers,

construction industry stakeholders, and environmental planners seeking to balance

economic growth with environmental sustainability in developing urban contexts.

Key words: Construction Waste Management(CWM), Construction and Demolition

Waste (CDW), Reuse & Recycle, Sustainable Waste Management

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………... i
APPROVAL SHEET…………………………………………………………….. ii
DEDICATION …………………………………………………………………… iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ………………………………………………………… v
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………… vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………… vii
LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………. x
LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………… xi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study ………………………………………………….. 1
Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………. 3
Main Objectives……………………………………………………. 4
Specific Objectives………………………………………………….. 5
5
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Significance of the Study………………………………………………… 6

Scope and Delimitation of the Study……………………………………… 7
Definition of Terms………………………………………….............. 8

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature…………………………………………………. 9
Construction Waste Management in the Philippines ………………… 11
Global Environmental Impact in the Philippines………………….… 13
Environmental Impact in the Philippines ………………………… 17
Recycling & Reuse Strategies in Construction Waste Management 20
Construction & Demolition Waste…………………………. 22
Theoretical Framework…………………………………………. 26
Conceptual Framework…………………………………………. 27
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY/GATHERING DATA
Methodology …………..………………………………………………….. 28
Methodological Approach……………………………………………. 29
Sampling Method and Data Gathering………………………………… 30
Data Gathering Procedures.……………………………………………….. 31

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Demographic Profile of Respondents …………………………………... 32
Waste Management Practices …………………………... 33
Recycling Performance & Compliance Study …………………………. 34
Barriers to Sustainability……………………..………..………..……….. 36
Constructions Overall Ranking …………………………….. 37

6
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary of Findings…………………………………………………….. 39
Conclusions………………………………………………………………... 40
Recommendations…………………………………………………………. 41
References…………………………………………. 42

BIBLIOGRAPHY………………….….…….……...…………….……………………73
APPENDICES
Appendix A – Material/Equipment Used …………………………………. 76

Appendix B – Documentation…………………………………………….. 78

Appendix C – Final Output …………….……….……….……….………... 81

Appendix D - Certificate……………………………...…...…...…...…...…. 83

Appendix E - Other Applications of Epoxy Resin……………….…..……. 85

CURRICULUM VITAE……...……………….…………………………...…………...47

CERTIFICATION OF ENGLISH CRITIQUE ……………………………………...91

7
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page

1 Demographic Profile of Respondents………………………………… 32

2 Recycling Performance and Compliance Status………………….. 34

3 Barriers to Sustainability …………………………………… 36

8
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Page

1 The Common Process of Construction Waste Management 11

2 Construction Waste Recycling Plant in the Philippines……………… 13

3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)……………………………… 16

4 Impacts of Waste Generated from Construction…………………… 19

5 Waste Management in Construction…….………………... 22

6 Types of Construction and Demolition Waste………………………… 25

7 Theoretical Framework……………………………………………. 26

8 Conceptual Framework…………………………………… 27

9 Locale of the Study………………………….. 29

10 Research Process Flowchart………………………………………….. 30

11 Waste Disposal Method …………………………….………. 33

12 Respondents Waste Management Practices Scores 7 Rank …….…… 37

9
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The construction industry plays a vital role in urban development, contributing to

infrastructure growth and job creation. However, it also significantly impacts the

environment, particularly through the large amounts of construction and demolition waste

(CDW) generated during construction, renovation, and demolition activities. In rapidly

developing cities like Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, the improper management of CDW has

become a growing concern. As urbanization and construction activities accelerate, the

volume of construction waste has increased, placing pressure on local waste management

systems and sustainability efforts.

CDW, which includes materials such as concrete, timber, metals, plastics, and glass,

poses environmental risks when not properly managed. Improper disposal, such as dumping

in unauthorized areas, leads to pollution, soil degradation, and water contamination. Santos

and Tan (2019) highlighted that improper management of CDW in Metro Manila has resulted

in significant environmental damage, which could also affect other cities like Laoag if not

addressed.

1
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Laoag City, experiencing rapid growth due to various construction projects, faces a

growing challenge in managing CDW. Local waste management systems are inefficient and

unregulated, contributing to the filling of landfills and further stressing municipal waste

management. Without proper recycling and waste management systems, valuable materials

like concrete, metal, and wood are often discarded rather than reused.

Recycling and reusing construction materials have proven to be effective strategies in

mitigating environmental impacts. Studies, such as those by Masood et al. (2021), show that

the construction industry can significantly reduce its environmental footprint by adopting

recycling practices. For example, the use of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) and

reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) can conserve natural resources and reduce reliance on

new raw materials. While the Philippines has yet to fully embrace such practices, countries

like Malaysia have successfully integrated recycling into construction, demonstrating its

potential for reducing waste and promoting sustainability.

The growing awareness of circular economy principles and sustainable waste

management practices is evident globally, with the European Union leading the way in

reducing CDW and promoting recycling within the construction sector (Hao et al., 2020).

These efforts have resulted in policies that encourage the recycling of construction materials

and the reduction of landfill waste, setting an example for others to follow.

2
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Despite these global advancements, Laoag City lacks a structured approach to

managing construction waste. This study aims to assess current construction waste

management practices in Laoag City by examining existing systems, identifying challenges,

and exploring opportunities for more sustainable solutions. By evaluating the impact of these

practices on environmental sustainability, this research will offer valuable insights for

improving waste management systems and aligning with global best practices.

Statement of the Problem

The construction industry in Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, generates significant amounts

of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW), yet the effectiveness of current Construction

Waste Management (CWM) practices in promoting sustainability remains unclear. Despite

existing regulations like the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003), improper

waste disposal, low recycling rates, and inconsistent compliance persist. This study seeks to

address the following key questions:

1. What are the current Construction Waste Management (CWM) practices adopted by

companies and private contractors in Laoag City, particularly in handling

Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW)?

3
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

2. To what extent do these practices incorporate reuse, recycling, and other sustainable

waste minimization strategies?

3. What are the environmental impacts of the prevailing CWM methods, particularly in

terms of waste generation, disposal, and resource efficiency?

4. What challenges hinder the adoption of sustainable CWM practices, such as lack of

infrastructure, economic constraints, or insufficient policy enforcement?

By answering these questions, this study aims to identify gaps in current practices,

highlight best-performing methods, and recommend actionable solutions for more sustainable

construction waste management in the region.

Main Objective

The main objective of this research is to assess and compare the Construction Waste

Management (CWM) practices of companies and private contractors in Laoag City, Ilocos

Norte, by conducting surveys to evaluate their handling of Construction and Demolition

Waste (CDW), identify the extent of reuse and recycling practices, analyze their

environmental impact, and determine the most effective and sustainable waste management

strategies.

4
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Specific Objectives

1. To identify the current Construction Waste Management (CWM) practices employed

by companies and private contractors in Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, specifically

focusing on the handling of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW).

2. To evaluate the extent to which reuse and recycling practices are integrated into the

waste management strategies of construction projects in the area.

3. To compare the Construction Waste Management (CWM) practices of different

companies and contractors to identify best practices and areas for improvement.

4. To determine the challenges and barriers faced by companies and contractors in

implementing sustainable Construction Waste Management (CWM) practices, such

as reuse and recycling of materials.

5. To propose recommendations for improving Construction Waste Management (CWM)

practices in Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, to enhance sustainability and reduce

environmental impact.

5
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Significance of the Study

The results of this study are beneficial to the following:

Local Government. The study provides crucial information that can help local

governments enhance the enforcement of waste management policies. It also aids in more

effective planning and implementation of waste management strategies, ensuring that

regulations are not only established but also properly executed to address construction waste

issues.

Construction Firms. For construction firms, the study highlights the importance of

adopting more cost-effective and sustainable waste management practices. By utilizing these

insights, firms can reduce waste generation, lower operational costs, and improve overall

environmental performance on construction sites.

Environment. From an environmental standpoint, the study supports efforts to

reduce pollution caused by construction waste. It promotes the use of recycling and other

eco-friendly practices, which contribute to the conservation of natural resources and the

reduction of harmful environmental impacts.

Community. The community benefits from the study through enhanced public health

and increased awareness. Proper waste management can reduce health risks associated with

construction debris and improve the overall cleanliness and safety of the living environment,

leading to a better quality of life.

6
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Researchers. For researchers, the study serves as a reference point for further studies,

enabling the development of more advanced and targeted strategies in the field of

construction waste management.

Scope and Delimitation's of the Study

This study focuses on evaluating the construction waste management practices of

licensed construction companies and private contractors within Laoag City, Ilocos Norte. It

specifically examines current methods of handling construction and demolition (C&D) waste,

the implementation of reuse, recycling, and disposal practices, compliance with

environmental regulations, and the challenges faced in achieving sustainable waste

management. Data will be collected through surveys and interviews with industry

representatives, supported by government reports, to analyze environmental impacts and

identify effective practices. The scope of the study is geographically limited to Laoag City

and includes only licensed firms handling solid C&D waste such as concrete, wood, and

metals, with a time frame covering practices from 2022 to the present. The research is framed

within the context of relevant Philippine environmental laws, such as RA 9003. However, it

does not include hazardous waste materials, the informal waste sector, long-term

environmental monitoring, or a cost-benefit analysis of waste management strategies.

7
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Definition of Terms

Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) are materials generated from

construction, renovation, and demolition activities, including concrete, wood, metals, bricks,

and packaging debris.

Construction Waste Management (CWM) is the systematic handling, disposal,

recycling, and reuse of waste materials produced during construction projects to minimize

environmental impact.

Sustainable Waste Management are practices that prioritize waste reduction,

material recovery, and eco-friendly disposal to conserve resources and reduce pollution.

RA 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000) refers to the

Philippine law mandating proper segregation, collection, and disposal of solid waste,

including construction debris.

Environmental Impact is the effect of construction waste disposal and management

on ecosystems, public health, and natural resources.

8
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The chapter covers the review of literature, studies, and articles that are closely

related to the study that are useful in meeting its objectives. It also includes the conceptual

framework of the study.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This section presents an in-depth discussion on related topics to this study with the

following main headings: (1) Construction Waste Management in International Setting ; (2)

Construction Waste Management in the Philippines ; (3) Global Environmental Impact of

Construction Waste Management; (4) Environmental Impact in the Philippines; and (5)

Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW)

Construction Waste Management in International Setting

The construction sector's growing waste generation has become a critical

environmental challenge worldwide. Effective Construction Waste Management (CWM)

through reduction, reuse and recycling is essential to mitigate the industry's environmental

impact (Jaillon & Poon, 2009). As construction activities generate substantial solid waste,

sustainable waste practices are crucial for the built environment.

9
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

While extensive research exists on national CWM systems, comparative cross-jurisdictional

studies remain limited. Such comparisons are vital in our globalized world to establish best

practices and enable knowledge sharing between nations. This study addresses this gap by

developing an analytical framework to evaluate CWM performance across economies,

examining relationships between waste management, construction volumes, project types and

technologies.

Construction and demolition (C&D) waste includes materials from building, renovation and

demolition activities. Some researchers expand this definition to include non-value-adding

processes (Ohno), though we focus on physical waste. In certain regions like the UK and

Hong Kong, C&D waste is classified as inert (e.g., concrete) or non-inert (organic) materials.

Accurate measurement is fundamental to improvement, highlighting the need for

standardized CWM indicators. In India, rapid urbanization has intensified C&D waste

challenges, with policies often failing to ensure proper management (Mishra & Mistry, 2018).

Waste includes structural materials (concrete, steel) and finishing waste (tiles, pipes).

Effective solutions require addressing both technical and human factors, as worker attitudes

significantly impact waste outcomes.

The study emphasizes that comprehensive CWM requires integrated approaches combining

technology, regulation and behavioral change, with cross-border comparisons offering

valuable insights for global best practices.

10
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Figure 1:The common process of construction waste management

Construction Waste Management in the Philippines

Solid waste management (SWM) continues to be a pressing and unresolved challenge

in the Philippines, exacerbated by the rapid increase in waste generation, insufficient

enforcement of existing regulations, and a lack of adequate infrastructure to handle the

growing volume of waste. The primary objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive

review of the current obstacles and potential solutions in the realm of solid waste

management, with a particular focus on the critical roles of effective governance, active

public participation, and the adoption of innovative strategies to foster sustainable waste

management practices.

11
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

The Philippines grapples with a multitude of issues in this domain, including the

limited availability of sanitary landfills, widespread improper waste disposal practices, and

the inconsistent implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000,

also known as RA 9003. Although RA 9003 was designed to promote waste segregation,

recycling, and proper disposal, its effectiveness has been significantly hampered by a lack of

resources, insufficient funding, and low levels of public awareness and compliance. These

factors have collectively contributed to the persistent inefficiencies in the country’s waste

management systems.

In recent years, innovative approaches such as waste valorization—a process that

transforms waste materials into valuable resources like energy, compost, or reusable

products—have gained traction as promising solutions to address both waste management

and environmental sustainability. These methods not only help reduce the volume of waste

but also create economic opportunities by turning waste into useful commodities. However,

the successful implementation of such strategies requires a multifaceted approach. This

includes strengthening governance frameworks to ensure stricter enforcement of laws,

fostering greater public awareness and participation in waste reduction initiatives, and

encouraging a collective sense of responsibility toward environmental stewardship.

Ultimately, achieving a trash-free Philippines demands a concerted effort from all

stakeholders, including government agencies, local communities, private sector players, and

12
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

individual citizens. By integrating robust policies, innovative technologies, and a culture of

environmental consciousness, the country can move closer to realizing its goal of sustainable

and efficient solid waste management. This study underscores the importance of

collaboration and innovation in overcoming the challenges and paving the way for a cleaner,

greener future.

Figure 2:Construction Waste Recycling Plant in the Philippines

Global Environmental Impact of Construction Waste Management

Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) is an inevitable by-product of rapid

urban growth and infrastructure development. Due to the nature and scale of construction

activities, large volumes of waste are generated, and if not properly managed, this waste
13
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

contributes significantly to environmental degradation—including pollution, resource

depletion, and public health concerns. Although many Construction and Demolition Waste

(CDW) materials are recyclable and reusable, land filling remains the predominant disposal

method globally, particularly in developing nations such as Malaysia. This trend is largely

driven by low landfill tipping fees, the affordability of virgin construction materials, and

limited recycling infrastructure (Othman et al., 2014).

This literature review examines the environmental consequences of current

Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) practices and explores more sustainable

alternatives. Land filling construction waste can negatively affect ecosystems, contaminate

water sources, and release harmful substances over time (Kofoworola, 2007). While most

Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) consists of inert materials, their accumulation in

landfills still presents a major environmental burden. Despite the existence of legislation like

Malaysia’s Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 672, Construction and

Demolition Waste (CDW) receives less regulatory attention than other waste types, such as

municipal solid waste.

Globally, more advanced economies have achieved high recycling rates through

strong policies and institutional support. For example, Australia recycles nearly 90% of its

Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW), Japan 99.5%, and Singapore 99.9% (CCANZ,

2011; MLIT, 2014; NEA, 2016). In contrast, Malaysia’s recovery rate remains under 50%,
14
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

limited by inadequate policy enforcement, a lack of recycling programs, and insufficient

facilities in major urban areas (UNCRD, 2015). Studies by Lee et al. (2017) and Begum et al.

(2009) also highlight the absence of C&DW classification at landfills, low public awareness,

and economic barriers as key challenges to recycling efforts.

Alternatives to landfilling include material reuse, source separation, and the adoption

of construction innovations such as Industrial Building Systems (IBS). These strategies not

only reduce waste generation but also lower environmental impacts by conserving resources

and minimizing emissions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodologies provide valuable

insights into the environmental implications of various waste management options, especially

when applied during both the material procurement and end-of-life phases of a building.

While some LCAs rely on extensive datasets and software tools, simplified “top-down”

approaches have also proven effective in generating quick, comparative analyses.

Research by Coelho and de Brito (2010) in Portugal shows that even partial

deconstruction—such as selective demolition—can result in measurable environmental

benefits, particularly when materials are separated and recycled. While such practices can

increase transport-related emissions, the overall climate change impact can be reduced by up

to 77%, with additional reductions in acidification and air pollution impacts. However, the

widespread adoption of LCA in construction remains limited due to practical barriers such as

extended design timelines and lack of industry familiarity (Hes, 2001a).

15
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

To promote sustainable Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) management,

integrated strategies are needed—combining policy reforms, industry incentives, public

education, and investment in recycling infrastructure. Life Cycle Assessments support these

efforts by demonstrating the long-term environmental and economic benefits of sustainable

construction practices. Overcoming current barriers will be crucial to shifting the

construction sector toward a more circular, resource-efficient model—particularly in rapidly

urbanizing nations like Malaysia.

Figure 3:Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

16
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Environmental Impact in the Philippines

Construction waste is a significant environmental concern in urban areas, particularly

in rapidly developing regions like Metro Manila. Santos and Tan (2019) conducted a

comprehensive study titled "Assessing the Environmental Impact of Construction Waste in

Metro Manila," which highlights the adverse effects of improper construction waste

management on the environment.

The study reveals that construction waste contributes to air pollution, water

contamination, and the overburdening of landfill capacities, posing serious threats to public

health and ecosystems. One of the primary findings of the study is the improper disposal of

construction waste in Metro Manila. Santos and Tan (2019) noted that a significant portion of

construction debris, such as concrete, wood, metals, and plastics, is often dumped in

unauthorized areas, including rivers and vacant lots. The leaching of harmful chemicals from

construction materials into waterways has been linked to the destruction of aquatic

ecosystems and the pollution of drinking water sources.

Additionally, the study emphasizes the impact of construction waste on air quality.

Dust and particulate matter generated from construction activities contribute to air pollution,

which exacerbates respiratory illnesses among urban residents. Santos and Tan (2019) also

pointed out that the burning of construction waste, a common practice in some areas, releases

17
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

toxic fumes and greenhouse gases, further worsening air quality and contributing to climate

change.

Another critical issue highlighted in the study is the strain on landfill capacities.

Metro Manila's landfills are already overwhelmed with municipal solid waste, and the

addition of construction waste exacerbates the problem. The study estimates that construction

and demolition waste account for a significant percentage of the total waste generated in the

city, leading to the premature filing of landfills and the need for new waste disposal sites.

This, in turn, results in the conversion of agricultural or forested lands into landfills, further

contributing to environmental degradation.

Santos and Tan (2019) also explored potential solutions to mitigate the environmental

impact of construction waste. They recommended the adoption of sustainable construction

practices, such as waste segregation, recycling, and the use of eco-friendly materials. The

study highlighted the importance of stricter enforcement of environmental regulations and

the need for greater awareness among construction companies and workers about proper

waste management practices.

18
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Figure 4:Impacts of Waste Generated from Construction

Recycling and Reuse Strategies in Construction Waste Management

In developing nations like Malaysia, inefficient construction waste management has

emerged as a critical environmental and economic challenge. Despite regulatory efforts, the

country trails global leaders such as Denmark and Hong Kong in recycling and reusing

construction waste. This study investigates waste material recycling practices in Malaysia’s

Klang Valley, focusing on key materials like concrete, metal, asphalt, brick, plastic,

cardboard, timber, and glass. Through a survey of 117 construction firms and a Relative

Importance Index (RII) analysis, the research identifies timber as the most commonly

19
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

recycled material, with landfill reduction being its primary advantage. However,

contamination risks and insufficient infrastructure remain major barriers to broader adoption.

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) constitutes nearly 30% of global solid

waste, with the EU producing 924 million tons in 2016 and China generating 2.36 billion

tons in 2018. Conventional landfill disposal is increasingly unsustainable due to space

constraints and environmental harm, necessitating alternative approaches. The circular

economy (CE) model offers a promising solution by prioritizing material recovery, reuse, and

recycling. Studies highlight successful applications of recycled materials, such as reclaimed

timber in structural components, recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) in road construction,

and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in rehabilitation projects. These methods not only

conserve natural resources but also reduce greenhouse gas emissions from material extraction

and transportation.

This research includes an experimental assessment of crushed concrete debris as a

replacement for fine aggregates in mortar mixtures. By comparing conventional and

recycled-material mixes, the study evaluates feasibility, performance, and potential cost

savings. The findings could support more sustainable construction practices, particularly in

regions like Metro Manila, where natural aggregates are scarce, and transportation emissions

are a concern.

20
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Academic and industry interest in CE and CDW recycling is growing, as evidenced

by literature reviews and advanced analytics like latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA). While

technological and regulatory challenges persist, the shift toward circular construction

practices can significantly reduce landfill dependence and environmental degradation. By

addressing these barriers, the construction sector can move toward a more sustainable,

resource-efficient future.

Figure 5:Waste Management in Construction

21
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW)

Infrastructure development serves as a critical driver of socioeconomic progress, yet

it generates substantial construction and demolition waste (CDW) that accounts for

approximately 30% of landfill waste globally. This pressing issue demands immediate

attention, particularly in rapidly urbanizing regions where construction booms outpace waste

management capabilities. Our study examines CDW management challenges and solutions

through the lens of Antipolo City, Philippines, employing the rigorous Delphi method to

gather expert insights. The research identifies three pivotal strategies for sustainable waste

management: (1) implementing CDW-specific regulations with clear enforcement

mechanisms, (2) systematically adopting circular economy principles across all project

lifecycles, and (3) substantially enhancing waste collection and processing infrastructure.

Among the concerning findings is that 53% of construction stakeholders currently rely on

private haulers for waste disposal, which raises critical questions about accountability and

underscores the need for clearer governance frameworks to determine whether governments,

private contractors, or public-private partnerships should bear primary responsibility for

CDW management.

The environmental implications of CDW management come into sharp focus through

our life cycle assessment of Metro Manila's waste systems. While recycling CDW -

particularly high-value materials like steel - demonstrates significant potential to reduce

22
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

global warming potential and land use impacts by 25-40%, the research reveals a paradoxical

finding: without robust market demand for recycled construction materials, landfilling may

paradoxically present a more environmentally favorable option in certain contexts. This

counterintuitive result highlights the urgent need for comprehensive policy interventions that

create viable markets for recycled materials, potentially through tax incentives, green

procurement mandates, and public awareness campaigns. Furthermore, the study emphasizes

that advanced material sorting systems could increase recovery rates by up to 60%,

dramatically improving the environmental performance of recycling initiatives.

Globally, CDW management practices show striking disparities that offer valuable

lessons for developing nations. China's staggering annual production of approximately 1.7

billion tons of CDW contrasts sharply with its dismally low 10% recovery rate, reflecting the

challenges of rapid urbanization outpacing waste management infrastructure. In stark

comparison, the EU and US achieve impressive 90% and 76% recovery rates respectively,

accomplished through multifaceted approaches including the EU's Waste Framework

Directive, which establishes clear recycling targets and standardized reporting requirements.

The EU's success stems particularly from its "waste hierarchy" model, an evolutionary policy

framework originating from Lansink's Ladder that prioritizes waste prevention and material

reuse over disposal. However, even within the EU, significant variations persist, with

Northern European countries typically outperforming their Southern counterparts in waste

23
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

prevention measures - a disparity that suggests the importance of both policy frameworks and

implementation capacity.

The circular economy paradigm, conceptually rooted in Boulding's pioneering "spaceship

theory," presents a transformative approach to construction waste that could yield both

environmental and economic benefits. This model's reduce-reuse-recycle principles take on

particular urgency as global CDW generation continues to escalate with urbanization. For

developing nations like the Philippines, the path forward requires carefully adapted solutions

that integrate several key elements: (1) policy frameworks inspired by EU best practices but

tailored to local contexts, (2) strategic investments in material recovery technologies

appropriate for developing economy contexts, and (3) innovative partnership models that

align the interests of government agencies, private contractors, and waste management

specialists. Immediate priorities should include establishing clear regulatory standards for

CDW handling, creating economic incentives for material recovery, and developing regional

recycling hubs to improve economies of scale. These measures could simultaneously address

environmental concerns while creating green jobs and reducing reliance on virgin

construction materials - a crucial advantage for resource-constrained economies.

The transition to sustainable CDW management represents both a formidable

challenge and a significant opportunity for developing nations. By learning from global best

practices while developing context-specific solutions, countries can transform their

24
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

construction sectors from linear, wasteful systems to circular, resource-efficient models that

support both economic development and environmental sustainability. Future research should

particularly focus on identifying the most cost-effective recycling technologies for

developing country contexts and analyzing successful models for creating demand for

recycled construction materials in emerging markets.

Figure 6:Types of Construction & Demolition Waste

25
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Theoretical Framework

This study anchored in three key theoretical perspectives that explain and guide Sustainable

Construction Waste Management (CWM ) in Laoag City:

Figure 7:Theoretical Framework of the Study

26
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This conceptual framework illustrates the key elements influencing Construction

Waste Management (CWM) in Laoag City. It focuses on current practices, the integration of

reuse and recycling, environmental impacts, and the factors that cause variations among

contractors. The framework also highlights challenges to sustainable CWM and aims to

guide the development of effective, environmentally aligned waste management strategies.

Figure 8. Conceptual Framework

27
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains various methodologies used in gathering and analyzing data

that are relevant to the research.

Research Design

The study generally aimed to assess and compare the Construction Waste

Management (CWM) practices of different companies and contractors in Laoag City, Ilocos

Norte thus this study utilized the descriptive-quantitative type of research.

Descriptive research involves gathering of data that describe variables and then

organizes, tabulates, depicts, and describes the data to generate descriptive information. This

study used primary data which were gathered directly from the respondents.

Research Locale

This research will be conducted in Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, a rapidly urbanizing area

with active public and private construction projects. The study will focus on ongoing and

recently completed (2022-present) construction sites within the city's 80 barangays,

prioritizing areas with high construction activity as identified by the City Engineering Office

and local business permits data.

28
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Figure 9: Locale of the Study

Methodological Approach

The quantitative component of this study will involve the use of a structured survey

questionnaire, which will be administered to registered construction companies and

contractors in Laoag City. The questionnaire is designed to gather data on several key areas,

including current waste management practices, the volume and types of waste generated,

existing recycling and reuse initiatives, and the level of compliance with relevant regulations

such as Republic Act 9003. Additionally, the survey will explore the various challenges that

these stakeholders encounter in implementing effective waste management strategies.

29
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Figure 10. Research Process Flowchart

Sampling Method and Data Gathering

The study will use a stratified purposive sampling method targeting 30–40% of active

contractors in Laoag City, based on company size, project type, and location. Respondents

must have completed at least one project between 2022 and 2024, with significant CDW

output and willingness to share documentation. Key informants such as firm owners, waste

providers, and barangay officers will also be included.

The qualitative component involves semi-structured interviews with Industry

representatives, and waste experts, along with a review of documents like waste manifests
30
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

and policies. Quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative

data through thematic analysis. Ethical protocols include informed consent, data

confidentiality, and compliance with RA 10173. Limitations include reliance on self-reported

data and focus on active projects during the study period.

Data Gathering Procedures

The data for this study was collected through two primary methods: a survey

questionnaire (SQ) and face-to-face interviews. Each member of the research team was

assigned a specific group of respondents and was responsible for distributing the survey

questionnaires accordingly. The questionnaire was structured to capture key information on

construction waste management practices and was designed to be completed within

approximately fifteen (15) to twenty (20) minutes, ensuring minimal disruption to the

respondents' schedules.

Simultaneously, face-to-face interviews were conducted to gather deeper insights and

validate responses from the survey. These interviews allowed the researchers to probe further

into specific topics, clarify ambiguous answers, and obtain qualitative data that supplemented

the survey results. By conducting both data collection methods concurrently, the research

team ensured a more efficient and comprehensive approach to gathering both quantitative

and qualitative information relevant to the study’s objectives.

31
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the results

derived from the data gathered. The discussions were structured based on the problem

statements of this study.

4.1 Demographic Profile of Respondents

Respondent Years Sustainability Plan Waste Generation

Operating

Contractor A 5-10 years No Concrete, Metals, Wood

Contractor B >10 years Yes (MRF) Wood, Plastics, Metals

Contractor C 5-10 years No Concrete, Wood, Plastics

Contractor D >10 years Yes (MRF) Wood, Concrete, Metals

Contractor E >10 years Yes (MRF) Concrete, Wood, Plastics

Contractor F >10 years Yes (Segregation) Concrete, Metals, Wood

Table 1: Demographic Profile of Respondents

32
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Key Findings:

● 67% operate >10 years, indicating experienced respondents

● Concrete, Wood, and Metal our the Top 3 most Generated Waste Material

● Only MRF adopters (50%) have formal sustainability plans

4.2 Waste Management Practices

Figure 11: Waste Disposal Methods

33
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Respondents Waste Handling Compliance Recycling Innovative

Methods with RA 9003 Rate Practices

Contractor A Recycling/reuse, Sold to Fully >80% Prefab, MRF

recyclers compliant

Contractor B Landfill, Recycling/reuse Fully 51-80% Prefab, MRF

compliant

Contractor C Landfill, Unaware of 51-80% None

Recycling/reuse, policies

Incineration

Contractor D Recycling/reuse, Fully 51-80% MRF

Incineration compliant

Contractor E Landfill, Fully 51-80% Prefab, MRF

Recycling/reuse, compliant

Incineration

4.3 Recycling Performance and Compliance Status

34
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Contractor F Landfill, Partially 51-80% Prefab, MRF

Recycling/reuse, Sold to compliant

recyclers

Table 2:Recycling Performance and Compliance Status

Observations:

● All respondents recycle 51-80% of waste, yet 50% still use landfills -

suggesting incomplete diversion

● Firms with a plan described practices such as Site clearing and segregation,

Mini Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) and Organized recycling programs.

While others admitted to informal practices without a structured plan.

● Firms found prefabrication helps reduce material waste. One shared, “We pre-

cut materials offsite to avoid errors and reduce excess on-site.”

● Firms acknowledged lack of strict implementation and minimal inspections as

reasons some policies are not consistently followed.

35
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

4.4 Barriers to Sustainability

Barrier Average Rank Most Affected Respondents

(1.0=Highest)

High costs 1.8 Contractor F, Contractor C

Lack of facilities 2.0 Contractor B

Poor enforcement 2.3 Contractor D

Lack of expertise 4.2 Contractor C

Table 3: Barriers to Sustainability

Insights:

● The top barriers are related to systemic issues, such as the lack of enforcement

infrastructure limitations and high cost.

● Contractors cited poor enforcement of laws, lack of recycling facilities, and high costs

as key barriers. Some also mentioned low client demand and limited sustainability

training. These issues hinder the full adoption of eco-friendly practices.

36
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

4.5 Contractors Overall Ranking

Contractors are ranked on a 100-point scale across five key waste management

metrics. Waste diversion contributes up to 30 points, with scores scaling from 5 points (0–

20% recycled) to 30 points (>80% recycled). Compliance earns up to 25 points (full = 25,

partial = 15, unaware = 0). Innovation adds 20 points, awarding 5 points each for

prefabrication, MRFs, or digital tools. Training accounts for 15 points (regular = 15,

occasional = 10, none = 0), while waste segregation provides up to 10 points (always = 10,

sometimes = 5, never = 0). This system highlights leaders in sustainability while identifying

gaps like poor policy adherence or lack of innovation.

Figure 12: Respondents Waste Management Practices Score & Rank

37
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Contractors who scored higher generally implemented multiple sustainable practices

such as on-site segregation, use of prefabrication, and regular workforce training. Those with

lower scores often lacked formal plans and showed partial compliance with waste policies.

Innovation and training were key factors that set the top performers apart from others.

38
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary of Findings

This study assessed the construction waste management (CWM) practices of various

contractors in Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, with a focus on sustainability. Surveys and

interviews were conducted among selected companies to gather both quantitative and

qualitative data on their waste handling methods, recycling performance, and policy

compliance. The main findings are as follows:

● Most contractors have been operating for over 10 years, handling residential,

commercial, and infrastructure projects.

● Concrete, wood, and metals were the top waste materials generated across all sites.

● While all respondents engage in some form of recycling or reuse, landfilling remains

prevalent, suggesting incomplete waste diversion.

● Around 51–80% of waste is recycled, and on-site segregation is practiced by most

contractors.

● Only a few firms have formal sustainability plans such as mini-MRFs or site-specific

strategies.

39
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

● Innovative methods like prefabrication and recovery facilities were observed among

higher-performing contractors.

● Common barriers to sustainable practices include poor enforcement of laws, lack of

recycling facilities, and high operational costs.

5.2 Conclusions

Based on the findings, the following conclusions are drawn:

1. Waste management practices in Laoag’s construction industry are partially aligned

with sustainability goals, but gaps remain in policy compliance and full waste

diversion.

2. Contractors with structured sustainability plans and training programs perform

significantly better in recycling rates and innovation.

3. The persistence of systemic barriers, such as weak law enforcement and high cost,

hampers broader implementation of sustainable practices.

4. Awareness exists, but there is a need for stronger commitment and support

mechanisms from both private stakeholders and local government units.

40
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

5.3 Recommendations

To improve CWM practices and sustainability in Laoag City, the researchers recommend the

following:

1. Strengthen local enforcement of RA 9003 and related environmental policies specific

to the construction sector.

2. Develop municipal-level sustainability guidelines and require contractors to submit

waste management plans before project approval.

3. Invest in shared Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) or designated drop-off centers

accessible to all contractors.

4. Conduct regular training and awareness programs for construction workers and

project managers on sustainable waste management.

5. Promote the use of eco-friendly materials and incentivize contractors that adopt

innovative practices like prefabrication.

6. Foster partnerships between the LGU, DPWH, DENR, and private stakeholders to

build a unified approach to sustainable construction.

41
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

REFERENCES:

1. Tam, V. W. Y., & Le, K. N. (2020). Construction waste management profiles,

practices, and performance: A cross-jurisdictional analysis in four countries.

Journal of Cleaner Production, 254,

120199https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295685289_Construction_Waste_M

anagement_Profiles_Practices_and_Performance_A_Cross-

Jurisdictional_Analysis_in_Four_Countries

2. Jeng, S., Lim, W., Ho, J., Klemeš, Mah, C., Fujiwara, T., & Ho, C. (2018).

Environmental Impacts of Construction and Demolition Waste Management

Alternatives. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS,

63.https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1863058

3. Kumar, A., & Sharma, M. (2023). An assessment of construction waste

management in India: A statistical approach. Waste Management & Research,

41(5),789801.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335223704_An_assessment_

of_construction_waste_management_in_India_A_statistical_approach

4. Torres, J. M., & Dela Cruz, R. T. (2023). An integrative approach for

sustainable management of construction and demolition waste in Antipolo City,

Philippines. Waste Management & Research, 41(8), 1345-

42
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

1358.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383215869_An_Integrative_Approach

_for_Sustainable_Management_of_Construction_and_Demolition_Waste_in_Antipol

o_City_Philippines

5. Nagapan, S., Rahman, I. A., & Asmi, A. (2012). Sustainable management using

recycle and reuse of construction waste materials in Malaysia. Journal of

Construction in Developing Countries, 17(2), 33-

49.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343343798_Sustainable_Manageme

nt_using_Recycle_and_Reuse_of_Construction_Waste_Materials_in_Malaysia

6. Coelho, A., & de Brito, J. (2012). Influence of construction and demolition waste

management on the environmental impact of buildings. Waste Management,

32(3), 532–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.11.011

7. Ogunmakinde, O. E., Sher, W., & Maund, K. (2022). Recycling and reuse of

construction and demolition waste for sustainable development. Journal of

CleanerProduction,341,130892.chrome-

extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://oidaijsd.com/wp-

content/uploads/2019/04/06-07-07.pdf

8. Islam, R., Nazifa, T. H., & Mohammed, S. F. (2021). Construction waste

management practice: Bangladesh perception. International Journal of

43
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

Construction Management, 21(8), 782-

798.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320596439_Construction_Waste_

Management_Practice_Bangladesh_Perception

9. Udawatta, N., Zuo, J., Chiveralls, K., & Zillante, G. (2018). A review of

construction management practices in minimizing on-site construction waste.

Waste Management & Research, 36(11), 987-

998.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327663592_A_Review_of_Constru

ction_Management_Practices_in_Minimizing_On-Site_Construction_Waste

10. Zhang, C., Hu, M., Di Maio, F., Sprecher, B., Yang, X., & Tukker, A. (2022). An

overview of the waste hierarchy framework for analyzing the circularity in

construction and demolition waste management in Europe. Science of The Total

Environment, 803, 14989.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149892

11. Wu, H., Zuo, J., Yuan, H., Zillante, G., & Wang, J. (2020). A review of

construction and demolition waste management in China and USA.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(36), 44909–

44930.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10995-7

44
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

12. Wu, H., Zuo, J., Yuan, H., Zillante, G., & Wang, J. (2020). A review of

construction and demolition waste management in China and USA.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(36), 44909–

44930.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10995-7

13. Abenojar, J. C., & Ocampo, L. A. (2023). A long-standing problem: A review on

the solid waste management in the Philippines. Journal of Material Cycles and

Waste Management, 25(2), 567–582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-022-01442-w

14. Ocampo, L. A., & Promentilla, M. A. B. (2023). Current construction and

demolition waste management strategies for Philippine construction sector: A

systematic literature review. Waste Management, 168, 1–

14.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.014

15. Ocampo, L., Aviso, K., Tan, R. R., & Yu, K. D. S. (2023). Life cycle assessment

of construction and demolition waste management based on waste generation

projections of residential buildings in Metro Manila, the Philippines. Journal of

Cleaner Production, 382, 135250.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135250

16. Alogoc, D. C., & Tan, R. R. (2023). Environmental performance of social

housing in emerging economies: Life cycle assessment of conventional and

45
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

alternative construction methods in the Philippines. Sustainable Production and

Consumption, 35, 538–550.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2022.12.019

17. Garcia, J. M., & Tan, R. R. (2023). End-of-pipe waste analysis and integrated

solid waste management plan. Waste Management, 145, 45–58.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2022.12.020

18. Tam, V. W. Y., Soomro, M., & Evangelista, A. C. J. (2023). Recycling concrete

debris from construction and demolition waste. Journal of Cleaner Production,

384, 135581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135581

19. Wu, H., Zuo, J., Yuan, H., Zillante, G., & Wang, J. (2023). Circular economy on

construction and demolition waste: A literature review on material recovery and

production. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 190, 106876.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106876

46
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Rivera,Jade Maren B.

Address: Brgy.Agaga,Burgos, Ilocos Norte
Email: [email protected]
Contact Number: +639615036713
PERSONAL PROFILE
Age: 24 years old
Date of Birth:Febraury 12,
2001
Place of Birth: Ablang-
Sapang,Moncada,Tarlac
Citizenship: Filipino
Sex: Male
Civil Status: Single

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Tertiary:
Divine Word College of Laoag
Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering 2019-Present
Senior High School:
Paniqui Institute of Technologyl
Technical Vocational
2017-2019
Junior High School:
Sapang National
Highschool
2014-2017
Elementary:
Agaga,Burgos,Ilocos
Norte 2007-2013
47
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

48
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Saguid, Jezreel Keith N.

Address: Brgy. 14 Vintar, Ilocos Norte
Email: [email protected]
Contact Number: +639218557138

PERSONAL PROFILE

Age: 24 years old

Date of Birth: March 04,
2001
Place of Birth: Batac City,
Ilocos Norte Citizenship:
Filipino
Sex: Male
Civil Status: Single

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Tertiary:
Divine Word College of Laoag
Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering 2019-Present

Senior High School:

Divine Word College of Laoag
Accountancy Business Management
2017-2019

Junior High School:

Ilocos Norte National
High School 2014-
2017

Elementary:
Pallas Integrated
School
2008-2013
54
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
School of Engineering and Architecture
Society of Engineering and Architecture Students
General Segundo Avenue Laoag City, 2900 Philippines
Tel No.: (077) 772-1228, 772-0736, 773-2082, 771-6380 Local 222

54