[Link].
online
CHEMISTRY CLASS NOTES
TOPIC: The p-Block Elements Lecture No.: 03
➢ Alloy: Homogeneous mixture
Magnalium = Al + Mg
90% 10%
om
Duralumin = Al + Cu + Mn + Mg
95 % 4 % 0.5 % 0.5%
Used in making Part of Aeroplane
l.c
Artificial Gold = Cu + Al
5% 95%
ai
Alnico = Al + Ni + CO + Fe
20% 20% 10% 50%
gm
Used in making Permanent Magnet
Y – alloy
Al → 92.5%
@
Cu → 4 % Used in making automobile Piston
ir
Ni → 2 %
Mg → 1.5 %
m
➢ Lapis lazuli: Na5Al3Si3S3O12
za
(Blue colour mineral used in calico printing)
➢ Carbon Family:
6C → [He]2s2 2p2
ed
14Si → [𝑁𝑒]3s2 3p2
32Ge → [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
aw
50Sn → [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
82Pb → [Xe] 4f 14 5d10 6s2 6p2
dj
114Uuq ⟶ [Rn] 5f 14 6d10 7s 2 7p2
Carbon → Non-metal
oh
Si, Ge → Metalloid (semiconductor)
Sn, Pb → Metals
m
Atomic size → Increases from carbon to Pb
Ionisation energy →Maximum for carbon decrease down the group. Ionisation energy of Pb is more
than Sn because of completely filled 4f orbitals in Pb which shield the nuclear charge poorly and thereby
ionisation energy increases.
➢ Oxidation Number: Member’s of this family show + 4 and +2 oxidation number. Tendency of +4
decreases down side in the group
Tendency of +2 oxidation number increases down side the group
1|[Link]
1
1
[Link]
➢ Stability: +2 oxidation state: Pb2+ > Sn2+ > Ge2+
+4 oxidation state: Ge4+ > Sn4+ > Pb4+
Pb4+ + 2e− → Pb2+
The most stable oxidation state for Pb is +2. 𝑃𝑏 +4 compound having tendency to convert into
𝑃𝑏 +2 . Hence 𝑃𝑏 +4 compound acts as oxidising agent .
➢ Catenation: Property self linking of elements is called catenation
CH4 , C10 H22 , C16 H34
This tendency is maximum in carbon atom, because of smaller size high nuclear charge, &
om
tetravalent nature.
C – C = 82 kcal/ mole
Si – Si = 54 kcal/ mole
l.c
Ge – Ge = 40 kcal/ mole
Sn – Sn = 37 kcal/ mole
ai
Pb do not show Catenation
gm
➢ Allotropy: When an element exhibit two or more than two forms having same chemical
properties but different physical properties are known as allotrophs and this phenomenon is
@
known as allotropy
Carbon
ir
Crystalline solid Amorphous solid
m
o Diamond Charcoal
za
o Graphite Lamp black
o Fullerene’s
ed
Si is present in both amorphous and crystalline forms
Sn are found in grey, white or rhombic
aw
Pb do not show allotropy
dj
➢ Diamond:
Carbon atoms are 𝑠𝑝3 hybridised
oh
Tetrahedral shape, bond angle 109° 28′
due to tetrahedral linking it forms very hard structure
m
All four 𝑒 − are involved in bond formation so there in no free electron, so it is a bad conductor
of electricity
Its refractive index is very high i.e., 2.5, due to high refractive index it has property to reflect
and refract light which develop the special glitters in it.
Very high melting point 3550℃
Uses: 1. Making Jewellery
2. Glass cutting tools
2|[Link]
2
[Link]
3. Rock drilling tools
➢ Graphite:
𝑠𝑝2 hybridised
C – C bond length → 1.33 Å
3 𝑒 − are involve in bond formation 1 𝑒 − is non bonded which make it good conductor
It forms hexagonal layer & its two layer’s can slide over each other due to weak Vander Waals
forces.
Uses: 1. Lubricant
2. Pencil
➢ Fullerenes: Was developed by curl, kroto and smally in 1985 it is also known as Buckminster
om
fullerene in the honour of American architect Fullerenes
C6O :
Football like structure
l.c
20 hexagonal rings
12 pentagonal rings
ai
Carbon atoms are 𝑠𝑝2 hybridised
gm
C70 :
12 Pentagonal ring
25 hexagonal rings
@
Reaction towards air → On heating all elements reacts with air to form 𝐸𝑂 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑂2 type of oxide
ir
∆
C + O2 → CO2
m
∆
Si + O2 → SiO2
∆
za
Ge + O2 → GeO2
∆
Sn + O2 → SnO2
ed
2Pb + O2 → 2PbO
Nature of oxide : 𝐶𝑂2 , 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 → acidic ; 𝐺𝑒𝑂2 , 𝑆𝑛𝑂, 𝑆𝑛𝑂2 , 𝑃𝑏𝑂, 𝑃𝑏𝑂2 → Amphoteric
aw
CO carbon monoxide is neutral
Q.1 Why 𝑪𝑶𝟐 is gas and 𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐 is solid
dj
O = C = O → sp hybridised linear molecule
𝐶6 → 2𝑠 2 2𝑝2 (ground state)
oh
O → 2𝑠 2 2𝑝4
m
because of almost same energy of 2s and 2p orbitals of carbon and oxygen, at the time of formation
of 𝜎 bond, 𝑝𝜋 − 𝑝𝜋 bond are also form which makes molecule stable and it does not linked with
other molecules; hence CO2 is gas
In case of SiO2
3|[Link]
3
[Link]
Si → 3s 2 3p2 O8 → 2s 2 2p4
SiO2 is a 𝑠𝑝3 hybridised & has three dimensional network because of different energy of 3s and 3p
orbital of Si and 2s, 2p orbital of oxygen, so it is unable to form 𝑝𝜋 − 𝑝𝜋 bond.
om
l.c
ai
gm
@
ir
m
za
ed
aw
dj
oh
m
4|[Link]
