IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

1.

 Fertilization that occurs outside the body of an organism is known as external

fertilization. It usually requires a water body for successful fertilization.
 The sperms and eggs are released in an external environment.
 External fertilization usually occurs during spawning when the female releases the egg
and the male releases the sperm in the same environment.
 External fertilization in an aquatic environment protects the desiccation of eggs.
 Broadcast spawning leads to higher genetic diversity due to a larger mixing of genes
within a group. The chances of survival of the species also increase
 For organisms like sponges, broadcast spawning is the only process for fertilization.
Millions of eggs are produced by individuals because many are lost by predation.
Features of External Fertilization

 The success rate of fertilization is very low.

 Unlike internal fertilization, a large number of gametes need to be produced by the
male and female to ensure reproductive success.
 A water body is required to initiate external fertilization. The sperms would die on
land.
 It is a reproductive disadvantage for most of the animals because most of the gametes
die without being fertilized.
 External fertilization is, however, a simple reproductive strategy which does not
require the involvement of any hormones or mating rituals.
Advantages of External Fertilization

 It results in increased genetic variations.

 It produces a larger number of offspring’s.
 The gametes released can drift and therefore it is easy to find mates.
Disadvantages of External Fertilization

 A large quantity of gametes is wasted and left unfertilized.

 Chances of fertilization are diminished by environmental hazards and Predators
 Eggs and sperms, essentially, may not come in contact
 Desiccation of zygote or gametes
Examples of External Fertilization
The examples of external fertilization are given below:
Sea Urchins
They use chemotaxis to attract the sperms towards the eggs. Their spawning is synchronized
to prevent the eggs and sperms from diluting or drifting away.
Frogs
The female releases the eggs into the water. The male also releases the sperms in the water
to fertilize them. The larval life of the frogs is in water, whereas the adult life is on land.
Salmon
They have an opening right in front of their anal fin through which the gametes are released
and then fertilized.
Coy Coral
A large number of gametes are released in water during spawning of corals. After
fertilization, the coral larvae move up to the surface for maturation.
Starfish
They gather in groups and use chemical signals to indicate the other members of the group
that they are ready to spawn. This synchronized spawning increases the chances of
fertilization success
External Fertilization in Humans

 External fertilization also takes place in humans, but it is not natural. A few females
have blocked oviducts. The sperms cannot reach the eggs and the female cannot
conceive. In this situation, the doctors collect freshly released eggs and sperms and
keep them together for several hours for in-vitro fertilization. When the fertilization
occurs, the zygote is transferred to the uterus of the female after about a week, and
the development process occurs inside the female’s body.
 All the fish and amphibians fertilize externally. However, it is not as successful as the
internal fertilization and the probability of survival is reduced.
2.

 Fish and frog undergo external fertilisation.

 Human and lion undergo internal fertilisation.
3.

 Hormones are various chemicals released within the human body that regulate and
control the activities of multiple organs. The introduction of hormones to the blood
takes place via endocrine glands.
 Hormones act as a messenger which is released into the blood. Blood transmits them
to various organs and tissues of the human body. After reaching a target site,
 hormones bind to the receptors. Once this process is complete, hormones then
transmit the message which causes an organ or tissue to perform a specific action.
 The following are some important functions of hormones: Regulating mood and
cognitive functions Growth and development Food metabolism Maintaining body
temperature Controlling thirst and hunger Initiating and maintaining sexual
development and reproduction
4. Adolescence is the period of age which can be called as the transition period wherein an
individual undergoes change from childhood to adulthood. It is normally the age of 13 to 19
years of age. It is a period of transition during which physical and psychological changes take
place in an individual. Individuals undergoing this period are called teenagers or adolescents.
5.

 Infrasonic sounds: The sounds of frequency less than 20Hz are called infrasonic
sounds. The infrasonic sounds have frequency below the lower limit of human
hearing.
 Example: Sound produced by earthquakes, thunder, volcanoes are in the Infrasonic
range. The human Ear can’t hear this sound but elephants and whales can hear this.
 Ultrasonic sounds: The sound of frequency more than 20,000Hz are called ultrasonics.
Ultrasonic sounds have a frequency above the upper limit of human hearing.
 Example: The audible range of dogs, cats, moths and mice extends into ultrasound
frequencies. They can hear very high frequencies that humans cannot.
6. For a given two surfaces, sliding friction is slightly lesser than that of the static friction
because it is easy to move the object which already in motion than the object which is at rest.
7. Liquid conduct electricity because they have free ions as in acids, bases and salts being
dissolved in water.
8. Electrical conductivity of liquids can be tested by a simple activity of taking a liquid, like
lemon juice, in a container, inserting electrodes in it, connecting the two electrodes to the
terminals of a battery with a bulb (LED) between them. The bulb glows, indicating that lemon
juice is a conductor of electricity.
9. No, we should not carry an umbrella in a thunderstorm because thunderstorms are
generally accompanied by lightning. Electric discharge from the clouds can travel through the
metallic rod of the umbrella during lightning. This may give an electric shock to the person
who is carrying it. Hence, it is not safe to carry an umbrella during lightning.
10. IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation) is an artificial type of fertilisation. Some women’s oviduct are
blocked and so they cannot bear babies because sperms cannot reach the egg for fertilisation.
In such cases, freshly released eggs and sperms are kept together for few hours for IVF. In
case fertilisation occurs, zygote thus formed is allowed to develop for a week and then it is
placed in the mother’s uterus and is born like another baby. Babies born through this
technique are called test tube babies.
11. Friction is the resistance to motion of one object moving relative to another. There are
several types of friction. Some advantages and disadvantages of Friction are given below.
Advantages of Friction:

 Friction is responsible for many types of motion

 It helps us walk on the ground
 Brakes in a car make use of friction to stop the car
 Asteroids are burnt in the atmosphere before reaching Earth due to friction.
 It helps in the generation of heat when we rub our hands.
Disadvantages of Friction:

 Friction produces unnecessary heat leading to the wastage of energy.

 The force of friction acts in the opposite direction of motion, so friction slows down
the motion of moving objects.
 Forest fires are caused due to the friction between tree branches.
 A lot of money goes into preventing friction and the usual wear and tear caused by it
by using techniques like greasing and oiling.
12. Pure water or pure H2O which has no impurities present in it. The distilled water has
no ions. In distilled water, there are only water molecules present which are hydrogen
and oxygen. This molecule of hydrogen and oxygen is neutral and doesn’t have charge. So,
the distilled water is not able to conduct electricity.

 When the sugar is added to the distilled water then, the solution we get cannot
conduct the electricity as the sugar solution is neither acidic nor basic. The sugar is the
covalent compound and it will not ionize in water to form ions which makes the water
conductive.
 When the salt is added to the distilled water, then it makes the solution which can
conduct the electricity. The salt such as NaCl is used to make the distilled water
conduct the electricity as it makes that solution electrolyte.
 Hence, we can conclude that salt when added to distilled water conducts electricity
while sugar cannot.
13. During an earthquake:
Keep calm and reassure others. During the event, the safest place is an open space, away
from buildings. If you are indoors, take cover under a desk, table, bed, or doorways and
against inside walls and staircase. Stay away from glass doors, glass panes, windows, or
outside doors.
14. When two mirrors are kept at an angle and an object placed in between the mirrors,
multiple images are formed due to reflection from one mirror on to the other.
The number of images of the object formed depends on the angle between the two mirrors.
Formula of finding multiple images: ….write it from textbook
15.

 Conserve water by turning off the tap when running water is not necessary. This helps
prevent water shortages and reduces the amount of contaminated water that needs
treatment.
 Be careful about what you throw down your sink or toilet. Don’t throw paints, oils or
other forms of litter down the drain. Use environmentally household products, such as
washing powder, household cleaning agents and toiletries.
 Take great care not to overuse pesticides and fertilisers. This will prevent runoffs of
the material into nearby water sources.
 By having more plants in your garden you are preventing fertiliser, pesticides and
contaminated water from running off into nearby water sources.
 Don’t throw litter into rivers, lakes or oceans. Help clean up any litter you see on
beaches or in rivers and lakes, make sure it is safe to collect the litter and put it in a
nearby dustbin.
16.

 Usage of public transport and carpooling – by reducing the amount of fuel combusted
for an individual’s transportation needs, he/she can lower the amount of pollutants
being released into the atmosphere and cause less air pollution. Furthermore, these
options are also economically efficient and can help save money as well.
 Switching off the lights when they’re not in use – the majority of our electricity is
produced from the combustion of fossil fuels, which are a huge contributor towards
air pollution. Therefore, conserving electricity is an effective way of preventing air
pollution.
 Reusing and recycling products – By reusing products (that can be reused), the amount
of energy that goes into manufacturing another one of those products is conserved.
Furthermore, recycling of products is also more energy-efficient than the manufacture
of new ones.
 Avoiding the burning of garbage and smoking – burning of garbage is a huge
contributor to air pollution. Another contributor to air pollution is cigarette smoking.
Avoiding these activities and spreading awareness of their negative consequences can
be of great help in the prevention of air pollution.
 Avoiding the use of firecrackers – firecrackers are generally used to celebrate certain
occasions. However, they are known to cause severe air pollution and are, therefore,
 extremely harmful to the environment. Personally avoiding the use of firecrackers and
spreading awareness about their negative consequences is a great way to help
prevent air pollution.
17.

 When a ray of light approaches a smooth polished surface and the light ray bounces
back, it is called the reflection of light. The incident light ray which lands upon the
surface is said to be reflected off the surface. The ray that bounces back is called the
reflected ray.
 A ray that strikes the surface separating the two optical media is called the incident
ray.
 Ray of light which goes back in the same medium after striking the surface is called
reflected ray.
 A normal ray is a ray that is incident at 90 degrees to a surface. That is, the light ray is
perpendicular or normal to the surface.
18. Dispersion of white light is defined as splitting of white light into seven constituent
colours when passed through the prism. When white light is passed through a glass prism it
splits into its spectrum of colours (in order violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red)
and this process of white light splitting into its constituent colours is termed as dispersion.
Explanation
When white light is made to pass through a prism, a spectrum of seven colours is formed
which shows that white light is a mixture of seven different colours. Prism only acts as a
medium for the separation of the seven colours. When light falls on the glass prism,
refraction takes place. Since the wavelength of different components of light is different and
the frequency is constant, each component gets deviated by a different angle due to the
difference in velocity in the glass medium. The red colour having the maximum wavelength
deviates the least and forms the upper part of the spectrum whereas violet having the least
wavelength deviates the most.
White light dispersion occurs because, as they pass through a prism, different colours of light
bend through different angles with respect to the incident ray. The red light bends the least
while the violet bends most as shown below.
19. A biological process in which the fusion of the male and the female gamete occurs is
called fertilization.
Process of fertilization

 The sperms are released from the male reproductive organ called the penis.
 The sperm enters the female body through one of the parts of her reproductive organ
called the vagina.
  Then the sperm travels through the fallopian tubes and meets the egg produced by
the female organs.
 The process of fertilization takes place in fallopian tubes.
 The first step in the process of reproduction is the fusion of a sperm and an ovum.
 During fertilization, the nuclei of the sperm and the egg fuse to form a single nucleus.
This results in the formation of a fertilized egg or zygote.
 The zygote is the beginning of a new individual.
 Fertilization results in the formation of a zygote which begins to develop into an
embryo.
20. Hen and birds undergo with external fertilisation. Human beings and cow undergo with
internal fertilisation.
21. Acne is caused by overactive oil glands in the skin and a buildup of oil, dead skin cells, and
bacteria, which leads to inflammation (swelling and redness) in the pores. Oil glands get
stimulated when hormones become active during puberty. That’s why people are likely to get
acne in their teens.
22. The most important change marked by the puberty is the growth and development of the
sex organs. They initiate the secretion of sex hormones and begin the formation of the
gametes. In males the testes start the secretion of testosterone and spermatogenesis begins.
In females, the ovaries start secretion of estrogen and the menstrual cycle starts resulting in
oogenesis.
23. Methods of controlling noise pollution:
(i) Installing noise-reducing insulation like glass wool
(ii) Planting more trees
(iii) Using earplugs instead of speakers.
We can Reduce Noise pollution by turning off appliances when not in use, use of earplugs,
lowering the volume, planting more trees, regular maintenance of vehicles and machines etc.
By controlling noise we can control negative health effects that noise pollution has on
everyone.
24. Spikes increase the surface of the shoes & make it rough which results in an increase in
friction. This helps to have more grip on the floor and chances to slip reduces. This makes it
easy for sportsmen to walk or run as their grip on the ground increases.
25. The substances or materials which have very few free electrons, such that they do not
easily drift from one end to the other end, when potential difference is applied are called
insulators.
The examples of insulators are Mica, glass wool, wood, shellac, sealing wax are all examples
of insulators.
26. The process of coating the thin layer of metals with desired metal to resist from rust is
called electroplating.
Three uses of electroplating are-

 Tin cans used for storing food are made by electroplating tin metal on to iron.
 It is used in bicycle to resist rust or corrosion.
 It is used in LPG stoves to resist rust.
27. Human body is a conductor of electricity. So, when we touch a charged object, our body
conducts its charges to the Earth. That is why a charged body loses its charge, if we touch it
with our hand. This phenomenon is known as earthing.
28.

 Budding is the asexual mode of reproduction. In budding, a genetically identical new

organism grows attached to the body of parent Hydra and separates later on.
 In the process of budding, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell
division at one specific site. This bud grows randomly and there is no specific order or
direction they follow.
29.

 To reduce friction we can make the surfaces in contact smooth. Also adding a lubricant
to two surfaces in contact reduces friction between them. Grease is added between
the moving parts in machines, to reduce friction. Another method of reducing friction
is by using bearings. When ball bearings are introduced between two surfaces friction
is reduced because of the freely rotating metal balls.
 To increase friction, the surfaces in contact have to be made rough. The two surfaces
in contact can also be pressed harder to increase force between them. Use of adhesive
materials that stick surfaces, also increases friction between them.
30. Friction is a force that resists the relative motion between two objects or materials. The
causes of this resistive force are molecular adhesion, surface roughness, and deformations.
Adhesion is the molecular force resulting when two materials are brought into close contact
with each other.
31. It is observed that when a compass is brought near a current carrying conductor the
needle of compass gets deflected because of flow of electricity. This shows that electric
current produces a magnetic effect. This phenomenon is called electromagnetism.
A solenoid is a cylindrical coil of wire that behaves like a bar magnet when current flows
through it. If we insert a piece of iron in a coil carrying current, then iron gets strongly
magnetised. This principle is used to make strong electromagnets.
32. Lightning Conductor is a device used to protect buildings from the effect of lightning. A
metallic rod, taller than the building, is installed in the walls of the building during its
construction. One end of the rod is kept out in the air and the other is buried deep in the
ground. The rod provides easy route for the transfer of electric charge to the ground. The
process is called earthing.
33. Regular Reflection

 It occurs when all the reflected rays from a given smooth surface are parallel for
parallel incident rays.
 This occurs from smooth surfaces like a mirror, silver spoon, etc.
 The image is formed and seen.
Irregular Reflection

 It occurs when for a given set of incident parallel rays, the reflected rays do not
remain parallel to each other.
 This occurs from rough surfaces like wood, table, door, book, etc.
 It helps to see objects.
34. Various factors responsible for water pollution are

 Industrial waste
 Sewage water
 Dumping of corpses in water
 Taking bath in water reservoirs
 Less awareness of peoples towards water conservation
 Use of pesticides pollute groundwater as well as ponds water
 Washing clothes in water reservoirs
 Pollution from cars result in acid rain
35.

 Rise in Temperature Leading to Ice Melt: Melting glaciers and snow melts will cause
severe water shortages and droughts with higher frequencies giving way to heatwaves
and extreme weather conditions in the mid-latitudes. Thinning ice of the northern
seas will make the atmospheric conditions vulnerable to control.
 Ecological Risks: Global warming has contributed to the extension of drier climatic
zones such as deserts in the subtropics. Mostly ecosystems and animal life will be
affected by higher carbon dioxide levels and global temperatures leading to climate
 change, which will result in the extinction of many species and reduced ecological
diversity.
 The Threat to Marine Life: Global warming can lead to the destruction of marine and
coral life underwater. Higher content of carbon dioxide in the water inflicts damage to
valuable natural resources.
 Loss of Settlements: Global warming can also lead to Inundation from sea level rise,
which can further threaten infrastructure and establishments of human settlements.
This severely leads to a decrease in the human population. Droughts, temperature
rise, loss of glacial rivers puts the state of agriculture on ain the rampage.
 Health Factors: There are various indirect effects such as malnutrition inflicted by crop
failures. Scanty rainfall leading to desertification can also cause several diseases due
to global warming.

36.

 Noise pollution, also known as environmental noise or sound pollution, is the

propagation of noise with ranging impacts on the activity of human or animal life,
most of them harmful to a degree.
 The source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines, transport, and
propagation systems.
 Turn off Appliances at Home and offices.
 Shut the Door when using noisy Machines.
 Use Earplugs.
 Lower the volume.
 Stay away from Noisy area.
 Follow the Limits of Noise level.
 Control Noise level near sensitive areas.
 Go Green by planning trees.
37. Write it in notebook
38. Things you will need:

 Plastic (See-through and coloured)

 Overhead Transparency Paper
 Pencil
 Masking/Duct tape (One Roll)
 Mirrored Perspex (3 Pieces)
Procedure
  Use the three pieces of mirrored perspex and roll them as tape in the form of a
triangle. Try to ensure that it has a solid and it is taped on the outside of the triangle.
 Sketch the small triangle located at the edge of the kaleidoscope to the overhead
transparency paper (set aside 1 cm extra around the triangle to allow folding of the
paper).
 Keep the transparency paper to the kaleidoscope edge and cut the narrow openings at
the corners, which would facilitate the folding of the corners easily.
 Attach the paper into a separate place.
 Make another triangle by drawing it, and this time it should be 2 cm larger than the
earlier one
 Choose the kind of plastic colour you would like to put inside the kaleidoscope. Take
off small paper cuttings that would sit well on the transparent paper.
 Place the coloured plastic at the end of the kaleidoscope that has a transparency
paper and add another transparency paper (triangle) a little bigger than the earlier
one. Keep the second triangle upside down so that there would be ample space for
plastic to shift between the two transparencies.
 Once you have finished making the kaleidoscope, design it beautifully with colours,
glitters and so on.
39.

 The principle when the light rays falls on the smooth surface, the angle of reflection is
equal to the angle of incidence.
 The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface all lie in the same
plane.

40.

 Sexual Reproduction: In sexual mode of reproduction there must be both male amd
female gametes. There are two parents required. This reproduction take place inside
the female body. Example of organism which performs sexual reproduction is
Elephants, Human beings, lions etc.
 Asexual reproduction: In asexual mode of reproduction there must not be both male
and female gametes. Only one parent can be do asexual reproduction. In this type of
 reproduction reproduction take place outside the female body. Example of organism
which performs asexual reproduction is Frog, birds.
41. Different methods of asexual reproduction are
Vegetative propagation

 In this asexual reproduction, new plants are produced from roots, stems, leaves and
buds of the individual plant.
 Examples – Tuber of potato, the rhizome of ginger.
Budding

 The bud is a small projection which gradually grows and gets detached from the
parent cell and forms a new yeast cell. The new yeast cell grows, matures and
produces more yeast cells.
 Example – Yeast.
Fragmentation

 In this mode of reproduction, the growth and multiplication are done by rapidly
breaking down into two or more fragments. Each fragment grows into new individuals
when water and nutrients are available.
 Example – Algae
Spore Formation

 This reproduction is done by spores which under favourable conditions germinates

and develops into a new individual.
 Examples – Fungi like Rhizopus, Mucor, etc.
Fission

 It is a type of asexual reproduction where the unicellular organism splits to form new
organisms. There are two types of fission which are
 Binary fission
 Multiple fission
 Examples
 Unicellular organisms that undergo binary fission are amoeba, paramecium,
Leishmania etc.
 Plasmodium undergoes the process of multiple fission.
42. The voice box or larynx begins to grow at the onset of puberty. This growing voice box in
boys can be seen as a protruding part of the throat called Adam’s apple. This leads to voice
becoming hoarse.
43. The period during which adolescent boys and girls reach sexual maturity and become
capable of reproduction is called puberty. Puberty is a period of several years in which rapid
physical growth occurs leading to sexual maturity.It tends to start earlier in girls than in boys.
44.
In humans, the effects of noise pollution are:

 High blood pressure

 Hearing loss
 May affect the circadian rhythm (sleep cycles)
 Impair cognitive functions
 Irritability, high stress.
 In animals, the effects of noise pollution are:
 Noise pollution increases the risk of death by altering prey-predator behaviour
(avoidance or detection)
 May interfere with navigation
 Also affects the reproductive behaviour
 Risk of hearing loss
 Unusual animal behaviour – some studies indicate that certain species of whales
beached themselves after exposure to sonar.
45. There are basically four types of friction:

 Static Friction.
 Sliding Friction.
 Rolling Friction.
 Fluid Friction.
46. Examples of conductors include metals, aqueous solutions of salts (i.e., ionic compounds
dissolved in water), graphite, and the human body. Examples of insulators include plastics,
Styrofoam, paper, rubber, glass and dry air.
47. The three effects of electric current are heating effect, magnetic effect and chemical
effect.
48. Sweaters are made up of wool, which is a poor conductor of electricity. When we are
wearing the sweater the wool is in contact with our body, there is friction as there is rubbing
between the body and the wool. Due to this force, we hear the crackling sound while taking
off the sweater during winters.
49.

 The transformation of the larva into an adult through drastic changes is called
metamorphosis.
  Metamorphosis is another word for the changes an animal makes during its life cycle.
During a frog’s metamorphosis, an egg will hatch into a tadpole, which will then
develop back legs first, then front legs, and become a full grown adult frog

50. Effects of Friction

 It produces heat that helps in heating parts of any object or to warm ourselves.
 It also causes loss in power.
 It produces noise during any kind of operation.
 It’s because of friction that we’re able to walk, run, play, etc.
51. Lubrication is a crucial element in the efficiency and life-expectancy of any rotating
equipment. Lubrication reduces friction and allows moving machine parts to slide smoothly
past each other.
52. The process of coating the thin layer of metals with desired metal to resist from rust is
called electroplating. Three uses of electroplating are- 1-Tin cans used for storing food are
made by electroplating tin metal on to iron. 2-it is used in bicycle to resist rust or corrosion.
53. Safety measures during a lightning strike and thunderstorm

 Stay indoors and away from open windows.

 Disconnect electronic devices.
 Do not use wired devices.
 Avoid running water/shower.
 We can take shelter in vehicles.
 Avoid trees and take a crouching position.
 Install lightning conductors on tall buildings.
54. Images formed by plane mirrors are virtual, upright, left-right reversed, the same distance
from the mirror as the object’s distance, and the same size as the object.
55. “Greenhouse effect is the process by which radiations from the sun are absorbed by the
greenhouse gases and not reflected back into space. This insulates the surface of the earth
and prevents it from freezing.”

 Greenhouse Gases the concentration of gases that lead to trapping of heat in the
atmosphere is known as greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases include –Carbon dioxide
(CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Fluorinated gases like halons, hydro
chlorofluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, nitrogen trifluoride, sulphur hexafluoride
etc.
 Fossil fuel burning Coal, oil and natural gas are fossil fuel which is utilised for
transportation and electricity generation among others. Burning of fossil fuels releases
enormous amounts of carbon dioxide into the air. Farming Fertilisers used during
farming releases greenhouse gas nitrous oxide. It is a major cause of global
warming. Deforestation Rampant deforestation is a common cause of greenhouse
effect owing to reduction of oxygen release and absorption of carbon dioxide by
plants. Moreover, when wood is burnt, the stored carbon is further released into the
environment.
Population increase

 Population explosion in different parts of the world has caused enormous pressure on
existing resources, which is finite. Higher demand has caused a substantial increase in
manufacturing, causing greater emission of harmful gases. Landfill and industrial
waste Landfill of industrial produce and industrial waste emanating from coal mining
activities, cement production, and oil extraction among others lead to the generation
of harmful greenhouse gases.
Consequences of Greenhouse Effect

 The major consequences of Greenhouse Effect are –Ozone layer depletion Global
warming Environmental degradation Extinction of species
56.

 The Burning of Fossil Fuels.

 Industrial Emission.
 Indoor Air Pollution.
 Wildfires.
 Microbial Decaying Process.
 Transportation.
 Open Burning of Garbage Waste.
  Construction and Demolition.
57. Working of human ear:

 The outer ear is called ‘pinna’. It collects the sound from the surroundings. The
auditory canal passes this sound to a thin membrane called the eardrum or tympanic
membrane.
 When a compression or rarefaction of the medium reaches the eardrum, it moves
inward or outward. In this way, the eardrum vibrates. These vibrations are amplified
several times by three bones- the hammer, anvil and stirrup in the middle ear. The
middle ear transmits the amplified pressure variations to the inner ear. The cochlea
converts these variations into the electrical signals in inner ear. These signals are sent
to the brain via the auditory nerve. The brain interprets them as sound.

58. Write in notebook

59. Self
60. Self