A
Project Report
on
“Title of Project”
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for award the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Computer Science & Engineering
Submitted To: Submitted By:
Name of Guide Name, Roll No.
Assistant Professor Name, Roll No.
Dept. of CSE Name, Roll No.
[Link]. CSE 8th
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Ganga Institute of Technology & Management
Kablana, Jhajjar-124104 (Haryana)
December-2025
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “<project Title bold>,” is original and has
been carried out by us in the partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Computer Science & Engineering, Ganga Institute of Technology and
Management, Kablana, Jhajjar, Haryana. The project, conducted over six months, is an
authentic record of work completed under my supervision. The matter presented in this
project work has not been submitted, either in part or in full, for any other degree or diploma
of this or any other university.
< Guide Name >
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Ganga Institute of Technology and Management,
Kablana, Jhajjar-124104
DECLARATION
This is to certify that the project work entitled “project Title<bold>,” has been carried out by
us in the Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Ganga Institute of Technology
and Management, Kablana, Jhajjar, Haryana. This work has not been submitted elsewhere for
any similar purpose. We shall be solely responsible for any dispute arising from this project
work.
<Student Name1> (University Roll No. ) Sign
<Student Name2> (University Roll No. ) Sign
<Student Name3> (University Roll No. ) Sign
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Ganga Institute of Technology and Management,
Kablana-1241004
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is both elevating and humbling to acknowledge all the individuals who have contributed to
the successful completion of this project. Many have contributed their valuable time, support,
guidance, and encouragement throughout this journey. They are, indeed, the wind beneath
our wings. We extend our heartfelt gratitude to the Almighty for His compassion and
bountiful blessings, which made everything possible.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to our esteemed guide, [Guide Name], Assistant
Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, for supervising and
mentoring us throughout this project. Their technical insights, valuable suggestions, and
constructive feedback were instrumental in shaping this work. Whenever we encountered
challenges, their support helped us overcome obstacles with clarity and confidence. Their
encouragement and guidance have truly been a source of inspiration for us.
We also extend our deep gratitude to Dr. Nitin Kumar, Head of the Department of Computer
Science and Engineering, and all the faculty members of the CSE department for providing
us with the resources, support, and opportunities necessary to successfully complete this
project.
<Student Name1> (University Roll No. ) Sign
<Student Name2> (University Roll No. ) Sign
<Student Name3> (University Roll No. ) Sign
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Ganga Institute of Technology and Management,
Kablana-1241004
ABSTRACT
Abstract of the project must be written in at least 500 Words
CONTENTS
Certificate i
Candidate’s Declaration ii
Acknowledgements iii
Abstract v
Contents vii
List of Acronyms x
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xii
1. INTRODUCTION 1-16
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 3
1.2.1 4
1.2.2 5
1.3 10
1.4 Motivations 11
1.4.1 12
nd 17-41
2. Name of 2 Chapter
2.1 17
2.2 18
3. Name of 3rd Chapter 42-60
3.1 42
3.2 43
44
3.3 46
3.4 47
4. Conclusions and Future Scope 118-120
5.1 Conclusion 118
5.2 Future Scope 120
REFERENCES 121
LIST OF ACRONYMS
CMOS Complementary metal oxide semiconductor
IC Integrated circuit
SOC System on chip
SIP System in package
PoP Package on package
VCO Voltage controlled oscillator
PLL Phase locked loop
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
2.1 Performance comparison of existing VCO designs 39
3.1 Power dissipation of MCML and proposed PFD 47
3.2 Transistor sizing with L = 0.18 µm 55
Power dissipation of conventional and proposed PFD designs at different
3.3 55
Vdd
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
1.1 PLL System 2
1.2 Source of power dissipation in CMOS circuit 4
1.3 Charging and discharging of a CMOS inverter 4
1.4 Short circuit current of a CMOS inverter 6
1.5 Short circuit current corresponds to rise and fall time 7
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
CHAPTER-2
Name of 2nd Chapter
2.1 Introduction
REFERENCES
