9

Language Acquisition

The capacity to learn language is deeply ingrained in us as a species, just as the capacity
to walk, to grasp objects, to recognize faces. We don’t find any serious differences
in children growing up in congested urban slums, in isolated mountain villages, or in
privileged suburban villas.

DAN SLOBIN, The Human Language Series program 2, 1994

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The Linguistic Capacity of Children

We are designed to walk. . . . That we are taught to walk is impossible. And pretty much the
same is true of language. Nobody is taught language. In fact you can’t prevent the child
from learning it.
NOAM CHOMSKY, The Human Language Series program 2, 1994

394

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 The Linguistic Capacity of Children 395

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What’s Learned, What’s Not?

[Link]

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 396 CHAPTER 9 Language Acquisition

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 The Linguistic Capacity of Children 397

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 398 CHAPTER 9 Language Acquisition

Stages in Language Acquisition

. . . for I was no longer a speechless infant; but a speaking boy. This I remember; and have
since observed how I learned to speak. It was not that my elders taught me words . . . in
any set method; but I . . . did myself . . . practice the sounds in my memory. . . . And thus
by constantly hearing words, as they occurred in various sentences . . . I thereby gave
utterance to my will.
ST. AUGUSTINE, Confessions, 398 CE

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The Perception and Production of Speech Sounds

An infant crying in the night:
An infant crying for the light:
And with no language but a cry.
ALFRED LORD TENNYSON, In Memoriam A.H.H., 1849

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 The Linguistic Capacity of Children 399

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 400 CHAPTER 9 Language Acquisition

Babbling

“Hi & Lois”/King Features Syndicate

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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 The Linguistic Capacity of Children 401

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First Words
From this golden egg a man, Prajapati, was born. . . . A year having passed, he wanted to
speak. He said “bhur” and the earth was created. He said “bhuvar” and the space of the air
was created. He said “suvar” and the sky was created. That is why a child wants to speak
after a year. . . . When Prajapati spoke for the first time, he uttered one or two syllables.
That is why a child utters one or two syllables when he speaks for the first time.
HINDU MYTH

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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 402 CHAPTER 9 Language Acquisition

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Segmenting the Speech Stream

I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream.
TRANSCRIBED FROM VOCALS BY TOM STACKS, performing with Harry Reser’s Six
Jumping Jacks, January 14, 1928

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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 404 CHAPTER 9 Language Acquisition

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The Acquisition of Phonology

“Baby Blues”, Baby Blues Partnership. Reprinted with permission of King Features Syndicate

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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 The Linguistic Capacity of Children 405

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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The Acquisition of Word Meaning

Suddenly I felt a misty consciousness as of something forgotten—a thrill of returning
thought; and somehow the mystery of language was revealed to me. . . . Everything had a
name, and each name gave birth to a new thought.
HELEN KELLER, The Story of My Life, 1903

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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The Acquisition of Morphology

“Baby Blues”, Baby Blues Partnership. Reprinted with permission of King Features Syndicate

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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 422 CHAPTER 9 Language Acquisition

The Role of the Linguistic Environment:

Adult Input
[The acquisition of language] is doubtless the greatest intellectual feat any one of us is
ever required to perform.
LEONARD BLOOMFIELD, Language, 1933

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The Role of Imitation, Reinforcement, and Analogy

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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 424 CHAPTER 9 Language Acquisition

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The Role of Structured Input

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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 Knowing More Than One Language 425

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Knowing More Than One Language

He that understands grammar in one language, understands it in another as far as
the essential properties of Grammar are concerned. The fact that he can’t speak, nor
comprehend, another language is due to the diversity of words and their various forms,
but these are the accidental properties of grammar.
ROGER BACON (1214–1294)

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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References for Further Reading

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Exercises

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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