Chapter 1& 2

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 A Simple Java Program

public class FirstSample{

public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}
◼ Java is case sensitive

◼ The keyword public is called an access modifier

◼ The keyword class is there to remind you that everything

in a Java program must be inside a class
◼ The main method in the source file is necessary in order to
execute the program
◼ The System.out.println(..) is used to invoke
method println of an object System.out

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 Comments
System.out.println("We will not use 'Hello world!'");
// is this too cute?
/*
This is the first sample program
Copyright (C) by Cay Horstmann and Gary Cornell
*/
public class FirstSample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("We will not use 'Hello, World!'");
}
}

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 Comments
/**
* The MainClass is the class that help to print out the "Hello
World!" text
* @author yellowcode
* @version 1.0
* @since 2021-05-04
*/
public class MainClass {
/**
* The main function, entry point of this app
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

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 Identifiers
◼ Identifiers are:
◼ Text strings that represent variables, methods,
classes or labels
◼ Case-sensitive
◼ Characters can be digit, letter, '$' or '_'
◼ Identifiers cannot:
◼ Begin with a digit
◼ Be the same as a reserved word.

An_Identifier
a_2nd_Identifier
Go2
✓ An-Identifier
2nd_Identifier
goto

$10 10$
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 Legal Identifiers
◼ Identifiers must start with a letter, a currency
character ($), or a connecting character such as
the underscore ( _ ). Identifiers cannot
start with a number!
◼ After the first character, identifiers can
contain any combination of letters, currency
characters, connecting characters, or numbers.
◼ In practice, there is no limit to the number of
characters an identifier can contain.
◼ You can't use a Java keyword as an identifier
◼ Identifiers in Java are case-sensitive; foo and
FOO are two different identifiers.

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 Complete List of Java Keywords
◼ There are nine categories
Keyword type Keyword
Tổ chức lớp package, import
Định nghĩa lớp class, interface, extends, implements
Dành cho biến và lớp abstract, public, private, protected,
static, synchronized, volatile, final,
native
Các kiểu dữ liệu nguyên thủy byte, short, int, long, float, double, char,
boolean, void
Cho các giá trị và các biến false, true, this, super, null
Xử lý ngoại lệ throw, throws, try, catch, finally
Tạo và kiểm tra các đối new, instanceof
tượng
Lệnh điều khiển chương trình if, else, switch, case, default, break,
for, while, do, continue, return
Chưa được sử dụng byvalue, future, outer, const, genetic,
rest, goto, inner, var, cast, operator

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 What is an example of correct identifier?
1) Tinh Tong
2) Tinh-Tong
3) Tinh_Tong
4) x_Mu_2
5) 2_Mu_2
6) Tien$
7) default
8) yahoo.com

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 Java Code Conventions
◼ Classes: the names should typically be nouns
◼ Dog
◼ Account
◼ PrintWriter
◼ Interfaces: the names should be adjectives
◼ Runnable
◼ Comparable
◼ Methods: the names should be verb-noun
pairs
◼ getBalance
◼ doCalculation
◼ setCustomerName

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 Java Code Conventions
◼ Variables: Like methods, starting with a lowercase
letter. Sun recommends short, meaningful names,
which sounds good to us. Some examples:
◼ buttonWidth
◼ accountBalance
◼ myString
◼ radius
◼ Constants: Java constants are created by marking
variables static and final. They should be named
using uppercase letters with underscore characters as
separators:
◼ MIN_HEIGHT
◼ static final int MIN_A=Integer.MIN_VALUE;

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 The Elements of a class

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 Data Types
◼ Java is a strongly typed language.
This means that every variable must have a
declared type. There are eight primitive
types in Java
◼ Four of them are integer types;
◼ Two are floating-point number types;
◼ One is the character type char, used for
characters in the Unicode encoding,
◼ and one is a boolean type for truth values.

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 Variables and Data Types (cont.)
◼ Data types
◼ Primitive types
◼ Reference types

◼ The primitive types are boolean, byte, char, short, int,

long, float and double
◼ All non-primitive types are reference types, so
classes, which specify the types of objects, are
reference types

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 Primitives: Integers
◼ Signed whole numbers
◼ Initialized to zero

Categories:
1. byte Size: 1 byte
a. integer Range: -27 → 27 - 1

b. floating 2. short Size: 2 bytes

Range: -215 → 215 - 1
c. character
3. int Size: 4 bytes
d. boolean Range: -231 → 231 - 1
4. long
Size: 8 bytes
Range: -263 → 263 - 1

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 Primitives: Floating Points
◼ "General" numbers
◼ Can have fractional parts
◼ Initialized to zero

Categories:
a. integer
b. floating 1. float
Size: 4 bytes
Range: ±1.4 x 10-45 → ±3.4 x 1038
c. character
2. double Size: 8 bytes
d. boolean Range: ±4.9 x 10-324 → ±1.8 x 10308

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 Primitives: Characters
◼ Char is any unsigned Unicode character
◼ Initialized to zero (\u0000)

Categories:
a. integer
b. floating
c. character char Size: 2 bytes
Range: \u0000 → \uFFFF
d. boolean

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 Primitives: Booleans
◼ boolean values are distinct in Java
◼ Can only have a true or false value
◼ An int value can NOT be used in place of a boolean
◼ Initialized to false

Categories:
a. integer
b. floating
c. character
Size: 1 byte
d. boolean boolean Range: true | false

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 Primitive Data Types (summary)
Keyword Description Size/Range
Integers

byte Byte-length
1 byte : –128 to 127
integer
short Short integer 2 bytes : –32 768 to 32 767
int Integer 4 bytes : –2 147 483 648 to 2 147 483 647

long 8 bytes : –9,223,372,036,854,775,808L to

Long integer
9,223,372,036,854,775,807L
Real numbers

float Single-precision 4 bytes :  ±3.40282347E+38F

floating point (6–7 significant decimal digits)

double Double-precision 8 bytes :  ±1.79769313486231570E+308

floating point (15 significant decimal digits)
Other types

char A Unicode
2 bytes
character
boolean A boolean value true or false

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 The Sign bit for a byte

All six number types in Java are signed

(byte, short, int, long, float, double)
Integer literals three way store present integer
numbers in the Java language: decimal(base10),
octal(base8), hexadecimal(base16)
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 Variables and Data Types (cont.)
◼ Decimal Literals: default
◼ int length = 343;

◼ Octal Literals: represent an integer in octal form by

placing a zero in front of the number
◼ int nine = 011;

◼ Hexadecimal Literals: including the prefix 0x or the

optional suffix extension L
◼ int z = 0xDeadCafe;

◼ Note: Java will accept capital or lowercase letters for

the extra digits in hexadecimal
◼ 0XCAFE and 0xcafe are both legal

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 Variables and Data Types (cont.)
◼ Floating-Point Literals:
◼ Default are defined as double (64 bits)

◼ Attach the suffix F or f to the number if want using

floating-point (32 bits)
◼ Example:

◼ float f = 23.467890; // Error

◼ float g = 49837849.029847F;

◼ Boolean Literals
◼ true, false

◼ Character Literals: 16-bit unsigned integer

◼ char letterN = '\u004E'; // The letter 'N’

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 Variables and Data Types (cont.)
◼ Some special characters
◼ \n: Used to denote new line

◼ \r: Used to denote a return

◼ \t: Used to denote a tab

◼ \b: Used to denote a backspace

◼ \f: Used to denote a form feed

◼ \': Used to denote a single quote

◼ \": Used to denote a double quote

◼ \\: Used to denote a backslash

◼ Literal Values for Strings: A string literal is a source

code representation of a value of a String object
◼ String s = "Bill Joy";

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 Casting Primitive Types
◼ Casting creates a new value and allows it to
be treated as a different type than its source
◼ Java is a strongly typed language
◼ Assigning the wrong type of value to a variable
could result in a compile error or a JVM
exception
◼ The JVM can implicitly (ngầm định) promote
from a narrower type to a wider type
◼ To change to a narrower type, you must cast
explicitly (tường minh)
double f;
int a, b; int d; long g;
short c; short e; f = g;
a = b + c; e = (short)d; g = f;//

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 Implicit vs. Explicit Casting

◼ Implicit (ngầm định) casting is automatic

when no loss of information is possible.
◼ byte → short → int → long → float →
double
◼ An explicit cast required when there is a
"potential" loss of accuracy:

long p = (long) 12345.56; // p == 12345

int g = p;//illegal(error)even though an int can hold 12345
char c = 't';
int j = c; // automatic promotion
short k = c; // why is this an error?
short k = (short) c; // explicit cast
float f = 12.35; // what’s wrong with this?

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 Casting Primitive Types in expression

◼ Example:
char ch;
int i;
float f;
double d;

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 Variables and Data Types (cont.)

◼ Accessing Variables: you can access it by referring

to it by its name

x = y;

assign y’s value to the access the variable y

variable x

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 Variables
◼ In Java, every variable has a type. You declare a variable
by placing the type first, followed by the name of the
variable VariableType VariableName

int total;

int count, temp, result;

Multiple declarations on a single line

• A variable name must begin with a letter, and must be a
sequence of letters or digits.
• Symbols like '+' or '©' cannot be used inside variable
names, nor can spaces
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 A variable's scope

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 Variable Scope example
◼ A variable's scope is the region of a program within
which the variable can be referred to
◼ Variables declared in:
◼ Methods can only be accessed in that method
◼ A loop or a block can only be accessed in that loop or block
int a = 1;
for (int b = 0; b < 3; b++){
int c = 1;
for (int d = 0; d <3; d++){
if (c < 3) c++;
} abcd
System.out.print(c);
System.out.println(b); abc
}
 a = c; // ERROR! c is out of scope a
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 A variable's scope
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int n;
...
{
int k;
...
} // k is only defined up to here
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int n;
...
{
int k;
int n; // error--can't redefine n in inner block
...
}
}

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 Variable Classification
◼ Class Variables - Static variables (Static Fields) The
instance variables declared with the modifier static. This
tells the compiler that there is exactly one copy of this
variable in existence, reg. Their scope is the class in which
they are declared.
Example: public static int numberOfStudents;
◼ Instance variables (Non-Static Fields–Member variable):
The variables declared inside a class but outside of any
method. Non-static fields are also known as instance
variables because their values are unique to each
instance of a class (to each object, in other words)
Example: private String idStudent;

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 Variable Classification
◼ Local Variables All the variables declared inside a
method. Their scope is the method. Similar to how an
object stores its state in fields, a method will often
store its temporary state in local variables.
public int compTotal(int a, int b){
int sum =0;
…..
}
◼ Parameters: In the main method “public static void
main(String[] args)”, the args variable is the parameter
to this method. The important thing to remember is
that parameters are always classified as "variables"
not "fields".
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 Variable Classification
◼ Java 10 introduced a new shiny language feature
called local variable type inference.
var variableName = value;

var x = 123; // int

var y = 123L; // long
var z = 3.14; // double
var s = "Hello"; // String
➢ Notes:
◼ Can only be used to declare local variables inside methods
(functions) or code blocks
◼ You can't use local variable type inference with method
arguments,
◼ You cannot initialize a var variable to null.

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 Variables Declarations
◼ Default Initial values for primitive types

◼ Note:
◼ only the Member variables acquire the default values if
not explicitly initialized
◼ You must initialize the local variables explicitly before you use
them in the code, otherwise you will receive a compiler error.

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 Variable Initialization
//integers
byte largestByte = Byte.MAX_VALUE;
short largestShort = Short.MAX_VALUE;
int largestInteger = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
long largestLong = Long.MAX_VALUE;

//real numbers
float largestFloat = Float.MAX_VALUE;
double largestDouble = Double.MAX_VALUE;

//other primitive types

char aChar = 'S';
boolean aBoolean = true;

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 Variables declarations
◼ Non-primitive types or Reference types or called object reference
◼ When you declare a variable of a non-primitive data type,

you actually declare a variable that is a reference to the

memory where an object lives
class Person {
String name;
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Person p1 = new Person(); // p1 là biến tham chiếu
p1.name = "Alice";
System.out.println(p1.name); // Alice
}
}

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 Cho biết những lỗi sai và sửa lại cho đúng

1) int n = -100;
2) int x = 089, int a = 0x137E
3) unsigned int i = -100;
4) int = 2.9, b = 0x34G;
5) long m = 2, p = 4;
6) int 2k;
7) float y = y * 2;
8) char ch = “b”, m = ‘\n’;

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 Arrays
◼ A structure that holds multiple values of the same type
◼ The length of an array is established when the array is
created. After creation, an array is a fixed-length structure

◼ An array element is one of the values within an array and

is accessed by its position within the array

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 Arrays example
◼ Arrays:
◼ Declaring an Array Variable

◼ int[] scores;

◼ Creating an Array

◼ scores = new int[3];

◼ Assigning Values to Array Elements

◼ Array variables access by index

◼ Index start from 0

◼ scores[0] = 75;

◼ System.out.print(scores[0])

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 Variables declarations
◼ Arrays: (built-in object)
◼ Arrays in Java are objects that are used to store

multiple variables of the same type (primitive

types or non-primitive types)
◼ Declaring an Array Variable

int [] scores; or int scores []; or int scores [5]

Number
Data type Array variable’s name
elements

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 Declaring Arrays
• Declaring Arrays:
– Declare arrays of primitive or class types:
char s[];
char[] s;
Point p[];
Point[] p;
– The declaration of an array creates space for a
reference
– Actual memory allocation is done dynamically
(run-time) either by a new statement or by an
array initializer.

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 Creating Arrays
◼ Declare and allocate array in one step
type[] var = { val1, val2, ... , valN };
– Examples:

int[] values = { 10, 100, 1000 };

String[] names = {"Joe", "Jane", "Juan"};
Point[] points = { new Point(0, 0), new
Point(1, 2), new Point(3, 4) };
◼ Use the new keyword
– Step 1: allocate an array of references:
int[] primes = new int[7];
String[] names = new String[someArray.length];
– Step 2: populate the array
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 Accessing Arrays
◼ Accessing an Array Element
◼ the program assign values to the array elements:
for (int i = 0; i < anArray.length; i++) {
anArray[i] = i;
System.out.print(anArray[i] + " ");
}

◼ Getting the Size of an Array

◼ arrayname.length

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 Creating Arrays
◼ An example to create and initialize a primitive (char)
array:

public char[] createArray() {

char[] s;
s = new char[26];
for ( int i = 0; i < 26; i++ ) {
s[i] = (char) ('A' + i);
}
return s;
}

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 Creating object reference Arrays
◼ Creating an Array of Point Objects

class Point {
private int x, y;
public Point(int x, int y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
}

public Point[] createArray() {

Point[] p;
p = new Point[10];
for ( int i=0; i<10; i++ ) {
p[i] = new Point(i, i+1);
}
return p;
}
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 Multidimensional Arrays
◼ A Multidimensional array is an array of arrays.

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 Multidimensional Array examples
◼ int [][] twoDim = new int[4][];
twoDim[0] = new int[5];
twoDim[1] = new int[2];
◼ int[][] twoD = new int[64][32];
◼ String[][] cats = {{ "Caesar", "blue-point" },
{ "Heather", "seal-point" },
{ "Ted", "red-point" }};
◼ Number of elements in each row need not be equal
◼ int[][] irregular = { { 1 },
{ 2, 3, 4},
{ 5 },
{ 6, 7 } }

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 Matrix Example
public class ArrayOfArraysDemo2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[][] aMatrix = new int[4][];

//populate matrix
for (int i = 0; i < aMatrix.length; i++) {
aMatrix[i] = new int[5]; //create sub-array
for (int j = 0; j < aMatrix[i].length; j++) {
aMatrix[i][j] = i + j;
}
}

//print matrix
for (int i = 0; i < aMatrix.length; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < aMatrix[i].length; j++) {
System.out.print(aMatrix[i][j] + " ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}
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 TriangleArray Example

public class TriangleArray {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[][] triangle = new int[10][];
for (int i=0; i<triangle.length; i++) {
triangle[i] = new int[i+1];
}
for (int i=0; i<triangle.length; i++) {
for (int j=0; j<triangle[i].length; j++) {
System.out.print(triangle[i][j]);
}
0
System.out.println(); 00
} 000
} 0000
00000
} 000000
0000000
00000000
000000000
0000000000
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 Array Bounds
◼ All array subscripts begin at 0.
◼ The number of elements in an array is stored as
part of the array object in the length attribute.
◼ The following code uses the length attribute to
iterate on an array:

public void printElements(int[] list) {

for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
System.out.println(list[i]);
}
}

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 The Enhanced for Loop
• Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE ) version
5.0 has introduced an enhanced for loop for iterating
over arrays:
public void printElements(int[] list) {
for (int element : list) {
System.out.println(element);
}
}

• The for loop can be read as for each element in list

do.

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 Array Resizing
• You cannot resize an array.
• You can use the same reference variable to refer to
an entirely new array, such as:
int[] myArray = new int[6];
myArray[0] = 5;
myArray[1] = 12;
myArray = new int[10];
– In the preceding case, the first array is effectively
lost unless another reference to it is retained
elsewhere.

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 Copying Arrays
◼ Use system's arraycopy method to efficiently copy
data from one array into another
arraycopy(Object source, int srcIndex,
Object dest, int destIndex, int length)

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 Copying Arrays
public class ArrayCopyDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
char[] copyFrom = {'d','e','c','a','f','f',
'e','i','n','a','t','e','d' };
char[] copyTo = new char[7];
System.arraycopy(copyFrom, 2, copyTo, 0, 7);
System.out.println(new String(copyTo));
}
}

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 Run-time Memory

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 Memory Usage By Java Program

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 Memory Usage By Java Program
◼ Stack
◼ Local variables: The variables of primitive types

defined inside a method or as method parameters

◼ Local reference variables: The variables that

refer to an object and are defined inside a method

or as a method parameter. Remember that an
object that a local variable refers to lives on the
heap and not on the stack
◼ Method invocations (Parameters): When you

invoke (call) a method, the method is pushed onto

the stack (that is, placed on top of the stack)

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 Memory Usage By Java Program
◼ Heap
◼ Instance variables: The variables of primitive types

defined inside a class but outside of all its methods

◼ Instance reference variables: The variables that

refer to an object and are defined inside a class but

outside of all its methods
◼ Objects: Represent the entities in the real-world

problem that the Java program is trying to solve. All

the objects live on the heap, always
◼ Note: the object will not die with the local reference
variable

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 Assignment 1
◼ Cho 3 số nguyên a, b và c. Viết một chương trình in ra
◼ tổng, trung bình cộng, tích của chúng,

◼ số nhỏ nhất, số lớn nhất trong 3 số.

(Lưu ý rằng trong bài này, việc tính trung bình cộng cần
cho kết quả là số kiểu nguyên, nghĩa là nếu tổng giá trị
bằng 7 thì trung bình cộng cần in ra phải là 2 chứ không
phải 2.3333.
◼ Cho 2 số nguyên a, b. Viết một chương trình kiểm tra xem
số thứ nhất có chia hết cho số thứ hai hay không, in ra kết
quả kiểm tra

26/02/2025 Khoa CNTT – Trường ĐH Nông Lâm TP. HCM

 Assignment 2
◼ Cho 3 số nguyên dương a, b, c. Hãy viết chương trình
kiểm tra ba số có lập thành tam giác không? Nếu có hãy
cho biết tam giác đó thuộc loại nào? (cân, vuông, đều)
◼ Điều kiện để 3 số lập thành tam giác: tổng hai cạnh phải
lớn hơn cạnh còn lại ( a+b>c và a+c>b và b+c>a)
◼ Xét loại tam giác:
◼ Tam cân: a = b hoặc b = c hoặc c = a
◼ Tam giác đều: a = b = c
◼ Tam giác vuông: a2 = b2 + c2 hoặc b2 = a2 + c2 hoặc c2 = a2 + b2

26/02/2025 Khoa CNTT – Trường ĐH Nông Lâm TP. HCM

 Assignment 3
◼ Cho một ký tự N. Viết chương trình hiện thực theo
yêu cầu sau:
◼ Nếu là chữ hoa, xuất CHUHOA
◼ Nếu là chữ thường, xuất CHUTHUONG
◼ Nếu là số chẵn, xuất SOCHAN
◼ Nếu là số lẽ, xuất SOLE

26/02/2025 Khoa CNTT – Trường ĐH Nông Lâm TP. HCM