LIFE

BEFORE
PROPHETHOOD
570-609/610 AD

1|Page
CONTENTS:

LIFE BEFORE PROPHETHOOD.

1. Family and Birth

2. Upbringing by Hazrat Haleema Sadia R.A
3. Chest cut story
4. Death of Hazrat Aminah
5. Death of Grandfather and custody of Uncle
6. 1st Visit to Syria/Meeting with Bahira
7. Battle of Fajar& Half ul fudhul
8. 2nd visit to Syria and marriage with Hazrat Khadija R.A
9. The laying of HAJRE ASWAD/ Replacing of blackstone
10. Inclined to Allah (swt)
LIFE AFTER PROPHETHOOD
1. Call to Prophethood
2. The early converts
3. Opposition and prosecution
4. The migration to Abyssina
5. The general social boycott
6. Year of grief
7. Visit to taif
8. The night journey and ascension (al israwamairaj)
9. Pledges of aqabah
10. The migration to Madinah
11. The cave of Thawr
12. Entry to Madinah

2|Page
THE FAMILY OF THE HOLY PROPHET(PBUH)

The Prophet (PBUH) was born in a well-known tribe, the Quraish

“care takers of the Kaabah” who had a place of honor in the
Arabian society. The Prophets family was Banu Hashim. His
grandfather Abdul Muttalib had twelve sons: one of them was
Hazrat Abdullah. Abdul muttalib married his son Abdullah to
Aminah (a pious women with many excellent qualities) belonged
to Zahra tribe. After marriage” Hazrat Abdullah travelled to Syria
on his way back he died in Madinah and buried.

BIRTH

After the death of the Prophet’s(saw) father and the return

Aminah to Makkah, a few months passed by, On a Monday in the
morning of 9thRabiulawal 570/571 AD THE Prophet came to this
world. When his grandfather Abdul Muttalib was informed of his
birth he was overjoyed.

He picked up Prophet SAW kissed him on the forehead pressed

him to his heart and take him to make a tawaf of the. He gave him
the name of Muhammad to him, which was a new name and the
people were surprised at it. They asked Abdul Muttalib for its
meaning and he said it means the “praised one.”

“(Hazrat Aminah fed the Prophet SAW milk for some days and
then the freed slave girl of Abu lahab “Sobia” fed him for some
days”

3|Page
UPBRINGING BY HAZRAT HALEEMA

It was the general custom of the Arabs living in towns to send

their children’s away to Bedouin wet nurses so they might grow
up in the free and healthy surroundings of the desert and also
learn the pure Arabic languages.

Shortly, after the Prophet’s birth wet nurses visited Makkah from
the surroundings, they took babies in the care but none offered to
take the Prophet (PBUH). He was an orphan, so they did not
expect high wages from his guardian. A wet nurse Halima Saadia
RA from the tribe of Banu Saad did not get any baby and also did
not want to return empty handed so accepted Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) after consulting her husband.

ALLAH’S MERCY

They had a she camel whose milk was never sufficient for one
person but now it could satisfy the whole family. The she camel
was also very slow but on returning to their village Bani Saad,
camel started running very fast. Likewise, earlier she lived in
poverty, but now after the arrival of the Prophet (PBUH) she
became well off. After two years of the Prophet’s stay Hazrat
Haleema (RA) requested to keep the Prophet for more time, and
was accepted by Hazrat Aminah (RA).

CHEST CUT STORY:

As narrated By Hazrat Anas (RA) in Sahih Muslim:

“Jibrael Came down and ripped his chest open and took out the
heart, he then extracted a blood clot out of it and then said “

4|Page
that was the part of Satan in you” and then he washed it with
water of zamzam in gold basin after that the heart was joined
together and restored to its place the boys and the playmates
came running to his mother, i.e his nurse and said “ Verily,
Muhammad (PBUH) has been murdered.” They all rushed
towards him and found him all right only his face was white.”

(it is also report that “angels also preserve the sign of Prophet
hood between his two shoulders at that time.”)

At that time the Prophet (PBUH)was 4 years. After this even,

Hazrat Halima (RA) was worried about the Prophet (PBUH) and
returned him to his mother with whom he stayed until he was six.

DEATH OF HAZRAT AMINAH(RA)

In respect of the memory of her late husband. Hazrat Aminah

took the Prophet (PBUH) to the Madinah to visit the grave. Hazrat
Umm e Aiman (RA) her slave accompanied them. On the way back
Hazrat Aminah dead and was buried at “Abwa”. Umm- e -Aiman
returned to the Makkah with the Prophet (PBUH) and entrusted
him to Abdul Muttalib the Grandfather.

DEATH OF GRANDFATHER AND CUSTODY OF UNCLE

When he was 8 years old his grandfather also died. Before his
death he entrusted him to the care of his uncle Abu Talib ( the
next leader of the tribe after Abdul muttalib ) who loved him like
his son even never had meal with the Prophet(PBUH). Abu Talib
also make him sleep on his own bed. The Prophet (PBUH) never
participated in any sinister activity even in his boyhood. “once of
few boys of Quraish forced him to enjoy a marriage celebration
5|Page
where there was dance and music too but as he reached the
spot he was overtaken by sleep and kept sleeping the whole
night and got up only when the assembly had dispersed.”

1st visit to Syria/ meeting with Bahira

At the stage of twelve, his uncle Abu Talib intended to travel with
the caravan of Quraish to Syria. Seeing his grief uncle took along
with the caravan. During this journey, at the place of Basra
Christians monk by the name of Jurjais (known as Bahira) meet
the caravan and forecasted an outstanding future for the Prophet
(PBUH) and said:

“ this is the master of all humans. Allah will send him with a
message which will be mercy to all being.”

Abu talib asked “how do you know that,” He replied “when you
appeared from the direction of the Aqaba , all stones and trees
prostrated themselves, which they never do except for a
Prophet(PBUH). I can recognize him also by the seal of
Prophethood which is below his shoulder ,like an apple. We have
got to learn this from our books”

Ultimately, he advised Abu Talib to send him back to Makkah and

not to take him to Syria for fear of the Jews Abu talib obeyed and
sent him back to Makkah with some of his servants.

BATTLE OF FAJR AND HULF UL FUZUL

When Prophet was 14/15 years, a war broke out between the
Quraish and the Qais tribe over a pretty revenge issue. It was
6|Page
called al-fajr. Prophet (PBUH) didn’t actually participate in any of
the hand fighting nor did he charge the enemy himself. His job
was only to gather the arrows for re-use by his own sides archers.
The war lasted around for 4 years but neither side won any battle.

A short time later, a peace agreement was formed and several

people took pledge to obey it, called Hulf-ul-fuzul.

TITLE OF SADIQ AND AL-AMIN(TRUTHFUL AND THE

TRUSTWORTHY)

Not only in Makkah but also throughout Arabia his virtues, a

uprightness, honesty and truthworthiness become known to
everyone and they called him as SADIQ and AL AMIN instead of
calling him by his name.

When the Prophet (PBUH) grew young, he started trading and the
people were very happy because of his fair dealings and graceful
behavior. One of the Prophet(PBUH) companions ,Hazrat Saib
(RA) stated his experience ( when he was his business partner in
ignorance period ) in the presence of the Prophet(PBUH) ; “ may
my mother and father sacrificed for you, once you had been my
partner in business and you always made fair dealings”.

2ND VISIT TO SYRIA AND MARRIAGE WITH HAZRAT KHADIJA (RA)

When the Prophet (PBUH) was about 22/23 years old, the fame of
his exemplary character had already spread all over. Hazrat
Khadija (RA){a business women of great honor and fortune} who
was by now looking for such a man of excellent character to look
after her business, as her father had died in the battle of fajar and
left her a large fortune. Many notables of quraish recommended
7|Page
the Prophet(PBUH) for the task, therefore she sent a message to
Prophet(PBUH) stating that ’if he agreed to take her merchandise
to Syria then she would pay him twice as much she payed to
others’ the Prophet(PBUH) with the approval of Abu Talib
accepted her offer and went towards Syria.

She also sent her slaves, Maysara, along to secretly watch how
Muhammad (PBUH) behave and conduct himself. The trip was a
stunning success and on return to Makkah Maysara greatly
praised the Prophet (PBUH) ‘s virtues and trading skills , saying:

“Among all the young men of Makkah whom I know well, there
are non comparable to Muhammad (PBUH).“

Hazrat Khadija (RA) was already predicted by Waraqa bin Naufal

(RA) ” about the apostleship of Muhammad (PBUH) and
impressed by these qualities too, so after few days she sent
marriage proposal through her close friend Nafisa. After
consulting with the uncle Abu Talib, the Prophet (PBUH) accepted
her proposal. The marriage was not delayed. Within three months
of his return from Syria, Muhammad (PBUH) and Hazrat Khadija
(RA) was married. Abu Talib solemnized the Nikkah, the Prophet
(PBUH) was 25 years of age and Hazrat Khadija (RA) was 40.

THE LAYING OF HAJRE ASWAD / REPLACING OF BLACKSTONE

Due to the heavy rains and flood the walls of Kaabah sustained
the damage. Thus, it was the decide to reconstruct the Kaabah
building. Abu Wahab bin Amr (the Prophet’s uncle) suggests
people to donate only pure money in this cause, because “Allah is
pure and he accepts only pure” .

8|Page
All the people including the Prophet (PBUH) contributed physically
and financially to this construction actively, though initially they
were reluctant when the time came for the laying of Hajre Aswad
at its place, there a disagreement occurred amongst tribes. Every
tribe wanted this honor and soon the tribal leaders began to
quarrel and unbuckled their swords. This dispute lasted for four
days and then an old and wise men, “Umayyah bin Mughaira”
suggested: “let the first one who enters the gate name Al Safa in
the morning, decide the matter for us”

The next morning, the Prophet (PBUH) was the first one to enter
the Haram and the people cried but: “it is Muhammad Al Amin!
We will abide by his decision”.

The Prophet asked for a sheet, put Hajre Aswad on it and directed
the chiefs of every tribe to hold the corner of the sheet and took it
to the place where it is to be placed. Then he himself lifted the
stone by his hands and put it at the designated corner. Though,
the Prophet (PBUH) wisdom and his intelligence saved the
Makah’s from the dreadful war. At that time Prophet was 35 years
old.

INCLINED TO ALLAH (SWT)

He was 32 or 33 years of age when he developed in himself a love

for seclusion and privacy. He naturally hated polytheism. Once
during a meeting, the pagans served him some food which had
already been dedicate to the idols. He put it aside towards Zaid
bin Amr. But he also refused to eat saying:” We don’t eat from
the food that was offered to idols “. During the hours of privacy,
he would ponder over divine powers and kept praising his Lord,
9|Page
the more he was drawing near the age of 40, the more he felt
attracted to privacy.

10 | P a g e
BIOGRAPHY OF THE
HOLY PROPHET
(PBUH)
(LIFE IN MAKKAH)
570 AD -622 AD

11 | P a g e
 LIFE
AFTER
PROPHETHOOD
609/610 -622 AD

12 | P a g e
CALL to PROPHETHOOD/ THE FIRST
REVELATION (609/610 AD)
MEDITATION IN THE CAVE OF HIRA

With the passage of time the Prophet (PBUH) uneasiness and

restlessness with the polytheist was increasing. He became more
anxious to remove the evils of the society. There is a cavein
mountains three miles away from Makkah, which is called Hira.
He often went to the cave taking along some food and lived there
for many days at a time and reflected over the circumstances
around the world, now his dreams also started coming true.

FIRST REVELATION

When prophet (PBUH) reached the age of forty, once in the

month of Ramadan as usual he was busy in meditation. Angel
Jibrael (AS) appeared before him greeted and said “read”. The
prophet was shocked and said “I cannot read”. Hazrat Jibrael
pressed him so hard against his chest that he felt suffocation and
then he released him and asked to “read”. Prophet replied the
same “I cannot read”. The angel again pressed him hard and
released him and asked third time to “read”. This time Prophet
(PBUH) replied “what shall I read?”. The angel pressed him the
third time and recited the first five verses of Surah Alaq.

Read in the name of your lord who has created

Created man from a clot of congealed blood

Read! And your lord is the most generous

13 | P a g e
Who has taught (writing) by pen?

He thought man that he knew not

Having said this the angel disappeared, but dizzy and frightened
the Prophet (PBUH) went home. He was shivering and he asked
Hazrat Khadija (RA) to cover him with a blanket. After some time
when he felt better, he related the whole incident to her and said
“I fear for my life”. Hazrat Khadija (RA) comforted him saying:

“ By Allah! Allah will never disgrace you, for by Allah; you keep
good relation with relatives, speak the truth, help the poor and
needy, treat guests well and help those who are in troubles,
Allah will never forsake you”

Hazrat Khadija’s words gave him strength.

VISIT TO WARQA BIN NAUFAL

After a few days Hazrat Khadija (RA) took prophet to meet Warqa
bin Naufal (her paternal cousin) who was a Christian scholar .
Prophet described the whole incident to him. Warqa bin Naufal
after hearing this said:

“he is the same angel who visited Musa (RA). When you declare
the prophethood your people will turn against you and drive you
out of your home. If I am alive, I will support you”.

The prophet was extremely surprised to hear that his people will
turn him out. The prophethood of Muhammad was confirmed by

14 | P a g e
Warqa bin Naufal. After this, the divine revelation stopped coming
for some time and this made the Prophet uneasy.

REVELATION OF SURAH MUDDASSIR

One day he was on his way home from cave of Hira when he
sighted the same angel and got frightened. He hurried back home
and wrapped himself in a blanket and lay down. In a meanwhile
he heard a majestic voice saying:

“ O you wrapped up in garments! Arise and warn; and magnify

your lord…”

From then on revelation kept on coming after short intervals. One

day Hazrat Jibrael took the Prophet to the foot of a hill and
performed ablution before the Prophet (PBUH) and letter did the
same. After wards Hazrat Jibrael (RA) led the prayer.

15 | P a g e
THE EARLY CONVERTS (610-
612/13)

The revelation marked the beginning of Muhammad (PBUH) role

as a messenger of Allah. It was also the starting point of the
Islamic movement carried out by him during the rest of his life.
The Prophet (PBUH) naturally initiated his secret mission right
from home and then moved to the people closely associated with
him. He called unto Islam whosoever he thought, would attest the
truth.

PRIVATE PREACHING

Hazrat Khadija (RA), the Prophet (PBUH) wife was the first to
enter the fold of Islam followed by Hazrat Warqah bin Naufal(RA),
his freed slave Hazrat Zaid bin Haritha(RA), his cousin Hazrat Ali
(RA) who had been living with him since early childhood, and next
came his dear friend Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA). All of those professed
Islam on the very first call. His daughters also accepted Islam as
well as many of his friends and their friends.

Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) proved to be an energetic, and started

inviting whomever he had confidence into Islam and through his
personal efforts a good number of people converted to Islam,
such as Hazrat Usman bin Affan (RA), Hazrat Zubair bin Al Awam,
Hazrat Abd Rehman bin Awf (RA)and may others. As the time
went on, the number of the converts began to increase and within

16 | P a g e
three years the number of converts to the new faith amounted to
nearly forty souls.

CLOSE RELATIVES AND TRIBE MEMBERS

Furthermore, Hazrat Ali narrated that, when this verse;

“ And warn your tribe ( O Muhammad (PBUH) ) of near

kindred.” revealed to the Prophet (PBUH), he invited around 40-
45 people to a dinner and warned to address but due to the
interruption of Abu Lahab, the messenger of Allah(PBUH) kept
silent and said nothing in that meeting.

The next day the Holy Prophet (PBUH) got chance after dinner and
invited towards the new religion but the elders were not
responsive. Only Abu Talib and Hazrat Ali (RA)assured their
support. The people were about to leave when the young boy Ali
(RA) stood up and said:

“ I am the youngest of you, I may be a boy, my feet may not be

strong enough but O Muhammad I shall be your helper.
Whoever opposes you I shall fight him as a mortal enemy.”

The elders laughed loudly and dispersed

THE MOUNT OF AS SAFA

Three years after the first revelation when the following verses
were revealed:

“ therefore, proclaim openly that which you are commanded.”

[15:94]

17 | P a g e
The messenger of Allah(PBUH) ascended Mount as Safa and called
the people loudly, and many people gathered, Abu Lahab was also
present. The Prophet said:

“ You see, if I were to tell you that there were some horsemen in
the valley planning to raid you, will you believe me? “ They said
“ Yes! We have never experienced any lie from you”

The Prophet said “ I am a warner to you before a severe

torment”. Abu Lahab promptly replied: Perish you all the day!
Have you summoned us for such a thing?

Muhammad was severely shocked and looked towards his uncle

for a moment. Allah comforted his messenger and informed him
of the fearful punishment awaiting Abu Lahab. The verses were
immediately revealed on the occasion:

“ Perish the two hands of Abi Lahab” [111:1]

About the same period, the Prophet set up the house of Hazrat
Arqam (RA) at the bottom of mount Safa as the education
institution. Every new convert would come to the institution to
learn the teachings of Islam. Gradually it become a crowded place
and the prophet (PBUH) would lead the prayer.

18 | P a g e
OPPOSITION AND THE
PERSECUTION
The open invitation to Allah’s message brings hostility and
opposition to the Prophet (PBUH) and his followers. A new stage
of the Islamic movement began. The nonbelievers felt threatened
and began to harass Prophet (PBUH) and opposing him and
ridiculing and jeering him all the time. It was also decided by the
leaders of Quraish to persecute and opposed the Prophet (PBUH)
and his followers in every respect and manner, but they sacrificed
for the noble cause of Allah.

DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED BY THE PROPHET (PBUH)

Makkans foremost way of Opposing Prophet was to spread lies

and rumors about him calling him Abtar, mad man, magician, poet
etc. the non-believers launched campaign and ridiculing at time,
whenever they encounter Prophet (PBUH), they would say:

“ This is the men who criticizes our gods”.

They also considered the Holy Prophet (PBUH) the hub of all
divisions happening in the society amongst the people so they
tortured him in many ways.

CRUELTIES IN DIFFERENT MANNERS

19 | P a g e
• Whenever the prophet (PBUH) tried to preach the group
pagans would disperse the crowd before he had chance to
convey his message. Meanwhile, the non believers also
invented the new way of abusing the Prophet (PBUH) by
calling him Muhammam [intensely condemned] instead of
Muhammad (praise worthy).
• They also started to torture him physically when they
couldn’t divert his attention from teaching Islam. They threw
dirt and filth at him. His path was cast with thrones and
brambles and he was pelted with stones.
• Once Uqba bin Abi Muit came up with intestines of the
slaughtered camel and stayed to the side by Holy Prophet
(PBUH), as he caught the opportunity, he laid the on the
Prophet’s neck and shoulder. Prophet remained in that
condition until Hazrat Fatima (RA) came and removed that
filth from her Father’s back.
• On other occasion Uqba bin Abi Muait saw Prophet (PBUH)
praying and waited for him to place his forehead on the
ground. He then placed his foot on Prophets neck and
pressed down with all his weight until Prophet’s eyes
swelled.
• Once Prophet (PBUH) was praying in Kaabah, Uqba bin Abi
Muait rolled his sheet round the neck of the Prophet’s neck
and tried to strangle him. There Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA)
secured the Prophet (PBUH).
• Whenever Umaya bin Khalaf saw Prophet (PBUH), he would
taunted him before the people of Makkah. Similarly, his
brother Ubay bin Khalaf crumbled a rotten bone and threw

20 | P a g e
 it in the face of Prophet (PBUH).

THE CUNNING OFFERS

i. Utba bin Raabiah, who was one of the leaders of the
Quraish, thought of the clever way to end the divisions
that were happening in the city. He went to the
Prophet and gave him offer:

“ if you want money, we will pool our property together so you

will be the richest man amongst us. If you want status, we will
make you our leader, so that no one could decide anything
without your consent, if you are unable to cure yourself of the
visions that you have been seeing, we will pay for all medical
services”

But the blessed Prophet (PBUH) refused and instead recited Surah
41, which wondered Utba.

ii. Quraish also sought a sort of compromise with the

Messenger Of Allah(PBUH) and proposed that,

“ If he would worship their gods , lat and Uzza, for a year, they
would worship their god for the same space of time” Soon the
Surah Kafiroon revealed to reply this cunning offer.

iii. The Makkans also asked Abu Talib to retrain his

nephew or gave him up to them. On this occasion
when Abu Talib conveyed their message to the
Prophet (PBUH), he replied:

21 | P a g e
“ O my uncle! If they place sun on my right hand and moon on
my left to force me to give up my mission, verily I wouldn’t do it,
until Allah made me victorious, or I died [ in struggle].”

(the boycott and difficulties faced in Taif are also to be discussed

in this area)

DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED BY THE FOLLOWERS

The Quraish just at mid-day would catch hold of some help-less

muslims and throw them on the sand, and then heavy stones
were placed on their chests, so that they might not be able to toss
their side. Sometimes their skin were burnt with heated iron and
sometimes they were forced to remain under water. These were
exercised upon all the helpless muslims but the following were
the chief of victims:

1. Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA)

Despite the fact that he was considered to be the noblest of all

people’s in Makkah, Hazrat Abu Bakr was beaten to such an
extent that his nose and his ears and his entire face were
bloodstained. Once the Prophet (PBUH) was strangulated by Uqba
bin Abi Muait, Hazrat Abu Bakr came and caught him and pushed
him away by his shoulders from the Prophet (PBUH) and said “ do
you want to kill a man just because he says , MY LORD IS
ALLAH,”

He was kicked, thrashed with shoes trampled under feet and

handled most roughly and severely, he became unconscious and

22 | P a g e
half dead; none hoped that he would survive this fierce attack.
But soon he recovered and served his services to Islam.

2. Hazrat Ammar (RA) and his parents

Hazrat Ammar and his parents were also subjected to the severest
afflictions. They were tormented on the burning sand of the
Makkah. The Prophet while passing on them would enjoin
patience, giving them glad tidings about paradise. His father
Hazrat Yasir (RA) died after prolonged sufferings at the hands of
the persecutors, and his mother Hazrat Sumayyah was killed by
Abu Jahl, who put his spear through the most private part of her
body causing her death. She had refused to renounce Islam in the
face of terrible torture in her old age. The blessed lady was the
first to meet martyrdom in the cause of Islam.

3. Hazrat Zunnira

She was a slave in Hazrat Umar’s family. When she accepted

Islam, she was beaten badly by Hazrat Umar (RA). Abu Jahl also
gave her such a sound beating that she lost her eyes.

4. Hazrat Lubina(RA)

She was a female slave of Mumil bin Habib. When she embraced
Islam Hazrat Umar tortured her, and whenever he paused he said:
“I have not stopped beating you out of pity. I have stopped
because I am exhausted.” He resumed beating her after he had
rested. Hazrat Abu Bakr bought her and set her free.

23 | P a g e
 5. Hazrat Khabbab(RA)

Hazrat Khabbab (RA) is also one of those who offered themselves

for the suffering and sacrifice for the cause of Allah. He was made
to put on the steel armor and lie in the sun to sweat and swelter.
He was the slave of Umm e Ammar. When she came to know that
he was visiting that Prophet (PBUH) she used to brand his head
with a hot piece of iron rod. Hazrat Umar (RA) during his caliphate
once inquired of him about the details of his sufferings after
embracing Islam. He showed him his back, seeing which Hazrat
Umar remarked:

“ I have never seen such a back before.” He said “My body was
dragged over the flaming charcoal, and the blood and fat
coming out of my back put out the fire.”

6. Hazrat Bilal (RA)

He is the Bilal known as the Muazzin. He was an Abyssinian by

birth and a slave of Umayyah bin Khalaf. When his master came to
know of his Islam, he made him lie on hot sand and place a heavy
stone on his chest so that he couldn’t turn and the master used to
say :“ Give upon your Islam or else you would be suffocated to
death”.

Hazrat Bilal (RA) used to utter AHAD AHAD (ALLAH IS ONE). The
master would also pass a rope around his neck and handover to
urchins to drag over him into streets. Later he was freed by Hazrat
Abu Bakr (RA).

24 | P a g e
 The migration to Abyssinia
(Ethiopia)
(615-616 ad)
Causes

The series of persecution started late in the fourth year of

Prophethood (PBUH), slowly at first but gradually accelerated and
worsened day by day until the situation got so extremely. The
threat to life and property intensified, the poor Muslims were
particularly insecure and in danger. The prophet then received the
revelation of Surah az Zumar in which Allah (swt) point directly to
migration. Quran states:

“Say: O my servants fear your Lord those who do good deeds in

this world will have a good return, and the Earth of Allah is
wide”.

The Prophet advised his followers to seek shelter in foreign land

Abyssinia, where a Negus, a noble king ruled.

Events

In the seventh month of the 5th year of the Holy Prophet’s (PBUH)
mission, a group of 11 men and 5 women left for Abyssinia,
among the emigrants were Hazrat Uthman (RA) & his wife Hazrat
Ruqayya (RA). After four months returned secretly to Makkah,
listening to the rumors that Makkans accepted Islam.

25 | P a g e
Later the second group of emigrants comprised of 86 men and 16
women set out for Abyssinia. Therefore, the chiefs of Quraish sent
a delegation consisting of Amr bin al As and Abdullah bin Rabiyah
to the king of Abyssinia with gifts to bring Muslims back.

The Negus wanted to know the whole matter so he called the

Muslims. On arriving Muslims didn’t bow down and were asked
the reason, Hazrat Jaffar (RA) replied:

“We don’t bow down before anyone except Allah”

They were also asked to explain the teachings of their religion.

Hazrat Jafar bin Abi talib (RA) answered on behalf of Muslims:

“ O King! We were in stat of ignorance and immorality,

worshipping stones and idols, eating dead animals, committing
all sort of injustice breaking, treating guests badly and the
strong among us exploited the weak. Then Allah sent us a
Prophet (PBUH) whose truthfulness was well known to us, He
call us to worship Allah alone and ordered us to get away from
all these sinister acts. He commanded us to hold prayers, to fast,
to pay charity, we believed in him and in what he brought to us
from Allah (swt). Thereupon, our people attacked us, treated us
harshly and made our lives intolerable in Makkah. We came to
your country to seek protection and live in justice and peace.

The king was very much impressed and asked to recite some of
Allah’s revelation. Hazrat Jafar (RA) recited him the initial part of
Surah Maryam. Thereupon the king along with his people wept,
even wept his beard and said:

26 | P a g e
“ Their fountainhead was the same as that of the verses of
Injeel”

But on the following day Amr bin Al As returned to the court and
said to the king that Muslims reject the divine nature of Christ,
and claim he that was the mortal like other men. When
questioned about this by the king, Hazrat Jafar said:

“ Our judgment of Hazrat Essa (AS) is the same as that of Allah

and his Messenger, Jesus is Allah’s servant, His prophet, his sprit
, and his command given unto Mary, the innocent virgin.”

Verdict of Negus

The king said

“ Jesus is just what you have stated him to be, and is nothing
more than that.”

Then addressing the Muslims he said:

“Go to your homes and live in peace. I shall never give you up to
your enemies.”

He refused to hand over the Muslims, returned the presents

brought by the Quraish people, and dismissed his embassy.

27 | P a g e
 The general social boycott
(617-620 a.d.)
Causes
When the influence of Hazrat Muhammad(PBUH) begin to
grow day by day, and Hazrat Hamza (RA) and Hazrat Umar
(RA) accepted Islam, the Quraish entered into the league
seeing the Muslims growing power the pagans of Makkah
held a meeting in the place called wadi al muhassab and
decided a new strategy to punish the Muslims. They
agreed to form a total boycott, against the clan of Banu
Hashim (except Abu Lahab) and Banu Muttalib, from which
many muslims came, until they hand over Muhammad to
them to be killed.

Terms of the Boycott:

• None was allowed to have any business dealings with

them
• Nor any sort of inter marriage
• Social relation, even verbal contacts
They wrote them on the piece of paper and hung in the
Kaabah, and also sent a squad to force all the boycotted
28 | P a g e
people out of the town in the small valley outside the
Makkah called Shi, bi Abi Talib.
Events
The Muslims spent three years in that isolated valley and suffered
great hardships. They had to eat leaves of trees and skin of
animals. Cries of little children suffering from hunger to be heard
clearly from outside the valley. Hazrat Saad Bin Abi Waqas (RA)
narrated his experience

“Once I was hungry at night during sleeping my foot touched the

wet item, and I ate that in a jiffy, still not know what it was”.

Nothing reached them except of few occasions, like during the

prohibited months when hostilities traditionally ceased: they
would buy food coming outside from Makkah.

Throughout this boycott Abu Talib was so much alert about the
safety of his nephew, and he adopted different tricks to secure
the Prophet (PBUH). During these years some kindhearted also
often complained to the leaders and advised that this horrible
boycott should be lifted.

The Boycott Ended

One day a group of leaders were arguing about it And Abu Jahl
declared that this boycott was a sacred law and couldn’t be
abandoned. Meanwhile, Abu Talib came to communicate to them
that his nephew had informed that ants had eaten away the
paper hung in the Kabah except the name of Allah at the top, Abu
Talib also contended that he would be ready to give Muhammad
29 | P a g e
(PBUH) to them if his words proved untrue, otherwise they would
have to uplift this boycott. The Makkans agreed out when they
saw the parchment, found the information Abu Talib correct.

Eventually, the boycott was lifted and both the clans were
allowed to return to their homes. On returning Abu Talib and his
clan members entered in Haram and cursed for the leaders.

Year of the Grief

Some days after uplifting the Boycott in the month of Ramadan or

Shawwal, Muhammad (PBUH)’s uncle Abu Talib who provided
some measures of protection for him, passed away from old age,
and after 4-5 days his beloved wife Hazrat Khadija(RA) also died.
These two painful events took place within a short lapse of time
and added a lot of his grief and sufferings. Therefore this is called
“ The year of Sorrow”

30 | P a g e
 The visit to taif
(620 a.d.)
Causes

The mighty hands were now removed after the deaths of Hazrat
Abu Talib and Hazrat Khadija (RA), the enemy began to redouble
their persecution. Yet Prophet didn’t think for a single moment of
leaving land of his birth, but at last the hostility of the Quraish
forced him to turn his attention to Taif, a city 60 km to the east of
Makkah, where he hoped people might listen and support him.

Events

On arriving in taif accompanied by Hazrat Zaid Bin Haritha (RA), he

went directly to the three leaders “Abd Yaleel, Masood, and
Habib” of the city and asked them to consider accepting Islam.
The prophet had expected a friendly treatment, as they were
heads of the clan. But one of them mocked:

“Hey ,Allah has made you a Prophet!” The other exclaimed with
disrespect:

“Could not Allah lay his hands on anyone else, beside you to
make him his Prophet (PBUH)?”

The third one taunted him:

“ I don’t want to talk to you, for if you are in fact a Prophet, then
to oppose you is to invite trouble, and if you only pretend to be
the one, why should I talk with an impostor?”
31 | P a g e
For ten days he stayed there delivering message to the people,
one after another, but all to no purpose. Leaders not only refused
to accept the new faith but ordered Muhammad (PBUH) and
Hazrat Zaid (RA) to leave the city: they even provoked street
urchins to drive them out of the city.

They pelted stones at the leg and the feet of the Prophet and
hooted at him. When he sat due to the pain they picked him up
and laughed at Hazrat Zaid bin Haritha (RA) tried to secure the
Prophet (PBUH) and got injured very badly too.

The Prophet (PBUH) and Hazrat Zaid ran out of the town under
shower of rocks and debris. Just outside the city found a small
enclosed garden where they took shelter. The owner of the
garden Utba and Sheeba felt sorry and gift some grapes to
Prophet through their slave Adas. The angel Jibrael and Angel of
the mountains came to the Prophet (PBUH) and said: he would
destroy the entire city between the these mountains if he wanted
him to. The Prophet declined the offer and replied:

“I would rather have someone from their prosperity who will

worship Allah, the Almighty with no associate”

And returned home. He used to say that day in Taif was the most
difficult day of his life.

Nakhlah incident

On returning from Taif, he proceeded to Wadi Nakhlah where he

stayed for a few days. During his stay there, Allah sent him a

32 | P a g e
company of Jinns who listened to him reciting the Noble Quran.
The incident is referred in Surah Jinn.

Protection by Al Mut’im

When he was a short distance from Makkah, he retired to cave

Hira. Al Mutim bin Adi, a notable in Makkah, volunteered to
respond to the Prophet’s appeal for shelter. The Prophet
observed a two Rakah prayer in Kaabah and left for his house.

33 | P a g e
THE NIGHTJOURNEY ASCENSION
AL ISRA and MAIRAJ (621 A.D)
After the severe shocks of deaths of Hazrat Abu Talib and Hazrat
Khadija (RA), and the cruel treatment received at the boycott and
Taif, Muhammad (PBUH) longed for some comfort. It was not long
before he got it in the form of the remarkable and eventful
journey to the Jerusalem, called Al-Isra and an ascent to heaven in
the same night called Al-Mairaj

In 621 A.D, while Prophet (PBUH) was sleeping in the house of

Umm-e-Hani (RA). He said his night prayers and went to sleep, at
once the roof was opened and Hazrat Jibrael (AS) along with other
angels descended and took him to Kaabah.

Chest Cut Story And Visit To Jerusalem.

There Hazrat Jibrael opened the chest, washed it with Zam Zam
water, and brought a gold tray full of wisdom and faith, poured its
contents into the chest, and closed it. Then a ride was brought
named “Burraq”, Hazrat Jibrael took Muhammad (PBUH) first to
Jerusalem. Quran mentions this journey in Surah Bani Israel:

“Glory to him who took his servant from the sacred mosque to
the farthest mosque”

On the way towards Jerusalem Prophet (PBUH) performed prayer

at different places like Yathrib, Mount of Tur and the birth place
of Hazrat Essa(as). He was also shown the world in the form of an
old woman to tell its remaining age. Moreover, he visited
34 | P a g e
different categories of the group of blessed people like” those
who fight in the cause of Allah”, And who were the victims of
Allah’s wrath like “backbiters, Adulteress etc.

On arriving the Jerusalem “Masjid-e-Aqsa” Prophet led all the

Messengers in the prayer. And after this, he was offered three
containers. One had milk, the other water and the third wine,
Prophet took the container of milk and drank that. On this Jibrael
said,

“You have been guided to the Fitrah. If you had taken the
container of water your nation would have been perished, if you
had taken the container of wine your nation would have gone
astray”

The Ascension

The Prophet continued the journey with Hazrat Jibrael (as)

towards the seven heavens, the gate of each heaven was opened
for him and he met different messengers, sent before him and
exchange the greetings.

1st heaven Hazrat Adam (AS)

2nd heaven Hazrat Yahya And Hazrat Essa
(AS)
3rd heaven Hazrat Yousuf(AS)
4th heaven Hazrat Idrees(AS)
5th heaven Hazrat Haroon(AS)
6th heaven Hazrat Moosa(AS)
7th heaven Hazrat Ibrahim(AS)

35 | P a g e
Then Hazrat Jibrael took him until they reach “Sidrat-ul-muntaha”
(the tree of the furthest boundary). The paradise and hell were
also shown to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and he was then brought
near the power of Allah. He move forward and spoke to Allah
directly. There Allah commanded that my followers should pray
fifty times a day.

On returning from there Prophet (PBUH) passed by Hazrat Moosa

and he suggested him reduce this figure because your followers
will not be able to bear it (as he had tested Bani Israel) . This
reduction occurred many times and at last Allah said the Prophet
(PBUH):

“These are five prayers and they are all equal to fifty in reward
for my word doesn’t change”

The Prophet (PBUH) returned to Hazrat Moosa and he again asked

to go back. He replied, “Now I feel too shy to ask my Lord again”

After all these Prophet (PBUH) was brought back to Makkah

before the dawn of that night.

Makkans reaction and attestation by H. Abu Bakr (RA)

The next morning prophet announced what had happened to him,

many of the idol worshippers ridiculed him and said he must have
gone crazy….

Some people went to Hazrat Abu Bakr (ra) and told him what was
going on. He replied in front of everybody.

‘By Allah! If Muhammad himself had said it, then it is true.”

36 | P a g e
Prophet also gave them the vivid details of Jerusalem, its streets,
and buildings and their caravan that on his way back to Makkah
from Jerusalem to silence them.

37 | P a g e
 PLEDGES OF AQABAH (621-622
A.D)
The situation was getting worse for the Holy Prophet (PBUH): idol
worshippers began to attack him personally. So Prophet (PBUH)
started visiting people coming from outside the Makkah in the
pilgrimage season and would preach the teachings of Islam. Once,
he approached the small group of 6 people in the 11th year of
prophet hood, who were all from Khizraj tribe (from Madina)
embraced Islam joyfully. When this group returned to their city
they also spread the news about Islam and made people curious
about it.

The First Pledge Of Aqabah (621 A.D)

The following year 12 people (5 old and 7 new) from Yathrib came
to Makkah during the pilgrimage season to see the Prophet
(PBUH). The Prophet (PBUH) contacted them at night in a secret
location called “Aqabah” (located near to Mina). He sent two of
his companions “Musab bin Amr” and Abdullah bin Umme
Mukhtom” (RA) to Yathrib with the group, so they could teach
them Islam and give the call to other in the city. This is known as
the “first pledge of Aqabah”.

During the first pledge of Aqabah, the Prophet had asked to

confess the following.

➢ We shall worship one Allah associating none with Him.

➢ We shall not go near stealing and adultery.
➢ We shall not kill our daughters.
38 | P a g e
 ➢ We shall obey the Prophet (PBUH) in everything good.

The Second Pledge Of Aqabah (622 A.D)

In the following year 13th year of Prophet hood, a much larger

group came from Yathrib to Makkah with “Musab bin Umair
(RA)”.This time there were 75 people to see the blessed Prophet
(PBUH) meeting at the same secret location “Aqabah”, this large
group declared that they were Muslims and even requested the
Prophet (PBUH) to come with them back to Yathrib! The new
Muslims also assured their support and promised to defend with
their lives. The second oath is known as “the second pledge of
Aqabah”. The people then returned to Yathrib and made
announcement of their Islam.

39 | P a g e
 MIGRATION TO MADINAH (622
A.D)
The non believers were angered the Islam was spreading despite
all their best efforts to stamp it out. They resolved to increase
their persecution of the Muslims. On the other side, the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) hold a secret meeting in which he ordered his
followers to prepare to leave Makkah for Madina. The plan was
for people to leave in small groups, by night, so the Makkans
would suspect nothing.

Soon Muslims reached Madina, where they were welcomed with

open arms by the Muslim community there. After almost all had
migrated only Holy Prophet (PBUH); Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA)., Hazrat
Ali (RA) and a few other remained. When the Makkans came to
know about Muslims escape they become fearful that
Muhammad (PBUH) might be able to raise an army in Madinah to
attack them.

Assassination Plan

The leaders held a meeting in Darul Nadwa, in which Abu Jahl

proposed killing Muhammad (PBUH) and ending Islam once and
for all. The others cheered and the plan was made that every
family would contribute one of their warriors so they could all kill
Muhammad (PBUH) together. That way the Banu Hashim could
not take revenge for his death.

40 | P a g e
Later in the day, when Prophet (PBUH) found out about the plot
against his life and also received the permission from Allah to
migrate, he hurried to Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) house and told him,
the time had come to move. They would leave that night. Prophet
(PBUH) also made responsible Hazrat Ali (RA) to return the money
to whomever it belonged to and ordered to sleep in his place,
covered by sheets and the green robe the Prophet (PBUH) owned.

The Prophet (PBUH) Departure

By that time the warriors had encircled the house of holy Prophet
(PBUH) and were waiting for the midnight to attack, but the
messenger of Allah(swt) left his house fully replying upon
Allah(PBUH) with his hands full of soil and he soil over the heads
of the conspirators while reciting the verses from Surah Yasin:

“ We have made before them a barrier and a barrier behind them,

So we had covered them over so that they cannot see.”

Then together along with Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) they left for
Madinah southwards towards the cave of Thawr. Before
mounting the camel Al-Qaswa, the Prophet looked at Makkah and
said with grief: “O Makkah! You are to me dearest of all the
cities. But your citizens allowed me not to reside here.” The
hours passed and all was quiet. It was almost midnight when the
group of young men entered the house secretly, pulled away the
covers and suddenly all the men gasped in disbelief! There was
Hazrat Ali (RA) lying in the place of Prophet (PBUH). They all
shouted in the streets : “MUHAMMAD HAD ESCAPED”.

REWARD OF 100 CAMELS

41 | P a g e
When the Makkans were alerted to the Prophet’s (PBUH) daring
escape from the death, they were furious and gathered together
in a confused mob, shouting and cursing. The leaders also made a
public announcement that” whoever captured Muhammad
would receive a reward of 100 red camels”. Every man with a
sword jumped a opportunity and went out in searched of their
prey.

42 | P a g e
 THE CAVE OF THAWR/SAUR
On the other side, Prophet (PBUH) and Hazrat Abu bakr were
guided to a small cave south of the city called Thawr. Hazrat Abu
Bakr walked sometimes in front of and sometimes back of the
Prophet (PBUH). The Prophet asked him, “O Abu Bakr! Why do
you do so?” Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) said, “In order to watch and
protect you, O messenger of Allah!”

The guide Abdullah bin Uraiqat left the pair there and took the
camels away from hiding.

Only the family of Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) knew about the hide out.

• The son: Hazrat Abdullah bin Abi Bakr would gather the
news of the Quraish.
• The Daughter: Hazrat Asma bint Abi Bakr (RA) would bring
the food to the cave.
• The freed slave: Hazrat Amir bin Fuhaira (RA) would graze a
flock of sheep and bring milk for them in night.

When they arrived there, first, Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) entered the
cave, cleaned the ground and blocked the holes in the cave with
the pieces of fabric torn off garment. When the pieces weren’t

43 | P a g e
enough, he blocked the last hole by putting his foot on it, and
called the Prophet (PBUH) inside the cave.

Arrival of Makkans:

The prophet (PBUH) and Abu Bakr (RA) spent three long days in
the cave and much of Prophet (PBUH) time spent in the praying of
Allah. One afternoon a group of Quraish warriors came upon the
cave and some of them climbed up the hillside to the cave
entrance but then came right back down the hill. Their fellow
warriors asked them why they didn’t enter the cave and the men
replied that there was an unbroken spider’s web and pigeons’
nest at the entrance. No one could be there. They decided to
head in another direction and left.

Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) whispered to his friend, “If anyone of them
looked near his feet he would find us.” The prophet replied,” Abu
Bakr, How can you fear two men when Allah is the third with
them?”

Holy Quran also mentions the incident in:

“He two were in the cave, and he said to his companion “ have
no fear for Allah is with us”: then Allah sent down his peace
upon him…(9:40)

44 | P a g e
The Journey to Madinah

After the third day had passed with no success, the Makkans
began to tire of the search. The pair detected to continue their
journey, so the guide let them further south through unknown
tracks heading Northward again in the direction of Madinah. The
next day, on Rabiul Awal 1, they arrived at the tent of Umme
Mabad that afternoon. That old woman belonged to the Ghuza
tribe. She used to serve travelers water and drinks. The Prophet
(PBUH) halted there, milked the goat and resumed the journey
after a short rest. They had moved a little ahead that Saraqa bin
Malik appeared on the scene pursuing the Prophet (PBUH).

A Makkan warrior, after several hours had riding, came within

sight of the Prophet (PBUH) and his group. He urged his horse
faster but stumbled thrice and began to feel that that there was
an outwardly force preventing him from chasing. So he asked
permission to approach Prophet (PBUH) and promised that he
wouldn’t tell anyone that he found them.

The celebration in Quba

A few days later, under the harsh summer sun, Hazrat Abu Bakr
(RA) the guide and the Prophet (PBUH) arrived in the small town
named Quba, just a few miles from Madinah. The people
overjoyed at the arrival and came out cheering. During their stay
in Quba, they built first mosque of Islam there. Hazrat Ali (RA) also
joined them as the Prophet directed him. His feet were injured
and bleeding and the Prophet helped to take care of him, himself.

Triumphant entry into Madinah

45 | P a g e
After his rest in Quba, the Prophet (PBUH) was ready to enter the
city of Madinah. He was in the locality of Banu Salim when the
time for Friday prayer draws near. The Prophet (PBUH) led the
Friday prayer at the same place. This was the first Friday prayer
and later on, the mosque was built at the place. The day Prophet
enter the city was the day of celebration. Everyone came out to
greet, thanked Allah and lined to the streets to see the man they
had heard so much about.

Camel Story

When he entered the city, everyone wanted the Prophet (PBUH)

to stay in the house and started to argue but the blessed Prophet
announce that he would let his camel loose, and wherever it sat,
that was where he would stay. Everyone agreed and the camel
stood up and started walking. After staying on a vacant lot owned
by the two orphans (Sahal and Sohail), which was bought to build
the mosque of the Prophet (PBUH), the camel sat in front of the
house of Hazrat Abu Ayyub Ansari (RA). While the construction
was going on, the Prophet (PBUH) stayed in the house of Hazrat
Ayyub (RA).

46 | P a g e
 Life Of
The Holy Prophet
(PBUH)
In Madinah

47 | P a g e
Migration to Yathrib marks a new chapter in the history of Islam
as well as in the life of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Muslims
had found an asylum and stronghold, where they were free to
practice their religion and to defend it from enemy’s assaults.

The Prophet (PBUH) arrived in Madinah on Friday, 12TH Rabi-Ul-

Al-Awwal I A.H / 622 A.D. and took the downstairs of Hazrat Abu
Ayyub’s(ra) house as a temporary residence

The city of Yathrib (the name of which was now changed to

Madinat-un-nabi “the city of the Prophet”), was divided between
idol worshippers ( Aus and Khizraj)and the Jews (Banu Qainuqa,
Banu Nadhir and Banu Quraidha). With the arrival of the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) to the city, peace and security began to increase
and citizens felt safe.

Construction of the Mosque (1 A.H)

The first task to which the Prophet (PBUH) attended on his arrival
in Madinah was the construction of the Mosque, in the very site
where his camel knelt down first. The Prophet (PBUH) himself
contributed to building the Mosque by carrying bricks and stones
while reciting verses: “O Allah! No enjoyment is there but that of
the Hereafter, I request you to forgive the Emigrants and
Helpers.”

The Mosque was not merely a center to perform prayers, but

rather an Islamic league where the Muslim’s were instructed in
Islam and its doctrines. It served as an assembly and head quarter

48 | P a g e
wherein all the affairs of the Muslims were administered and
consultative and executive councils held.

Introduction of Azan 1 A.H

After the construction of the mosque, the issue came up of how

to call the People to the prayer. Some people suggested the use
of horn like the Jews used. Others thought a bell like the
Christians used would be good. In the end, the Prophet (PBUH)
wasn’t satisfied.

Then Allah SWT sent the dream to one of the companions of the
Prophet (PBUH), Abdullah bin Zaid (ra). In it he saw a man in
green robes who recited some beautiful verses to him. When he
went to the Prophet (PBUH) and told him what he dreamt, the
Prophet (PBUH) declared that the dream was true one from Allah
SWT. So the Prophet asked him to teach the words to Hazrat Bilal
(ra) for he had a beautiful and loud voice. Then when Hazrat Bilal
(RA) called out these words for the next Salat, everyone came
running from all quarters to find out what was going on. Hazrat
Umar (RA) rushed to Prophet and announced that he heard exact
same words in a dream the night before.

From then on the Azan has been the way Muslims call each other
to Salat.

Brotherhood between emigrants & helpers.

The Prophet (PBUH) turned his attention to establishing the ties

of mutual brotherhood amongst the Muslims of Madinah, i.e

49 | P a g e
Ansar (the helpers) Native Muslims of the city “and the “
Muhajireen” (the emigrants) those who escaped Makkah.

The emigrants had lost their belongings as everything was

confiscated from them in Makkah. They were almost destitute
and needed help. Therefore after 5 months of migration the
Prophet (PBUH) gathered around 90 Muslims (45 Muhajireen and
45 Ansar) at the house of Anas bin Malik (RA) and paired each of
the emigrants with a helper creating brotherhood. For instance he
declared:

Emigrants Helpers

Hazrat Abu Bakr The brother of Hazrat Kharija bin

Zaid(RA)
Hazrat Umar (RA) The brother of Hazrat Utban malik(RA)

Hazrat Usman (RA) The brother of Hazrat Aus Bin

Sabit(RA)

The Ansars happily responded to the call and soon every poor
Muslims from Makkah given the names to earn a livelihood.
According to this Muslims brotherhood, the hosts shared half of
their properties, businesses houses and gardens and all what they
had with emigrants. For example, Hazrat Saad bin Rabi (RA), a
helper said to his fellow brother Hazrat Abdur rehman bin Awf
(RA), “I am the richest man amongst the helpers. I am glad to
share my property half and half with you. I have two wives; I am
ready to divorce one and after the expiry of her Iddah you may
marry her.”

50 | P a g e
But Hazrat Abd Rehman bin awf(RA) refused to accept any offer
and preferred establishing own business.

Both were also authorized for the inheritance of each other but
later on this was abrogated by Allah (swt) Quran says:

“But associated by blood are nearer to one another regarding

inheritance” [8:75]

The Holy Quran also praises the excellence of those who

emigrated and those who helped their brothers. The Quran says,

“ Those who believe, emigrate, struggle in Allah’s way and those

who give shelter and help, they indeed are the true believers.
For them will be forgiveness and honorable provision.

The Holy Prophet (PBUH) also loved Ansar from the core of his
heart. He said:

“Ansars are mine and I am theirs.”

When some Ansars felt that they were not receiving due share in
the booty of war, the Prophet consoled them saying:

“Do you not like that people receive camels, goats, gold and
silver and you get the Prophet (PBUH) [on your side]”

He also said:

“He who believed in the hereafter could never be an enemy to

Ansar.”

In short, this policy of mutual brotherhood was so wise and timely

that many problems were resolved wonderfully and reasonably.

51 | P a g e
 The Charter/ Treaty
Of Madinah
1 A.H.
When everyone agreed that the Prophet (PBUH) was going to be
the new leader in the city and it was also clear that they couldn’t
get along on their own, so from the beginning the Prophet (PBUH)
represented the highest authority in the city. One of the first
things the Prophet (PBUH) did upon entering the city was to make
a treaty of peace between the Muslims and the Jewish tribes to
secure the internal peace of the new state. He summoned the
leaders of the Jews and told them,

“we live in one city; therefore, we are one community. We

should live in peace and help each other,”

The Jews accepted the idea and reached an agreement. They had
also welcomed the arrival of the Prophet (PBUH) like everyone
else and they had hopes he would join their religion.

Historian calls this treaty the first written constitution in history

and it is known as “the charter of Madinah”. The treaty spelled
out the rights and the responsibilities of both the sides. The main
points of the treaty were as follows:

52 | P a g e
• Muslims and Jews were declared one political nation and the
valley of Madinah would be a place of peace.
• No group can declare war against an outside enemy without
the permission of the Prophet (PBUH).
• In case of a war, the Jews and the Muslims would help each
other and they will also share the expenses of the battles.
• Jews and Muslims will respect each other’s way of life.
• In case of the payment of the blood money, both parties will
share each other, while the ransom amount will be paid
separately for prisoners.
• Neither the Quraish nor their allies shall be given any
protection.
• No Muslims will assassinate another Muslims on behalf of an
infidel, nor will he help a non-Muslims against a Muslim.
• Whosoever kills a Muslims intentionally shall be strike back
against, unless the victim’s family agrees to accept blood
money.
• If any jew becomes a muslim, he is equal to other Muslims
and will not be harmed.
• Both the parties are allowed to practice their religions freely.
• Whoever is rebellious or whoever seeks to spread hate, the
hand of every God-fearing Muslims shall be against him,
even if he be his son.
• Whenever you differ about a matter, it must be referred to
Allah and to the Prophet (PBUH)
• This treaty shall not protect the unjust or the criminal.
Whoever goes out to fight as well as whoever stays home

53 | P a g e
 shall be safe and secure in this city unless he has performed
an injustice or committed a crime….

“Allah is protector of good and god-fearing people”

At the end of this treaty, it was also declared that, whoever

breaches this is responsible for him and his family. The treaty also
contained several explanations of the different rights everyone
would enjoy.

Effects and significance of the charter of Madinah .

➢ Established political unity and transformed a city of opposing

tribes into a peaceful state.
➢ Introduced a complete civil and criminal law, gave equality
to the common man.
➢ Protected the life of every man and property in Madinah.
➢ The charter also bound the Muslims tightly into a single
community, who would live and die together.
➢ Through this charter, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) planned to
integrate Jews who had fortified themselves in their castles
and were trying to form a rule of their own into the city-state
of Madinah.

The change of Qiblah (2 A.H)

In the month of Shaban 2 A.H, the order came from Allah

(PBUH) that Muslims should no longer pray towards Masjid-al-
Aqsa (Jerusalem), as they had been doing for 16-17 months
after migration, but instead pray toward the Kabah. As Quran
says for the change of direction in Surah al Baqarah:

54 | P a g e
 “ so from wherever you go out [for prayer O Muhammad!]
turn your face towards al-Masjid-al-Haram , and indeed, it’s
the truth from your lord.”

The actual verses revealed during Zuhar prayer at a mosque in

Madinah. Later the mosque came to be known as Masjid-ul-
Qiblatain.

The fast of Ramadan & zakat/almsgiving (2A.H)

Fasting in the month of Ramadan was made obligatory prayer in

the 2nd year of the Hijrah with the revelation of these verses:

“Ramadan is the month in which the Quran was sent down,

As a guide to mankind and the clear guidance and a judgement,

so whoever sights [the new moon of] the month, let him fast
it…”

Zakat/Almsgiving was also prescribed at approximately the same

time with the verse of Surah Taubah,

“Take, [O Muhammad] from their wealth a charity by which you

purify them and cause them increase………………. And Allah is
Hearing and Knowing”

55 | P a g e
 The battle of badr
( Ramadan 2 A.H)
Causes

When the Muslims left Makkah, during the migration the

properties and valuables they left behind were seized by the
Makkans and confiscated. Abdullah bin Ubai brought this news to
provoke the emigrants for revenge. Moreover, the idol
worshippers in Makkah never forget the Muslims. They would
periodically send out small raiding parties to attack the outskirts
of Madinah . The raiders would set fire to the crops and trees and
cause destruction. After a few months the Prophet (PBUH)
organized small groups of Muslims to go on patrol and defend
against these attacks.

As events were fast moving towards the clash of arms, the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) received divine instruction giving the Muslims to
wage war:

“permissions to fight is given to those [i.e believers against those

disbelievers], who fight, because they have been wronged”

Meanwhile the Prophet (PBUH) received news of the caravan led

by Abu Sufyan, consisted on 1000 camels, loaded with goods and
arms travelling to Makkah from Syria. The Prophet (PBUH)
thought that this might be a way to pay back the Makkans for all
the sufferings they inflicted on the Muslims and he posted two
56 | P a g e
men near the caravan route to keep watch. However, some
hypocrites told Abu Sufyan and he changed the route, sending an
urgent request for help to Makkah. The message (Zamzam Ghifari)
raised a loud cry and literally vibrated whole the city. Soon the
army of 1300 fighters with 700 camels, 200 horses, and female
singers who were fully equipped and armed marched out from
Makkah. When this army was around 80 miles away from
Madinah , they learnt that the caravan of Abu Sufyan was safe. On
hearing these 300 soldiers returned to Makkah but Abu Jahl with
around 1000 kept on moving towards Madinah .

Events

When the Prophet (PBUH) was informed about this army, he also
led a small contingent of 313-317 (82-86 emigrants, 61 from Aws
and 170 from Khazraj soldier towards Badr. They were ill
equipped for the battle and had only 70 camels and 2 horses.

• The night before the battle, they spent in preparing for the
battle and in prayers. The Prophet (PBUH) also prostrated
himself and repeatedly begged Allah for the victory.

“O Allah! Forget not your promise of assistance. If this little band

were to perish, there would be none to offer unto you pure
worship.”

• The same night it rained on both sides. For the Makkans it

blocked further progress, whereas it was a blessing for the
Muslims as it strengthened their hearts.

In the morning both the armies came face to face. As was the
customary individual clash was called by the Quraish. Utbah bin
57 | P a g e
Rabia, his brother Shaibah and his son Waleed stepped out from
the lines of Quraish and threw curses at the Muslims. The Prophet
(PBUH) asked Hazrat Ubaidah bin Harith (ra), Hazrat Hamza (ra),
Hazrat Ali (ra) to go forward for the combat. Hazrat Hamza (ra)
killed Shaibah, while Hazrat Ali (ra) killed Waleed. Hazrat Ubaidah
(ra) was seriously wounded but, before he fell, Hazrat Hamza fell
upon Utba and cut off his hand.

Soon the general fighting began and the two armies collided
together, it was the 17th of Ramadan in the year of 624 A.D. the
Muslims responded to the Makkans attack with unmatched
bravery and determination.

• Hazrat Bilal (ra) who was fighting off a group of unbelievers,

saw his old enemy, Ummayah bin khalaf. He charged
straight towards him and killed him.
• The two brothers Maaz and Muawwiz (ra) engaged Abu Jahl
in combat and struck him down from his horse. Hazrat
Abdullah bin Masood (ra) found him on the edge of death
breathing his last. he stepped on his neck and cut off his
head.
• On the day of Badr, the sword of Hazrat Ukasha (ra) broke
down so the Prophet (PBUH) gave him a piece of wood
which immediately turn into a long strong white sword.
• Allah (swt) also sent angels to the battle field to make the
Muslims feel stronger and the idol worshipper feel weak and
scared. Quran states this in Surah Anfal:

“your lord will enforce you with five thousand of the angels,
each having distinct marks”
58 | P a g e
Eventually, when Abu Jahl and other 24 Quraish leaders were
killed, they retreated from the battle field, leaving their
belongings and weapons there. The Muslims chanted:

“Allah is One! Allah is One!”

Outcomes/Results

The Muslims returned Madinah victorious and the people

rejoiced. The Quraish left behind 70 dead and 70 prisoners (like
Quba, Hazrat Abbas etc) while 14 Muslims were martyred.

Some prisoners were ransomed and some were allowed to go free

after teaching 10 Muslims to read and write. And those who were
too poor to ransom themselves were set free without any
payment. The Muslims also buried the dead Makkans right there
and collected the heavy quantity of booty (114 camels 15 horses
and a large amount of clothes, and armour)

Effects /importance of the battle of Badr

• This battle was the first battle between Islam and

polytheism. It results made the polytheists and Jews of
Madinah had realize that Muslims had become a force to
be counted with.
• The defeat of Quraish greatly affected their influence in
Arabia.
• The victory of the Muslims increased their faith and
power and in this way Allah (swt) trained them for future
struggle.

59 | P a g e
• In Madinah the apostleship of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
was confirmed, as only Allah’s hand could have held back
such a strong force of the pagans of Makkah.

60 | P a g e
 Battle of Uhad
3A.h
Causes

After the disgrace defeat in Badr, the makkans were filled with the
bitterness at their losses. Poets recited verses calling for revenge,
even the Jews leaders from the Madinah came to comfort the
Makkans. In order to take the revenge of badr, the makkans
raised an army of 3000 well equipped men with 3000 camels and
200 horses under the command ship of Abu sufyan in ramadan in
3 A.H

The most enthusiastic polytheist desiring to go into a new battle

were ‘ Ikrimah bin Abu Jahl, Abu Sufyan bin Harb, Abdullah bin
rabiah . They were determined to crush the commonwealth of
Islam once and for all. Fifteen women also accompanied the army
and among them was Hinda, who had hired Wehshy Bin harb, the
famous lancer to take revenge from Hazrat hamza (ra) for Utba ‘s
(her father) death. It was also decided that the profits of trade
caravans, which amounted to 1000 camels and 50 thousand
dinars, should be dedicated for providing equipment to the army.
Quran refers this:

“Verily, those who believe spend their wealth to hold back (men)
from the path of Allah, and so will they continue to spend it; but
in the end it will become a pain for them…”

61 | P a g e
Defense Plan

Meanwhile Hazrat Abbas (ra) sent an urgent message to the

Prophet (PBUH) of this preparation and he immediately
assembled a meeting, where the Prophet (PBUH) suggested that
his companions shouldn’t go out of Madinah and that they should
encamp themselves within the city, Abdullah bin Ubay also
supported the Prophet (PBUH) plan. (his agreement was based on
personal benefit)

On the other hand, some companions, who had missed fighting in

Badr, suggested that the Prophet (PBUH) should go out for
Madinah and insisted to accept their point of view. Eventually, it
was decided that the enemy should be resisted outside the city of
uhad.

March towards Uhad

An army of 1000 soldiers was raised including 50 horsemen. When

they had marched some miles towards Uhad, Abdullah bin ubai
deserted with his 300 men arguing that his suggestion was not
taken into consideration he had right to desert the army. This
alarming incident left the Muslims with only 700 men. Quran
endorses this act in Surah Anam:

“There are those among who (apparently) listen to you, but we

have put coverings on their hearts, so they do not understand,
and heaviness in their ears”.

Both armies faced each other at the base of mount Uhad. Next
day, early in the morning the Prophet (PBUH) organized his army
and order 50 archers under the command of Abdullah bin Jubair
62 | P a g e
(ra) to go stand on another hill to guard a narrow pass through
which the enemy might try to attack. The archers were instructed
that,

“they would not leave their positions even if they see birds
tearing away the flesh of the Muslims!”

Events

The battle started in the traditional way with single combats, in

which:

• Hazrat Ali (ra) kill Talha bin Abi Talha.

• Hazrat Hamza (ra) killed Usman bin Abi Talha.
• Hazrat Saa’d bin Abi Waqas (ra) shot an arrow and killed
Abu Saad bin Abi Talha.

This infuriated the Quraish and then both the armies clashed. The
Muslims fought very aggressively and entered the ranks of
Quraish and killed many.

➢ Meanwhile, Hazrat Hamza (ra) was attacked and martyred

by the appointed slave Wehshi bin harb of Hinda while he
was fighting in the rank of enemies.
➢ A brave companion Hazrat Hanzala (ra), who was newly
married, left his wife for Jihad and join the army. During the
battle he was martyred by Shaddad bin Aswad.

Still then the Muslims maintained full control over the whole
situation and reached as far as the Quraishite camp. Seeing the
retreat of Quraish, Muslims started looting their camp and
weapons instead of pursuing. Even 34-40 archers who were

63 | P a g e
stationed on the hill left their positions and came down to collect
the booty. Khalid bin Waleed grabbed this golden opportunity and
attacked Muslims from the same narrow pass, killing Hazrat
Abdullah bin Jubair (ra) and his group. The Makkans returned
once again counter attack and Muslims found themselves
surrounded.

In that situation:

➢ Many Muslims sacrificed their lives and some retreated up

the Uhad hill.
➢ Rumour of the Prophet (PBUH) death made the muslims
puzzled.
➢ The Prophet (PBUH) was surrounded by 9 companions and
he called out the Muslims to re gather the force.
➢ The Quraish attempted to kill the Prophet (PBUH) and he got
injured badly;
i. Utbah bin Abi Waqas pelted him with stones and
Prophet’s (PBUH) two teeth and lower lip got injured.
ii. Abdullah bin Shahab wounded his forehead.
iii. Abdullah bin Qamia hit him on his shoulder with his
sword.
➢ The Prophet (PBUH) also killed Ubai bin Khalf, throwing
spears to him.
➢ He fell down in a pit and got unconscious.

Soon the Muslims army re-united them and was ready for a
counter attack but the Makkans army had already left, satisfied
that they had taken the revenge for Badr. They also challenged
the other battle next year at same place.

64 | P a g e
Outcomes/Results

The Muslims loss was great. They had lost 70 companions while
many more was wounded. Quran states:

“whatever you suffered on the day when the two troops faced
each other was by the will of Allah, and in order to know the
believers”.

The Quraish had lost only 30 men. The martyred Muslims were
buried in the ground of Uhad and Prophet prayed for them. In the
battle, the enemies violated all norms of civilized behavior and
mutilated the dead bodies of Muslims warriors. Hinda, the wife of
Abu Sufyan, was so terrible. She took out the liver of Hazrat
Hamza (ra) and chewed it. The overall result was almost a draw,
neither side could claim victory. but the battle had some very
costly lessons for the Muslims.

Effects/Importance Of Battle Of Uhad

❖ Muslims came to realize that keeping faith in Allah and

obeying the commands of the Prophet (PBUH) were the only
way to success.
❖ The hypocrites were fully exposed.
❖ After Badr, many Ariab tribes were afraid to face the
Muslims. Now they also gained courage and stood up
against Muslims.
❖ If badr had enhanced confidence of Muslims, Uhad sobered
and chastened the faith. It taught Muslims that the inherent
Arab love of booty was less important than Prophet
(PBUH)’s orders.

65 | P a g e
 THE BATTLE OF
AHZAB/TRENCH (5 A.H)
Causes

After the expulsion of Banu Nadhir from Madina, “Huyayy bin

Akhtab” (the leader of Banu Nadhir) with some celebrities of
his tribes went to Makkah and negotiated an unholy alliance
with the Quraish to attack the Prophet (PBUH). Similarly,
“Kinanah bin Rabi” visited Banu Ghatfan and called them to do
same, even promised half years’ worth of produce every year
from the orchards of Khyber. They all responded positively. The
jewish delegation started a fresh effort and toured some parts
of Arabia and managed to provoke the partners of disbelief
against the Prophet (PBUH).

Events

When the time to March came, the idol worshippers assembled

an army of over 10000 warriors, fully equipped and armored
for the battle. The Quraish provided 300 horses & 1500 camels.
When the holy Prophet (PBUH) was informed he called a Shura
council and the Muslims leader gathered for a strategy season.
The Muslims warrior was just over 3000 in numbers and were
ill equipped. Going out of the city was out of question. One of
the companions, Hazrat Salman farsi (ra) made a suggestion to
the Prophet (PBUH);

66 | P a g e
“ O messenger of Allah, when we were attacked in the land of
Faris and we feared the approach of horses, and we are
surrounded, we would built trenches around us (i.e. to prevent
the horsemen from being able to attack ).”

This advice received popular support and everyone agreed.

The Prophet (PBUH), himself, was out digging with the people
and after the 6 days of hard work. The Muslims completed a
trench, six or more feet deep and nearly eight feet across. The
enemies arrived first at Uhad, hoping to meet the Muslims
there, but seeing that they were not to be found, the leader
directed to head for Madinah . On their arrival near to the city,
they noticed the huge trench dug around the front of the city’s
wall, which made them confused and they cursed at the
Muslims.

The Siege Of Madinah

Ultimately, they camped outside and prepared for a long siege.

During this stage enemies would narrow stones, arrows and
curse Muslims warriors. After two weeks of the siege they tried
to charge the trench in groups, and were looking at a weak
spot.

• The first effort to cross the trench was made by Amr bin
Abu Dawood. He crossed the trench and challenged the
Muslims to a fight. Hazrat Ali (ra) stepped forward and
killed him in first go.
• One of another Naufal bin Abdullah followed Amr and fell
down in the trench and died.

67 | P a g e
The day of attack was too hard for Muslims, even they missed
their four prayers. Seeing the determination of the Muslims, Banu
Nadhir began to fear and their leader went to the leader of Banu
Quraidha “Kaabah bin Asad”, and tried to convince him to use his
forces to attack the Muslims from behind. Initially he was
reluctant but soon agreed, seeing the size of Quraish army.

The Prophet (PBUH) sent Saad bin Maaz (ra) and two other to
investigate, and remind them the “charter of Madinah ” but they
declared the treaty null and void.

The Prophet (PBUH) was not in the position to fight with them, so
he appointed a party to keep an eye upon them. Meanwhile the
Prophet (PBUH) used a secret agent “Naeem bin Masood” to
create mistrust between them, which worked and Banu Quraidha
gave up to continue any support.

Outcome

The siege lasted for 30 days, and finally, the idol worshippers’
allies faced shortage of food. The Prophet (PBUH) on his part
invoked Allah’s wrath on the allies supplicating:

“O Allah! You are the quick in account, you are the sender of the
book we beg you to defeat the confidence.”

Allah responded to the call and the harsh climate provided help to
the Muslims and stormy winds started to blow. One-night, strong
winds blew which overturned the allies camp and forced them to
retreat. Next day, none of the enemies was seen anywhere.
Quran says:

68 | P a g e
“O you! who believed, remember the favor of Allah upon you
when armies came to you and we sent upon them a wind and
armies you did not see [of angels] and ever is Allah of what you
do seeing.”

The numbers of Muslims martyred were six, including Hazrat Saad

bin Maaz (ra), and 3 idol worshippers were killed. The Muslims
rejoiced at this miracle which saved them and they received huge
amount of booty.

Miracles during the digging of trench.

• Hazrat Jabir bin Abdullah (RA) slaughtered a lamb and

invited the Muslims when he saw that the Prophet (PBUH) is
starving gathered all 1000 believers and served them the
food. They ate to their fill and still there was food to spare.
• While digging the trench, a strong rock appeared and all the
companions of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) failed to break it
but Prophet break it with only one strike.
• Then another rock appeared and the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
took the spade and said
“In the name of Allah (swt)”

And while striking said,

“Allah (swt) is the most gracious, I have been given the keys of
Syria, by Allah (swt) I can see its red places.”

On the 2nd strike he said,

69 | P a g e
“Allah (swt) is the greatest I have been given Persia by Allah
(swt) I can see white places of Madain”

And the 3rd time he struck the rock and said,

“Allah (swt) is the greatest. I have been given the keys of Yemen.
By Allah (swt), I can see the gates of Sana’a while I am in my
place.”

70 | P a g e
The Holy prophet and the jews of
Madinah
When the Holy Prophet migrated to Madinah, there were a
number of Jews tribe namely, “Banu Qainuqa, Banu Nazir And
Banu Quraidha.” They were wealthy, and commanded great
influence as they controlled all trade. The Holy Prophet (PBUH)
laid down the policy of “Live and let live” with reference to the
jews. He accordingly entered into a treaty (charter of Madinah) of
mutual cooperation and collaboration with them. According to
the terms of the treaty, the Jews were to enjoy religious freedom
and there was to be no interference in religious affairs. The
Muslims and the Jews were to be on friendly terms, and were to
help each other in case of attack on any party.

Causes of betrayal

The jews had a clear reference in the Holy books regarding the
arrival of the Last Prophet (PBUH). They believed that the Prophet
(PBUH) would rise from their race, but when the Holy Prophet
(PBUH) rose from the ranks of the Quraish in Makkah, and the
jews recognized in him all the signs of the prophethood predicted
in their sacred books, they became disappointed and a silent
rivalry developed inside them. Similarly, when the Prophet (PBUH)
came to Madinah, the jews thought he would be obedient to
them, and would depend upon them, but Prophet followed an
independent policy based on supremacy of Islam. Consequently,
the jews followed the policy of betrayal despite all respect and
honor given to them by the Prophet (PBUH).
71 | P a g e
Acts of Betrayal

❖ Jews made secret alliances with the hypocrites of Madinah.

❖ Jewish poets made fun of the prophet (PBUH), and the
Muslim women.
❖ Jew intentionally mispronounced the Quran, trying to
change its meaning and commit blasphemy.
❖ They would criticize Muslims on the Qibla matter
Finally, when their opposition became fierce these steps were
taken against them.

✓ Qibla was changed from Jerusalem to Makkah.

✓ Jews were condemned in Quran for altering the words of
their Torah.
✓ Allah (swt) also commanded Muslims not to make friends
with the jews.
“O believers! Do not take the jews and Christians as friend, as
they are friends of each other among themselves.”

The prophet (PBUH) preferred wise counselling and patience to

their rudeness and disrespectful behavior, but finally their
extreme ill treatment and evil doing led them to the edge of
disaster and their doom.

➢ The exile of Banu Qainuqa.

After the battle of Badr in 2 A.H /3 A.H a fair was being held in the
outskirts of Banu Qainuqa’s fort. A woman from the Ansar went to
a goldsmith’s shop to buy an ornament. The jewish goldsmith ill-
treated her. An Ansari raised her voice in support of the women in
trouble. Jews from far and near assembled and fell upon the

72 | P a g e
Muslims which resulted in his martyrdom after he had also put a
Jew to death. The Prophet received information in Madinah. He
reached their accompanied by the companions but found the
Jews armed and ready to fight. Fighting took place and 700
warriors of Banu Qainuqa including 300 armored men took refuge
in their fort. The Muslims besieged them for a fortnight and at last
captured the fort along with everybody inside.

The Muslims wanted to kill the Jews for their treachery, but on
the repeated requests of Abdullah bin Ubai, the Prophet (PBUH)
agreed to grant safety to all prisoners but exiled them from
Madinah.

➢ The exile of Banu Nadhir. (Rabiul awwal 4 AH)

On the occasion of battle of Uhad , the jews of Banu Nadir turned
a blind eye to the Charter of Madinah and decided to betray. They
entered into secret negotiations with the Quraish and even made
the assassinations plan of the Prophet (PBUH) when the 2 people
killed by Amar bin Umayyah on his way back to Madinah, who
were under the protection of Muslims, so their blood money had
to be paid. The Prophet himself went to the fort of Banu Nadhir
along with Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA), Hazrat Umar (RA) and Hazrat Ali
(RA) to hold consultations with them concerning the blood money
as they had an agreement with the Muslims in this respect.

Banu Nadhir apparently showed their interest in giving their

share. They seated the Prophet (PBUH) in the shade of the wall of
73 | P a g e
their fortification and left the place pretending to collect people
for the discussion. While away from the prophet (PBUH) they
conspired to kill by pushing a huge stone down on his head from
the top of the fortification but Allah (swt) informed the Prophet of
the plot through revelation, with the result that he got up at once
and came back to Madinah. When the Jews tried to call the
Prophet back, he rejected the offer saying,

“you came up with the plan to kill me in such and such way, so
you can’t be trusted anymore”

➢ The Execution of Banu Quraiza

In the battle of the trench, the jews of Banu Quraiza acted
treacherously and seeing the size of the Quraish army they agreed
to help Quraish. The prophet (PBUH) sent Sa’ad bin Muaaz (RA) to
remind them the charter of Madinah”, but they declared the
treaty null and void. After the battle of trench the prophet (PBUH)
said after offering the Zuhr prayer, the “Asr prayer would be
performed in the locality of Banu Quraiza”. So, the Muslims
proceeded to Banu Quraizah before laying their arms aside. The
Prophet (PBUH) handed over the standard to Hazrat Ali (RA) and
sent him ahead. The Muslims besieged the fort of Banu Quraizah
for 25 days.

At last one morning, they sent a message to the Prophet (PBUH)

that they were to surrender if Hazrat Saad bin Mu’az (RA) was
allowed to suggest the punishment for them according to the “Old
74 | P a g e
Testament”. He accepted the proposal. Hazrat Saad (RA) was
brought to the Muslim troops and he delivered his judgement.

“I enjoin that all the men of the Banu Quraiza be put to death
and their wives and children be treated like prisoners of war
while their wealth and properties be divided among the
Muslims”

Following this, they were ordered to come out of the fort and
their 600-700 men were killed and houses were given to the
Muslims. All captives were purchased by Hazrat Usman (RA)

75 | P a g e
 The treaty of hudaibiyah
(6 A.H / 628 A.D )
Causes

In the 6th year of Hijra, one night the Prophet (PBUH) had a dream
in which he saw himself, joined by other Muslims, making
pilgrimage to Makkah. The next morning, he came out and
announced to the community that he was organizing an Umrah
(short pilgrimage) to Makkah.

He set out with 1400/1500 of his followers including his wife

Umm-e- Salamah (RA). They were under strict orders not to carry
on weapons, except their traveler’s swords. The Quraish of
Makkah knew full well that the only purpose of the Prophet’s visit
to pilgrimage, but how could they let Muslims enter Makkah
when they had not been able to enter Madinah? The Muslims,
they decided, must be stopped.

The Quraish sent out a cavalry group under the command of

Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed (RA) and Ikramah (RA) bin Abi Jahl to
turn Muslims back. The Muslims continued their journey with a
different route and arrived at a field called “hudaibiyah”, there
the Prophet (PBUH) camel stopped. Everyone thought the camel
was tired, but the Prophet (PBUH) said:

“No, the camel is not tired. It has stopped by the order of Allah
(swt). By the one who created me, I will accept any offers the
Makkah make for peace”.

76 | P a g e
Disruption by the Quraish

When the makkan cavalry finally realized they lost their prey, they
returned to Makkah. Soon a message was sent to the Muslims
camp, ordering that no one would be allowed to enter Makkah.
Prophet (PBUH) sent Hazrat Usman (RA) to negotiate with
Quraish, but he was delayed. At that time a rumor was a float that
Hazrat Usman (RA) was murdered by the Quraish and this caused
a great commotion in the Muslims camp. The Holy Prophet
(PBUH) sat under a tree and took oath to the Muslims that they
would fight to last man if the Makkans had killed Usman (RA) and
violated the Holy moths of pilgrimage. This is called the “Pledge of
Rizwan”. Fortunately, Hazrat Usman (RA) came back after a few
days Quran states:

“Allah (swt) has pleased with the believers when they were
pledging allegiance with you (by placing their hands in your
hands) under a tree…

Terms of the treaty

After many meetings and proposals, finally Quraish sent Suhail bin
Amr to the Prophet (PBUH) and a treaty was signed between the
Muslims and the idol worshippers called “the treaty of
Hudaibiyah”. The conditions were:

✓ There will be no pilgrimage this tear for the Muslims, but

they can perform it the following year for three days.
✓ Muslims shall not come back armed but can bring with them
short swords and these shall be kept in bags.
✓ Any makkan man who leaves and goes to Madinah without
permission of his family will be returned to Makkah, but
77 | P a g e
 anyone who leaves Madinah for Makkah will not be
returned.
✓ Both sides can make deals and alliances with whomever
they please.
✓ There will be ten years of peace between both sides.
Hazrat Ali (RA) wrote down the treaty by order of the Prophet
(PBUH). Although the terms of the agreement were apparently
against the Muslims and when the Hazrat Umer (RA) complained
about the treaty, the blessed Prophet (PBUH) replied.

“I am the servant of Allah (swt), I always obey his commands,

and he will never fail me”.

The Muslims were disheartened but the terms turned out to be

favorable for them in the end and soon they were given the news
of victory by Allah (swt). It was revealed:

“Surely we have granted you a clear victory”.

The Return Of Hazrat Abu Jandal (RA)

While the treaty was in progress, Suhail bin Amr son Abu Jandal
(RA) appeared on the scene. He was chained brutally and was
moving unstably. His condition moved the heart of the Prophet
(PBUH) but Suhail protested and asked them to be faithful to the
treaty. The Prophet (PBUH) said;

“but the treaty was not signed yet when your son entered the
camp.” Upon this Sohail burst forth and said,

“But the terms of the treaty had been agreed upon.”

78 | P a g e
It was indeed a tense moment because Abu Jandal (RA) was
requesting not to be returned and the Muslims also wanted but
the Prophet (PBUH) returned him and consoled him, saying:

“Do not be distressed, Abu Jandal (RA) Allah (swt) will shortly
open a way for you.”

Seeing the upset Muslims, the Prophet (PBUH) sacrificed his

animal and removed Ihram first after shaving head, and all the
Muslims followed him. Then they began their return journey to
Madinah with the good news of ten years peace treaty.

79 | P a g e
 The Prophets Letter
To The Kings (7 A.H)
On returning from Hudaibiyah, the prophet (PBUH) planned to
send messengers to kings beyond the Arabian Peninsula. He made
a silver seal mon which was carved: “Messenger of Allah (swt)”
Experienced and learned companions were chosen and
dispatched during Muharram (7 A.H) a few days before the
expedition of Khyber.

1. Letter to the king of Abyssinia

The name of Negus, the king of Abyssinia was Ashmah bin Al
Abjar, received the Prophet’s invitation to Islam dispatched by
Hazrat Amr bin Umayyah (RA). The king accepted the invitation,
touched it with his eyes, descended to the ground and embraced
Islam. Negus died in Rajab 9 A.H. the prophet (PBUH) announced
his death and offered his funeral prayers.

2. Letter to the king of Egypt (Maquqas)

Hazrat Hatib bin Abi Baltah (RA) was chosen to communicate the
message. The king of Egypt didn’t accept Islam but he thought
deeply and read the contents of letter carefully and replied; “the
Prophet (PBUH) had nothing hateful, he was neither a magician
nor a liar, He was a true messenger of Allah (swt).” He also sent
80 | P a g e
two maids as gifts to the Prophet (PBUH) One of them was Hazrat
Mariah Qibtiyah who was married to the Prophet (PBUH).

3. Letter to the king of Persia (khusro pervaiz)

The prophet sent Hazrat Abdullah bin Huzaifah (RA) and
addressed him in the letter,

“from Muhammad the messenger of Allah (swt), to Khusro the

emperor of Persia”

On seeing the name of the Prophet (PBUH) above his own name
he burst into anger. He tore the letter into pieces. On hearing this
prophet (PBUH) remarked

“may Allah (swt) tear his empire into pieces”. Khusro

immediately ordered the governor of Yemen to arrest the new
messenger and present before him. When his men reached
Madinah, the Prophet surprised them by telling

“my Lord has killed Khusro last night”

[the news turned out to be true as king’s own son assassinated

him that night]

The governor of Yemen named ‘Badhan’ later embraced Islam in

the company of the Persians in Yemen.

4. Letter to the governor of Bahrain.

The Prophet (PBUH) sent Hazrat Al-Ala bin Al Hazrami (RA) to the
governor of Bahrain and invited him to embrace islam. In reply to
the invitation Munzir wrote.

81 | P a g e
“I have read the letter. Some people want to accept Islam, but
Jews and magians are shocked by the letter. Kindly let me know
how to treat offenders.”

The prophet (PBUH) appreciated his behavior and maintained him

as the governor of Bahrain. He also advises him to forgive the
offenders and allow Muslims to preach there openly.

5. Letter to the King of Byzantine (Heraclius)

Hazrat Dahya Kalbi (RA) was ordered to deliver the letter to the
king of Byzantine. When he received his letter, he sent for some
Arabs who were on trade mission to Syria, for enquiry. Hazrat Abu
Sufyan (RA) was taken before the emperor as he was in that trade
journey. On asking about the Prophet (PBUH) Hazrat Abu Sufyan
replied,” Muhammad descends from a noble family; none of his
family remained a king. His followers are weak but their
numbers are ever increasing. He never tells a lie or never betrays
the people. He teaches people to Worship Allah (swt) alone and
abandon our father’s religion.

Heracilus said,

“if it is true, then the Prophet (PBUH) soon govern the land under
my feet.”

He was much impressed but he didn’t accept Islam.

6. Letter to the king of Yamamah (Haudah bin Ali)

Hazrat Sulait bin Amr (RA) was sent to the governor of Yamamah.
He replied,” Your teachings are very nice and if there is a share
for me in your kingdom, I am ready to follow.”

82 | P a g e
The Prophet (PBUH) turned down his demand and did not like his
authoritative tone. Later on, Hazrat Jibrael informed the prophet
(PBUH) that Haudah had died.

7. Letter to the king of Damascus (Haris Ghassani)

The Prophet (PBUH) dispatched Hazrat Shuja bin Wahab (RA) to
take the letter to Haris. He got angry after reading the letter and
said,” who can dare to dispose me of my country? I shall fight the
Prophet (PBUH)”

In pride of power, he rejected the invitation.

8. Letter to the king of Oman (Jafar & Abd bin Al Julandai)

Hazrat Amr bin al As (RA) was chosen to carry the letter to the
kings of Oman. Both brothers accepted Islam after one-two days
meeting.

83 | P a g e
 Conquest Of Khyber
(Muharram 7 A.H / 629 A.D)
Causes

The peace achieved by the Prophets (PBUH) efforts in treaty of

Hudaibiyah was short lived; soon after their arrival back to
Madinah, the Muslims received the news that the exiled tribes of
Banu Nadhir and Qainuqa were preparing for a large rebellion
against the Muslims inside Khyber. They drew Banu Ghatfan to
their side by promising them half of the produce of Madinah on
the call of the Jews negotiators Kinanah bin Rabi and Hauda bin
Qais. Consequently, the prophet (PBUH) came to the conclusion
that a military campaign was a must in order to prevent their
oppositions.

Events

Fairly soon, in Muharram of 7 A.H the Prophet (PBUH) left for

Khyber with an army of 1400-1500 companions, leaving Hazrat
Saba bin Arafah (RA) behind in charge of administrating Madinah.
The Muslims at this point had 2 main disadvantages:

✓ Firstly, the jews had the support of hypocrites in Madinah,

who, on the command of their leader Abdullah bin Ubai, had
sent out a messenger to inform them of the Muslim’s
activities which had allowed the jews to be prepared for
their arrival.

84 | P a g e
 ✓ Secondly, Khyber itself was hard to conquer; the region was
divided into several settlements which were defended by a
bunch of 8 big forts, namely : Naim, As Saab bin Muadh, the
castles of Az-Zubair and Abi, An-Nizar, Al-Qamus, Al
Wateeh, and finally Al-Salalim (name a few)
Furthermore, the jews were well-trained, well-armed, and led by
fighters with great reputations such as Marhab and his brother
Yasir. This meant that the Muslims were up against skilled
warriors. Despite these odds, it has been suggested by many
interpreters of Qu’ran that the victory at Khyber had already been
predicted:

“Allah (swt) has promised you ample spoils that you will capture,
and he has hastened for you this….”

The prophet advanced with the assurance of victory to his

destination, establishing a camp at the valley of Raji, which gave
the tactical advantage to the Muslims of being positioned
between Khyber and Ghatfan, preventing aids of Ghatfan to assist
the jews of Khyber. In the morning, the Muslims entered the
vicinity of Khyber, which immediately set off the jews into defense
of their Forts who were previously gathering together cattle. On
the advice of an expert fighter Hazrat Habbab bin Munzir (RA), the
Muslims established their headquarters. On nearing the city, the
Prophet (PBUH) proclaimed:

“O Allah (swt)! We beg You to grant us the good of this village

(Khyber), the good of its citizens and the good that lies in it.” And
so begun the campaigns.

85 | P a g e
Marhab, the commander of the first Naim, invited Hazrat Amar
bin Akwa (RA) who was martyred. Hazrat Muhammad bin
Musalmah (RA) then stepped up to the task and killed Marhab,
however many accounts report that it was Hazrat Ali (RA) who
was also made the standard-bearer of the Muslim army killed
him, while Yasir (Marhab’s brother) was killed by Hazrat Zubair
bin Awwam (RA).

Conquests of Forts

A fierce fighting broke out and lasted for a few days, before the
jews realized the Muslims’ strength and retreated from Naim to
fort As-Saab, where Hazrat Habbab (RA) led an assault which
ended in victory. Then attack was made on the second settlement
of Khyber. Its forts were also captured. Now came the Qamus, in
the third settlement, it also fell. However, the Muslims soon had
to face shortage of food, but despite this, the Muslims
continuously sieged the defenses and claimed fort after fort of the
jews, even though they constantly showered the Muslim’s army
with arrows and stones. The fort of Nizar, which had a reputation
in Arabia of being unbreakable, was also conquered and set the
Jews to retreat. Watih and Salalim were the two remaining forts
that came under the siege by the Muslims troops, which
continued for ten days. They obtained peace and safety from the
Muslims on giving half of the produce from their lands and
gardens.

86 | P a g e
Peace treaty and outcomes.

When the Jews finally concluded that they couldn’t win this
battle, the call for negotiations was made and Ibn Abi Al-Huqaiq
was sent to work out the terms of a surrender treaty. The Prophet
(PBUH) agreed to spare those who remained on the condition that
Khyber and the surrounding land would be freed with all their
gold and silver left for the Muslims.

All in all, the Muslims lost between 16 to 18 martyrs, while around

39 Jews were killed. The booty recovered in the outcome of the
battle was so great that Hazrat Umar (RA) said:

“we never ate our fill until we had conquered Khyber”

Marriage to Hazrat Safiyah bint Huyay

Also noteworthy is that Huyay’s daughter Hazrat Safiyah (RA) was

brought to Madinah as a captive and the Prophet (PBUH) married
her after setting her free as she was the daughter of the leader of
two large tribes of the Jews.

The Poison Story

“Zainab”, the wife of a Jewish chief, Salam’ served the Prophet

(PBUH) a poisonous roasted goat. As he took a piece of it, he spat
saying “that the bones were giving information about the prison”
Hazrat Bashir (RA), who was shearing a meal, had taken a piece of
meat and swallowed it which led to his immediate death. Zainab

87 | P a g e
was called and she was confessed her crime. She was handed over
the relatives of Bashir (RA) but they held back from killing her as
she had already accepted Islam. According to another narrative,
she didn’t embrace Islam and was killed in retaliation.

88 | P a g e
 The Compensatory Umrah
As per the commitment in the treaty of Hudaibiyah that, the
Muslims are allowed to come Makkah next year for Umrah (Lesser
pilgrimage) so in the month of Zul Qaidah 7A.H. the prophet
(PBUH) ordered Muslims, particularly those who had participated
in the Hudaibiyah for umrah. He proceeded with 2000 men
besides some women and children, and 60 camels for sacrifice, to
visit the Holy Makkah. The Muslims took their weapons with them
fearing the treachery of the Quraishites, but left them with the
party of two hundred men at a place some eight miles from
Makkah.

The Quraish had shifted to their camps in the mountain, from

there they were watching the caravan of the Muslims. The
Muslims performed the usual circumambulation with full dignity
and freedom. They were also ordered to run in the first three
rounds and then walk in the remaining ones. When they entered
the Holy sanctuary, Hazrat Abdullah bin Rawaha (RA) walked
before the Prophet (PBUH) reciting:

“Get out of his way, you disbelievers, make way, we will fight
you about its revelation with strokes that will remove heads
from shoulders and make friend unmindful of friend.”

On the morning of the fourth day, the notables of the Quraish

asked Hazrat Ali (RA) to tell the prophet (PBUH) to leave Makkah
along with his companions. Therefore, the Prophet (PBUH)
ordered his men to depart a village called Sarif where he stayed
for some time.
89 | P a g e
Marriage with Hazrat Maimuna (RA)

During the visit of the Prophet (PBUH), his uncle Hazrat Abbas
(RA) offered the hand of his sister-in-law, Maimuna – the
daughter of Harith, to him. The prophet (PBUH) accepted this
offer since it was an effective step towards cementing the ties of
relationship between the prophet (PBUH) and the influential men
of Makkah. The wedding took place in Sarif.

90 | P a g e
 The battle of Mutah
(8 a.h)
Causes

At the beginning of the 8 A.H the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)

sent Hazrat Harith bin Umair (RA) with a letter of invitation to
Islam to the governor of Busra Sharaahbeel bin Amr Al Ghassani,
who was a representative of the Byzantine empire. While the
messenger was passing through the lands of ghassani, he was
killed at the order of the governor.

As a result of the open violation of international law that

guarantees the protection of the messengers, the Prophet (PBUH)
drew an army of 3000 and put Hazrat Zaid bin haritha (RA) in
command of it, giving him the white standard, with instructions
that if Zaid should be martyred Hazrat Jafar bin Abi Talib should
take his place, if Jafar should be martyred Hazrat Abdullah bin
Rawahah (RA) should take his place, if these three should be
harmed, the men should follow a commander of their own
choosing.

Events

When the army reached Syria, they were surprised to hear that
Heraclius himself had come down in the balqa with 100000
Greeks joined by 100000 men from other tribes. The Muslims had
not fought such a huge army before. Seeing the hesitance of

91 | P a g e
people, Hazrat Abdullah bin Rawahah (RA) spoke vehemently
against such a course and his resolution succeeded.

Hazrat Zaid bin Haritha (RA) raised the standard of the Prophet
(PBUH) and led his men into battle. He fought desperately until he
was torn apart by enemy spears.

Hazrat Jafar (RA) took the banner and also fought bravely. Before
he received his mortal wound, he had lost both his hands in the
fight. After his martyrdom Abdullah bin Rawahah (RA) proceeded
reciting the verses of the Qur’an enthusiastically until he was also
martyred.

The Muslims chose Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed (RA) as the banner
bearer and he planned a strategy to terrify the enemy. The enemy
was misled as they assumed that a fresh army had joined the
Muslims.

Outcome.

Soon the Romans were defeated and the Muslims stopped

pursuing them due to the smaller number of armies. The number
of martyrs was 12 while the casualties of the Byzantines were
large in number. The result of this war threatened the non-
Muslims when they came to know that only 3000 men with simple
equipment had fought so bravely against such a large army.

92 | P a g e
 The conquest of Makkah
(Ramadan 8 A.H)
Causes

Two years had passed after the signing of the treaty and peace
still remained. During this time, the Banu Khuz’a became allies of
all the Muslims while the Banu Bakr became the allies of the idol
worshippers in Makkah. One night, towards the end of the year
630, the Banu bakr, supplied with fresh weapons given to them by
the Quraish, attacked the camp of Banu Khuz’a at night, and
caused much death and destruction. When some of the men of
Banu Khuz’a ran into the Kabbah, Banu Bakr even violated this
Holy place and slaughtered them. Their warriors carried off all
their loot to Makkah where they took shelter.

The chief of Banu Khuza’a went to Madinah and complained

about the injustice done against his people with a loud voice. The
Prophet (PBUH) was angry at the senseless attack and killing, and
sent a message off to Makkah which stated the three options:

➢ Banu Bakr must pay compensation for the victims they

killed.
➢ Makkans should break their alliance with Banu bakr.
➢ Makkans could declare the Treaty of Hudaibiyah null and
void.

93 | P a g e
The Makkans big Mistake

The Quraish didn’t agree to the first two options and declared the
hudaibiyah treaty to be null and void. After a few days, the
makkans realized they made a big mistake and they sent Abu
Sufyan to Madinah. He begged for the treaty to be valid, or
working, again, but the Prophet (PBUH) refused to see him and
said:

“we had been keeping to the agreement for the period agreed
upon at hudaibiyah, we will not modify it, we will not accept
another pact in its place.”

Then Abu Sufyan want to see her daughter, Hazrat Umme-

Habibah (RA) the Prophet’s wife hoping that she might agree to
intervene on his behalf, but she also refused to help him. He then
went to Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA), Umar (RA), Fatimah (RA) and others
for their help, but they all refused to do so. Abu Sufyan returned
to Makkah bitter and frightened.

Departure of Muslim army

The blessed Prophet (PBUH) raised an army of 10000 Muslim men

and women and set out for Makkah during his month of Ramadan
in the year 630 A.D Prophet (PBUH) took a great care to keep this
departure a secret except few of the closest companions knew
against whom they were marching.

The army was forced with such rapidity that within a week the
army was but a single stage from Makkah and they encamped at
the place Marr az-Zahran. Prophet (PBUH) asked each small group

94 | P a g e
of soldiers to start a campfire. When the Makkans came out and
looked upon the endless sea of campfire they became scared.

Hazrat Abu Sufyan’s (RA) acceptance of islam

Meantime Abu Sufyan decided to go out to collect the

information about the Muslim army and its destination. As he
approached the camp, Hazrat Abbas (RA) bin Abdul Muttalib
caught him and took the prophet (PBUH). The Prophet (PBUH) put
Islam before him and he declared his acceptance of Islam. The
prophet (PBUH) also granted him the special status, saying:

“Whoever enters the house of Abu Sufyan shall be safe, and

whoever locks upon himself his door shall be safe, and whoever
enters the mosque shall be safe”

Abu Sufyan (RA) went back to Makkah with all speed, gathered
the people and alarmed them,

“O men of Quraish, Muhammad (PBUH) is here with an army you

can’t resist”

He also declared the message of safety given to him.

Entry in Makkah.

Next morning, the Prophet (PBUH) devided the army into four,
massive columns; 1st column was led by the Prophet (PBUH), 2nd
column by Hazrat Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah (RA), 3rdn by Hazrat
Saad bin Ubadah (RA). Later, the charge was transferred to his
son, and the 4th column was led by Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed
(RA). They were instructed to enter Makkah from different
directions and only to fight those who resist.
95 | P a g e
When Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed (RA) troops came in sight some
idol worshippers following Ikramah bin Abi jahl attacked them,
but soon this resistance was overcome, 26 men of Quraish were
killed whereas 2 Muslims were martyred. Rest of the troops
entered without any incident.

It was 20th of Ramadan in 8 A.H, the prophet (PBUH) entered

Makkah bowing his head before Allah (swt) and offering thanks.
He also accomplished the following important tasks one by one
such as;

❖ Entered the mosque, touched the black stone and made

seven rounds of the Holy Kaaba’h.
❖ Broke all 360 idols in the Holy Kaabah repeating the verse of
the Quran: “the truth has come and the falsehood had
vanished, truly the false is bound to vanish.”
❖ Delivered a sermon on mount Safa and forgave them for
their past crimes by saying
“no blame on you be this day. Go you are free”.

The generosity touched their hearts and they came to the Prophet
(PBUH) in hundreds. Almost all of the Quraish accepted Islam
including hinda, Ikramah bin Abi Jahal, Sohail bin Amr etc. only
four people were put to death for having ridiculed the Prophet
(PBUH) and tortured the Muslims. The army stayed in Makkah for
20 days. During this stay idol temples around the Makkah were
also destroyed, i.e. the temples of Uzza and manat etc.

Significance

❖ The Muslims recovered their native homeland.

❖ Ka’bah got purified from 360 idols.
96 | P a g e
❖ The victory was significant militarily, to be sure but also
significant on another level as well: The Prophet (PBUH) now
won over the hearts of Quraish.
❖ The prophet announced general pardon except for few and
showed he as a mercy for the whole world, that touched
their heart and they accepted Islam.
❖ The whole Arabia came under the control of the Muslims.
❖ Allah (swt)’s promise proved true that after the battle of
trench the Makkans wouldn’t attack the Muslims and with
the conquest of Makkah their chances of attacking Madinah
gone forever.

97 | P a g e
 The battle of hunain
(8 a.h)
Causes

When the news of the fall of Makkah reached the leaders of

the Saqeef and Hawazin tribes, who ruled taif, they became
enraged and wanted to fight the Muslims, fearing that Muslims
could attack them in their next task. They could also not allow
the Muslims to control the Ka’abah, the house of their idols.
They decided to make a last effort against Islam. One of their
leaders, Malik bin Auf gathered the army of 20000 and ordered
that every warrior should bring his wives, children and wealth
along with them to the battlefield.

Events

The army began its slow journey and eventually took up

positions in a canyon named Hunain, which had a narrow pass
leading into it. Malik placed his warriors among the rocks and
commanded them to ambush the Muslims when the signal was
given.

When the Holy Prophet (PBUH) received the news of the

declaration of war against the Muslims, he raised an army of
12000 men and set out to meet the enemy. They arrived at the
pass of Hunain and made camp. The next morning in the
darkness when the Muslims were marching through steep and
narrow valley, the enemy suddenly attacked them and

98 | P a g e
showered arrows. The Muslims panicked and fell into
confusion. Some of them ran out of the canyon but some
faithful men surrounded the Prophet (PBUH).

The situation was out of control but when the Prophet (PBUH)
uncle, Hazrat Abbas (RA) who had a loud voice, shouted to the
fleeing Muslims.;

“Men of the ansar! Men of the Muhajireen! Men who pledged

their allegiance under the tree! Muhammad is alive! Charge
forward with him.”

The voice echoed off the valley and the Muslims came back to
their senses. They also reorganized themselves and march
forward to counter the enemy. The Prophet (PBUH) also threw
the handful of sands in the faces of the enemy and declared,
“woe to the enemies of Allah (swt) “

By the afternoon, the enemy’s leaders realized their cause was

hopeless. Most of their warriors were either killed or wounded
or captured and they were in danger. Eventually they ordered a
general retreat from the battlefield and ran right past their
wives, children and wealth and never looked back. (9:25-16)

99 | P a g e
 Siege of taif (8 a.h)
The Muslimsoldiers continued hot on the heels of the fleeing
Saqeef and hawazin who had fled to Taif under the command
of their leader “Malik bin Auf” and fortified there. The Muslims
made camp nearby and the prophet sent Hazrat Khalid bin
Waleed (RA) with 1000 men towards Taif, and began the long
siege of the city.

The enemy threw rocks and shot arrows on such a large scale
that 12 Muslims were martyred and a number of them were
seriously wounded. The prophet (PBUH) set up a catapult and
shelled the castle severely which made a gap in the castle wall.

The enemy pour molted hot iron upon them which severely
injured. After several days of trying, the Muslims were unable
to penetrate the massive fortress. The Prophet (PBUH) then
gave the order to destroy the orchards and vineyards of the
Saqeef. Seeing this The Taif people sent messages, requesting
for mercy for the sake of Allah (swt) and kinship. So, the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) agreed. A caller of the Prophet (PBUH) called
the people of the fort saying,

“whosoever descends from the castle would be freed.” 12-13

slaves descended and were treated mercifully.

Meanwhile assuming the siege would last for a long time

because the enemy has food storage for one year, the Holy
prophet (PBUH) consulted Naufal bin Muaviyah. He replied that
the people of the castle were extremely tricky and might be

100 | P a g e
harmful for the Muslims if the siege lasted long. The Holy
prophet (PBUH) lifted the siege and marched his victorious
army back to Makkah.

Taif embraced Islam.

On returning from Taif, the Prophet (PBUH) prayed to Allah

(swt) for the guidance of Saqeef and Hawazin, so after the
distribution of the booty at the place of Jai’rranah, the group of
9 people amongst them visited the Prophet (PBUH) and
accepted his invitation. A little while later, they also begged
that the women and children of their tribe be released. The
blessed Prophet (PBUH) granted this request and the entire
tribe converted to Islam in 9 A.H. seeing the generosity of the
prophet (PBUH) and his followers.

Among the captives was also Shi’ma bint Haleema Sa’adia (RA)
she said, “O Prophet (PBUH) I am your foster sister,”. The
Prophet (PBUH) asked for proof, and she replied, “the bite you
gave me on my leg. The mark is still there.” The prophet
(PBUH) accepted the proof and send her back to her tribe (on
her choice) along with a slave girl, wealth and goods.

101 | P a g e
 The campaign of tabuk
(9 A.H)
Reasons for the expedition

The Byzantines had been made apprehensive by the rapid

growth of Islam and they wanted to avenge the reverse they
had suffered at Mu’tah at the hands of the Muslims. In the year
630 A.D the prophet (PBUH) received the news that a large
force of Byzantine Roman Soldiers, some 40000 had gathered
in Syria. The emperor Heraclius was thinking of invading
Madinah therefore swift action was needed on the part of the
Muslims.

Difficulties for the Muslims

The blessed Prophet (PBUH) sent out the call to arms among
the Muslims were going through with the number of problems
which they never experienced together in any campaign
before. For instance;

• The season was exceptionally hot and the wells on the

journey were rare.
• There was severe famine in Makkah and Madinah.
• The date crop was ready to be cut.
• False excuses made by the hypocrites and many of the
Bedouins to stay behind, which was condemned in the
Holy Quran. (9:42-44)
• Lack of equipment for the Muslim army.

102 | P a g e
Enthusiasm of the believers.

Seeing the situation, the Prophet (PBUH) urged the well-off

companions to donate generously for the campaign. As a
result, the believers came forward and contributed
whatever they could.

• Hazrat Umar (RA) donated half of everything he

owned.
The Prophet (PBUH) asked,” What did you leave to your
family?”

He said, “as much as I brought to you.”

• Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) donated all his worldly wealth

which amounted to 4000 silver dirhams.
The prophet (PBUH) said,” O Abu Bakr! What did you
leave to your family?”
He said “I left Allah (swt) and his messenger to them”
Upon this sacrifice Hazrat umar (RA) started to cry and
said, “May my mother and father be sacrificed for
you, o Abu Bakr! You always surpass me in all of the
races of goodness. I have now realized that I will
never be able to surpass you.”
• Hazrat Usman (RA) donated 1000 gold coins and 300
camels with the goods on them. Upon this sacrifice of
Hazrat Uthman (RA) the Prophet (PBUH) said, O Allah
(swt)! I am pleased with Usman; you be pleased with
him too.
• Hazrat Abdul Rehman bin Awf (RA) donated around
6000 gm silver.
103 | P a g e
 • Muslim ladies donated jewelries and money.
• A poor Muslim Hazrat Abu Aqil (RA) worked all night
watering someone’s garden and donated some dates
to the cause.

Arrival In Tabuk And Muslim’s Victory

When the army finally left for Syria, the Muslims force numbered
30000 men and 10000 horses and quite a few camels. After many
days of hard journey, the Muslims army made camp at a place
called Al – Hijr, and the prophet (PBUH) commanded the army to
dismount for watering and the brief rest. The army set off again in
the direction of Tabuk, a small Syrian town 350 miles of northwest
of Madinah. When the Prophet’s and Muslim army finally reached
Tabuk, they found that the imperial army had dispersed and had
withdrawn. Apparently, they didn’t want to face 30000 Muslims
when only 3000 had given them so much trouble before at
mu’tah. The army stayed there for 20 days and the blessed
prophet (PBUH) took the opportunity to make the alliances with
the local leaders in Syria. The Muslims army returned to Madinah
about 50 days after they left. It was the last campaign during
Prophet’s lifetime.

The First hajj

The hajj was made obligatory in 9 A.H. The Prophet (PBUH) sent
Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) as Ameer (leader) for the hajj and taught
him the ceremonies. Around 300 men from Madinah went to

104 | P a g e
Makkah with him; the Prophet also sent Hazrat Ali (RA) and said
to him:

“go out and announce to the people on the day of sacrifice that,”
no disbeliever would perform pilgrimage after that year, nor
would anyone be allowed to make the Tawaf of the Sacred
House unclothed.”

105 | P a g e
 Relations with the
hypocrites of Madinah.
At the time of the Prophet (PBUH) arrival in Madinah in 622
A.D. there were 2 main polytheist groups: the Aus, the Khizraj.
Among the Aus and khizraj was a man who held great prestige:
Abdullah bin Ubai bin Salul. He was a clever person, and
strongly wished to become the chief of Madinah with the help
of his Jewish allies, and a crown was even prepared for him.
But, with the arrival of the prophet (PBUH), the atmosphere
changed, and the Prophet (PBUH) instead was chosen as the
leader of the city. Abdullah bin Ubai lost most of his reputation
as the Prophet (PBUH) took several steps to establish the
security of the Islamic state in favor of Muslims e.g. the charter
of Madinah and thus become secretly jealous of the Prophet
(PBUH).

Quraish threatened Madinite people

The Quraish of Makkah wrote a letter to Abdullah bin Ubai

upon hearing the dominant position of the Muslims in
Madinah, and warned him from from providing shelter to the
Muslims.

Otherwise they would attack the city.

Abdullah gathered the Madinite polytheists and decided to

provoke them against the Muslims. However, his attempts
failed, because the Prophet (PBUH) was informed of his

106 | P a g e
intentions & the letter that he had received. He (PBUH)
addressed the people and reminded the ‘charter of Madinah’.
The people dispersed, and many of them even accepted Islam
in flocks. This left Abdullah deserted and fleeing pathetic. Later
on, he and his followers accepted Islam, but these conversions
would prove to be outwardly ones, and this group later went
on to be known as the first ‘hypocrites of Islam’. Even the
Quran criticizes them in Surah Munafiqoon, saying:

“When they (the hypocrites) come to you, they say that they
bear witness (to you) that you are indeed Allah (swt)’s
messenger…. They are indeed false (in their declaration) ….”,
and: “never will Allah (swt) forgive them.”

With this the hypocrites were exposed, and the Holy Prophet
(PBUH) kept a close eye over them.

The hypocrites also committed several major violations, such as

the Friday prayer incident, where Abdullah bin Ubai dared to
step on the pulpit (Minbar) to address the people before the
Prophet’s (PBUH) arrival. The Muslims didn’t take kindly to the
disrespectful break of norm and interrupted him off the
‘Minbar’. Angered, Abdullah left without even offering the
prayer. The prophet (PBUH) took no action against him nor did
the shameless Abdullah ask for repentance.

Betrayal in Battles

This group also betrayed Muslims during the times of battles.

Such as;

107 | P a g e
 i. Abdullah bin Ubai provoked Muslims in 2 A.H for revenge
in the hopes that the Muslims would fight the Quraish in
the battle & lose which would allow him to take back
control of Madinah, but he failed.
ii. In the battle of Uhad, he along with 300 hypocrites
deserted the Muslims army. This left the Muslim’s
severely outnumbered. The Quran says about this
incident: “there are those among you who apparently
listen to you, but we have put coverings on their hearts
(with seals) so they don’t understand the truth, and
heaviness in their ears.”
iii. In the battle of Trench, Abdullah and his group had
alliances with both the Quraish and Jewish tribe of Banu
Quraidha. In addition, Abdullah was a close associate of
the jew tribes in Madinah, and whenever the Prophet
(PBUH) took action against them for their breaching of
the peace treaty, he attempted to guarantee for them
and plead mercy.
Masjid-e-Zarrar

Another noteworthy evil act of this group was the construction of

the ‘Masjid-e-Zarrar’. It was established near the Quba mosque on
the suggestion of a Christian monk ‘Abu Aamir’. Initially the
Masjid was approved by the Prophet (PBUH), and he was even
invited to lead the prayer there. Allah (swt) timely informed him
the hidden motives of the hypocrites and thus decided to burn
down the mosque to make an example when he returned from
the Tabuk expedition in 630 A.D. Quran states about this mosque
in Surah Tauba:

108 | P a g e
“And as for those who put up a masjid by way of harming and
disbelief, and to disunite the believers………. they will indeed
swear that their intention is nothing but good. Allah (swt) bears
witness that they are certainly liars.”

False Accusation

On another occasion, the hypocrites falsely accused Hazrat

Ayesha (RA) of being involves with Hazrat Safwan bin Mu’attal
(RA), while she was returning from an expedition along with the
Prophet (PBUH). This attempt of defaming her character greatly
disturbed the Prophet (PBUH). He suffered from mental torture
for a month until Allah (swt) endorsed her piety and innocence
through revelation. Later these offenders were awarded
punishment.

The increasingly shameful acts of Abdullah bin Ubai proved to be

enough for his presence to become intolerable. Many people
demanded his assassination, including Hazrat umar (RA) and
Abdullah’s own son, who was a true Muslim. The Prophet (PBUH)
refused them, and showed mercy. When Abdullah died of ill
health 2 months after the end of the Tabuk expedition, the
prophet (PBUH) even led the funeral prayer, begging for Allah
(swt) to overlook his mistakes and forgave him. Later on, this act
was forbidden by Allah (swt).

109 | P a g e
 The event of mubahalah
“This means mutual condemnation and the asking of Allah
(swt)’s punishment to come down on the one who is false.” The
same year a christian deputation came from Najran along with
their chief Abdul- Masih and patriarch Abu Haritha, they were 60
people with 24 from the distinguished families. They entered the
prophet’s (PBUH) mosque and started bitter arguments.
Meanwhile, the earlier verses of Surah Al-Imran and the verse
regarding Mubahalah were sent down. When the Prophet (PBUH)
asked them to accept islam, they showed rudeness. The Prophet
(PBUH) said, “Isa (Jesus) was raised out of clay by Allah (swt) like
Adam.” “no, Jesus was the son of Allah (swt)” they opposed. The
Prophet (PBUH) said,

“If you are true in your claim then come along to a field with me
and my relatives, and both the parties shall sit separately and
say, “’May the torment of Allah (swt) descend on the one who is
liar.”

Hearing this they kept silent. The next morning the Prophet
(PBUH) took Hazrat Ali (RA) Hazrat Fatimah (RA), Hazrat Hasan
(RA) and Hussain (RA) with him and said to the Christians,

“When I pray Allah (swt) to send down His torment on the one
who is telling a lie, you say, ‘May it be so’.”

The straight forwardness of the Prophet (PBUH) frightened them

so much that they declared:

110 | P a g e
“We don’t want to enter into Mubahalah.” The Prophet (PBUH)
said firmly: “accept Islam if you don’t want Mubahalah, and
become one with all the other Muslims.” They replied, “We don’t
accept this offer either,” “Be ready then to either pay the (Jizyah)
tax or measure your swords with us.”

They said “We shall pay the tax.” When going back, they wished
to have a complain sent with them. The prophet (PBUH) sent
Hazrat Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah (RA) with them and, after a short
time, all the Christians became Muslims.

111 | P a g e
 Farewell pilgrimage
(10 A.H / 632 A.D)
It was proclaimed throughout the Madinah that the Prophet
(PBUH) himself would lead the pilgrimage. Masses assembled to
the city from all directions, glad of the opportunity of
accompanying the Prophet (PBUH)

The Farewell Pilgrimage.

Since his emigration to Madinah, he had not performed the Hajj.

Therefore, accompanied by vast masses including all wives and
household members, the Prophet (PBUH) set out from Madinah
on the 25th of Zul Qa’dah, in the year 10 A.H, after performing
the Zuhr prayer. At sunset on the 10th day (4th Zul Hajjah) the
Prophet (PBUH) halted an easy march from Makkah, and the next
morning having bathed, entered the city and performed the
rituals of Umrah. The Prophet (PBUH) and his companions stayed
in Makkah in the 8th of Dhul-Hajjah, the time when the duties of
the pilgrimage were due. Starting from Makkah on the 8th Dhul-
Hajjah, the Prophet (PBUH) went to Mina, where he spent the
night before leaving for Arafat.

The day of Arafat and the Farewell Sermon

112 | P a g e
On the 9th of Dhul-Hajjah, the Prophet (PBUH) rode on after
daybreak to Arafah and delivered his farewell address mounted
on his camel (Qaswa) before about 120000 of his followers. The
main teachings of the sermon are as follows:

➢ All you people listen well to my words, for I don’t know if I

shall ever be among you after this year. Therefore, listen to
what I am saying to you carefully and take these words to
those who couldn’t be here today.
➢ All you people, just as you consider this month, this day and
this city Holy, so regard the life and property of every
Muslim as a sacred trust. Return the things that are
entrusted to you to their rightful owners. Hurt no one so
that no one will hurt you.
➢ Know that every Muslim is a brother to every other Muslim
and that Muslims are on brotherhood. Nothing is allowed
for a Muslim if it belongs to another Muslim unless it was
given freely and willingly. Do not do wrong to yourselves.
➢ Remember that you will indeed meet your lord, and that he
will indeed weigh your actions. Allah (swt) has forbidden
you to take interest; therefore, all interest requirements are
cancelled. Your original money is yours to keep. You will
neither cause nor suffer from unfairness. Allah (swt) has
judged that there shall be no interest and so all the interest
that is due to Abbas (RA) the son of Abdul Muttalib is
cancelled.
➢ Beware of Shaitan for the safety of your way of life. He has
lost all hope in leading you astray in big things, so beware of
following him in small things.
➢ Treat your women well and be kind to them for they are
your partners and committed helpers. It is also your right
113 | P a g e
 that they don’t make friends with a person you don’t
approve of as well as to never be unfaithful.
➢ All you people. Listen to me closely, serve Allah (swt), say
your five daily prayers, fast during the month of Ramadan
and give your wealth in Zakat, perform the Hajj if you can
afford it.
➢ All humans are from Adam and Hawwa. An arab is not
better than a non-Arab nor is a non-Arab better than an
Arab. A white is not better than a black, nor is a black better
than a white except in Taqwa (piety) and good deeds.
➢ All those who listen to me shall pass on my words to others
and those to others again; and may the last ones
understand my words better than the first.
Finally, he ended his brief sermon with an earnest question, “O
people! Have I faithfully delivered to you my message? The
people replied as one, “Yes!” At this Prophet (PBUH) added, O
Allah (swt)! You are my witness” He also declared that no non-
Muslims would ever be allowed in the Holy city ever again. When
the prophet (PBUH) finished his speech, he recited the following
new revelation from Allah (swt):

“Today I have perfected your religion for you, completed My

favors upon you and have chosen for you Islam as your religion.”

No legal command whatsoever was revealed after this verse. Soon

after the rites of the pilgrimage had been finished, the prophet
(PBUH) took his journey back to Madinah with his followers.

114 | P a g e
 Events in 11 a.h / 632 A.D

Expedition to Syria (11 A.H)

The Prophet (PBUH) turned his attention to the northern borders

of Arabia and those a young man, Hazrat Usama bin Zaid (RA)
hardly 20 years of age, to be commanding ofiicer. He was given
good advice about war tactics from the Prophet (PBUH) and was
left to organize his expedition.

The prophet’s (PBUH) illness & rising of the false Prophets

Shortly thereafter the Prophet (PBUH) became ill and had to limit
the activities. During the illness period the Prophet (PBUH) also
came to know about three false Prophets (Aswad Ansi, Tulayha
Asadi and Musailmah) arose in different areas of Arabia and he
instructed to wage jihad against them.

Last days of the Prophet (PBUH)

When the Prophet’s (PBUH) condition worsened:

✓ He asked that Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) be in charge of leading

the prayers for him. Even he also performed prayer behind
him in the rows.
✓ He also met delegations from tribes that wanted to accept
Islam.

115 | P a g e
✓ The Prophet (PBUH) whispered something in Hazrat Fatima’s
(RA) ear which made her cry. Then he whispered something
that made her smile. [Details of this hadith is in the
Biography of Hazrat Fatimah (RA)].
✓ He also asked permission and shifted to the apartment of
Hazrat Ayesha (RA), and lived there till the death.

A little before the Death

Hazrat Ali, Hazrat Abbas (RA) Hazrat Fazal bin Abbas (RA),
Hazrat Abu Bakr, and Hazrat Umar remained at the service of
the Prophet (PBUH) most of the time during his fatal illness.
The Prophet (PBUH) disliked anything to be left with him at the
time of his final departure. He, therefore, asked Hazrat Ayesha
(RA) to give away in charity 5 or 6 dinars remaining with her.
On Monday, 12 Rabi ul Awwal, 11 A.H he came out with a
bandage lied around his head when Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) was
leading the dawn prayer. Following this he went back home
and lay down with his head in the lap of Hazrat Ayesha (RA).
Just at that moment Hazrat Abdur Rehman bin Abu Bakr (RA)
entered a room with a green tooth stick (Miswak---- a natural
toothbrush) in his hand. The Prophet (PBUH) looked at it in a
way that she thought he wanted it. She then took the tooth
stick from her brother, chewed it a little to make it soft, and
she gave it to the Prophet (PBUH).

Death

116 | P a g e
After 13/14 days of illness, he breathed his last, while he was
resting on Hazrat Ayesha’s (RA) lap. A cup of water was kept
near him. He dipped his hand in it and wiped his face with it,
saying, “O Allah (swt), help me in the pains of death.” Thus,
the Prophet (PBUH) passed away and was buried on the spot
where he died.

The Funeral Prayer and Burial.

Hazrat Ali (RA) washed his body while Hazrat Abbas (RA) and
his two sons helped moving him from one side to the other,
while Hazrat Usama (RA) was pouring water over the body. The
task of washing the body being over, the companions were
divided over the place of burial. Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) then said,
“I have heard from the Messenger of Allah (swt) that every
Prophet is being buried on the spot where he has breathed his
last.” The people came to perform the funeral prayer in groups
one after another. The women came in after the men and after
them the children, all of whom prayed over him.

117 | P a g e
QURANIC PASSAGES
1-15
MAIN THEMES AND
THEIR SIGNIFICANCE

118 | P a g e
Passages from the Quran for special study.
Allah in himself.
1.Surah 2:255

َّ ِ‫اّلل َِل إ َٰلَِهَ إ َِّل ه َِو ا ْْلَ ُِّي الْ َقيُّومِِۚ َِل ََتْخذهِ سنَةِ َوَِل نَ ْومِِۚ لَهِ َما ف‬
ِ‫الس َم َاوات‬ َِّ
َِ ْ َ‫َوَما فِ ْاْل َْرضِِۗ َم ِْن َذا الَّذي يَ ْش َفعِ ع ْن َدهِ إَِّل ِب ْذنهِِۚ يَ ْعلَمِ َما ب‬
‫ي أَيْديه ِْم َوَما‬
ِ‫الس َم َاوات‬ َِ ‫ِيءِ م ِْن علْمهِ إ َِّل ِبَا َش‬
َّ ِ‫اءِۚ َوس َِع ك ْرسيُّه‬ ْ‫ش‬
َ ‫َخ ْل َفه ِْمِۖ َوَِل يِيطو َِن ب‬
ِ‫ضِۖ َوَِل يَئودهِ ح ْفظه َماِۚ َوه َِو ال َْعل ُِّي ال َْعظيم‬
َِ ‫َو ْاْل َْر‬

Allah is He besides Whom there is no god, the Everliving, the Self-subsisting by Whom
all subsist; slumber does not overtake Him nor sleep; whatever is in the heavens and
whatever is in the earth is His; who is he that can intercede with Him but by His
permission? He knows what is before them and what is behind them, and they cannot
comprehend anything out of His knowledge except what He pleases, His knowledge
extends over the heavens and the earth, and the preservation of them both tires Him
not, and He is the Most High, the Great.

A: Main theme:

This passage was revealed after migration it is called the leader of

Surah Baqarah. During its revelation it was accompanied by
119 | P a g e
thousands of angels because of its greatness and glory. the
passage mainly discusses the unity/oneness and some of the
attributes precise to Allah (swt) alone. This verse is called the
“Verse of Throne”. The theme of the throne is central to this
passage and it emphasizes how He is the only one who can make
decisions about His creation, as he has knowledge over all the
things, both of the manifest and of the hidden. Quran says:

“It is he who knows what is open in speech and what you hide (in
your hearts)”.

This also tells that, it is he alone who maintains and sustains

heavens and earth and everything contained therein, and while
doing so, He neither requires rest nor he ever tires or feels
exhausted like Human being, as He is different to Humans.

B: Importance of theme:

The passage holds great significance in our lives, as it presents the

themes of Allah’s self-subsistence in a way that, it establishes the
concept of Lord that He is not like other being who sleeps, eats or
acts like Human being. So, we, must always proclaim the unity of
Allah (swt) and should not associate any creature in his attributes.
This also makes us realize that all powers and knowledge belong
to Allah (swt) only, so turn only towards him for help and support
in daily lives. This passage is also used as a prayer for protection
and was said by the Prophet (PBUH) to be one of the best
passages of the Quran, so Muslims might recite it daily for
protection.

120 | P a g e
The Prophet (PBUH) also said: “the one who recites “Ayat-ul-
Kursi” after the obligatory prayers, then death will be the only
thing preventing him from entering paradise.”

121 | P a g e
2.Surah 6.101-103

‫صا ِحبَةٌ ۖ َو َخلَ َق ُك َّل‬ ِ ‫السماو‬

ِ ‫ات َو أاْل أَر‬ ِ
َ ُ‫ََّن يَ ُكو ُن لَهُ َولَ ٌد َوَلأ تَ ُك أن لَه‬
َّٰ ‫ض ۖ أ‬ َ َ َّ ‫يع‬ ُ ‫بَد‬
}101{ ‫شيء عليم‬
ِ ٍ ‫شي ٍء ۖ وهو بِ ُك ِل‬
ٌ َ ‫َأ‬ َُ َ ‫َ أ‬
ٍ ِ َّ ‫ٰذَلِ ُك ُم‬
‫اَّللُ َربُّ ُك أم ۖ ََل إِٰلَهَ إََِّل ُه َو ۖ َخال ُق ُك ِل َش أيء فَ أ‬
‫اعبُ ُدوهُ ۚ َوُه َو َعلَ ٰى ُك ِل‬
}102{ ‫كيل‬
ِ ٍ
ٌ ‫َش أيء َو‬
ِ ‫يف أ‬ ِ
ُ‫اْلَبي‬ ُ ‫صا َر ۖ َوُه َو اللَّط‬ َ ‫ص ُار َوُه َو يُ أد ِرُك أاْلَبأ‬
َ ‫ََل تُ أد ِرُكهُ أاْلَبأ‬

101. To Him is due the primal origin of the heavens and the earth: how can He have a
son when He has no consort? He created all things, and He has full knowledge of all
things. 102. That is Allah, your Lord! there is no god but He, the Creator of all things:
then worship Him: and He has power to dispose of all affairs. 103. No vision can grasp
Him, but His grasp is over all vision: He is above all comprehension, yet is acquainted
with all things.

A: Main theme:

The main theme of this passage is “Allah (swt) in himself”, and it

primarily talks about Allah’s power. His absolute unity and
knowledge over all universities. He is the only one to control the
heavens and the earth and alone is worthy of being worshipped.
The passage also negates the faith of those who believes that
Allah (swt) has family members like other human being. As Quran

122 | P a g e
says in surah Ikhlas; “He begets not, nor is HE begotten and there
is none equal to him”. It further explains his unique attributes
that, HE is not perceivable and human mind can’t comprehend his
entity and HE is invisible to physical eye.

B: Importance of theme:

These teachings emphasize the importance of tawheed for

Muslims as it explains Allah’s immense power and unlimited
knowledge and that only HE can fulfill their needs. Therefore, it
demands them to demonstrate their firm belief by bowing down
before him in all submission and worship like the other creations.
His monitoring over all creatures also gives them a lesson to keep
a check on their actions if they are in accordance with divine
commands. The passage negates any form of Shirk by any other
action of daily life, as there is a lot of glamour and distraction in
the world which remind Muslims that they should always
remember their creator and HE should be regarded eternal and
be truly worshipped alone.

123 | P a g e
3. Surah 41.37

ِ ِ ‫وِمن آَيتِِه اللَّيل والنَّهار والشَّمس والأ َقمر ۚ ََل تَسج ُدوا لِلشَّم‬
‫س َوََل للأ َق َم ِر َو أ‬
‫اس ُج ُدوا‬ ‫أ‬ ُ‫أ‬ َُ َ ُ ‫َ أ َ أ ُ َ َ ُ َ أ‬
‫ََِّّللِ الَّ ِذي َخلَ َق ُه َّن إِ أن ُكأن تُ أم إِ ََّيهُ تَ أعبُ ُدو َن‬
37. Among His signs are the night and the day, and the sun and the moon. Adore not the
sun and the moon, but adore Allah, who created them, if it is Him you wish to serve

A: Main theme:

This passage particularly speaks about Allah (swt) as creator as HE

creates and control everything. As Quran says “It is HE who has
created seven heavens one above another. No oddness can you
see in the creation of the most Beneficent.” The heavenly bodies
like Sun, moon and stars etc and arrival of day and night are
marks of Allah (swt) for humankind and being his creation, they
have no authority or power on their own and they work under
supervision of Almighty Allah (swt) the Passage also describes
that, man’s vision and perception are limited. HE adores the sun
and the moon and other natural phenomena (like pagans) but
refuses to recognize the glory of the Supreme Lord of the
Universe; Only HE should be worshipped, no-one is equal to Him.

B: Importance of theme:

124 | P a g e
The passage plays an important role in our lives as it create a
strong link between us and Allah (swt) by telling that all sources
and objects in the universe are under the supreme control of
Allah (swt) , they can never benefit or harm the mankind until
Allah’s wishes, as “the knife didn’t harm Hazrat Ismail (RA) when
his father tried to sacrifice him,” believers are bound to worship
Allah (swt) alone In order to appreciate His creative power, and it
is unlawful to prostate before anything\anyone else besides Allah.

Moreover, the signs of Allah (swt) invite Muslims to get closer to

Allah (swt) inspiring with his creation, so Muslims can find marks
of his existence in the world around them which should help them
to create fear of Allah (swt) and abolish fear of the worldly statues
etc.

125 | P a g e
4. Sura 42.4–5

ِ ‫ض ۖ وهو الأعلِي الأع‬ ِ ِ ‫السماو‬

. ‫يم‬
ُ ‫ظ‬ َ ُّ َ َ َُ ِ ‫َر‬
‫أ‬ ‫اْل‬
‫أ‬ ‫ِف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬َ َ َ َ َّ ‫لَهُ َما ِِف‬
‫و‬ ‫ات‬
‫ات يَتَ َفطَّأر َن ِم أن فَ أوقِ ِه َّن ۚ َوالأ َم ََلئِ َكةُ يُ َسبِ ُحو َن ِِبَ أم ِد َرّبِِ أم َويَ أستَ أغ ِف ُرو َن لِ َم أن‬
ُ ‫الس َم َاو‬
َّ ‫اد‬ ُ ‫تَ َك‬
ِ َّ ‫اَّلل هو الأغَ ُفور‬ ِ ِ ‫ِِف أاْل أَر‬
.‫يم‬ُ ‫الرح‬ ُ َ ُ ََّ ‫ض أَََل إ َّن‬

4. To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and on earth: and HE is most high, most
great. 5. The heavens are almost rent asunder from above them, and the angels
celebrate the praises of their Lord, and pray for forgiveness for beings on earth: Behold!
Verily Allah (swt) is He, the oft-forgiving, the most merciful.

A: Main theme:

The theme contained in it is about “Allah (swt) in Himself”. It is

part of the Makki Surah which describes Oneness of Allah (swt) in
Lordship and his exclusive ownership of the Earth and heavens.
His authority, his power, and his greatness over entire universe
are unmatched and not shared by Him with anyone else. The
passage communicates the majesty and sublimity of Allah, that
the highest heavens are almost ready to burst in bits by his glory,
as HE says in Quran

“…..But my mercy extends to all things” it also tells that the

angels, besides celebrating the glory of the almighty, pray and beg

126 | P a g e
of him and the dwellers of the Earth can’t be forgiven, as it is Allah
(swt) who is the forgiving, the merciful
B: Importance of theme:

The theme of this passage emphasizes mankind to put his trust in

Allah (swt) only and treat him the only independent as HE has the
power and control over all the things so they should remember
that they don’t have any power in comparison. It also makes
realize that mankind should rely upon the sole Beneficent Allah
(swt) and not upon worldly sources, when they are worried about
their problems like exams, having an operation etc, as worldly
things can only do good to man if Allah (swt) wills. It stops
Muslims from being non-merciful towards the humankind and
encourages being forgiving of others, even if they have been hurt
or injured.

127 | P a g e
5. Sura 112

‫َح ٌد‬َ ‫اَّللُ أ‬

َّ ‫قُ أل ُه َو‬
‫الص َم ُد‬
َّ ُ‫اَّلل‬َّ
‫َلأ يَلِ أد َوَلأ يُولَ أد‬
‫َح ٌد‬
َ ‫َوَلأ يَ ُك أن لَهُ ُك ُف ًوا أ‬
1. Say: HE is Allah, the one and only; 2. Allah, the eternal, absolute; 3. HE does not
beget, nor is HE begotten; 4. And there is none like Him.

A: Main theme:

This is an early Makkan surah, and it principally deals with Tawhid,

the Unity of Allah (swt) which denies the idea of polytheism, in
which people believe in many gods. The Surah speaks about his
unique attributes that all the things and beings are dependent on
him and HE is not Dependent on anyone as HE is the creator of
this universe. Quran says, “there is no god but He, the creator of
all the things: then worship Him: and HE has the power to
dispose of all affairs”

The passage is very clearly stating the fact that, there is no

concept of His children and family members as HE is unique, and
no-one else can match his attributes.
128 | P a g e
B: Importance of theme:

The passage plays a vital role in our lives, as it is one of the four
‘Quls’ recited for protection and reciting it thrice gives the benefit
of reciting a whole of the Qu’ran. It highlights that Allah (swt) has
no family tree or progeny, thus negates all corrupted beliefs as
“Angels are His Daughters” & “H.Essa (AS) is his Son”. Muslims
learn from this to only rely on Allah (swt) as there is no one that
shares his power and control. Furthermore, these verses help
Muslims about their Lord and his attributes who they are
worshipping, so they must submit their prayers & worships only
to their creator instead of making partners or relatives to Him
which is Shirk and unpardonable sin.

129 | P a g e
AllAh’s RelAtionship With the
Created World
6. Sura 1

}1{ ‫الرِحي ِم‬

َّ ‫حَ ِن‬ َّ ِ‫اَّلل‬
ٰ ‫الر أ‬ َّ ‫بِ أس ِم‬
ِ ِِ ‫أ‬
َ َ ِ ‫اْلَ أم ُد ََّّلل َر‬
}2{ ‫ب الأعالَمي‬

}3{ ‫الرحي ِم‬

ِ َّ ‫ح ِن‬
َٰ ‫الر أ‬
َّ
}4{ ‫ن‬ ِ ‫الدي‬ِ ‫ك ي وِم‬ ِ ِ‫مال‬
‫َ َأ‬
ِ
ُ ‫إِ ََّي َك نَ أعبُ ُد َوإِ ََّي َ أ‬
}5{ ‫ك نَستَعي‬

ِ
}6{ ‫ط الأمستَقيم‬
ِ ِ
َ ‫أاهد ََن الصَرا َ ُ أ‬
ِ ِ ‫ض‬ ِ َّ‫ِصرا َط ال‬
َ ‫وب َعلَأي ِه أم َوََل الضَّال‬
‫ي‬ ُ ‫ت َعلَأي ِه أم َغ أِي الأ َم أغ‬ َ ‫ين أَنأ َع أم‬َ ‫ذ‬ َ

1. In the name of Allah, most gracious, most merciful. 2. Praise be to Allah, the
cherisher and sustainer of the worlds; 3. Most gracious, most merciful; 4. Master
of the day of judgment. 5. You we worship, and your aid we seek. 6. Show us the
straight way, 7. The way of those to whom You have given your grace, not those
who earn your anger, nor those who go astray.

A: Main theme:

This is an early Makkan Surah, and it is also called “Umm-ul-

Kitab” (Mother of the essence of the book), and Surat-ul-Hamd
130 | P a g e
(The surah of Praise). It principally deals with the relationship
between Allah (swt) and his creatures and also talks about Allah’s
kindness and mercy. The Surah says to us that Allah (swt) alone
deserves worship because Allah (swt) is the Master of the worlds
(known and unknown) as well as the master of the Day of
Judgement. Moreover, it guides humankind to ask for guidance
only to Allah (swt) so they will be able to receive His blessings and
bounties in this world as well as in hereafter life and they will
never go astray.

The passage also speaks about his unique attributes that all the
things and beings are dependent on him and HE is not dependent
on anyone as HE is the creator of this universe. Quran says, “there
is no god but He, the Creator of all things, : then worship Him:
and HE has the power to dispose all affairs.”

B: Importance of theme:

This is the very first Surah of Quran and it is considered prayer,

which Allah (swt) himself has taught to man. This is one of the
most important Surahs for Muslims today as we particularly recite
this surah every time before we make any of our personal
supplications to our Lord, and it is also recited in every prayer and
no prayer is accepted without Fatiha. As the prophet said;

“whoever does not recite Al-Fatiha in his prayer, his prayer is

invalid.”

These 7 verses remind Muslims to submit all wills & desires to

Allah (swt) and ask for guidance and mercy by reciting again and

131 | P a g e
again, because the Muslims are accountable to Him as HE is the
lord of the Day of Judgement. The Surah is also an effective
source to get cure from all kind of illness. As the Prophet (PBUH)
said;

“Surah al fatihah is cure from every illness”.

132 | P a g e
7. Sura 2.21–22

}21{ ‫ين ِم أن قَ أبلِ ُك أم لَ َعلَّ ُك أم تَتَّ ُقو َن‬ ِ َّ ِ َّ

َ ‫َّاس أاعبُ ُدوا َربَّ ُك ُم الذي َخلَ َق ُك أم َوالذ‬ ُ ‫ََي أَيُّ َها الن‬
‫َخَر َج بِِه ِم َن‬ ِ َّ ‫السماء بِناء وأَنأزَل ِمن‬ ِ‫الَّ ِذي جعل لَ ُكم أاْلَرض ف‬
‫الس َماء َماءً فَأ أ‬ َ َ َ َّ
َ ً َ َ َ َ َ ‫ََ َ ُ أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬‫اش‬
ً ‫ر‬
}22{ ‫ن‬ َ ‫ات ِرأزقًا لَ ُك أم ۖ فَ ََل َأَت َعلُوا ََِّّللِ أَنأ َد ًادا َوأَنأتُ أم تَ أعلَ ُمو‬
ِ ‫الثَّمر‬
ََ

21. O people! Adore your Guardian-Lord, who created you and those who came before
you, so that you may have the chance to learn righteousness; 22. Who has made the
earth your couch, and the heavens your canopy; and sent down rain from the heavens;
and by it brought forth fruits for your sustenance; then do not set up rivals to Allah,
when you know.

A: Main theme:

These verses from Surah Baqarah project Allah’s relation with

man by highlighting the fact that Allah, the creator deserves all
praises for what HE does for the benefits of mankind (guidance in
all matters, fertile land that man needs to remain alive, shade and
water from sky etc) as it is the purpose of our creation. Quran
says:

“I have created Jinns and men only to worship me”

The passage also guides mankind that when they know all this
then it is unlawful for them to worship something else and set
rivals for Allah (swt) as it is considered an unpardonable sin.
133 | P a g e
Quran says:

“Indeed, Allah (swt) doesn’t forgive association with him, but HE

forgives what is less than that for whom HE wills”.
B: Importance of theme:

The passage greatly affects the daily living of a Muslim as it shows

the value of submitting one’s wills and desires to Allah (swt) that
would grant him the blessing of piety/Taqwa. It increases the
ranks of a Muslim in the court of Allah, as HE says;

“the most honoured in the sight of Allah (swt) is the believer

with the most Taqwa.”

It is therefore; He should stay away from wrongdoings and

develop fear of Allah (swt) by considering Him closer to him. The
2nd verse reminds the favour of Allah (swt) in a form of rain, earth,
fruits etc, which provide comforts humankind in this world. They
should also be responsible towards the blessings of Allah (swt)
and try not to ruin the environment through unnecessary
pollution and wasting resources. Lastly, it also demands to be the
servant of only one Allah (swt) as one depends on none but Him.

134 | P a g e
8. Sura 96.1–5

}1{ ‫ك الَّ ِذي َخلَ َق‬ َ ِ‫اقأ َرأ ِِب أس ِم َرب‬

}2{ ‫ق‬ ٍ َ‫اْلنأسا َن ِم أن َعل‬ ِ
َ ‫َخلَ َق أ‬
}3{ ‫كرم‬
ُ َ ‫ك أاْلَ أ‬ َ ُّ‫اقأ َرأ َوَرب‬
}4{ ‫قلَ ِم‬َ ‫الَّ ِذي َعلَّ َم ِِبلأ‬
}5{ ‫ل ي علَم‬
‫اْلنأ َسا َن َما َأ َ أ أ‬ ِ‫َعلَّم أ‬
َ

1. Read! in the name of your Lord, who created, 2. Created man out of a clot of
congealed blood: 3. Proclaim! And your Lord is most bountiful, 4. HE who taught
by the pen, 5. Taught man what HE did not know.

A: Main theme:

These verses are Makki and the very first five verses revealed to
the Prophet (PBUH) in the cave of Hira while HE was meditating
for his Allah. The main theme of this passage is “Allah’s relation
with the created world” and it superbly discusses the unique
power of Allah (swt) of creating man from an insignificant
material and then raised his status to the highest position
amongst all of his creations. The passage also speaks about the
reason behind the man’s superiority over all other creations of
Allah (swt) that HE has been bestowed the knowledge that HE
didn’t know, as Quran says:

135 | P a g e
 “He [Allah} has taught you what you did not know….”

“He taught Adam the names of all things”

The man therefore can acquire knowledge which none of his

other creatures can do.

B: Importance of theme:

These five verses of Surah Alaq hold great significance as they

initiated the Islamic movements in the history. The passage allows
humankind to understand how Allah (swt) created them from a
low origin that requires them not to become arrogant or show
pride over their position and achievements, for they must remain
humble. As Allah (swt) states in Quran;

“Do not walk through the earth proudly” ….

Seeking the knowledge is also encouraged and so humankind

should try their best to learn throughout their lives, especially
religious knowledge so they can get to know that their Allah (swt)
and his wills over the stages of man’s life. This passage also
teaches mankind that their lord doesn’t want them to go astray,
and HE guided them with Islam and Prophethood of the
Muhammad (PBUH), therefore they should be grateful to Allah
(swt) for all of His blessings.

136 | P a g e
9. Sura 99

ِ
}1{ ‫ض ِزلأَزا ََلَا‬ ُ ‫إِ َذا ُزلأ ِزلَت أاْل أَر‬
}2{ ‫َلا‬
ِ ‫وأ‬
ََ ‫ض أَثأ َقا‬ ُ ‫َخَر َجت أاْل أَر‬ ‫َ أ‬
}3{ ‫َلا‬
ََ ‫اْلنأ َسا ُن َما‬ِ‫ال أ‬ َ َ‫َوق‬
}4{ ‫ث أَخبارها‬
ِ ٍِ
َ َ َ ‫يَ أوَمئذ ُُتَد ُ أ‬
}5{ ‫َلا‬
ََ ‫ك أ أَو َح ٰى‬ َّ ‫ِِب‬
َ َّ‫َن َرب‬
}6{ ‫َلم‬
ِ ً ‫ي ومئِ ٍذ يص ُدر النَّاس أَ أشت‬
‫اًت ل َُيأوا أ أَع َما َُأ‬َ ُ ُ ‫َأ َ َ أ‬
}7{ ‫رةٍ خيا ي ره‬
ِ
ُ ََ ً ‫فَ َم أن يَ أع َم أل مثأ َقا َل َذ َّ َ أ‬
ُ ََ َ ٍ‫ال َذ َّرة‬
}8{ ‫ش ًّرا ي ره‬ َ ‫َوَم أن يَ أع َم أل ِمثأ َق‬
1. When the earth is shaken to her utmost convulsion, 2. And the earth throws up
her burdens, 3. And man cries out: ‘What is the matter with her?’, 4. On that day
will she declare her tidings: 5. For that your Lord will have given her inspiration.
6. On that day will men proceed in companies sorted out, to be shown their
deeds. 7. Then shall anyone who has done an atom’s weight of good see it! 8.
And anyone who has done an atom’s weight of evil shall see it.

A: Main theme:

This is a Madni Surah. It mainly talks about Allah’s power over all
things and briefly sketches the events of the “Day of Judgement”.
Allah (swt) will wrap up the entire world and there will be a

137 | P a g e
severe and sudden earthquake on that day. Quran says about that
day in Surah Qariah;

“A day whereon men will be like moths scattered about and the
mountains will be like carded wool.”

The passage also tells that human beings will be at a state of loss
and confusion after seeing the stories of their previous life on
which they, will be held accountable before Allah. HE will weigh
each and every deed then HE will reward people with paradise or
punish by sending them to Hell.

B: Importance of theme:

The Surah produces great significance in Muslims life as it briefly

highlights the events of the Day of Judgement when Allah (swt)
will punish and bless the people according to their deeds. This
creates a sense of obedience in an individual and HE starts to
avoid, indulging himself in sinister activities and always seeks the
pleasure of his lord by helping the poor and fulfilling the major
obligatory duties. When a muslim believers that even the most
ordinary goods has its own weight and value on that day, it will
promote self-sacrifice and moral values in the society. People will
give importance to small insignificant deeds of goodness like
talking with a smiling face. A true believer also realizes that his life
on this earth is temporary, therefore HE must take necessary
changes in his life pattern before he is taken to the court of Allah.

The Prophet (PBUH) highlighted the reward of reciting this Surah,

HE said:

138 | P a g e
“whoever recites Surah Zilzal (99th chapter of Quran) will get the
reward of reciting half the Quran.” (Tirmidhi)

139 | P a g e
10. Sura 114

ِ ‫ب الن‬
‫َّاس‬ ِ ‫قُل أَعُوذُ بِر‬
}1{
َ ‫أ‬
}2{ ‫َّاس‬ِ ‫ك الن‬ ِ ِ‫مل‬
َ
}3{ ‫َّاس‬ ِ ‫إِٰلَِه الن‬
ِ ‫اْلَن‬
}4{ ‫َّاس‬ ‫اس أ‬ِ ‫ِم أن َش ِر الأ َو أس َو‬
ِ ‫ص ُدوِر الن‬ ِ َّ
}5{ ‫َّاس‬
ُ ‫س ِِف‬ ُ ‫الذي يُ َو أس ِو‬
ِ ‫اْلِن َِّة َوالن‬
}6{ ‫َّاس‬ ‫ِم َن أ‬
1. Say: I seek refuge with the Lord of mankind, 2. The King of mankind, 3. The God
of Mankind, 4. From the mischief of the whisperer who withdraws, 5. Who
whispers into the hearts of mankind, 6. Among jinns and among mankind.

A: Main theme:

Surah nas is the last Surah of Quran and it was revealed along
with the Surah Falaq when the Prophet (PBUH) got affected with
the black magic which was cast by a Jew magician ‘Labid bin Asim’
Initially the Surah talks about Allah’s power and his ability to
protect humans from the various evils of the world, from Jinn and
men, so humans should look for aid only from him as HE is all-
powerful. The passage further highlights men’s relation to
Allah(swt) as their lord, King, Ruler and the one who will judge all

140 | P a g e
mankind for their deeds. HE is the only being worthy of men’s
worship. It is the one of the Surahs of protection and mankind is
being taught to seek only Allah’s protection as Devil posseses
techniques of tempting men. Quran says at another place;

“Say, O my Lord, I seek refuge with you from devil’s

promptings…..”

B: Importance of theme:

This surah in combination with Surah Falaq provides protection to

a believer against all external and internal possible dangers. When
a Muslimstruggle for noble cause, a number of people in the
society normally turn against him. The devil would whisper evil
intentions in heart of wrongdoers. This Surah will provide him
refuge before their desires end into evil actions. Muslims should
however strengthen their relation with Allah (swt) toward of all
evil forces. The best way to do this is remember Allah (swt) and
keep on doing good deeds. Additionally, recitation of this Surah is
the best remedy for all the worries related to the families or jobs,
and for all kinds of disease as well. The Prophet (PBUH) would
recite it for the same reasons, Hazrat Ayesha (RA) narrated that,

“Whenever Allah’s messenger became sick, HE would recite

Surah Al-Falaq and Surah An-Nas and then blow his breath over
his body.”

141 | P a g e
 ‫‪AllAh’s relation with his‬‬
‫‪Messengers.‬‬
‫‪11. 2.30–37‬‬

‫ََت َع ُل فِ َيها َم أن يُ أف ِس ُد فِ َيها‬ ‫اعل ِِف أاْلَر ِ ِ‬

‫ض َخلي َفةً ۖ قَالُوا أ َأ‬ ‫أ‬
‫ك لِلأم ََلئِ َك ِة إِِّن ج ِ‬
‫َ ٌ‬ ‫ال َربُّ َ َ‬ ‫َوإِ أذ قَ َ‬
‫ن {‪}30‬‬ ‫ال إِِّن أ أَعلَ ُم َما ََل تَ أعلَ ُمو َ‬ ‫ك ۖ قَ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ويس ِف ِ‬
‫س لَ َ‬ ‫ك الد َماءَ َوَأَن ُن نُ َسب ُح ِبَ أمد َك َونُ َقد ُ‬ ‫ََ أ ُ‬
‫َسَ ِاء َٰه ُؤََل ِء إِ أن ُكأن تُ أم‬
‫ال أَنأبِئُ ِوّن ِِب أ‬‫ض ُه أم َعلَى الأ َم ََلئِ َك ِة فَ َق َ‬ ‫َسَاءَ ُكلَّ َها ُُثَّ َعَر َ‬
‫آد َم أاْل أ‬‫َو َعلَّ َم َ‬
‫صادقي {‪}31‬‬
‫ِِ‬
‫َ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اْلكيم {‪}32‬‬
‫يم أَ ُ‬ ‫ت الأ َعل ُ‬ ‫ك أَنأ َ‬ ‫ك ََل ِع أل َم لَنَا إََِّل َما َعلَّ أمتَ نَا ۖ إِنَّ َ‬ ‫قَالُوا ُسأب َحانَ َ‬
‫ب‬ ‫ِِ‬
‫ال أََلأ أَقُ أل لَ ُك أم إّن أ أَعلَ ُم َغأي َ‬ ‫َسَائِ ِه أم قَ َ‬
‫َسَائِِه أم ۖ فَلَ َّما أَنأبَأ َُه أم ِِب أ‬
‫آد ُم أَنأبِأئ ُه أم ِِب أ‬
‫ال ََي َ‬ ‫قَ َ‬
‫ن {‪}33‬‬ ‫ض َوأ أَعلَ ُم َما تُأب ُدو َن َوَما ُكأن تُ أم تَ أكتُ ُمو َ‬ ‫ات َو أاْل أَر ِ‬ ‫السماو ِ‬
‫َّ َ َ‬
‫استَ أك ََب َوَكا َن ِم َن‬ ‫وإِ أذ قُ ألنا لِألم ََلئِ َك ِة اسج ُدوا ِِلدم فَسج ُدوا إََِّل إِبلِ‬
‫ََب َو أ‬‫يس أ َ ٰ‬
‫أ َ‬ ‫ََ َ َ‬ ‫أُ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫رين {‪}34‬‬
‫الأ َكاف ِ َ‬
‫ث ِشأئ تما وََل تَ أقرِب ٰه ِذهِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اْلَنَّةَ َوُك ََل مأن َها َر َغ ًدا َحأي ُ ُ َ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫ك أ‬ ‫ت َوَزأو ُج َ‬ ‫اس ُك أن أَنأ َ‬‫آد ُم أ‬ ‫َوقُلأنَا ََي َ‬
‫ِِ‬
‫وَن من الظَّالمي {‪}35‬‬
‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َّجَرَة فَتَ ُك َ َ‬ ‫الش َ‬
‫ض ُك أم لِبَ أع ٍ‬ ‫فَأَزََّلما الشَّيطَا ُن عأن ها فَأَخرجهما ِمَّا َك َ ِ ِ‬
‫ض َع ُد ٌّو ۖ‬ ‫اَن فيه ۖ َوقُلأنَا أاهبِطُوا بَ أع ُ‬ ‫َ َُ أ َ َ أ َ َ ُ َ‬
‫ض ُمستَ َقٌّر وَمتَاعٌ إِ َ َٰل ِح ٍ‬
‫ي {‪}36‬‬
‫َولَ ُك أم ِِف أاْل أَر ِ أ َ‬
‫‪142 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫يم‬‫ح‬ِ‫الر‬
َّ ‫اب‬‫و‬
َّ ‫الت‬
َّ ‫و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ه‬ َّ
‫ن‬ ِ‫اب َعلَأي ِه ۚ إ‬‫ت‬
َ ‫ف‬
َ ٍ ‫فَتَ لَ َّقى آدم ِمن ربِِه َكلِم‬
‫ات‬
}37{
ُ ُ َ ُ ُ َ َ َ ‫ٰ َُ أ‬
30. Behold, your Lord said to the angels: ‘I will create a vicegerent on earth.’ They
said: ‘Will You place there one who will make mischief there and shed blood?- whilst
we celebrate your praises and glorify your holy (name)?’ HE said: ‘I know what you
do not know.’ 31. And HE taught Adam the names of all things; then HE placed them
before the angels, and said: ‘Tell me the names of these if you are right.’ 32. They
said: ‘Glory to You, of knowledge we have none, save what You have taught us: In
truth it is You who are perfect in knowledge and wisdom.’ 33. HE said: ‘Adam! Tell
them their names.’ When HE had told them, Allah (swt) said: ‘Did I not tell you that I
know the secrets of heaven and earth, and I know what you reveal and what you
conceal?’ 34. And behold, We said to the angels: ‘Bow down to Adam’. And they
bowed down. Not so Iblis: HE refused and was haughty: HE was of those who reject
faith. 35. We said: ‘Adam! You and your wife dwell in the Garden; and eat of the
bountiful things in it as You wish. But do not approach this tree, or you will run into
harm and transgression.’ 36. Then Satan made them slip from there, and got them
out of what they had been in. We said: ‘Go down, with enmity between yourselves.
On earth will be your dwelling-place and your means of livelihood, for a time.’ 37.
Then Adam learnt from his Lord words of inspiration, and his Lord turned towards
him; for HE is often-returning, most merciful.

A: Main theme:

The passage is been taken from Surah Baqarah, which is a Madni

Surah except a few verses. It mainly deals with Allah’s relation
with his messenger Hazrat Adam (AS) and the story of His creation
as well as everything else in this universe like angels, Jinns etc.
The superiority of Hazrat Adam and his descendants is proves all
the angels except for the Iblis (as HE was not an angel) bowed
down to Hazrat Adam after they accepted that Adam was far
ahead of them in knowledge, as the quran states in Surah Alaq:
“And taught man what HE knew not.” Moreover, it shows the
close relationship between Allah (swt) and Hazrat Adam (AS)
143 | P a g e
when HE forgave Adam after being trapped by the devil and
descended him on earth. The Quran mentions it: “it is We, who
have placed you with authority on Earth.”

B: Importance of theme:

The passage contains great significance and lessons for Muslims

as it teaches in the modern age that the claim of the atheists that
man is created out of nothing or that HE is his own creator and
master is baseless, therefore they must accept Allah (swt) as their
creator and obey His command rather obeying their own will. This
also gives Muslims a sense of their connection to Allah (swt) as
Hazrat Adam (AS) is called the father of humankind and everyone
is descended from him.

Mankind’s superiority over angels and other creation teaches to

be modest and kind and don’t take it as a sign of pride because it
didn’t benefit the Satan as well though HE had a high place in the
court of Allah (swt). The passage further tells about Allah’s mercy
which gives hope to believers to ask for and to be given
forgiveness. The Quran says: “Do not despair of the mercy of
Allah”

144 | P a g e
 12. Sura 6.75–79

ِِ ِ ِ ِ ‫ات و أاْلَر‬ ِ َّ ‫ك نُِري إِب ر ِاهيم ملَ ُكوت‬ ِ

}75{ ‫ي‬َ ‫ض َوليَ ُكو َن م َن الأ ُموقن‬ ‫الس َم َاو َ أ‬ َ َ َ َ‫أ‬ َ ‫َوَك َٰذل‬
}76{ ‫اِلفلي‬
ِِ ُّ ‫ال ٰه َذا رِّب ۖ فَلَ َّما أَفَل قَ َال ََل أ ُِح‬ ٰ ‫فَلَ َّما َج َّن َعلَأي ِه اللَّأي ُل َرأ‬
َ ‫ب أ‬ َ َ َ َ َ‫َى َك أوَكبًا ۖ ق‬
‫فَلَ َّما َرأَى الأ َق َمَر َِب ِز ًغا قَ َال َٰه َذا َرِّب ۖ فَلَ َّما أَفَ َل قَ َال لَئِ أن َلأ يَ أه ِدِّن َرِّب َْلَ ُكونَ َّن ِم َن‬
ِ ِ َ ‫الأ‬
}77{ ‫قوم الضَّالي‬
َ ‫أ‬
‫ت قَ َال ََي قَ أوِم إِِّن بَِريءٌ ِمَّا‬ ‫ال َٰه َذا َرِّب َٰه َذا أَ أك َبُ ۖ فَلَ َّما أَفَلَ أ‬ َ َ‫س َِب ِز َغةً ق‬َ ‫الش أم‬
َّ ‫فَلَ َّما َرأَى‬
}78{ ‫ن‬ َ ‫تُ أش ِرُكو‬
ِ ِ ِ ‫ات و أاْلَر‬ ِ َّ ‫إِِّن و َّجهت وج ِهي لِلَّ ِذي فَطَر‬
}79{ ‫كي‬
َ ‫ض َحني ًفا ۖ َوَما أ َََن م َن الأ ُم أش ِر‬ َ ‫الس َم َاو َ أ‬ َ َ ‫َ أ ُ َأ‬
75. So also did We show Abraham the power and the laws of the heavens and the
earth, so that HE might have certainty. 76. When the night covered him over, HE saw
a star: HE said: ‘This is my Lord.’ But when it set, HE said: ‘I do not love things that
set.’ 77. When HE saw the moon rising in splendour, HE said: ‘This is my Lord.’ But
when the moon set, HE said: ‘Unless my Lord guides me, I will surely be among those
who go astray.’ 78. When HE saw the sun rising in splendour, HE said: ‘This is my
Lord; this is the greatest.’ But when the sun set, HE said: ‘O my people! I am indeed
free from your giving partners to Allah.’ 79. ‘For me, I have set my face firmly and
truly towards Him who created the heavens and the earth, and never shall I give
partners to Allah.’

A: Main theme:

145 | P a g e
The passage has been extracted from Surah Al- Anaam which is a
Makki surah and it sketches the story of Hazrat Ibrahm (AS) that
how Allah (swt) guided and supported him and taught him the
way to teach his nation about the original Lord and creator as the
people of Hazrat Ibrahim’s age used to worship idols and heavenly
bodies like Stars, Sun and moon etc. this further teaches mankind
that rising and setting are symbols of imperfection therefore they
(Idols, Heavenly bodies) deserve not to be worshipped but their
creator who is flawless must be adored. The Quran says about the
perfection of Allah (swt) in Surah Ikhlas: “Allah (swt) the absolute
and eternal”

Last of all, the obedience of Hazrat Ibrahim towards Allah (swt) is

mentioned as being a messenger and creation of Allah (swt)
avoiding from Shirk is compulsory as it is an unpardonable sin.

B: Importance of theme:

The theme of this passage comprises important lessons for

Muslims. This clarifies that no matter how strong, impressive and
powerful the created items/human being are, surely, they are
under control of Allah (swt) so Muslims must not feel fear with
the power or rank of anyone if they are true in their demand
because nothing will remain eternal, unlike Allah (swt) and his
power. This also encourages the Muslims not to take part in Shirk
based activities and as soon as you get the knowledge that it is
unlawful, proclaim your separation publicly as it helps others to
be aware of it such as prostration before grave, idol worshipping
etc.
146 | P a g e
Additionally, the guidance to hazrat Ibrahim (AS) communicates
to the mankind that as long as you’re in search of truth, Allah
(swt) never leaves you unattended and leads you the right path.

147 | P a g e
 13. Sura 5.110

ِ
ِ ‫ك بُِر‬
‫وح‬ َ ُ‫ك إِ أذ أَيَّ أدت‬َ ِ‫ك َو َعلَ ٰى َوال َدت‬َ ‫يسى ابأ َن َم أرَيَ اذأ ُك أر نِ أع َم ِت َعلَأي‬ ِ ‫اَّلل َي‬
َ َ َُّ ‫ال‬
‫ع‬ َ َ‫إِ أذ ق‬
‫اْلِ أك َمةَ َوالت أَّوَرا َة‬
‫اب َو أ‬ ِ َ ُ‫الأ ُق ُد ِس تُ َكلِم النَّاس ِِف الأمه ِد وَكه ًَل ۖ وإِ أذ علَّمت‬
َ َ‫ك الأكت‬ ‫َأ َ أ َ َ أ‬ َ ُ
ۖ ‫ي َك َهأي ئَ ِة الطَّأِي ِبِِ أذِّن فَتَ أن ُف ُخ فِ َيها فَتَ ُكو ُن طَأ ًيا ِبِِ أذِّن‬ ِ ‫اْل أِْنيل ۖ وإِ أذ ََتألُق ِمن‬
ِ ‫الط‬
َ ُ َ َ ‫َو أ‬
ِ
ِ ِ
َ ‫ت بَِن إ أسَرائ‬
‫يل‬ ُ ‫ِج الأ َم أوتَ ٰى ِبِِ أذِّن ۖ َوإِ أذ َك َف أف‬ ِ ِِ ‫ئ أاْلَ أكمهَ و أاْلَبأر‬
ُ ‫ص ِب أذِّن ۖ َوإ أذ َُتأر‬َ َ َ َ ُ ‫َوتُأِب‬
ِ ِ ِ َّ‫ال ال‬ ِ َ‫ك إِ أذ ِجأئ تَ هم ِِبلأب يِن‬
110{ ‫ي‬ ٌ ِ‫ين َك َف ُروا مأن ُه أم إِ أن َٰه َذا إََِّل س أحٌر ُمب‬ َ ‫ذ‬ َ ‫ق‬
َ ‫ف‬
َ ‫ات‬ َ ‫ُأ‬ َ ‫َعأن‬

Then will Allah (swt) say: ‘Jesus son of Mary! Recount my favour to you and to your
mother. Behold! I strengthened you with the holy spirit, so that you spoke to the people
in childhood and in maturity. Behold! I taught you the Book and Wisdom, the Law and
the Gospel. And behold! You make out of clay, as it were, the figure of a bird, by my
leave, and you breathe into it and it becomes a bird by my leave, and you heal those
born blind, and the lepers, by my leave. And behold! You bring forth the dead by my
leave. And behold! I restrained the Children of Israel from you when you showed them
the clear signs, and the unbelievers among them said: ‘This is nothing but evident
magic.’

A: Main theme:

The passage is taken from Surah Maidah and it discusses Allah’s

relation with his messenger Hazrat Isa (AS). It describes Allah’s
address to Hazrat Isa (AS) in the divine court (on the day of
judgement) in the presence of children of Israel. The passage also
mentions the power of Allah (swt) that HE shows to mankind, like
148 | P a g e
HE granted the prophetic signs to Hazrat Isa (AS) that include his
ability to speak in infancy, give life to the dead, cure the leper and
the blind and the knowledge of books Torah and Injeel to make
him stronger and prepare him to face opposition by his people.
Quran says the same teachings at another place: “we gave him
(Hazrat Isa) the injeel in which was guidance and light”

It is also repeatedly taught humans can do great things (Miracles)

but only with Allah’s permission not by own wills and powers.

B: Importance of theme:

Muslims are taught many important things through the theme of

this passage. It teaches that Allah (swt) is all-powerful and if HE
wishes, anything that seems to be impossible / Supernatural can
be done without any trouble; therefore, Muslims should keep in
mind that all these miracles were reserved to the messengers.
Now on person has these amazing powers so they shouldn’t
believe in the claims of having such powers like “giving life to
dead, travelling in space, etc.” it also makes us understand that
every blessing that a person possesses; his being born in a rich
family, his going to private school, a righteous spouse or healthy
children , etc are nothing but favours of Allah (swt) that one
should always remember and be grateful for.

This passage is also important in lives of Muslims as it tells about

the people who are ill-wisher of the Prophets (PBUH). Muslims
must acknowledge the status of the Prophets and realize that
opposing the truth would never be benefitted.

149 | P a g e
14. Sura 93

}1{ ‫ُّح ٰى‬

َ ‫َوالض‬
ٰ َ َ َ ِ‫َواللَّأي ِل إ‬
}2{ ‫ذا سجى‬

}3{ ‫ك وما قَ لَى‬

ٰ َ َ َ ُّ‫ك َرب‬ َ ‫َما َوَّد َع‬
ٰ َ ‫ك ِم َن أاْل‬
}4{ ‫ُوَل‬ َ َ‫َولَ أْل ِخَرةُ َخ أيٌ ل‬
}5{ ‫ك فََتضى‬
ٰ َ ‫يك َربُّ َ َ أ‬ َ ‫ف يُ أع ِط‬ َ ‫َولَ َس أو‬
ِ ِ
}6{ ‫ى‬ ٰ ‫آو‬َ َ‫يما ف‬ً ‫أََلأ ََي أد َك يَت‬
}7{ ‫ى‬ ٰ ‫ض ًّاَل فَ َه َد‬َ ‫َوَو َج َد َك‬
ِ
}8{ ‫غ ن‬
ٰ َ ‫َوَو َج َد َك َعائ ًَل فَأَ أ‬
}9{ ‫قهر‬
ِ
‫فَأ ََّما الأيَت َيم فَ ََل تَ أ َ أ‬
}10{ ‫َل تَ أن هر‬
ِ َّ ‫وأ ََّما‬
‫السائ َل فَ َ َ أ‬ َ
}11{ ‫ث‬ ‫ك فَ َح ِد أ‬ َ ِ‫َوأ ََّما بِنِ أع َم ِة َرب‬
1. By the glorious morning light, 2. And by the night when it is still, 3. Your Lord has
not forsaken you, nor is HE displeased. 4. And truly the Hereafter will be better
for you than the present. 5. And soon your Lord will give you so that you will be
pleased. 6. Did HE not find you an orphan and give you shelter? 7. And HE found
you wandering, and HE gave you guidance. 8. And HE found you in need, and
made you independent. 9. Therefore, do not treat the orphan with harshness,
10. Nor drive the beggar away; 11. But tell about the bounty of your Lord!

150 | P a g e
A: Main theme:

This is the Surah Duha and it is Makki Surah that mainly highlights
Allah’s special relation with the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The
passage was revealed after 15 days break during the revelation
process that worried the prophet (PBUH) and the Makkans began
to mock him. Allah (swt) consoled and satisfied him re-assuring
that He-wouldn’t abandon him. The passage also speaks about
some of Allah’s past favours on him, that were in the form of the
shelter of Hazrat Haleema Sadia (RA), his upbringing, custody and
protection of Abu Talib, and the favour of prophethood.
Therefore, it is directed to the Prophet (PBUH) to remain grateful
to Allah (swt) and help the poor, beggars and orphans of the
society realizing that a person’s benefits all come from thinking
Allah. As Allah (swt) says in Quran;

“If you are grateful, I will give you more”.

B: Importance of theme:

The theme of this passage teaches us the great significance of

faith in Allah’s help and consoles Muslims to not worry when
others tease them. Despite saying that they had been forgotten
Allah, they should look at their own lives to see the blessings and
not think that they have been given nothing. The theme also
affects specially those who are struggling for the noble cause such
as maintaining peace and harmony and facing troubles in
accomplishing goals that they shouldn’t be discouraged by the

151 | P a g e
hostile critics and should proceed forward with patience. Allah’s
help will always be with them and their work will definitely come
up with success. Even during their sufferings, Allah (swt) will fill
their souls with complete satisfaction and pleasure.

152 | P a g e
 15. Sura 108

}1{ َ َ‫إِ ََّن أ أَعطَأي ن‬

‫اك الأ َك أوثََر‬
ِ َ‫ف‬
}2{ ‫اَنر‬
‫ك َو أَأ‬ َ ِ‫ص ِل لَرب‬ َ
}3{ ‫اْلَبَت‬
ُ َ‫ك ُه َو أ أ‬ َ َ‫إِ َّن َشانِئ‬
1. To you have We granted abundance. 2. So pray to your Lord and sacrifice. 3. For
HE who hates you, HE will be cut off.

A: Main theme:

Surah Kausar is the 108th Surah of the Quran and is one of the
Surahs that were revealed in Makkah. It was revealed to console
the Prophet (PBUH) when his second son (Abdullah) died, and his
own uncle, Abu Lahab rushed to the pagans and said:
“Muhammad has become childless this night”. The passage
mentions Allah’s special care for him in time of difficulties as HE
remains near to Prophets all the time. The surah also assured him
the compensations of the persecutions in Makkah in the form of
his countless offers, his descendants through his daughter Hazrat
Fatimah (RA) and the river in Paradise.” i.e. “Kausar”. HE himself
said about it,

153 | P a g e
“this is a fountain at which my Nation will assemble on the
Resurrection Day.”

Moreover, it commanded the Prophet (PBUH) to improve the

spirit of sacrifice and be steadfast in mission as the victory is
definite for him, and those who are plotting against you will
remain unsuccessful.

B: Importance of theme:

It is one of the shortest and easiest Surah to memorize in Quran

that contains messages for the betterment of the human beings.
Learning and reciting these verses help in establishing spiritual
connection with Allah. the surah emphasizes the importance of
Allah’s support and help for Muslims in times of difficulty so they
must always remember to Look to him, and don’t feel dishearted
in life when they are oppressed or ill (financially or physically). It
reminds the blessings of Allah (swt) specifically to the person
whose children don’t remain alive after birth, that Allah (swt) will
surely compensate him either in this world through
reward/wealth or in hereafter through neighborhood of the
Prophet (PBUH). This also teaches Muslims to pray to Him only as
HE is the only protection against his enemies; therefore, Muslims
should memorize and recite this Surah if they feel fear of their
enemy.

154 | P a g e
 The History
and
Importance of
The Holy
Quran.
155 | P a g e
 Revelations to the Prophet
((PBUH))
Between the years 610-632
Introduction

The revelation literally means “a surprising and previously

unknown fact that has been disclosed to others”. In Islamic
terminology, Revelation / ‘Wahi’ means communication of idea,
command and information from Allah (swt) to a chosen human
being, conveyed either directly or through supernatural agencies
like angels.

The Quran is the final revelation in the series of Allah (swt)’s

guidance and revelation.it was sent down to the Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) through the Angel Jibrael (AS) in stages, over
a period of 23 years, and not as a complete book in one single act
of revelation.

Manners and forms of Revelation

The Holy Quran was revealed to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) in a

variety of different manners.

1. Through Angel Jibrael (AS)

One of the most common ways of receiving revelations was
through Angel Jibrael (AS). The Holy Quran states:
156 | P a g e
“Say, “Whoever is an enemy to Jibrael – it is [none but] HE who
has brought the Qu’ran down upon your heart, [O Muhammad],
by permission of Allah (swt)….”

i. At the time of bringing Allah (swt)’s message, the Angel

Jibrael (AS) would come to the holy Prophet (PBUH) in
different forms. Sometimes HE would appear in the form of
a Prophet’s (PBUH) handsome companion “Hazrat Dahya
Kalbi”, as Hazrat Umm-e-Salma (RA) reported that.
“once I saw Dayha Kalbi in front of the Prophet talking to
him”. The prophet (PBUH) then asked me: “Do you know who
this man is?” I replied: “That was Dahya Kalbi” By God I
thought it was him but the Prophet of Allah (swt) later
announced in his sermon “it was the angel Jibrael (AS)”

ii. Other times HE would come in the form of a Bedouin man as

it was also witnessed by the companions of the Prophet
(PBUH). Hazrat Umar (RA) said:
“As we were sitting one day before the Prophet (PBUH), a man
suddenly appeared attired in white and his hair was dark black,
yet there were no signs of travel on him, and none of us knew
him. HE came and sat down in front of the Prophet (PBUH)
placing his knees against his, and his hands on his thighs…. (He
asked several questions and got the answers)

Then the visitor left, and I waited a long time. Then the prophet
(PBUH) asked me, do you know, umar, who the questioner was?
I replied; Allah (swt) and His messenger know best. HE said; it
was Jibrael (AS). HE came to you to teach you your religion”.
[Sahih Muslim]
157 | P a g e
iii. The Angel jibrael (AS) also came to the Prophet (PBUH) in his
actual angelic form. Hazrat Abdullah bin Masood (RA)
narrated that the Prophet (PBUH) said:
“When I saw the Angel Jibrael HE had 600 wings”.

2. In the form of dreams

The prophet (PBUH) would sometimes receive divine revelations
in the form of dreams. Hazrat Ayesha (RA) narrated that:

“The beginning of revelations began in the form of true dreams

and ……. It would become clear by morning”

Similarly, in 6 A.H, one-night Prophet (PBUH) had a dream in

which HE saw himself, joined by other Muslims, making
pilgrimage to Makkah.

3. Directly from Allah (swt)

Once Allah (swt) directly communicated with the Prophet (PBUH)
during his ascension into the heavens, the Mairaj. There, Allah
(swt) gave divine revelation to his Prophet (PBUH) concerning the
obligatory prayers.

4. Directly into the heart.

The Prophet (PBUH) also used to receive revelation directly into
the heart through the voice of Allah (swt). As HE stated: “Angel
Jibrael conveyed a message into my heart…………”
158 | P a g e
 5. Revelation disclosed upon the sound of a bell
Another method of revelation was at the sound of a bell. The
Prophet (PBUH) would hear the ringing of a bell or sound of bees,
which would be immediately followed by divine revelation. This
type of revelation is the hardest of all. According to Hazrat Ayesha
(RA), the Prophet (PBUH) himself stated that:

“Sometimes Wahi comes to me after a bell rings and that is a

heavy time for me”. She also reported that: “During these
occasions the Prophet’s (PBUH) forehead would sweat or that his
face would become very red”.

According to the companions, the Prophet’s body also used to

become very weighty during such revelations, to the extent that
the camel on which HE was riding used to sit down due to the
increased load.

On another occasion it is narrated by Hazrat Zaid bin Sabit (RA)

that:

“The Holy Prophet’s (PBUH) thigh was resting on his thigh at the
time of receiving revelation. The force of the revelation was so
strong that it felt as if his thigh was breaking”.

Makki and Madni Revelations

The Quran was revealed in sections to the Prophet (PBUH) from

the beginning of his Prophethood until shortly before his death.
Thus, the Quran came down continuously over a period of 23
159 | P a g e
years in two different regions i.e. Makkah and Madinah. Around
86 to 90 surahs were sent down during the Makki period and 24
to 28 surahs were revealed during the Madni period.

➢ The Features Of Makki Revelations

Makki revelations were defined as all verses and chapters which
were sent down before the migration of the Prophet (PBUH)
between 610-522 A.D. this includes verses which were revealed in
taif as well as those revealed in other areas outside Makkah.

These verses/Surahs mainly consists of the following teachings

and the features;

❖ Short verses, catchy rhymes and a very strong rhythm

❖ Stress on Tawheed (Oneness of Allah (swt))
❖ Description of paradise, its pleasures and description of hell-
Fire and its torments.
❖ Some verses presented logical arguments provoking Allah
(swt)’s existence.
❖ Makki verses challenges the Arabs to duplicate the Quran as
they were used to look at the Quran as a magical spell.
❖ Mentions historical examples in order to warm those who
reject the message of islam.

➢ The Features Of Madni Revelation

Madni revelations are all those verses and chapters which were
sent down after the migration of the Prophet (PBUH) between the
years 622-632 A.D. This includes verses which were revealed
160 | P a g e
during the battles, as well those revealed in Makkah and Mina
during and after the Farewell pilgrimage.

The following are some of the main characteristics of Madni

surahs/verses.

❖ Long verses, like the verse on loans in Surah Baqarah that

contains 143 words, as the public were willing to listen
attentively to longer verses.
❖ Some verses contained many social, economic and spiritual
laws which were necessary for the development of an Islamic
state, for instance;
• Last three pillars of Islam, Zakat, fasting and Hajj, were
revealed.
• Drinking alcohol, eating pork and gambling were all
forbidden.
❖ Number of verses answered to the many questions raised by
the Jews.
❖ Some verses warned the Muslims about the dangers of the
hypocrites and taught them how to deal effectively with
them.
❖ The right to fight against the enemy was given for the first
time in Madinah and the verses taught the Islamic principles
of war, for example,
• They taught how to deal with prisoners of war and
they forbad retreat during an attack.

161 | P a g e
Circumstances of Revelations

According to the traditions the Quran began to be revealed from

cave of Hira in the month of Ramadan 610 A.D. and initially the
first five verses of Surah Alaq were revealed to mark the
beginning of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) prophecy. Later on,
this process contained as per the requirements and needs of the
people Allah (swt) sent down the verses. Moreover, to answer the
queries of the nonbelievers the chapters and verses were also
sent down to the Prophet (PBUH). For instance:

i. Surah Duha (93)

This chapter was revealed at Makkah. It has one section, eleven
verses. Some experts were of the opinion that his surah was
revealed in response to the criticism and ridicule directed towards
the Prophet (PBUH) from the Makkans. The revelation had
stopped for a few days which intensely grieved and saddened the
Prophet (PBUH) to the extent that a group from amongst the
pagans to sarcastically ridicule him. They would say that Allah
(swt) had abandoned Muhammad and that HE was unhappy with
him.

As a result, HE is constantly blaming himself and HE thought that

maybe HE did do something wrong which is why the revelation
stopped. On this occasion, Allah (swt) revealed this chapter to
console him and even assured of his eternal support throughout
the life.

Hazrat Ibn-e-Abbas (RA) narrated that

162 | P a g e
“fifteen days had passed since the prophet (PBUH) had received
any revelation. During this time, the pagans of Makkah taunted
Muhammad and said that his Lord had forsaken him and was
displeased with him. They added that if HE had been right about
his divine mission, the revelations wouldn’t have ceased for him,
Then, the aforementioned Surah (descended (and put an end to
their statements).

ii. Surah Kausar (108)

It is the 108th surah of the Quran and the shortest. According to
Ibn Ishaq, it was revealed in Makkah, sometime before the Mairaj.

When the Prophet’s (PBUH) second son Abdullah died in infancy.

Makkans felt that the Prophet (PBUH) was helpless as his infant
son died. Makkans especially (Abu Lahab and his wife Umm-e-
Jamil) called him Abtar i.e. someone who had no male successor
to carry out his name to next generations. The Prophet (PBUH)
was already deeply grieved and these taunts by the pagans of
Makkah increased his stress. Allah (swt) commanded the prophet
(PBUH) to pray and sacrifice in those circumstances and revealed
this Surah to console him. Allah (swt) also reminded the Prophet
(PBUH) of what HE had given him.

iii. Surah Ikhlas (112)

This surah is makki, rather in view of its subject matter a surah
revealed in the earliest period at Makkah. The traditions show
that different people on different occasions had questioned the
prophet (PBUH) about the essence and nature of the Allah (swt)

163 | P a g e
to whose service and worship HE invited the people, and on every
occasion, HE recited by Allah (swt)’s command this very Surah in
response. First of all, the pagans of Quraish asked him this
question in Makkah, and in reply this Surah was sent down to the
Prophet (PBUH);

“the polytheist said to the messenger of Allah (swt) “tell us the

lineage of your lord.” In response, Allah (swt) revealed (what
means): [Say, Say, "He is Allah (swt), [who is] One, HE neither
begets nor is born,Nor is there to Him any equivalent."]

Surah Nas (114)

After the treaty of Hudaibiyah when the Prophet (PBUH) returned

to Madinah, a deputation of the Jews of Khyber visited Madinah
in Muharram, 7 A.H. and meet a famous magician, Labid bin Asim,
who belongs to the tribe of Banu Zuraiq. They said to him:

“you know how Muhammad has treated us. We have tried our
best to bewitch him but have not succeeded. Now we have come
to you because you are more skilled magician. Here are three
gold coins, accept these and cast a powerful magic spell on
Muhammad.”

In those days the Holy prophet (PBUH) had a jewish boy as his
attendant. Through him they obtained a piece of the holy prophet
‘s comb with some hair struck to it. Magic was worked on the
same hair and the teeth of the comb. HE then put the hair under a
stone at the bottom of a well belonging to Banu Zuraiq called
Dharwan.

The Prophet (PBUH) fell ill for a period of six month, during which
the hair of his head fell off, etc. one day while sleeping HE saw
164 | P a g e
two angels coming to him. They informed about the Labid bin
Asim and the magic cast by him, even the place where HE put the
comb and fallen hair of the prophet (PBUH).

He then sent Hazrat Ali (RA), Hazrat Zubair (RA) and Hazrat
Ammar bin Yasir (RA) who drained the water of that well. They
lifted the stone and found therein some of the hair of the Prophet
(PBUH) as well a few teeth from his comb. They also found it with
a string with 11 knots knitted with needles. Allah (swt) then
revealed Surah Falaq and Surah Nas. With each verse that the
Prophet read one knot was united and Prophet (PBUH) felt some
lightness. When the last knot was united, the Prophet (PBUH) got
up as if he was released from a cord to which he was tied up.

165 | P a g e
 Compilation of
the holy quran
Holy Prophet’s (PBUH) lifetime.

It is proved by ijma that the Quran wasn’t compiled during the

Prophet’s (PBUH) lifetime. When a revelation was revealed, the
Prophet (PBUH) summoned his scribes and dictated it to them.
Some of them wrote it on paper, but usually it was written on
palm leaves, leather bones of camels and stones.

Hazrat Abu Bakr’s (RA) lifetime

After the death of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) there arose different
groups opposed to Islam in Arabia. True Muslims under the
leadership of the Caliph Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) fought against them
in order to re-establish islam.

In the battle of Yamamah which was fought against Musailimah

(the liar) many of those who had memorized large portions of the
Quran were killed. Hazrat Umar (RA) realized the danger of what
was happening and feared that if something wasn’t done
immediately, the Quran would be lost to future generations of
Muslims. So, he went to the Caliph and advised him to have the
166 | P a g e
whole Quran written down in one book in order to preserve it
from being lost. Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) at first refused to do so,
saying:

“the Prophet (PBUH) hadn’t told men to do it”

However, after thinking over the situation, he agreed and asked

Hazrat bin Sabit (RA) to be in charge of collecting and writing
down the whole Quran. Hazrat Zaid (RA) was also reluctant in the
beginning for the same reason that Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) had.
After sometime he came to realize that it was right, and agreed,
saying;

“If I had been asked to remove a mountain from its original

place, I would have considered it easier than the task of
compiling the Holy Quran.”

A committee was nominated under his supervision and he made

an announcement in the city to bring the fragments of the Holy
Quran to him. He checked the authenticity of the verses with 3
different methods.

• Firstly, he tested it with his own memory.

• Secondly, he consulted two trustworthy scribes of the
Holy Quran.
• And lastly, he compared them with the compiled
parts of the Quran by other scribes.
He worked really hard, and finally a compiled copy was produced.
He also stated that,

“I collected each and everything on which the Holy Quran was

written and compiled on. I even got the last part of Surah
167 | P a g e
Taubah from Hazrat Khuzaimah which was not found anywhere
else.”

This compiled copy was handed over to Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA), and
just before his death he turned over it to Hazrat Umar (RA). On his
martyrdom the copy was given in the custody of Hazrat Hafsa
(RA). This is why, it is known as Mashaf-e-Hafsa.

Hazrat Usman’s (RA) Lifetime

During the time of Hazrat Umar (RA) and Hazrat Usman (RA),
Muslims had conquered several countries, and various non-Arab
nations came under the banner of Islam. They were used to recite
Quran in their local dialect. Even in the Muslim provinces, some
Arabs began to boast that their dialect was superior to that of
others. Once Hazrat Huzaifa bin Yaman (RA) noted a dispute over
the dialects amongst the people, while he was in Iraq. He
immediately rushed to the capital and notified Hazrat Usman
(RA).

In order to rectify this problem, Hazrat Zaid bin Thabit (RA) was
called once again with three of his companions; Hazrat Abdullah
bin Zubair (RA), Hazrat Saeed bin Al-Aas (RA) and Hazrat Abd
Rehman bin Haris (RA). They were instructed to compile copies of
the Holy Quran comparing the Mashaf-e-Hafsa over the dialect of
Quraish. Hazrat Zaid (RA) collected all the fragments again,
compared them with the Mashaf and finally authentic copies
were made. These copies were sent to Makkah, Syria, Yemen,
Basra, and Damascus. One copy was kept by Hazrat Usman (RA)
which was named Mashaf-e-Imam. He also ordered that all the

168 | P a g e
previous copies be destroyed. And in that way Quran was saved
from any kind of change or loss.

169 | P a g e
 The sources of
the Islamic laws
Islamic laws are based on four sources, in which two of them are
fundamental and divine revelations: the Quran (direct word of
Allah (swt)) and the Sunnah/Hadith (indirect word of Allah (swt)).
The laws contained in these two sources are called the primary
laws which can’t be changed at any time. While the two other
sources are ijma (Consensus of scholars) and Qiyas (analogy) and
they are based on the previous twos. Therefore, the laws devised
through these sources are called secondary laws.

i. The Quran
The Quran is the main and the first source of Islamic law from
which all other sources derive their authority. It consists of the
word of Allah (swt) revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
over a period of twenty-three years. (610-632A.D)

This is the final and complete message of Allah (swt). It is

complete because it covers all sides and provides guidance for all
aspects of life (social, political, economic, religious etc.)

Allah (swt) says in the Quran:

“neither anything wet nor dry that isn’t contained in this

Luminous book.”

170 | P a g e
The Quran comprises 114 Surahs divided into 6600 (according to
some research scholars 6247) verses and it is also divided into 30
paras or parts and 7 manzil (portions). Its contents in a nutshell
are: ‘belief in one Allah (swt), and considering oneself answerable
to him; and firm belief that the guidance sent by Allah (swt)
through the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is the truth.’

The position of the Quran isn’t just that it is one of the many
revealed scriptures but that it is only authentic divine book. All
the other books, due to human additions and deletions, have
been altered and historically unreliable. But the Quran is the most
is the most referred to, and most respected law-making authority
or norm of Islamic law.

The astonishing fact about this book of Allah (swt) is that it has
remained unchanged even precisely to a period over the last 1400
years. Allah (swt) has, Himself, taken the responsibility to
preserve the Quran:

“Verily, we have revealed this reminder to you and surely we are

its guardian.”

The Quran is not only unique in the way in which it presents its
subject matter, which is man and his ultimate goal in life, but it is
also unique in that it is a miracle itself. It has been documented
that the Prophet (PBUH) challenged the Arabs to produce a
literary work of a similar caliber as the Quran, but they were
unable to do so in spite of their well-known fluency and literary
powers. The challenge to reproduce of the Quran was presented
to the Arabs and mankind three times.

171 | P a g e
 • The whole Quran; “Say: if all mankind and the Jinn would
come together to produce the like of this Quran, they
couldn’t produce it..”
• Ten chapters; “Or do they say, “He invented it?” Say, “Then
produce ten chapters like it,”
• One chapter; And if you are in doubt about what We have
revealed to Our servant, then produce a chapter like these,
and call your witnesses apart from God, if you are
truthful….”

ii. The Hadith

Legal experts hold that hadith is the second most important
source and the authority of Islamic Law after Quran. The Hadith
itself derived its authority and legal validity from the Quran, Allah
(swt) says;

“Nor does he speak out of desire. It is but a revelation revealed.”

In islam, Hadith refers to the Prophet (PBUH) sayings, actions and
actions he has approved. The Prophet (PBUH) not only conveyed
the Divine message to the people but also explained them
through his actions, and words. The broadest consensus in Islam is
that the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is the fountainhead of the
knowledge of Islamic laws. Indeed, the Prophet (PBUH) through
his life and actions, rendered the Holy Quran easier to
understand.
The Quran generally deals with the broad principles or essentials
of religion, going into details in rare cases. The Prophet (PBUH)

172 | P a g e
himself usually supplied the details, either by showing in his
conduct how an injunction should be carried out, or by giving
verbal explanation. The Quran itself repeatedly reminds us of the
importance of Hadith, enjoining us to strictly follow the Prophet
(PBUH).
✓ Obey God and obey the Messenger
✓ Whatever the Messenger gives you, accept it; and
whatever he forbids you, abstain from it.
✓ You have an excellent example in the Messenger of
God; for anyone who seeks God and the Last Day, and
remembers God frequently.
Hazrat Ayesha (RA) said:
“The life of the Prophet was the practical interpretation of the
Holy Quran”.
The Hadith also provides us with guidance in matters of law
making and it doesn’t deviate from the Quran: it is in obedience
with it. Therefore, obedience to the Prophet (PBUH) has been
enjoined upon his followers and whosoever doesn’t follow the
way of the messenger. He follows the way of Hell.
The Hadith also plays a vital role in establishing law with the
Quran and it works in two manners. Whenever the Quran gives
brief command in any particular rule Hadith gives that rule, as it is
also the next authority to Quran and lawmaker.

iii. Ijma (consensus of Islamic scholars)

After the Quran and Hadith, ijma is the 3rd source of Islamic law. If
a legal solution is neither available in Quran nor in Sunnah, then
Islam allows Muslims to find a solution which is agreed upon and

173 | P a g e
accepted by the majority of the Islamic scholars. In legal terms,
Ijma means “a procedure through which any principle of law is
formulated by unanimous opinion of the scholars in a particular
age on a question of law”.

Ijma deserves its authority or legal validity from the Quran and
hadith. The Quran says, “Obey Allah (swt) and obey the Prophet
and those amongst you who have authority”

The prophet (PBUH) also said:

1. My followers will never agree upon what is wrong”

Hazrat Ali (RA) was also advised by the Prophet (PBUH);

2. “gather together the righteous from among my community

and decide the matter by their council and don’t decide it
by any man’s opinion”
The common people have no say in it. Their differences of opinion
caries no weight when the jurists agree on the particular question
without the violating fundamental principles of Islamic law the
Ijma will be proved. It should however be noted that there is
some differences of opinion as up to what period in the history of
Islam Ijma can be accepted. Some scholars restrict it to the period
of companions of the Prophet (PBUH), the others believe that the
Ijma of the Ansari (helpers) and Muhajireen (Emigrants) who were
the dwellers in Madinah with the Holy Prophet (PBUH), but the
majority of the Muslims scholars believe that Ijma may be
collected in every age.

For instance.

174 | P a g e
 i. Taravih prayer was congregationally established through
Ijma after Isha prayer in the reign of the caliph Hazrat Umar
(RA) while the Prophet (PBUH) prayed Taravih only three to
four times in congregation in his lifetime.
ii. Second call for the Friday prayer was introduced through
consensus during the Caliphate of Hazrat Usman (RA).

Who is qualified to practice Ijma?

Following are the qualifications of Mujtahids (one who can

practice ijma);

i. Knowledge of Quran and Sunnah.

ii. Knowledge of Ijma and Qiyas
iii. Knowledge of Islamic jurisprudence (FIQH)
iv. He must be an adult and trustworthy.
v. He should be able to interpret Quran and Sunnah.
vi. He must have knowledge of Arabic language.
vii. He should be able to differentiate between false and
authentic Hadith.

iv . Qiyas (Analogical deduction)

‘Qiyas’ literally means ‘to compare’ or ‘to measure’ but, according

to the Islamic terminologies “it denotes the process by which a
rule of law is deduced from the original text (Quran and Hadith) in
view of a common cause”.

It is an important source of Islamic law and is regarded as an

instrument in solving legal issues on the basis of reasoning based

175 | P a g e
on previous sources, when a clarification of a certain matter or
issue isn’t available in them.

Instructions to Hazrat Mu’az bin Jabal (RA) clearly show how the
Prophet (PBUH) approved the use of Qiyas in deciding questions
of Law. In the 10th year of Hijra, Hazrat Mu’az (RA) was appointed
governor of Yemen. Before he proceeded there, he met the
Prophet (PBUH) who asked him: “How shall you decide cases.”
Mu’az (RA) replied, “According to the book of Allah (swt)
(Quran).” The Prophet said, “And if it is not (to be found) in the
book of Allah (swt)?” Mu’az (RA) replied, “I will decide them
according to the Hadith” The prophet (PBUH) remarked “Even if
you don’t find it in the Hadith?” Mu’az (RA) said, “then I will use
my decision”. The prophet (PBUH) appreciated this reply. This
indicated the approval of the Prophet (PBUH) of Qiyas as a source
of Fiqh.

Components/Parts of anology.

There are four components of Qiyas:

• Asl(Root) – the original subject against which the new

subject is compared.
• Far’a (branch) – the new subject which is the subject of
analogy.
• Illa (Similar cause) – the cause which brings together the
original subject and the new subject for analogy.
• Hukum (Order) – the rule arrived at by analogy.
An example of analogy: Allah (swt) has forbidden wine in Quran it
says:

176 | P a g e
“O believers, wine, gambling, dedication to stones, and division
by arrows are the filthy acts of Satan, get away from them so
you may prosper”.

The case of prohibition of wine will be extended to other

intoxicants therefore the requirements of analogy would be
fulfilled in the following manner;

Asl Far’a Illa Hukum

(Original case) (New case) (similar case) (Order)
Drinking wine Taking Intoxicating Prohibition
narcotic drugs, effects
opium,
cocaine etc.

Some scholars oppose Qiyas

The majority of the Muslim community believes in Qiyas but,

there are some scholars rejected the use of Qiyas and don’t take it
as a source of Islamic law. They think just three sources of Islamic
laws are sufficient. Their arguments can be summarized as given
below:

• Qiyas has no evidence for it and therefore is not as source of

law.
• It doesn’t rise to level of certainty.
• It is a human attempt. It’s only a personal reasoning and
therefore the outcome isn’t an Islamic rule.

177 | P a g e
• The reason behind a rule can be from the mind if they don’t
exist in the Quran or Hadith and that could raise disputes
and conflicts among the Muslim community.

178 | P a g e
 Relations between
Quran and
sunnah/hadith
The two primary sources of Islamic legal thinking are Quran
and hadith. Among these sources Quran is the most important
as it Allah (swt)’s word, whereas hadith is considered the
second most important part of the primary sources. The Quran
throws a light in this topic in many verses. It tells us that
without the help of Hadith, Quran can’t be understood and
practiced. Quran says:

“Whatever the Messenger gives you, accept it; and whatever

he forbids you, abstain from it.”

Both the Quran and the Sunnah are equally important and
can’t be separated from one another. Following either is an
obligation of equal degree. They both are interlinked with each
other and they are so closely related, that what the Quran
states in brief manner could be further explained by the
Prophet (PBUH) Ahadith. Similarly, were the Quran being find
Silent in any ruling, Ahadith are referred to Following are the
examples to prove how these two sources are related each
other or used together.

179 | P a g e
 i. The holy Quran teaches Muslims the punishment of
unlawful acts. In the case of theft, the Quran states in
order to cut off the hands
“As for the thief, whether male or female, cut their
hands as a penalty for what they have reaped—a deterrent
from God. God is Mighty and Wise”

Here the punishment of theft is mentioned but how much of

the hand is to be cut off? Which hand right or left is to be
cut off? on how much amount of stealing it is to be cut off?
These are not discussed in the entire Quran. The Prophet
(PBUH) guided and educated the companions on both
issues” regarding theft right hand up to the is cut

ii. The Quran guides Muslims to must perform their regular

prayers and his order is usually mentioned in the Quran
together with Zakat. The Holy Quran says:
iii. “establish regular prayer and pay charity.”
The Muslims are encouraged to perform prayer but they aren’t
told exactly, how frequently a person should pray/ even the time
of Prayer its condition etc. also not described. The details of this
rulings are given in Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), He
said

“Pray as you have seen me praying.

This indicates that there are some more traditions which

additionally explains the method and other rulings of prayer.

180 | P a g e
 • Whoever does not recite Surah AL-Fatihah in his prayer, his
prayer is invalid.”
• The Imam is to be followed. Say the Takbir when he says it,
bow if he bows………prostrate if he prostrates.
The Quran commands Muslims to stay away from intoxicants and
other sinister acts in Surah al-Maidah, it states;

O you who believe! Intoxicants, gambling, idolatry, and

divination are abominations of Satan’s doing. Avoid them, so
that you may prosper.

The Quran strictly forbids Muslims here to have intoxicants but is

silent with regards to the punishment of having them. The
punishment is told to us by the Prophet (PBUH) sunnah. In Sahih
Al-Bukhari, it is said”

“The prophet (PBUH) lashed a drunk with date leaf stalks and
shoes.

Thus, the Quran provides the fundamentals of religion. It is the

hadith which finishes with the necessary detail and explanations.
They are complementary to each other. Both are equally essential
for the establishment of religion.

181 | P a g e
Relation between Quran and
Ijma / Consensus
Introduction

182 | P a g e
Example 1.

183 | P a g e
Example 2.

184 | P a g e
185 | P a g e
Relationship between Quran
and Qiyas
Introduction

Example 1.

186 | P a g e
Example 2.

187 | P a g e
188 | P a g e
Nasikh and
Mansukh
(Abrogating and Abrogated)
Nasikh and Mansukh literally means abrogating and abrogated,
respectively. The Holy Quran was revealed in portions in which
the commandments and rulings were sent as Allah willed it
proper. At times a Quranic verse permitted a certain actbut later
it was cancelled/replaced. The verse that is cancelled is called
Mansukh and the the verse that cancels it is called Nasikh.

Scholars have divided them into three categories.

• Naskh-ul-Hukum (abrogation of order) recitation remained

in Quran but the ruling was cancelled.
• Naskh-ul-Tilawah (abrogation of recitation) recitation was
cancelled but the ruling was kept in Shariah
• Naskh-ul-hukmi-wat-Tilawah (abrogation of recitation and
order) means both ruling and recitation were cancelled and
excluded.

189 | P a g e
 Following are some examples of each category:

Naskh-ul-Hukum

It is regarding the forbidding order of wine and gambling. In the

initial stage of Islam drinking and gambling were not prohibited.
Allah estimated their damages. The first order regarding these
acts is mentioned in Surah Baqarah verse 219 says,

“they ask you about drinking and gambling tell them: there is
great sin both although they may have some benefits for people;
but the sin is greater than the benefit.”

After revealing this order, most of the companions abstained from

drinking but some didn’t. when the verse of Surah al-Maidah was
revealed which states:

“O believers! Intoxicants and gambling, dedication to stones and

division of arrows are filthy actions of Shaitan, get away from
them so u may prosper.”

The ruling given in this verse clearly abrogates the previous order
and hence all the above mentioned acts forbidden for every
Muslim.

Naskh-ul-Tilawah

In this example, recitation was cancelled but the ruling was kept
in Sharia. This regards to the punishment of adultery for married
people. The Holy Quran only states the punishment for an

190 | P a g e
unmarried person. In Surah-Nuh a verse was revealed which
states,

“When a married man and a woman indulge in adultery they will

be pelted with stones.”

Later this, verse was excluded and replaced with the new one by
the divine order of Allah.

Naskh-ul-Hukmi-wat-Tilawah

When Surah Ahzab and Surah Talak was revealed, their length
was equal to Surah Baqarah. Later both the Surahs were
shortened and all the verses and ruling of that abrogated part
were cancelled by the divine order of Allah.

191 | P a g e
Tafseer & Qualities of
Mufassir
The Word ‘tafseer comes from fassara’, which means’ to explain
or to interpret. This word is meant for the explaination or
interpretation of the Quran.

These are two kinds of tafseer:

• Tafseer ul Quran bil Quran (explanation of Quran by Quran)

• Tafseer-ul-Quran bil Hadis(explaination of Quran by Hadith)

In the first type, one Quranic verse is clarified by any other

Quranic worse for instance; Quran says, “
O you who believe, fulfill all regulations. Lawful to you are all
beasts of cattle, with the exceptions named.” Here ‘the exception
named’ are not directly listed. It is mentioned in later,

“Forbidden to you are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of pig, and
that on which has been invoked the name of other than Allah……”

In the second type, the Quranic verse is clarified by the hadith of

the Prophet (PBUH). For instance; the Quran says; “Allah has
permitted trade and forbidden interest” Hadith of the Prophet
(PBUH) provides detail of the Interest by saying, “the exchanging
of gold for gold is interest, except if it is from hand to hand and
equal in amount, and wheat grain for wheat grain is Interest,
except if it is from hand to hand and equal in amount”. This
Hadith confirms the concept of Interest in Islam.
192 | P a g e
Qualities of a Mufassir

A person who wishes to interpret the Quran (A Mufassir) must

fulfill certain following conditions and qualities before he allowed
to explain the Quran to people – not everybody can just pick up
the book of Allah and start interpreting it.

• He must be a highly qualified scholar and his credentials

must be recognized by other scholars.
• He must have knowledge of Arabic grammar basis of Arabic
words and structures.
• He should be aware of the Sahih, Zaif and false recitation
dialects.
• He should have the knowledge of Asbab an Nuzul
(Revelation background), and Nasikh Mansukh).
• He must be an extremely pious Muslim.
• He should’ve the correct Islamic beliefs. If a person isn’t a
muslim or from misguided sect, then he can’t be trusted in
interpreting the Quran.
• He must be free from practicing or believing in innovations,
and to respect the Quran.

193 | P a g e
The first Islamic
community
(Ten Blessed Companions)

194 | P a g e
 Ten blessed companions.
The Blessed companions (Asharah Mubashara) are those
companions of the Prophet (PBUH) who had been told in their
lifetimes of their admission into paradise. They were:

1) Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique (RA)

2) Hazrat Umar bin Khattab (RA)
3) Hazrat Usman bin Affan (RA)
4) Hazrat Ali Bin Abi Talib (RA)
5) Hazrat Talha bin Abdullah (RA)
6) Hazrat Zubair bin al-Awwam (RA)
7) Hazrat Abd Rehman bin Affan (RA)
8) Hazrat Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah (RA)
9) Hazrat Saad bin Abi Waqas (RA)
10) Hazrat Saeed bin Zaid (RA)

Hazrat Abd Rehman ibn Awf (RA) reported: the messenger of

Allah said: “Abu Bakr is in Paradise, Umar is in Paradise, Usman
is in Paradise, Ali is in Paradise, Talha is in Paradise, Az Zubair is
in paradise, Abd Rehman bin Awf is in paradise, Saad is in
paradise, Saeed is in paradise, And Abu Ubaida is in paradise.”

195 | P a g e
 1. Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique (RA)
Introduction
Real name Abdullah [named by the Prophet (PBUH)]
Birth 572 A.D [2 years younger than the Prophet
(PBUH)]
Mother name Salmah bint Sakhr
Father name Usman bin Amir [known as Abu Quhafa]
Family / tribe Banu Taim / Quraish
Relation Childhood friend / father in law
Title “Siddique” (the one who confirms the truth)
Alias / kunyat Abu Bakr

Distinctive Features of his personality

• Literate and one of the blessed companions.

• His daughter Ayesha (RA) was the wife of Prophet (PBUH).
• First free male adult Muslim. (accepted Islam on the
Prophet’s (PBUH) on his first call.
• Prophet (PBUH) prayed behind him when he was unable to
lead the prayers.
• Lived a pure life, even during the ignorance Period, and
never used to drink, gamble or worship idols.
• In a Quranic verse, he is mentioned as a companion of the
Holy Prophet (PBUH), while they were in the cave of thawr.

Conversion to Islam

When the Prophet (PBUH) announced his Prophethood, Hazrat

Abu Bakr (RA) was out of Makkah. He had gone to a business

196 | P a g e
trip to Yemen. When he returned to Makkah, he was informed
by some of his friends that in his absence the Holy Prophet
(PBUH) declared himself as the Messenger of Allah. On this
news Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) wasted no time and rushed to the
Prophet (PBUH). The Prophet (PBUH) told Abu Bakr full details
of his experience in the cave of Hira, the visitation of Angel
Jibrael (AS) and the command of Allah to call people to Him.

He showed no sign of hesitation and said, “I believe in you and

your mission from the depths of my heart. I testify and
confirm that what you say is the truth. Call me to your
religion, for verily you are the Prophet (PBUH) of Allah and
that is a great honour.”

The Holy Prophet (PBUH) stretched his hand, and Hazrat Abu
Bakr (RA) grasped it respectfully as a mark of faith and
allegiance. He declared, “there is no God but Allah, and
Muhammad is His Prophet and Messenger”.

Services/Contributions

❖ He converted many people’s faith towards Islam. Some of

them were Hazrat Usman (RA). Hazrat Zubair bin Awwam
(RA), Hazrat Abdul Rehman bin Awf (RA), Hazrat Talha bin
Ubaidullah (RA) and many others.
❖ Freed number of slaves, who had accepted Islam and were
being tortured by their masters. Like Hazrat Bilal (RA) etc.
❖ He had to undergo many difficulties and tortures that he
even fainted. Once he was beaten up by the Makkans, when

197 | P a g e
 he tried to secure the Prophet (PBUH), but he never left the
side of the Prophet (PBUH).
❖ Whenever he was threatened, he always answered; “the
shelter of Allah and his Prophet is sufficient for me”.
❖ Was the first person outside the family to confirm the Holy
Prophet (PBUH)‘s statement regarding the “Mairaj” and
received the title of “Siddique” from the Prophet (PBUH).
❖ He was the one who accompanied the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
saw in the secret migration from Makkah to Madinah.

Services During This Journey

✓ Arranged the guide and rides for the journey.
✓ Had told his daughter to prepare food and bring to them.
✓ His son Abdullah was to provide information about what
goes on in Makkah.
✓ Cleaned the cave from inside for the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
✓ Tried to close down all the small holes he could find to
avoid danger.

• Bought the land for Masjid-e-Nabwi and participated in

the construction.
• Took part in all the battles with the Holy Prophet (PBUH),
like Badr, Uhad, Trench, Khyber and Hunain etc.
• Donated all his worldly wealth for the expedition of
Tabuk, which amounted to 4000 silver dirhams. On this
occasion the Prophet (PBUH) said,
“O Abu Bakr! What did you leave to your family?” He said,
“I left Allah and his messenger to them.” Upon this

198 | P a g e
 sacrifice, Hazrat Umar (RA) started to cry and said, “May
my mother and father be sacrificed for you, O Abu Bakr!
You always surpass me in all of the races of goodness. I
have now realized that I will never be able to surpass
you.”
• He was appointed as the first Ameer-ul-Hajj for the group
of 300 Muslims.
• Was ordered by the Prophet (PBUH) to lead the
congregational prayers during his illness.
• After the sad demise of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) in 11
A.H, he was elected as the 1st caliph.
• His caliphate lasted for 2 years and 4 months, and died
due to the illness on 23rd Jamadi-ul-Akhir in 13 A.H. he
was 63 years.

199 | P a g e
 2. Hazrat Umar bin Khattab (RA)

Introduction
Birth 580/582 A.D (10-12 years younger than Prophet
(PBUH))
Mother Hantamah bint Hisham
name
Father name Khattab bin Naufil
Family/tribe Banu Adi / Quraish
Relation Father in law
Title “Farooq” (one who can distinguish between right
and wrong)

Distinctive features of his personality.

• Literate, quick and sharp in decision making and one of the

blessed companions.
• His daughter Hazrat Hafsah (RA) was the wife of the Holy
Prophet (PBUH).
• Extremely strict, short tempered and a good administrator.
• He was strong, powerful, and was fond of archery, horse
riding and wrestling.
• The Prophet (PBUH) declared,
“if there was any other messenger after me, it would be
Umer, but I am the last messenger and there is no Prophet
(PBUH) after me.

200 | P a g e
 • The Holy Prophet (PBUH) prayed to Allah to strengthen
Islam by giving Him Hazrat Umar (RA). The Prophet once
said.
“There had been muhaddithun in the previous Ummah. If
there is to be one in my ummah then he is Umar ibn al-
Khattab.”

Conversion to Islam

When the Prophet (PBUH) declared that he was the Prophet of

Allah, Hazrat Umar and his father became the bitterest enemies of
the Prophet (PBUH), and this enmity soon became more
pronounced. One day he started from his home with a sword in
his hand with the intension of killing the Prophet (PBUH) while he
was on his way, Hazrat Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas (RA) told that his own
sister (Fatimah) and her husband Saeed bin Zaid had become
Muslims. Thereupon he changed his course and went to the
house of his sister, where he heard that Hazrat Khabbab (RA) was
reading some verses.

The infuriated Hazrat Umar (RA) and he attacked his brother in

law and also beat up his sister, who tried to save her husband,
which caused blood to flow. The sight of blood led to a sudden
change of feeling, and he asked for the sheet which they had been
reciting. It was given to him and he started reading the verses of
Surah Taha. After this he exclaimed, “how fine and noble this
speech is”, and rushed to the Prophet (PBUH) and embraced
Islam.

201 | P a g e
Services / Contribution

• His conversion had a profound effect and from that day the
40 or 50 persons, who had till then embraced Islam, were
encouraged to pray openly in the mosque at Makkah.
• When he decided to emigrate, he hung his sword from his
neck, took a bow and large number of arrows with him. He
first went to haram, performed Tawaf, said his Salat most
calmly and then went to different groups of Quraish,
declaring before each of them, “whoso doesn’t mind his
mother lamenting him, his wife becoming a widow and his
children being rendered orphans, he may came out of
Makkah and face’.
There was none to accept his challenge.
• Took part in all the battles with the Holy Prophet (PBUH) like
Badr, Uhad, [surrounded Prophet (PBUH) when the group of
non-believers attacked], Trench (dug 8-9 yards), Khyber and
Hunain [shielded the Prophet (PBUH) when he was
attacked] etc
• Raised his voice against the terms of the treaty of
Hudaibiyah and showed his aggression to Makkans.
• He also donated half of everything he owned for the
expedition of Tabuk. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) asked, “what
did you leave to your family?” he said, “as much as I
brought to you”
• He was constantly in attendance on the Holy Prophet
(PBUH) and was most trusted companion and adviser. After
the demise of the Prophet (PBUH) he assisted Muslims to
elect the first caliph.
• Was nominated as the second caliph in 13 A.H

202 | P a g e
• Was assassinated in the year 23 A.H by a Persian slave “Abu
Lu’Luah Feroz”, while he was leading the morning prayer.

203 | P a g e
 3. Hazrat Usman bin Affan (RA)
Introduction
Birth 573 A. D
Mother name Arwah
Family / tribe Banu Umayyah (one of the richest tribes in
Makkah/ Quraish
Relation Son -in – law
Title 1. “Zul Noorain” (the professor of two
lights) 2. Al Ghani (Generous)
Alias / Kunyah Abu Abdullah

Distinctive features of his personality.

• Most modest of all companions, generous and God
fearing.
• Shy literate and one of the blessed companions.
• Married the two daughters [Hazrat Ruqayyah (RA) and
Hazrat Umme Kulsoom (RA) of the Prophet (PBUH).
• Early convert (accepted Islam on Hazrat Abu Bakr’s
invitation).
• Lived a pure life, even during the ignorance period, and
never drank, gambled or worshipped idols.

Conversion to Islam

He was also gone to his business trip when Prophet (PBUH)

claimed to be a Prophet (PBUH) and on returning from that trip he
heard about Prophet (PBUH) and his mission. He discussed it with
his closest friend Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) invited him towards Islam

204 | P a g e
and took him to the Prophet (PBUH). There Prophet (PBUH) share
his experience of the cave of Hira and he also embraced Islam.

Services / Contribution

• After accepting the Islam, his family tortured him to force to

leave this new religion. His uncle would wrap him in a
leather sheet and smoke, and sometimes bind him up with a
rope and beat badly.
• He took part in the two migrations, first to Abyssinia with his
wife Hazrat Ruqayyah (RA), the Prophet (PBUH) “2nd
daughter “, and then joined the emigrants in Madinah.
• He could not participate in the battle of Badr, due to the
illness of wife. Prophet (PBUH) ordered him to stay back
with her, but the wife couldn’t survive and died at the
moment when Hazrat Zaid bin Haritha arrived with the news
of victory.
• Married the Prophet (PBUH) third daughter Hazrat Umm-e-
Kulsoom (RA), when she too died, the Prophet (PBUH) would
say;
“he loved Usman so dearly that if another daughter had yet
remained, he would have given her to Him”.
• Participated in almost all the Prophet’s battles like Uhad,
trench, Hunain etc.
• He was sent to Makkah to negotiate with the pagans at the
time of the “treaty of Hudaibiyah”. The rumor of his murder
reached the Muslim’s camp and the Prophet (PBUH)
assembled the companions for the revenge. According to
several authentic Ahadith the Prophet (PBUH) also declared
his own right hand to be Hazrat Uthman’s (RA) right hand,
while taking oath.
205 | P a g e
 Generosity
Tabuk Expedition Bi’r Rumah (Spring of
Rumah)
Due to the extremely difficult The well belonged to a man
circumstances the Prophet of Banu Ghifar. Its water was
(PBUH) declared: “whoever far better than that of
equips the army of difficulty, Madinah. The Prophet
his shall be the Paradise”. (PBUH) announced:
Hazrat Uthman (RA) “whoever digs the well of
contributed 1000 camels, 50 Rumah, his shall be the
horses and 1000 dinars Paradise”
towards the equipment. Thereupon, Hazrat Usman
(RA) bought the spring and
made it Waqf for Muslims.

• In the year 23 A.H (644 A.D), he was chosen as the 3rd

caliph.
• He was assassinated on Friday, 17th Zul Hijjah in the
year 35 A.H (656 A.D)

206 | P a g e
 4. Hazrat Ali (RA) bin Abi Talib
Introduction
Birth 600 / 601 A.D, 30th year of Elephant
Mother name Fatimah bint Asad
Family name Banu Hashim
Relation Cousin and Son in law
Title 1. Asadullah (Lion of Allah) 2. Haider e Karrar
(unmatched Warrior)
Alias Abu Turab

Distinctive features of his personality

• Master of Arabic language, warrior, literate, poet, and one

of the blessed companions
• The Prophet (PBUH) took him into his care at his early age
• Married the daughter (Hazrat Fatimah) of the Prophet
(PBUH)
• Early convert (became the 2nd person to accept Islam at the
age of 7/8)
• He was declared the Prophet (PBUH) brother when
brotherhood was being established.
• Hazrat Umm Salamah (RA) reported that Allah’s messenger
(PBUH) said,
“A hypocrite will not love Ali while a believer will not
despite him”

Conversion to Islam

One day, while the Prophet (PBUH) and his wife were both in
bowing in prayer. Hazrat Ali (RA) happened to walk in the room
207 | P a g e
and got surprised. He asked the Prophet (PBUH), “Who were you
bowing to?” the Prophet (PBUH) replied:

“We were bowing to Allah who has made me a Prophet and

commanded me to call people to Him”.

Then the Prophet (PBUH) invited him to join this new religion and
give up the idols. Hazrat Ali (RA) asked to have time to ask his
father’s permission to accept the new teachings and rushed
home. He spent night tossing and turning, but never spoke to his
dad. Instead, he ran back to the Prophet (PBUH) in the morning
and declared,

“Allah created me without asking my father, so why should I ask

my father now to serve Allah?” and accepted Islam.

Services / Contributions

• Hazrat Ali (RA) assured his support when the Prophet

(PBUH) invited his relatives to Islam. He stood up and said:
“I am the youngest of you, I may be a boy, my feet may not
be strong enough, but O Muhammad, I shall be your
helper, whoever opposes you, I shall fight him as a mortal
enemy.”
• He slept in the Prophet’s (PBUH) bed when the unbelievers
laid a siege around the Prophet’s (PBUH) house to kill him.
• He also stayed behind a few days in order to return to the
owners the deposits, which had been entrusted to the
Prophet (PBUH). Later he joined the Prophet (PBUH) in Quba.

208 | P a g e
 • He used to memorize revelations that the Prophet (PBUH)
received, and maintained a written record of what he heard
from the Prophet (PBUH).
• Accompanied the Prophet (PBUH) in all the battles except in
tabuk expedition.
Battle of Badr Battle of Uhad Battle of Trench Battle of Khyber Battle of Hunain
Killed the first Killed “Talha” in Killed one of the Killed the brave Protected the
unbeliever single combat unbeliever’s “marhab” at the Prophet (PBUH)
“Waleed” in warrior “Amr time of Qamus when he was
single Protected the bin Ahd” fort’s counter. attacked by the
combat. Prophet (PBUH) Stopped the Carried the unbelievers
when he was attack of banner when
attacked. Quraish while Khyber was.

• During the Tabuk expedition he had the command at

Madinah in the absence of the Prophet (PBUH).
• He wrote down the treaty of Hudaibiyah.
• Announced the prohibition of idolaters from the pilgrimage
and Naked tawaf of the Ka’abah in 9 A.H on the prophet’s
(PBUH) direction.
• Destroyed the idols of Banu Tai.
• Transmitted around 586 Ahadith.
• Washed the body of the Prophet (PBUH) and entered the
grave before laying it there.
• In 656 A.D he was chosen as the fourth caliph.
• He was martyred by Ibn-e-Muljim, while he was leading the
morning prayer. He died on Friday, 21st Ramadan in the year
40 A.H.
First four companion’s services during their caliphate period are
part of paper (2)

209 | P a g e
5. Hazrat Talha bin Ubaidullah (RA)
• He was born in 597 A.D and belonged to Banu Taim
(Quraish)
• Grandnephew of Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA)
• Pious, rich, generous and brave man.
• He was an early convert and followed Hazrat Uthman’s (RA)
track by embracing Islam.
“he went on a journey, where a priest asked about the
Prophet (PBUH) which captured his attention and as soon
as he arrived in Makkah, quickly went to the Prophet
(PBUH) and embraced Islam.
• Nawfil bin Adwiyah (bitterest enemy and wrestler) tied him
to a rope and tortured badly.
• Earned the titles of “Talha-tul-Khair” and “Talha-tul-
Fayyaz” from the Prophet (PBUH) for many acts of
generosity.
• Once he received 700000 dirhams and distributed it
between the Muhajireen and Ansars and kept just 1000
dirhams for his wife.
• Intensely devoted to the Prophet (PBUH) and his cause.
• Took part in both the migrations, Abyssinia and Madinah.
• Participated in almost all the battles with the Prophet
(PBUH).
✓ Badr: he patrolled the movements of makkan caravans.
✓ Uhad: he placed himself in one of the Prophet (PBUH) as a
human shield and received 24 wounds and lost two of his
fingers.
• Prophet (PBUH) once said about him that: “Talha has
made paradise certain for himself”.

210 | P a g e
• On another event Prophet (PBUH) said: “If anyone
wants to see a living martyr, he should see Talha”.
• He was also one of the six people, nominated by
Hazrat Umar (RA) for the caliph hood but he refused.
• He was the first one to take the oath of allegiance to
Hazrat Ali (RA)
• He was martyred by the arrow of Marwan during the
battle of Jamal in 36 A.H, though he wasn’t taking part
in the battle.

211 | P a g e
6. Hazrat Zubair bin Al Awam (RA)

• He was born in 594 A.D in Makkah.

• Belonged to the Banu Hashim (QURAISH). Son of the real
aunt of the Prophet (PBUH), Hazrat Safiyah (RA)
• Pious rich, generous, and brave man.
• He was an early convert.
“On the influence of Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) he became
convinced that Islam is the true religion and he also
pondered over the new religion. Eventually, accepted the
prophet’s (PBUH) invitation”.
• He was badly persecuted when he accepted new religion.
• “his uncle used to wrap him with a mat and put him in
smoke to suffocate him so as to make him go back to
idolatry.”
• Took part in both the migrations, Abyssinia and Madinah
• Participated in battles as a commander. In the Badr he got
severely injured.
• Once the Prophet (PBUH) said for him: “for every Prophet
(PBUH) there is a companion and my companion is Zubair”.
• On another occasion the Messenger (PBUH) is reported to
have said: “Zubair and Talha are my companions in
paradise.”
• During the caliphate of Hazrat Umar (RA), he was the main
commander and this helped Muslims to conquer Egypt.
• He was also one of the six nominees for the Caliph hood
after Hazrat Umar (RA)

212 | P a g e
• After the assassination of Hazrat Usman (RA), he also
demanded Hazrat Ali (RA) to take the revenge.
• When the battle of camel was fought, he came out of it but
“Amr bin Jurmuz” assassinated him in 656 A.D. while he was
praying.
• Hazrat Ali (RA) was very much upset to see him dead.

213 | P a g e
7. Hazrat Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah (RA)
• His real name was Amir, and the father name was Abdullah.
• He was the 9th among those who accepted Islam in the early
days of Islam.
• His title was Amin-ul-Umaat “The trustier of the nation”, and
“Abu Ubaidah” was his surname.
• The Holy Prophet (PBUH) described his excellence in the
following words. “every people have a faithful man and the
faithful man of his people is Abu Ubaidah (RA)”
• Took part in both the migrations, first to Abyssinia and then
to Madinah (where he bravely participated in the most of
the battles which were fought between the Muslims and the
pagans of Arabia)
• During the battle of Badr he fought against his father and
killed him for Allah after some hesitation. Allah revealed
following part of the verse no. 21 of surah Mujadalah….
• In the battle of Uhad, he broke two of his teeth while pulling
out two of the metal links of the helmet which the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) was wearing.
• At the time of the conquest of Makkah, he was one of those
four companions who were given commands of the
formations which entered the city from different directions.
• He played a vital role in the election of Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA);
he was the second person to pay tribute to the first Caliph.
• During the caliphate of Hazrat Umar (RA), he was appointed
as a commander of Syrian army in place of Hazrat Khalid bin
Waleed (RA)
• He died in 18 A.H because of bubonic plague, which is
known as “Taun-i-Amvas”.

214 | P a g e
• Hazrat Umar (RA) was full of praise for him, and wanted to
make him his successor, but unfortunately, he had already
died.
• Once Hazrat Umar (RA) on an inspection tour of Syria and
Palestine visited the pavilion of Hazrat Abu Ubaidah bin
Jarrah (RA) as well. He found there nothing except a shield &
sword. He expressed distress and asked him to have some
necessaries of life. Hazrat Abu Ubaidah (RA) replied:
“O leader of the faithful, our present condition should bring
comfort in the life hereafter”.

215 | P a g e
8. Hazrat Abdul Rehman bin Auf (RA)
• Born during the year, which is known as the “Year of
Elephants”
• Father’s name was Auf bin Abd and mother’s Shifa.
• He was one of those five Muslims who embraced Islam due
to the persuasion of Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA).
• He was so rich and so God fearing that one be freed thirty
slaves in one day.
• Took part in both the migrations, first to Abyssinia and then
to Madinah (where he began to deal in the ghee and cheese
and soon become one of the wealthiest merchants)
• He was so generous according to a narration of Imam Zuhri
(RA), once he distributed 40000 dinars as charity. Besides he
donated 500 horses and 500 camels for the cause of Allah.
• During a journey even the Holy Prophet (PBUH) offered one
of his two rakats in congregation which was being led by
him.
• He accompanied the Prophet (PBUH) in all his battles and
fought bravely; even he received twenty wounds at Uhad
and lost two teeth, and suffered one serious injury on his
foot which made him lame.
• Played a major role in choosing Hazrat Usman (RA) for the
third caliph, though he was recommended by Hazrat Umar
(RA) as a possible candidate for the Caliphate, but he
wouldn’t become a Caliph.
• Led the expedition in 5 A.H against Christian governor of
Doma tul Jandal.
• Died in 32 A.H at Madinah, and buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi.

216 | P a g e
• Left thousands of Dinars to his four wives, the poor, the
orphans and to all the participants of the battle of badr
(they were paid 400 Dinars each)

217 | P a g e
9. Hazrat Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas (RA)
• His father name was Malik bin Wohaib and mother was
Haminah d/o Sufyan.
• He was known as the maternal uncle of the Holy Prophet
(PBUH).
• Was the 6th / 7th person who embraced Islam.
• When he accepted Islam, his mother announced that she
wouldn’t eat and drink and would die in that state until he
quits Islam. Though his mother was dearest to him yet he
refused to quit Islam. Due to his firmness, Allah revealed
15th verse of Surah Luqman:
“if they (parents) press you to join with me another about
whom you have no knowledge, don’t obey them at all.
However treat them kindly in the world”
• He participated in all the battles arranged and commanded
by the Prophet (PBUH)
• During the battle of Uhad he shot some 1000 arrows at the
enemy. And according the Sahih Bukhari and Sahih muslim:
“he was the first Arab to shoot an arrow in Allah’s way”
• He was also one of those companions who had been
nominated by Hazrat Umar (RA) to choose next caliph.
• He was a supreme commander of Persian expedition. He
conquered the city of Madain and known as the “Conqueror
of Persia”
• He had been governor of Kufa during the caliphate of Hazrat
Umar (RA) and Hazrat Usman (RA)
• He died in 58 A.H in the age of 80 at the valley of Atique, a
place nearly 11 km from Madinah.

218 | P a g e
• Many Quranic verses has been revealed in connection to
Hazrat Sa’ad (RA) and some of his actions.
• Hazrat Jabir (RA) narrated that Hazrat Sa’ad (RA) came
forward and the Prophet (PBUH) said, “this is my maternal
uncle; now let any man show me his maternal uncle”.

219 | P a g e
10. Hazrat Saeed bin Zaid (RA)
• His father name was Zaid bin Amr and the mother were
Fatimah d/o Jahjah.
• He was a cousin and brother in law of Hazrat Umar (RA)
• He was one of the monotheists even before Islam and a
sincere follower of the way of Hazrat Ibrahim (RA)
• He was a staunch believer of Islam and an early convert.
Although he was tortured by the Makkans, but never
changed his faith.
• Migrated to Madinah, the Prophet (PBUH) made him the
brother of Hazrat Ubai bin ka’ab (RA).
• Took part in all battles with Holy Prophet (PBUH) except
Badr, because he was sent to find out secrets of Quraish
Caravan during the Battle of badr, and he couldn’t return
before the war.
• Took part in the battle of Yamuk (as a commander) and the
battle of Ajnadayn; and also commanded a cavalry group
during during the battle for Damascus.
• He died in 51/58 A.H at Kufa in the age of 73/80.

220 | P a g e
The First Islamic
Community
(sons &
daughters of
Holy Prophet
(PBUH))

221 | P a g e
Children of Holy Prophet (PBUH)

It is authentically reported that the Prophet (PBUH) had three

sons and four daughters, two sons and four daughters by Hazrat
Khadija (RA) and one son by Hazrat Maria Qibtiyah (RA).

Sons of Holy Prophet (PBUH)

1. Qasim (Tayyib)
He was born in Makkah, 11 years before the announcement of the
Prophet hood. He lived for two years. The Prophet (PBUH) used to
be a killed “ABUL QASIM” and liked this Kuniyat (Alias) very much.

2. Abdullah (Tahir)
He was also born in Makkah after the announcement of the
Prophet hood. He lived for less than two years.

When the second son died, the pagans taunted the Holy Prophet
(PBUH) and said (god forbid) that he was Abtar (one without male
child). It was on this Allah revealed Surah Kausar.

3. Ibrahim
The Holy Prophet (PBUH) third son, Ibrahim by Hazrat Maria
Qibtiyah (RA) was born in Madinah in Zilhajj 8 A.H. He lived for 16
or 17 months and died in Rabiul-Awwal 10 A.H.

On the day on which Ibrahim died, there was a solar eclipse and
some thought this was due to the death of Prophet (PBUH) son.
The Prophet (PBUH) delivered a sermon and said, eclipses of the

222 | P a g e
sun and moon are the manifestations of Allah’s powers and are
not caused by the birth or death of any person.

Daughters of Holy Prophet (PBUH)

The Prophet (PBUH) had four daughters, all by Hazrat Khadija (RA)
and all born in Makkah.

1. Hazrat Zainab (RA)

• She was the eldest daughter of the Prophet (PBUH) and was
born 10 years before the Prophethood.
• She married to Abu Aas bin rabi (her maternal cousin)
• She was left in Makkah when the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
performed migration.
• Her husband became a prisoner of war during the battle of
Badr.
• She sent her necklace (gifted by Hazrat Khadija (RA) during
her life) to get her husband free. He was released without
any ransom. But on the condition that Hazrat Zainab (RA)
would be allowed to migrate to Madinah.
• Her husband sent his brother Kinana along along with her to
Madinah but on the way, they overtaken by the Makkans.
Habbar bin Aswad hit Hazrat Zainab with a lance, knocking
her down from camel, since she was pregnant, this injury
caused abortion.
• Kinannah secured her from further attacks and returned to
Makkah. After some days he led her under the cover of night

223 | P a g e
 and handed over to Hazrat Zaid bin Haritha (RA) on the way
to Madinah.
• Her husband became a Muslim after the treaty of
Hudaibiyah.
• She died in 8 A.H.
• She had a son, Ali (According to some reports, Ali reached
the age of maturity and participated in the battle of Yarmuk,
in which he was martyred). And a daughter Umamah (After
the death of Hazrat Fatimah (RA), Hazrat Ali (RA) married
Hazrat Umamah). The Holy Prophet (PBUH) was very fond of
his granddaughter, Umamah.

2. Hazrat Ruqaiyyah (RA)

• She was the Prophet’s (PBUH) second daughter.
• Born 3 years or 7 years before the announcement of
Prophethood.
• She married to Utba, the son of Abu Lahab and his wife
umme Jamil, in anger and disgust asked their son Utba to
divorce her or else they would boycott him. And Utba did it.
• Later, the Holy Prophet gave Hazrat Ruqayyah in marriage to
Hazrat Usman (RA) at Makkah.
• She migrated to Abyssinia along with Hazrat uthman (RA)
and stayed there for a long time. After a fairly long stay in
Abyssina she and Hazrat Uthman (RA) returned to Makkah
for a while and thereafter proceeded to Madinah.
• She had a son, named Abdullah, who died at the age of six.
• On reaching madiinah in 2 A.H she had an attack of small
pox. She remained sick for some time and died on the 18

224 | P a g e
 Ramadan 2 A.H when the news of the victory of the battle of
Badr reached Madinah.
• She was 20/21 years when died.

3. Hazrat Umme Kulsum (RA)

• She was the Prophet (PBUH) 3rd daughter.
• Born 4 years or 6 years before the announcement of
Prophethood.
• The Prophet (PBUH) had married her to another son of Abu
Lahab, named Utaiba, before the declaration of
prophethood. Upon the revelation of Surah lahab Utaiba
also divorced Hazrat Umme Kulsum (RA) at the command of
his father.
• After divorcing her, Utaibah came to the Prophet (PBUH)
and used more disrespectful words to him. The Prophet
cursed him by praying: “O Allah! Depute one of the dogs to
punish Him.”
She migrated to Madinah along with Hazrat Sawdah (RA)
and Hazrat Fatimah (RA).
• After the death of Hazrat Ruqaiyyah (RA), the Prophet
(PBUH) gave her in marriage to Hazrat Usman (RA) in the
month of Rabi-ul-Awwal RA) in the month of Rabi-ul-Awwal.
• She remained five/six years with Hazrat Usman (RA) but had
no child.
• She died in Shaban 9 A.H.
• Hazrat Anas bin malik (RA) reports that the Prophet (PBUH)
was much grieved on the death of Hazrat Umme Kulsum. He

225 | P a g e
 was seen sitting by the side of her grave and tears were
rolling down his eyes.

4. Hazrat Fatimah Zahra (RA)

She is known as “Sayyada tun Nisa” (The leader of Women) and
was the youngest amongst of the four daughters of the Prophet
(PBUH). She was born in Makkah in the first year of the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) Mission. Her title was “Zehra” (the shining one)
and “Batool”.

During the time of persecution in Makkah, she personally saw the

suffering of her father.

“on an occasion Prophet (PBUH) was in the state of prostration,

Uqba bin Abi Mu’ait placed the filth of a camel on the back of
the Prophet (PBUH), at that time Hazrat Fatimah (RA) removed it
from the back.”

She migrated to Madinah along with her sister and step mother
Hazrat Sauda (RA), in 1 A.H. when she was 14/15 years of age, the
holly Prophet (PBUH) gave her in marriage to his cousin, Hazrat Ali
(RA), in 2 A.H. the Holy Prophet (PBUH) was very fond of Hazrat
Fatimah (RA) and her sons, Hazrat Hasan (RA) and Hazrat Hussain
(RA). She was also the loved by all the wives of the Holy Prophet
(PBUH). Once Hazrat Ayesha (RA) was asked:

“who among the people was dearest to the Prophet (PBUH), she
said: Fatimah (RA)”.
226 | P a g e
The Holy Prophet (PBUH) also used to refer to her as the “Leader
of the women of the world” and respect her so much that
whenever Hazrat Fatimah (RA) entered the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
room, he would get up and make room for her to sit by his side.
Often the Holy Prophet (PBUH) was heard saying:

“Allah is pleased with one who pleases Fatimah and He is

displeased with one who displeased Fatimah “

During the battle of Uhad she too participated as a nurse and

washed wounds of the Prophet (PBUH), she was also among those
women preparing food during the long siege at the time of the
Battle of trench. Hazrat Fatimah (RA) also accompanied the
Prophet (PBUH) for Umrah in 6 A.H. and also joined the Muslims
along with her sister Hazrat Umme Kulsum (RA) in the conquests
of Makkah.

She had 5 children, three sons: 1) Hazrat Hasan (RA) 2)Hazrat

Hassan (RA) 3)Mohsin and two daughters : 1) Hazrat Zainab
2)Hazrat Umme Kulsum.

Because of her kindness and dignity, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) also
said:

“four Women are the best among all in Paradise: Aasiyah (wife
of Fir”aun): Maryam (the mother of H. Isa); Hazrat Khadija (RA)
and Hazrat Fatimah (RA).”

She was extremely patient, generous pious and God fearing. She
stayed without food, and gave bread to persons who asked for it.

227 | P a g e
She also did all the house hold chores herself, to the extent that
her hands were marked due to the hard work. It is an open fact
that the Holy Prophet (PBUH) had profound love for his beloved
daughter the Lady of light, Hazrat Fatimah (RA). The Prophet
(PBUH) was always seen off by Hazrat Fatimah (RA) when he was
going out from Madinah and was met by her when he returned to
home.

Hazrat Ayesha (RA) narrated that:

“During the illness in which the Holy Prophet (PBUH) passed away,
he called for Fatimah (RA) and whispered to her and she began to
cry. Then he called her nearer and whispered something to her
and she laughed.” Hazrat Ayesha (RA) says, “I asked Fatimah
regarding this incident and she said, “the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
whispered to me that he would pass away during this illness so I
began to cry. Then he whispered to me and told me from the
people of the house” I will be the first to come after him and meet
him. To this I laughed”.

On the 3rd Ramadan in 11 A.H. at the age of 29 she died after six
months of the death of the Prophet (PBUH). She willed that her
body be carried for burial prayer in such a way that no one could
recognize whether it was a body of a male or female. She could
narrate not more than 18/19 Ahadith.

228 | P a g e
The first Islamic
community
(wives of Holy
Prophet (PBUH))

229 | P a g e
Wives of the Prophet (PBUH)

The wives of the Prophet (PBUH) hold a special place in Islamic

piety. They were his wives in his life and shall be in the life to
come. Each one played their specific role in forming the history of
Islam.

• Hazrat Khadija Tul Kubra (RA)

• Hazrat Sawdah Bint Zaam’ah (RA)
• Hazrat Ayesha Siddique (RA)
• Hazrat Hasah Bint Umar (RA)
• Hazrat Zainab Bint Khuzaimah (RA)
• Hazrat Umme Salamah (RA)
• Hazrat Zainab Bin Jahash (RA)
• Hazrat Juwarihah Bint Haris (RA)
• Hazrat Safiyah Bint Huay (RA)
• Hazrat Ramlah Bint Abu Sufyan (RA)
• Hazrat Maimoonah Bint Haris (RA)
• Hazrat Maria Qibtiyah (RA)
• Hazrat Rehana Bint Shamoon (RA)

The Quran calls them “Mothers of the faithful”, therefore after

the death of the Prophet (PBUH) they were not allowed to marry.

230 | P a g e
Allah says in Quran;

The Prophet is more worthy of the believers than themselves ,

and his wives are [in the position] of their mothers.

1. Hazrat Khadija Tul Kubra (RA)

• She was born in 556 A.D. and belonged to the noblest family
of the most respected Arab – tribe the Quraish. Khadijah
was her family name and on account of her piety she was
called ‘tahira’.
• Her father was Khuwalid and the mother was Fatima.

Hazrat Khadija’s character.

• She was a twice widowed lady.

• She was one of the richest, noblest, and the most respected
ladies of Makkah.

Her marriages.
• She was first married to Hind, who was also known as Abu
Hala. After his death she married Ateeq. But after
sometimes he also died leaving Hazrat Khadija (RA) once
more a widow.

Holy Prophet (PBUH) joins her business.

When the Prophet (PBUH) was about 22-23 years old the
fame of his exemplary character had already spread all over.
Hazrat Khadija (RA) who was by now looking for such a man

231 | P a g e
 of excellent character to look after her business, as her
father had died in the battle of Fajr and left her a large
fortune. Many notables of Quraish recommended the
Prophet (PBUH) for this task, therefore she sent a message
to the Prophet (PBUH) stating that ‘if he agreed to take her
merchandise to Syria, then she would pay him twice as much
as she paid to others.’ The Prophet (PBUH) with the approval
of Abu talib accepted her offer and went towards Syria,
accompanying her slave-Maysarah with her goods. The trip
was a stunning success and on return to Makkah, Maysarah
greatly praised the Prophet (PBUH)’s virtues and trading
skills.

She Marries the Prophet (PBUH)

• Slowly Hazrat Khadija (RA) was more and more impressed by
the Prophet (PBUH) character and piety. When he was 25,
she sent a message through her friend ‘Nafisa’, to the
Prophet (PBUH) that she wanted to marry him.
• The Prophet (PBUH) with the approval of Abu Talib, agreed
to marry her.
• Abu Talib read the sermon of the nikah and 500 gold
dirhams were fixed as Mehr
• At this time, the Prophet (PBUH) was 25 and Hazrat Khadija
was 40 years old.
• She had 4 daughters and 2 sons from the Prophet (PBUH).
Sons: Hazrat Qasim and Hazrat Abdullah
Daughters: Hazrat Zainab (RA), Hazrat Ruqayyah
(RA), Hazrat Umme Kulsum (RA) and Hazrat Fatimah (RA).

232 | P a g e
• This marriage freed the Prophet (PBUH) from financial
worries and he was finally able to devote his time to
meditation.

Her services
• In the event of first revelation when the Prophet (PBUH) was
surprised and hastened home to seek rest, the great lady
calmed and confirmed giving him giving strength to his
shaken senses; she thereafter wrapped him to warm his
shivering body. (Her dialogue to console the Prophet (PBUH)
should be given here)
• She didn’t sleep the night he was made the Prophet (PBUH),
but kept mumbling prayers throughout.
• Next day, she took him to her cousin, Warqa bin Naufal (RA)
who gave him assurance that he was the messenger of Allah
• She declared her faith in his mission and became the first
convert to Islam
• The Prophet (PBUH) always remembered her as he would
say after her death:
• “When I was poor, she enriched me, when they [Makkans]
called me a liar, she alone testified me. Allah had endowed
me with her love”.
• During the persecution days, Hazrat Khadija fully supported
her husband financially with her influence and morally, by
consoling satisfying him.
• She remained loyal to the Prophet (PBUH) and bore the
hardships of boycott between the years 616-619 A.D.
• Occasionally, due to her influence some foodstuff used to
reach the besieged persons.

233 | P a g e
 Her Death
• When the boycott ended in 619 A.D., after few days she died
on 11th Ramadan at the age of 65.
• The Prophet (PBUH) himself went into the grave and
lowered her body.
• The Prophet (PBUH) called this year as a “Year of Sorrow”.

Her Merits
• According to Sahih Bukhari, “Once Hazrat Jibrael informed
the Prophet (PBUH) that Hazrat Khadija (RA) was bringing
something in a pot, you please convey Allah’s and mine
compliments to her.”
• Once the Prophet (PBUH) said for her: “the noblest ladies of
the world are Marium and Khadija”.
• The Prophet (PBUH) once said: “Khadija’s love is given to
me by Allah”.

2. Hazrat Sawdah Bint Zam’ah

(RA)
• Hazrat Sawdah bint Zam’ah was previously married to her
cousin Hazrat Sakran. The couple embraced Islam and
migrated to Abyssinia.
• Her husband died in Abyssinia and she returned to
Makkah.

234 | P a g e
• She had a son from her 1st husband named Abdul
Rehman, who was martyrs in the battle of Jalula.
• She was introduced to the Prophet (PBUH) by Hazrat
Khawlah (RA), who suggested the Prophet (PBUH) that he
needed the companion and wife who may look after the
household affairs., after Hazrat Khadija’s departure.
• At the time of her marriage with the Prophet (PBUH) she
was 55 years old i.e. 2 years older than the Prophet
(PBUH) the Prophet (PBUH) paid 400 dirhams as Mehr.
This took place on 10th of Ramadan.
• She was Obedient, loyal, simple and selfless.
• Hazrat Sawdah (RA) used to love the Prophet (PBUH)
daughters very affectionately that nobody could even
doubt that she wasn’t the real mother.
• In the 13th year of prophethood, when the Prophet
(PBUH) migrated to Madinah, he sent Hazrat Zaid bin
Haris (RA) from Madina with some camels and 500
dirhams to bring back all the members of his family.
Thus, Hazrat Sawdah (RA) came to Madinah along with
Hazrat Fatimah (RA).
• Five traditions are said to have narrate by Hazrat Sawdah
(RA) out of these five one finds place in bukhari.
• She was a tall, healthy woman with a great sense of
humor. She could not walk swiftly because of her build
and when she went to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) on Hajj
she took special permission to leave for Muzdalifah
earlier so as to avoid crowds.
• Once Hazrat Sawda (RA) stood after the Prophet (PBUH)
in the Night prayer. The next day she said to him, “O, the

235 | P a g e
 Prophet of Allah! Last night you took so long in your
Ruku that I apprehended bleeding from my nose.”
• She was jovial by nature and used to please the Prophet
(PBUH) and her friends through healthy jokes and pranks.
• According to some writers she died in 54 A.H but most of
the traditions say that she died during the Caliphate of
Hazrat Umar (RA), and the year of her death ought to be
22 A.H.
• Hazrat Ayesha (RA) said about her: “it is only Sawdah; on
seeing whom, I wish my soul lived in her body”

3. Hazrat Ayesha Siddiqua (RA)

• Her name is Ayesha, Siddiqua, and Humaira both are
her titles.
• She was born at Makkah, 10-11 years before
migration.
• Her father name was Abu Bakr (RA)
• She was an extraordinary brilliant person, even in her
childhood, while playing dolls with her playmates. She
was very particular and mindful of the human values,
decorum and respect for elders.
• “once the Prophet (PBUH) noticed her toys a horse
with wings, He asked her “well Ayesha, how is this?
Do horses have wings? She promptly replied, “why
not? The horse of the Prophet Sulaiman (AS) did have
wings.” On her reply Prophet smiled.

236 | P a g e
• She was married to the Prophet (PBUH) in the 10th year
of Prophethood but her ‘Rukhsati’ was delayed as she
was around 9 years.
• The marriage was consummated at Madinah in the
month of Shawwal when Hazrat Ayesha was 13/14
years of age.
• She migrated to Madinah along with her sister Hazrat
Asma (RA) and mother Umme Roman (RA)
• Hazrat Ayesha enjoyed the company of the Prophet
(PBUH) had freer access to him than anyone else.
• She also participated in the battle of Uhad, Hazrat Anas
(RA) reported that:
“he saw Hazrat Ayesha RA and Hazrat Umme Salim
supplying water in skin bags to the wounded in the
battle field”.
• Allah revealed the verses for ‘Tayammum’ in 5 A.H,
due to Hazrat Ayesha (RA) when she lost her necklace
while returning from the battle. In the meantime, the
time for prayers approached but no water was
available for ablution. On this Hazrat Usaid (RA) said:
“O the people in the house of Siddiq, this blessing (the
privilege of tayammum) isn’t the first blessing from
Allah through you in Islam”.
• Her apartment was the center where verses were
revealed by the divine mercy of Allah. Thus, she was
given the title of “Horizon of the Ladies of Islam”.
• On another occasion, the hypocrites falsely accused
Hazrat Ayesha (RA) of being involved with Hazrat
Safwan bin Mu’attal (RA) while she was returning from
an expedition along with the Prophet (PBUH). The
237 | P a g e
 Prophet (PBUH) declared that if Ayesha was chaste,
Allah Himself will testify. Eventually, a divine revelation
came declaring that:
“why did not the believer’s men and women when
you heard of the affair put the best construction on it
on their own minds and say: this charge is an obvious
lie”.
• Later, these offenders were awarded punishment.
• The Angel Jibrael (AS) specifically greeted her and
during her lifetime. The Prophet (PBUH) also gave her
the wonderful news that she would enter paradise.
• Hazrat Amr bin Al-Aas (RA) once asked the Prophet
(PBUH) as to whom in the world he liked most. He
replied “Ayesha”.
• During the illness of the Prophet (PBUH), he stayed for
8 days in her room.
• A little before the demise of the Prophet (PBUH), he
was resting in the lap of Hazrat Ayesha (RA) she
softened ‘Miswak’ under her teeth and offered to her
husband.
• She often claimed with pride that among all the wives.
“She had the privilege that the Prophet (PBUH) used
her chewed miswak for the last time in this world”
• She also reviewed Ahadith of the Prophet (PBUH) that
people brought to her for confirmation.
• She took part in the battle of camel against Hazrat Ali
(RA) and was asking along other companions the quick
revenge of Hazrat Usman (RA).
• Whenever she read the Quranic verse: “O the wives of
the Prophet (PBUH)! Be seated in your houses with
238 | P a g e
 dignity” she used to weep bitterly asking her head
cover wet with tears.
• She narrated 2210 traditions of the Prophet (PBUH)
and more than 200 students.
• Hazrat Abu Musa Ash’ari (RA) writs in Jami Tirmidhi:
“we got some information for our problems and
questions from Hazrat Ayesha (RA).”
• Hazrat Urwa bin Zubair says that: “Hazrat Ayesha (RA)
was the most scholarly person of her time in Quran,
fundamentals of religion, fiqh, poetry, Arabian history,
etc.
• She died on 17th Ramadan at the age of 73 in 58 A.H.
• She was buried in Madinah in the Jannat-ul-Baqi. The
funeral prayer was led by Hazrat Abu Hurairah (RA).

4. Hazrat Hafsah (RA)

• Hazrat Hafsah was the daughter of the 2nd caliph Hazrat
Umar (RA)
• She was born 5 years before the prophethood when the
Quraish tribe was busy in rebuilding Ka’abah.
• She was first married to Khunais, son of Huzaifa from the
tribe of Banu Sahm.
• Both husband and wife migrated to Abyssinia and then
came over to Madinah.
• She and her husband participated in the battle of Badr in
which he was severely wounded and died due to this
wound.

239 | P a g e
• The Prophet (PBUH) wanted to marry her with a view to
strengthening his ties with Hazrat Umair (RA) and his
influential tribe ‘Banu Adi’
• She quoted around 60 traditions, which she heard from
the Prophet (PBUH)
• Once the Prophet (PBUH) divorced her (one time), the
Angel Jibrael (AS) visited the Prophet (PBUH) and
narrated about Hazrat Hafsah (RA).
“She is often fasting and worshipping Lady and she will be
your wife in paradise too.”
Then the Prophet (PBUH) reversed the decision and
continued the marriage.
In scholarship and thirst of knowledge, she comes to
second Hazrat Ayesha (RA). Hazrat Ayesha (RA) would
remark her that “among the wives of the Prophet (PBUH)
only Hazrat Hafsah (RA) could compare with her”.
• The Prophet (PBUH) used to tell her about revelations
and also discussed with her various religious and social
issues.
• She being a well-educated lady used to teach those in
search of learning at her house. among her pupils some
very prominent are, “Abdulah bin Umair (RA), Abdullah
bin Safwan (RA), Harisa bin Wahab, etc.
• She was also the ‘custodian’ of the original copy of the
Quran which had been compiled by Hazrat Zaid bin Sabit
(RA) during the time of the first caliph, Hazrat Abu Bakr
(RA) this copy eventually became the authentic version of
the Holy Quran and called ‘Mushaf-e-Hafsah’.
• She died in the month of Shaban in 45 A.H. at the age of
59 during the caliphate of Hazrat Ameer Muawiyah.
240 | P a g e
 • Her body was lowered in the graveyard of Jannat-ul-baqi
by the famous companions such as Hazrat Abu Hurairah
(RA) and Hazrat Abu Saeed Khudri (RA). Before her death,
she asked her brother Hazrat Abdullah bin Umair (RA) to
distribute her entire property to the poor and needy.

5. Hazrat Zainab bint Khuzaimah (RA)

• Hazrat Zainab (RA) was the next to be married to the
Prophet (PBUH).
• She was the daughter of Khuzaimah bint haris, and a lady
known as “The mother of the poor and needy” because she
was the most generous among the ladies of the Prophet
(PBUH) family.
• She was born 13 years before the Prophet (PBUH) was
chosen as the messenger of Allah (swt).
• According to one report, she was first married to Hazrat
Abdullah bin Jahsh (RA) who was martyred in Uhad.
According to another report, she was first married to Tufail,
and when divorced by him was remarried to his younger
brother Ubaidah, who was martyred in Uhad.
• The Prophet (PBUH) married her in Ramadan 3 A.H. she was
given a dower/Mehr of 400 by the Prophet (PBUH).
• She was a very kind hearted lady and ever ready to help the
poor and needy, even at the cost of her own needs. Once a
poor man came to her house and asked for some flour. She
had a flour only for one meal in her house. The courteous
lady gave all the stuff to the poor man, and herself went

241 | P a g e
 without meal that night. The Prophet (PBUH) was very much
moved with her spirit of self-sacrifice, and arranged for
some food for her, Next day, he narrated this story to other
wives, and said:

“if you have faith in Allah as you ought, He would provide

for your sustenance, even has he doeth for the birds, who
leave their nest hungry in the morning, but return full at
night.”
• She lived with the Prophet (PBUH) for 8th months only after
the marriage, as she died in rabi-ul-Sani, 4 A.H. at the age of
30.
• The Holy Prophet (PBUH) led the funeral prayers and she
was buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi.
• Hazrat Zainab (RA) and Hazrat Khadija (RA) are the two
wives of the Prophet (PBUH) who died during his life time.
• After her death, the Prophet (PBUH) married Hazrat Umme
Salamah (RA).

6. Hazrat Umme Salamah (RA)

• His real name was Hind, and she came from the house of
Makhzoom, a branch of the famous tribe of Quraish.
• She was the daughter of Abu Umayyah and her father was a
leader of his tribe and a horseman of great repute.
• She was first married to Abdullah bin Abdul Asad who was
her paternal cousin and a foster brother of the Prophet
(PBUH).

242 | P a g e
• They both first migrated to Abyssinia and from there they
came back to Makkah and then migrated to Madinah. She
had the distinction of being the first Muslim woman to
migrate to Madinah.
• While in exile in Abyssinia, they were given false report that
the Prophet (PBUH) had made peace with the Makkans, and
therefore, both returned to Makkah, where they fell into
hands of their enemies, who tortured and ill-treated to
them.
• After some time, her husband could manage to escape to
Madinah but she was forced by her tribesman to stay with
her father against her wishes. Later On, she migrated along
with her baby.
• She lived for about 8 months with her husband and after his
martyrdom in the battle of Uhad she was married to the
Prophet (PBUH) in the year 4 A.H.
• Hazrat Umme Salamah (RA) because of her beauty
knowledge and wisdom held a renowned position among
the wives of the Prophet (PBUH). The Prophet (PBUH) loved
her very much. Once when the Prophet’s wives except
Hazrat Ayesha had to represent something to the Prophet
(PBUH) they chase Hazrat Salamah (RA) as their spokesman.
• After the treaty of Hudaibiyah the Prophet (PBUH)
commanded his companions to offer sacrifice the animals
they had brought along and shave their head at hudaibiyah.
The Muslims were so much depressed that none of them
noticed repeated calls of the Prophet (PBUH). “Hazrat
Umme salamah (RA) advised him not to say anything now
to anybody, but to slaughter his sacrificial animal in the
open (in the presence of others) and he should get his head

243 | P a g e
 shave.” And what she expected happened—all the
companions followed the Prophet (PBUH).
• The Prophet (PBUH) said for her:
Úmme Salamah participated in the pledge of Rizwan
therefore; she deserved the Paradise….”
• She was very keen to learn traditions as she had memorized
378 Ahadith of the Prophet (PBUH).
• She also had the distinction of taking part in many battles.
She was with the Prophet (PBUH) during the battles of
Khyber taif, Hunain and the conquest of Makkah.
• She was a good reader of the Quran and her style of
recitation was identical with that of the Prophet (PBUH).
• She died in 62/63 A.H at the age of 84. Hazrat Abu Hurairah
(RA) led her prayer and she was buried beside the other
wives of the Prophet (PBUH) in Jannat-ul-baqi.

7. Hazrat Zainab Bint Jahash (RA)

• Her name is Zainab and her Kunyat is Al Hakam. She
belonged to the family of Asad of the tribe of Quraish.
• She was the daughter of Umaimah bint Abdul muttalib who
was the Prophet’s (PBUH) paternal aunt. Her sister was
famous woman companion Hazrat Hamnah bint jahash (RA).
She was one of the early converts to Islam.
• The Prophet (PBUH) had married her to Hazrat Zaid bin
Haritha (RA) who was his freed slave.

244 | P a g e
 • The marriage remained for about one year, but after the
unpleasantness between the two increased, and Hazrat Zaid
(RA) had to complain to the Prophet (PBUH).
• After the divorce the Prophet (PBUH) in order to calm her
wanted to marry her. But the Prophet (PBUH) was reluctant
to do so due to the ancient custom of Arab (they would
consider the adopted son equal to the real son) Allah
revealed a verse in Quran to guide the Prophet (PBUH).

َ
‫سورة االٴحزاب‬

“Proclaim their real parentage. That will be more equitable

in the sight of Allah. And if ye know not their fathers, then
(they are) your brethren in the faith, and your clients. And
there is no sin for you in the mistakes that ye make
unintentionally, but what your hearts purpose (that will be
a sin for you). Allah is ever Forgiving, Merciful.”
• After that the Prophet (PBUH) sent proposal but she replied
that, “she wouldn’t do a thing without consulting Allah, and
so saying she took position on prayer carpet. In the
meantime, the Prophet (PBUH) received a revelation in this
subject [33:37] this divine order completed the marriage
formalities.
• In the books on traditions only 11 traditions are attributed
to her,
• Hazrat Umme Salalmah (RA) says about her. “Zainab was
good natured, fast keeping and prayer offering”

245 | P a g e
• She was hospitable, modest, generous and soft-hearted
lady.
• She died in the year 20 A.H. during the Caliphate of Hazrat
Umar (RA) when she was aged 53 years. The caliph Umer
(RA) led her funeral prayers and she was buried in the
Jannat-ul-Baqi.
• Hazrat Ayesha (RA) was very much grieved on her death and
remarked that: “The respected lady is no more and left the
orphans and widows broken hearted.”

8. Hazrat Juwairiyah Bint Haris

(RA)
• Her original name was Barra but later on her marriage with
the Prophet (PBUH), she was given the name of Juwairiyah
as the former name was improper.
• She belonged to the tribe of Khuza’a and her father was the
head of the family of Banu Mustalaq
• In the month of Shaban, 5 A.H. the Prophet (PBUH) along
with his companions attacked the people of Banu Mustalaq
as they were already preparing an army against Muslims.
They were defeated and the war spoils were distributed to
the soldiers. Hazrat Juwairiyah (RA) fell to the lot of Hazrat
Sabit bin Qais (RA) who was ready to free her for a ransom
of Gold. She requested the Prophet (PBUH) saying: “O
Prophet of Allah, I am the daughter of Haris bin Zarrar the
chief of his people. Please do an act of kindness and save
me from humiliation as I have fallen to the share of Sabit

246 | P a g e
 (RA), an ordinary man”. On her persuasion, the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) agreed to pay her ransom and marry her if
she liked, to which she immediately agreed.
• As a result of this marriage, the prisoners of war from her
tribe numbering about 600 were released. Hazrat Ayesha
(RA) said that she didn’t see a woman more auspicious than
Hazrat Juwairiyah (RA), on account of whom hundreds of
houses of Banu Mustalaq secured their freedom.
• When Hazrat Ayesha (RA) saw her for the first time, she
exclaimed that Juwairiyah was as beautiful as a fairy.
• She was a highly respecting woman and held her-self in high
esteem. She was very religiously minded and spent much of
her time in prayers. According to some traditions, the
Prophet (PBUH) almost always found her in prayers.
• She died at the age of 65 years in 56 A.H. during the reign of
Hazrat Ameer Muawiyah (RA) and was buried in Jannat-ul-
Baqi.

9. Hazrat Safiyah Bint Huyayy

(RA)
• Her original name was Zainab but after the battle of Khyber
when she became a prisoner of war assigned to the Prophet
(PBUH) her name was changed to Safiyah.
• Her father’s name was “Huyayy bin Akhtab” (the leader of
Banu Nadhir) which settled at Khyber after its expulsion
from Madinah.
• She was first married to one Salm bin Mishkam who was a
poet and a warrior. But this marriage didn’t last long as the
247 | P a g e
 two couldn’t adjust their opposite temperaments and
accordingly she was divorced.
• In the 6th or 7th year of Hijra she was married to kinanah bin
Rabi who was also killed in the battle of Khyber.
• After the battle of Khyber, a companion Hazrat Dahya Kalbi
(RA) requested the Prophet (PBUH) for a maid. The Prophet
(PBUH) allowed him to select one form the war prisoners.
He picked up Hazrat Safiyah (RA) as she was the leading
woman of an Arab tribe which shouldn’t be treated as an
ordinary woman therefore. The Prophet (PBUH) allotted
another woman prisoner to Hazrat Dahya kalbi (RA). The
Prophet (PBUH) freed Hazrat Safiyah (RA) and married her.
[Sahih Bukhari]
• On his way to Madinah the Prophet (PBUH) halted at a place
called ‘Sahba’ where he held Valima feast.
• She was sober patient and polite. At the time of her
marriage, she was just 17 but with her pleasant and friendly
attitude, she quickly earned herself a respectable place in
the household of the Prophet (PBUH).
• She was very attached to the Prophet (PBUH). When he fell
ill, his wives come to see him. Hazrat Safiyah (RA) who was
among them couldn’t stand the suffering of the death of her
husband, and in utter helplessness, the cried:
“O Prophet of Allah. I wish I could take all your sufferings
myself (so that you may be relieved of your pains)”
• When in the year 35 A.H Hazrat Usman (RA) was besieged in
his house by the rebels, she took some supplies of food and
water and started towards him but she was obstructed by
Malik bin Ashtar.

248 | P a g e
• She died in the year 50 A.H. aged 60 years, during the
Caliphate of Hazrat Ameer Muawiyah (RA), and was buried
in the Jannat-ul-Baqi.

10. Hazrat Ramlah Bint Abu Sufyan

(Umme Habibah) (RA)
• Her name was Ramlah and ‘Umme Habibah’ was her Alias
[Kuniyat]
• She was the daughter of Abu Sufyan (RA), and was born 17
years before the Prophethood.
• She was first married to Ubaidullah bin Jahash. She
embraced Islam along with her husband. The couple
migrated to Abyssinia during the second movement. On
reaching Abyssinia Ubaidullah renounced Islam and adopted
Christianity but Umme Habibah (RA) persisted in Islam. Later
on, husband died.
• When the Prophet (PBUH) was informed off her difficulty, he
sent Amr bin Umayyah (RA) to Negus to negotiate her
marriage with the Prophet (PBUH). The Negus conveyed the
proposal to her through his maid servant Abraha. Hazrat
Umme Habibah (RA) was so much pleased on receiving this
message that She at once rewarded Abraha by offering her
some silver ornaments.
• The Negus read the marriage sermon and paid 400 dinars as
dower. She was then sent in Madinah with Hazrat
Shurahbeel bin Hassanah (RA).

249 | P a g e
• When Abu Sufyan was told of the marriage, he announced:
“At least Muhammad has no black mark in his career as a
man”.
• She was a staunch believer in true faith. In religious matters
he didn’t make any concession even to her dearest and
nearest relatives. Once her father Abu Sufyan visited
Madinah to negotiate for the extension of the period of the
truce of hudaibiyah. He visited her daughter as well. He was
about to sit on the bed of the Prophet (PBUH) when she
pulled off the bed and made him sit on a mat. Abu Sufyan
was surprised. When asked to explain this she replied that
beings a polluted infidel, he couldn’t sit on the sacred bed of
the Prophet (PBUH).
• There are 65 Hadith narrated by her which have been
quoted by prominent personalities such as Hazrat Muawiyah
(RA), Hazrat Urwah bin Zubair (RA), and Hazrat Zainab bint
Umme Salamah.
• She left this world at the age of 73 years in 44 A.H during the
caliphate of Hazrat Muawiyah (RA). Before death she sent
for Hazrat Ayesha (RA) and said: “We had been co-wives of
the Prophet (PBUH) if I have ever offended you, please
forgive me and pray for my salvation”. Hazrat Ayesha (RA)
replied: “You have pleased me. May Allah make you
happy”.

250 | P a g e
11. Hazrat Maimonah bint Haris (RA)
• She was given the name of Maimonah by the Prophet
(PBUH) after the marriage which means “the blessed”, She
belonged to the tribe of Quraish.
• She was first married to Masood bin Amr but was divorced
and thereafter she was married to Abu Rahm, who died in
the year 7 A.H.
• She was 51 years at the time of husband’s death. In order to
ease her sufferings, the Prophet’s uncle Hazrat Abbas (RA)
initiated her marriage with him.
• The marriage took place in the month of Shawwal of 7 A.H.
the dower money was 500 dirhams.
• Her piety and humility were well known. The Prophet
(PBUH) called her a “Symbol of goodness”. She was fond of
reforming women and encouraging them to be good and
virtuous.
• She was very fond of freeing slaves. Once when she freed a
maid servant, the Prophet (PBUH) remarked that “Allah may
bless her”
• She was the last lady that the Prophet (PBUH) married in 7
A.H.
• She had an exceptional memory and memorized many of
the Ahadith of the Prophet (PBUH). In narrating the hadith,
she comes third after Hazrat Ayesha (RA) & Hazrat Umme
Salamah (RA) as 76 Ahadith are quoted from her.
• It is a strange coincidence that she died in 51 A.H. at the
same place ‘Sarif’ where she was married to the Prophet
(PBUH). Hazrat Abdullah bin Abbas (RA) led the funeral
prayer.

251 | P a g e
• Hazrat Ayesha (RA) remarked that: “Maimonah was very
God-fearing and had great regard for the rights of her kith
and kin”.

12. Hazrat Mariah Qibtiyah (RA)

• After the treaty of Hudaibiyah when the Prophet (PBUH)
sent letters to a number of king offerings them the religion
of Allah and inviting them to accept Islam. Among them was
Muqawqis, the king of Egypt. The king respected the
invitation and sent a number of presents which included:
✓ Hazrat Maria (RA) and her sister ‘Sirin’ (RA) [Belonged
to respectable family]
✓ Some gold, pieces of cloth and honey.
✓ A doctor and her own donkey named ‘Yafoor'.
• The Prophet (PBUH) married Hazrat Maria (RA) but some
traditions don’t confirm and didn’t keep her as a maid.
However, it is certain that by giving birth to the prophet’s
(PBUH) son ‘Hazrat Ibrahim’, she had risen in esteem and in
her position among the wives of the Prophet (PBUH).
• The Prophet (PBUH) used to spend most of his time in the
house of Hazrat Maria (RA) caressing and fonding with baby
Ibrahim.
• On the death of Ibrahim, the Prophet (PBUH) couldn’t resist
tears tricking down his eyes. He looked upon his baby and
said; “my eyes shed tears and heart is full of grief, but I am
satisfied with and pain, yet we will bow to the will of Allah
as He is our Lord”. Then he turned towards Maria (RA) and
consoling her said; “He will have a nurse in the Paradise”.

252 | P a g e
• As she was a from village in the land of Egypt called Hafn,
Hazrat Ameer Muawiyah (RA) spared the people of this
village from having to pay khiraj tax during the days of his
governorship as a tribute and honour to Hazrat maria (RA).
• Hazrat maria’s death took place only 5 years after the death
of her son Ibrahim. She was buried in the grave yard of
Jannat-ul-baqi.
• She was much respected by the first two caliphs. Her
pension was allowed by these two caliphs, to be continued
and paid to her relatives even after death.

13. Hazrat Rehana bint Sham’oon (RA)

• She belonged to the well-known Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir /
Banu Quraidha.
• She was first married to hakam of Banu Quraidha. When the
Muslims captured this place, Hazrat Rehana (RA) came as a
prisoner of war. The Prophet (PBUH) freed her when she
embraced Islam and then married her. According to most of
the historians the Prophet (PBUH) didn’t marry her and she
had the same status as that of Hazrat Maria (RA), i.e. maids
and not wives.
• She was a noble, pious and honorable lady who rendered
valuable services to the cause of Islam.
• She lived for 10 years after the death of the Prophet (PBUH).

253 | P a g e
 The First Islamic
Community
Twelve Imams (A.S)

254 | P a g e
 1. Hazrat Ali (RA)
“See the topic Ten blessed Companions”

2. Hazrat Hasan bin Ali (RA)

• He was born in the middle of the Shaban, 3 A.H. He was thus
a little over seven years old at the time of the Prophet’s
(PBUH) death.
• He was one year elder than Hazrat Hussain (RA), his brother.
• He resembled the Prophet (PBUH) who named him Hassan
(RA). Hazrat Abdullah bin Zubair (RA) reported to have said,
“Hasan resembled the Prophet (PBUH) very much and he
loved him dearly”.
• He was very polite and generous and had a great dislike for
disturbance and bloodshed.
• The Prophet (PBUH) was once going somewhere with Hasan
(RA) on his shoulder. A man came across and remarked
addressing Hasan (RA), “What a good mount you have got.”
At this the Prophet (PBUH) replied “Even the rider is very
good.”
• The Prophet (PBUH) and Hazrat Ali (RA) were Hazrat Hasan’s
(RA) only teachers. As he said; “The Prophet (PBUH) had
taught me how to say my five times daily prayers.”
• The Prophet (PBUH) was once sitting on the pulpit with
Hazrat Hasan (RA) beside him. He would sometimes look
towards the audience and at times at Hazrat Hasan (RA) and
said:
“this son of mine is the chief of the people and will make
peace between two factions of the Muslims”.

255 | P a g e
• The Prophet (PBUH) also said for both brothers (Hasan and
Hussain): “Hasan and Hussain will be the leaders of youth in
paradise”
• He narrated around 13 Hadith of the Prophet (PBUH) that
shows his devotion to Islam and his remarkable memory.
• He performed Hajj 25 times on foot although he had his own
camel.
• He also served Hazrat Uthman (RA) when the rioters
besieged his house.
• During Hazrat Ali’s (RA) caliphate, he took part in all battles
(Camel, Siffin and Naharwan) and also held charge of Bait-ul-
Maal
• After Hazrat Ali’s (RA) martyrdom, the public took bait on
Hazrat Hasan’s hand. Qais bin Sa’ad (RA) was the first to take
oath followed by others.
• On the other side Hazrat Muawiyah (RA) renewed his Bait
for caliphate in Syria and gathered 60000 soldiers. He sent a
letter to Hazrat Hasan (RA) to accept him as caliph.
• Hazrat Hasan (RA) also gathered 40000 supporters and
advanced towards Syria, but most of the supporters
deserted him, so he signed a peace treaty with Hazrat
Muawiyah (RA) to prevent bloodshed of the Muslims in two
opposing camps.
• Hazrat Hasan (RA) resigned from his seat after six months of
the martyrdom of Hazrat Ali (RA) in the favour of Hazrat
Muawiyah (RA) and retired in Madinah.
• Some Khawarij and hypocrites also issued a verdict of
blasphemy against him as he wanted to enter into peace
with Hazrat Muawiyah (RA).

256 | P a g e
• He died in 50 or 51 A.H. it is said that his wife ju’dah bint al
Asha’s poisoned him, and he died within hours. Her father
had been an enemy of Hazrat Ali (RA) and this man has also
supported Hazrat Muawiyah (RA) in the battle of Siffin.
• He was buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi, beside his mother. Hazrat
Fatimah (RA). He was the last of the rightly guided caliphs.

3. Hazrat Hussain bin Ali (RA).

• He was the younger son of Hazrat Ali (RA) and Hazrat
Fatimah (RA).
• He was born on 3rd Shaban 4A.h. the child was named
Hussain (RA) which means ‘one part of the beauty’.
• The Prophet himself recited the Adhan (call to prayer) in his
ear, and also performed the Aqeeqah ritual (when the
baby’s hair is shaved off). (Al-Nasai).
• Hazrat Anas (RA) said that out of everyone in the Prophet’s
household, Hassan (RA) and Hussain (RA) were most loved
by the Prophet (PBUH). The Prophet (PBUH) would often go
to their house to meet them. He would enjoy watching them
play and would lift them and hold them against his chest
with affection. Sometimes, “When the Prophet (PBUH) was
in prostration during prayers, his grandchildren would climb
on his back and the Prophet (PBUH) would remain in
prostration for some time. After completing the prayers, he
would lift them onto his lap”.
• For 6 years Hazrat Hussain (RA) was blessed with the good
fortune of being educated by the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
Hazrat Abu Bakr and Hazrat Umar (RA) the first and the
Second Caliphs after the Prophet (PBUH) respectively, also

257 | P a g e
 looked upon him with respect and devotion because of his
nearness of the Prophet (PBUH).
• The Prophet (PBUH) would say; “Hussain is from me, and I
am from Hussain. Allah loves whosoever loves Hussain”.
• The Prophet (PBUH) also stated that “To me, Hassan and
Hussain are both the best fragrance of the world”. (Sahih
Bukhari)
• Once, the Prophet (PBUH) was delivering the Friday Sermon
in the mosque, When Hazrat Hussain (RA) entered, the
Prophet’s (PBUH) eyes turned to him. He stood down from
the Minbar from where he was delivering the sermon, lifted
Hussain (RA) and placed him against his chest.
• In the era of Hazrat Usman (RA) the 3rd Caliph, Hazrat
Hussain (RA) had the honour of waging Jihad in Tabristan (or
Tapuria)
• On his deathbed, Hazrat Hassan (RA) handed over the
charge of Imamat to his brother, Hazrat Hussain (RA).

Incident of Karbalah.
• After the death of Hazrat Muawiyah (RA) on the 15th rajab
60 A.H, his son Yazid became the leader of the Muslims.
• Yazid sent urgent orders to Waleed bin Uqba, the governor
of Madinah at the time, to force the oath of allegiance from
Hazrat Hussain (RA).
• Hazrat Hussain (RA) didn’t take bait and left for Makkah on
Friday 4th Shaban, 60 A.H., as he didn’t want Yazid to cause
bloodshed in Madinah.
• During his stay in Makkah, the Muslims of Iraq – particularly
the people of Kufa had secret meetings and requested

258 | P a g e
 Hazrat Hussain (RA) through letters to come to them. They
said in a letter;
“We have kept ourselves exclusively for you. We don’t attend
the Friday prayer with the governor, so come to us. In another
letter, the people of Kufa promised to assist Hazrat Hussain
(RA) in every way possible”.

• Hazrat Hussain (RA) gave the letters to serious

consideration. He consulted with his associates and family
and decided to send his cousin Muslim bin Aqil (R) to Kufa to
assess the situation. Hazrat Hussain (RA) commanded
Muslim bin Aqeel:
“Go to Kufa and investigate what they have written to me. If it
is true, we will go to them”.

• Yazid learnt of the situation in Kufa , and was disappointed

with the governor there, so he appointed Ubaidullah bin
Ziyad, a fierce and ruthless person, to govern Kufa. He also
wrote to him to search for Muslim bin Aqil and bind him in
chains, or kill him.
• Under the bribery and brute force of Ubaidullah the Kufans,
about 18000 in number, deserted Muslim bin Aqil and
switched their allegiance to Yazid.
• Meanwhile, Muslim took his supporters who were 4000 in
number to stand against Ubaidullah. His supporters also
began to slip away, so that by late afternoon, he only had
500. As darkness spread even the 500 gone.
• Muslim bin Aqil shifted shelter to another place, “the house
of Hani bin Urwa”. But eventually the spies discovered his
whereabouts and the house was quickly surrounded.
259 | P a g e
 • Muslim had dispatched the letter asking Hazrat Hussain (RA)
to come over to Kufa before the martyrdom.
• Hazrat Hussain (RA) left Makkah for Kufa on the 8th / 10th
Zulhijjah, the day Muslim was killed in Kufa . Number of
senior companions like Hazrat Abdullah bin Umar (RA),
requested him not to go to kufa as the people are not
reliable but Hazrat Hussain (RA) was firm in his decision.
• On his way to Kufa, he heard the news of Muslim bin Aqil’s
assassination. At this stage, large numbers of his
companions began to desert him.
• Ubaidullah despatched Amr bin Sa’ad along with 4000
soldiers and Hurr bin Yazid with 1000 to block the path
leading to the city {Kufa}, Hurr bin Yazid’s troop met Hazrat
Hussain near the place of ‘Sharaaf’ and here Hazrat Hussain
(RA) said to the enemy troops.
“I have come because you wrote letters inviting me to come and
unite you for the cause of truth and justice. But now if you have
changed your mind and you dislike my presence here, I am ready
to go back”.

• The treacherous Kufans were not prepared to let him go

back, either to Makkah or Madinah.
• Hazrat Hussain (RA) continued his march in a direction that
led neither to Kufa or Madinah, and reached the fateful plan
of Karbalah. Here, he camped on the 2nd Muharram, 61 A.H.
• Ubaidullah ordered an increase of troops to surround Hazrat
Hussain (RA). By the 7th Muharram 22000 troops had
reached Karbalah, demanding the Bait from him to Yazid.
Soon all water supplies to the camp of Hazrat Hussain (RA)
were cut.
260 | P a g e
• Despite the obvious hardship facing Hazrat Hussain (RA) and
his family, the cruel Ubaidullah pressed Amar bin Sa’ad to
continue and step up the oppression against him. In one
letter Ubaidullah wrote;
“I didn’t send you to Hussain to hold off from fighting him, to
promise him peace and preservation, or to be an intercessor
on his behalf with me. Therefore, see that, if Hussain and his
followers submit to my authority and surrender, you can send
them to me in peace. If they refuse, then march against them
to kill and disfigure them, for they deserve that. If you carry
out our order concerning him, we will give you the reward. If
you refuse, then withdraw from our command and our army.
Leave the army to Shimr bin Zil-Jawshan. We have given him
our authority”.

• On the 10th Muharram, Shimr and Amr bin Sa’ad arranged

the army and Amr led the assault by shooting the first
arrow. By midday, most of Hazrat Hussain’s (RA) supporters
out of 72 had been martyred.
• Soon after, none remained except the close relatives of
Hazrat Hussain (RA). One by one, they were brutally
assassinated. His own son, Ali Akbar, was savaged to pieces
by the cruel army. Qasim, the son of Hazrat Hasan, showed
great courage and bravery, but was soon martyred too. Even
the infant Ali Asghar was not spared.
• Hazrat Hussain (RA) was left with no associate. He came in
the tent, embraced his son Zain-ul-Abideen, and gave some
instructions to his wife. Before departing, he looked at
everybody for the last time with painful and wet eyes.

261 | P a g e
 • He alone fought with a strong heart and spirit and killed
many. He was inflicted 33 stab wounds and 43 blows. After a
long wait ‘Shimr’ along with 6 surrounded him. A blow was
struck against his left hand by Zurah bin Shareek. The
enemies withdraw as he stumbled to the ground. When he
fell, Sinan bin Anas attacked him and stabbed him with a
spear. He breathed his last breath and departed his mortal
world. “Indeed, we belong to Allah and to him we return”.
• He was 56 years and 5 months at the time of his death, on
Friday the 10th day of Muharram 61 A.H/680.
A day after his martyrdom, his head was dispatched to Ubaidullah,
and then Yazid. When Ubaidullah was presented the head of
Hazrat Hussain (RA) he began to poke his mouth with a cane.
Hazrat Anus bin malik (RA), a companion, was nearby and cried
out to him;

“take your cane away! By God! How often have I seen the
Messenger of Allah kiss that mouth!”.

4. Hazrat Imam Zain-ul-Abideen (R)

His surname was Abul-Hassan and the title name were Zain-ul-
Abideen. He was the only child of Hazrat Hussain (RA) whose
lineage flourished and grew. His mother Salma was a daughter of
Yazdgard, the last Iranian king.

He was born on Friday 38th Hijrah in Madinah. He treated his

mother so kindly and respectfully that he became an example for
the people. When he was asked why he didn’t eat in the same
utensil as his mother, he said that he was afraid lest he might lay
262 | P a g e
his hand upon a food item that his mother liked to eat. He would
give charity at night with a veil on his face so that no one could
know about his benefactor. When he died, there were marks on
his shoulders caused by lifting of heavy loads. He was such a
devoted worshiper that much of his time was spent in tying flat
and bowing before Allah. The same reason he was called by the
names of Sajjad (one who offers much prostration) and Zain-ul-
Abideen (Ornament of worshippers). He often shivered with the
fear of Allah and would remember the martyrs of Karbala and
weep. He had been spared in Karbala because of his sickness.

5. Hazrat Imam Muhammad Baqir (R)

He was the son of Hazrat Imam Zain-ul-Abideen and so was a
grandson of imam Hussain (RA). He was born in 57 A.H. and was
only four years old at the event of Karbala.

People from all walks of life started coming to him for religious
guidance. He was the greatest faqeeh (Logical Scholar) of his time,
the pious person of the highest standard and eloquent in speech.
He would gladly listen to the questions of visitors readily. Hazrat
Jabir bin Abdullah (RA) narrated that one day when he was sitting
in the company of the Prophet (PBUH), the Prophet (PBUH) was
playing with Hazrat Hussain (RA), making him sit in his lap. The
Prophet (PBUH) said to me;

“O Jabir! This son of mine begets a son by the name of Ali. When
the day of re-birth comes, a caller with proclaim, “let the leader of
the worshippers stand forth, “So, Ali son of Hussain will come
forward. This Ali son of Hussain will beget a son, Muhammad,” “O

263 | P a g e
Jabir! When you meet this Muhammad convey to Him my
greetings. After that you will not live long.”

Muhammad bin Muslim relates: “There was not a single thing that
flashed across my mind and I didn’t ask Imam Muhammad Baqir
(R). I asked him thirty thousand questions.”

He was chosen by Hazrat Imam Zain-ul-Abideen as the next Imam

after him. His mother was the daughter of Hazrat Imam Hassan
(RA). He died in either 114 A.H or 118 A.H.

6. Hazrat Imam Jafar Sadiq (R)

His name was Ja’far, surname was Abu Abdullah and popular
name was Sadiq. He was a son of Imam Baqir bin Zain-ul-Abideen
(R). he was born at Madinah, on Monday, in the month of Rabiul
Awwal, the day of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) birth, 80/83 A.H. His
mother Umm-e-Farwah was a daughter of Qasim bin Muhammad
bin Abu Bakr Siddique (RA).

He was pious and usually ate vinegar and oil and would wear
coarse garments. At times his clothes would be full of patches. He
also used to work in his, own garden himself. Many times, he
would become unconscious in remembrance of Allah. He was a
very learned person, jurist and an expert in the field of chemistry.
The famous chemist Abu Musa Jabir bin Hayyan was his student.
He wrote and compiled a book, Rassail-e-Jafar Sadiq, of 1000
pages containing 500 articles. He quoted a large number of
traditions of the Prophet (PBUH). People from distant places
would come to him to receive knowledge on different topics and
solve religious and philosophical problems. He was fully aware of

264 | P a g e
the contemporary religious and political differences but he never
associated himself with a party and spent the best apart of his life
in educating the people and propagating Islam.

According to a well-known saying of Imam Nawawi (R) about Him,

“People agreed on his Imamat (religious leadership), Siyadat
(Sociopolitical leadership), Jalalat (strength and greatness) and
Musawat (dispensing with equality)”. [Urdu Idara-tul-Maarif]

He died in 148 A.H. in Madinah and was buried in the same

graveyard in which, his father (Imam Baqir), grandfather (Zain-ul-
Abideen) and his forefather Hazrat Imam Hassan (RA) were
buried.

7. Hazrat Imam Musa Al-Kazim

He was a son of Imam Jafar Sadiq. His Mother was Hamida
Musaffat. He was born at Abwa (A place between Makkah and
Madinah) on Sunday,7th Safar, and 128 A.H. He was a very pious
and a sincere worshipper. He would worship for hours on end and
would recite the Qur’an and prostrate himself before Allah, and
departed from this world while in a state of prostration.

According to a tradition, “Once he went to Masjid-e-Nabvi in the

first part of the night and became busy in his prayers. Someone
listened to him saying, “O Allah! My sins have increased in
number. Your forgiveness is immeasurable, O! Forgiver, O!
Merciful.”

He was also called Abad-al-Saleh [a pious slave of Allah] because

of his worship and (capabilities of) Ijtihad (Tareekh-e-Baghdad).

265 | P a g e
He was a very kind and charitable person and used to give out
thousands of Dinars as a charity. After the death of his father,
Imam Musa Kazim (R) occupied his father’s seat of Imamat and
lasted for 35 years.

His knowledge was revealed on various occasions and amazed the

people. His dialogue with Burayha (a Christian priest) is well-
known; when Hazrat Musa Kazim (R) convinced him, the Christian
became a sincere convert to Islam. He was poisoned to death
inside a prison of the Caliph Haroon Rasheed. He remained
imprisoned for fourteen years baring untold hardships and
oppression. He died on 25th Rajab, 183 A.H. His funeral was
conducted by his son Hazrat Ali (R). he was buried at Kazmain
Baghdad where his shrine stands today.

8. Hazrat Imam Ali Raza (R)

His name was Ali, surname Abu Al-Hassan and title was Raza. He
was son of Imam Musa al Kazim (R) and was born on 11th
Zulaqaidah,148 A.H. at Madinah. The Caliph Mamoon-ur-Rasheed
called his family to Baghdad from Madinah and honored him
greatly. By doing all this, he wanted to show his love for the
descendants of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). He also declared Him,
his successor but the Imam refused to accept it.

Hazrat Ali Raza would stay up praying the whole night and would
finish reciting the whole Quran in three days. He would worship
for hours on end and would complete one thousand Ra’kat in one
day and night; he would prostrate himself before Allah for many
hours and used to observe fast frequently.

266 | P a g e
He received his education from great religious scholars of his
time. Caliph Mamoon also acknowledged his knowledge and
wisdom. He used to dine in the company of his slaves, servants
and guests and would often serve them. He was promised to
death on 17th of Safar, 203 A.H. in the age of 55. His funeral was
conducted by his son Hazrat Muhammad Taqi, and he was buried
at Mashad (Iran)

9. Hazrat Imam Muhammad Al-Jawwad Taqi (R)

He was the son of the 8th Imam, Hazrat Ali Raza. He is sometimes
also called Jawwad and ibn-e-Raza. He was born in Madinah in
195 A.H. / 809A.D.

His training and education were carried out in a highly productive

way. He was a very kind-hearted person and, was therefore, also
given the title of TAQI. He was very friendly and was particularly
enthusiastic about freeing the slaves. He used to ride his horse
carrying money and food and would give to the needy.

Keeping in view his piousness, the caliph Mamoon Al-Rasheed

married off his daughter Umme Fazal to him and gave him great
honors. The Imam spent some time in Baghdad and then with the
consent of the Ma’mun set out for Madinah where he remained
until the death of the Caliph. When Mu’tasim became the Caliph,
he called Imam Muhammad Taqi back to Baghdad and poisoned
him in 220 A.H. /835 A.D. he was buried near the grave of his

267 | P a g e
grandfather Imam Musa al-Kazim (R). his funeral prayer was led
by Wasiq bin Mutasim.

10.Hazrat Imam Ali Naqi

His name was Ali, surname Abu Al-Hassan and the title was Al-
Hadi. He was a son of Imam Muhammad al-Jawad, the 9th Imam
and was born on 5th Rajab in 212 A.H. / 827 A.D. at Madinah. His
mother was lady Samana. He had a very beautiful voice and used
to recite Qur’an and verse from Arabic poetry very strikingly.
Hazrat Taqi on the basis of personal traits, piety, and religious
stature, was a great personality. He had acquired educational
knowledge at a very tender age. His profession was teaching and
education. He was a very soft spoken, pious, gentle and generous
person. He was known to distribute all what he had to the needy
and poor.

In 243 A.H. the governor of Madinah Abdullah bin Muhammad

started teasing him without any reason at the orders of
Mutawakkil. He informed Mutawakkil about it but he gave him a
very insincere response. At last he had to leave Madinah for
Samra, the People of Samra extended him a warm welcome, but
even there, Mutawakkil didn’t let him spend the rest of his life in
peace. He however kept himself busy in imparting education to
the people. His Imamat lasted for 33 years in which he withstood
all possible humiliation and torture at the hands of different
Abassid Caliphs who considered him a potential threat to their
power. Hazrat Imam Ali Naqi (R) accepted in patience the tortures
of the Abassid Caliphs until the Caliph Mutazz, whose conspiracy

268 | P a g e
led to the Imam being poisoned and martyred on Monday 3rd
Rajab, 254 A.H. he was buried at Samra.

11.Hazrat Imam Hasan Askari

His name was Hasan, surname Abu Muhammad and the title was
Askari. He was the son of Imam Ali Naqi and the father of the last
Imam Al-Muntazar (Mahdi). He was born in 232 A.H. in Madinah.
He was also known by the names of Al-Samat, Al Zaki, Al-Khalis,
Al-Taqi, Al-Hadi. During the seven years of Imamat, due to untold
restrictions placed upon him by the Caliphate, he mostly lived in
the hiding and seclusion. He didn’t have any social contact with
the common people among the Shi’ite population. Only the elite
Shi’as were able to see him. He spent most of his time in prison.

Hazrat Imam Askari, like his ancestors, was a gentle, noble,

humble generous and a very knowledgeable person. In spite of
highly oppressive circumstances, the Imam trained hundreds of
scholars in different religious and allied disciplines. He died in 260
A.H. and was buried in his house in Samra by the side of his father
Hazrat Imam Ali Nadi.

12. Hazrat Imam Muhammad Mahdi (R)

His name was Muhammad and surname Abu al-Qasim. He was a

son of Imam Hassan Askari. He is also known by the names of Al-
Hujjat, Al-Mahdi, and Al-Muntazar. He was born at Samara on the
night of 15th Sha’ban, 256 A.H. He lived under the care of his
father till his death in 260 A.H. His birth was kept secret and he
always remained hidden from public view and only a few
companions of his father could see him. He was only 5 when his

269 | P a g e
father passed away. It is also believed that at the age of 17 he
hide himself in the cave from people and will remain hidden as
long as Allah wishes it to be so. He will appear only when the
world is full of injustice, oppression, sins, and chaos. He will
preach Islam; fight against Dajjal and after killing him will establish
Divine Justice and Allah’s order on the Earth.

But according to the Sunni School of thought Imam Mahdi will be

born near the Day of judgement. His name will be Muhammad,
father’s name Abdullah and mother’s name Aaminah. He will be
from the lineage of Hazrat Fatimah (RA).

270 | P a g e
 IMPORTANT
PERSONALITIES AROUND
THE PROPHET (PBUH)

271 | P a g e
 1. Hazart Abu Talib
• Hazart Abu Talib’s name was Abdul Munaf. His father’s
name was Abdul Muttalib and the mother’s name were
Fatima bint Amru.
• He was a perfume and cloth merchant. At the age of 8. The

Prophet (PBUH) was given into the custody of Abu Talib and
he also gained the leadership of Banu Hashim as his father
“Abdul Muttalib” died.
• Abu Talib treated the Prophet (PBUH) kindly and his wife

Fatimah would prefer him to all her sons. Abu Talib’s love
for his nephew increased day by day because of his good
manners and great politeness. Even he would not have his
meal without the Prophet (PBUH).
• When the Prophet (PBUH) reached at the age of 12, Abu

Talib took him to the Basra, where a Christian Monk alarmed

Abu Talib about the Prophet’s (PBUH) security saying; “Go
back to Makkah, protect your nephew from the jaws
because he’ll be of great importance!” Abu Talib sent the
Prophet (PBUH) back to Makkah as he was careful of his
safety.
• At the age of 25, the Prophet (PBUH) received a marriage

proposal from Hazrat Khadija (RA). Hazrat Abu Talib

managed all the affairs and solemnized the Prophet’s
(PBUH) Nikah.
• When the Prophet (PBUH) announced his Prophethood in

front of his relatives, expect Abu Talib turned against him.

Abu Talib kindly said to his nephew:

272 | P a g e
“Go on what Allah has ordered you. By Allah, I’ll support and
protect you,”

• All though his life, Abu Talib sheltered his nephew from the
blows of the Quraish.
• One day, the leaders of Quraish came to Abu Talib though
he was confined to bed. They said angrily: “Abu Talib! Keep
your nephew from us because he’s weakened our thoughts
and insulted our gods”. Abu Talib became sad his people did
not want to listen to the sound of truth. So, he said to them:
“Give me time to speak to him”. Abu Talib told the Prophet
(PBUH) the words of the leaders. The Prophet (PBUH) said
respectfully: “Uncle! I can disobey my lord’s Order”.
• The polytheists stoop up. They were threatening the
Prophet (PBUH). Abu Talib said to the Prophet (PBUH): “save
your soul and don’t overburden me”. The Prophet’s (PBUH)
eyes shed tears when he answered: “Uncle, by Allah, if they
put the sun in my right hand and moon in my left hand to
leave this matter, I’d not leave it till Allah, supports it or I
perish for it”.
• The Prophet (PBUH) stoop up rubbing his tears. So, Abu
Talib called him kindly and said: “Nephew draw near”. His
uncle kissed him and said: “Nephew go and say whatever
you like. By Allah, I’ll never leave you alone”.
• He also played a vital role in the boycott span and look to his
people to his own valley Shi’b-e-Abi Talib. He and some men
of Banu Hashim were always guarding the Prophet (PBUH)
one by one at night. Abu Talib was always moving the

273 | P a g e
 Prophet (PBUH) bed from one place to another keep it a
secret.
• One day, the Prophet (PBUH) came to his uncle. He was
filled with happiness. He said to him: “Uncle, my lord
ordered the while eat to eat your Ban Page. So, it’s eaten it
all but Allah’s Name”. So, Abu Talib stood up and went to
Darul-Nadwa, at the Ka’abah, where the Quraish leader sat.
• Abu Talib said: “Quraish, my nephew Muhammad has told
me that Allah ordered the while ant to eat your Ban Page.
So it has eaten it all but his Name. If he is right, the end the
ban”. Abu Jahal said: “And, if he was a liar?” Abu Talib
answered with confidence and belief: “I’ll hand you my
nephew”. The Quraish leaders said: “Okay”. They opened
the door of the ka’abah. They found that the white ant had
eaten everything but Allah’s Name. The boycott was then
uplifted.
• He died after a few days of the boycott due to old age.

2. Hazrat Abu Sufyan (RA)

• Hazrat Abu Sufyan (RA) was the chief of the Banu-Abd-

Shams (sub tribe of Banu Umayyah) clan of the Quraish,
which made him one of the most powerful in Makkah.
• His real name was ‘Sakhr’ and his brother Hazrat Musab (RA)
was among several Muslims who migrated to Abyssinia.
• He was one of the leading merchants of Makkah. Hazrat Abu
Sufyan (RA), like his kinsmen opposed the Prophet (PBUH)

274 | P a g e
 from 40th to 60th year of the Prophet (PBUH) life before
accepting Islam, primarily because the Prophet (PBUH)’s
clan, had replaced Hazrat Abu Sufyan’s father and
grandfather from the leadership of Makkah.
• One of his daughters, Hazrat Umm-e-Habibah (RA), was the
wife of the Prophet (PBUH).
• He was part of the Quraish meeting in which they planned
to assassinate the Prophet (PBUH) in 622 A.D. before his
secret migration to Madina.
• Hazrat Abu sufyan (RA) was indirectly responsible for the
Battle of Badr in 2 A.H., because he sent Zam-Zam Ghifari to
spread the news that the caravan is under attack so the
Quraish came out to fight with the Prophet Muhammad
(PBUH).
• After the battle of Badr, in which all the major leaders of
Quraish were killed, he was elected as the leader of the
Quraish. Hazrat Abu Sufyan used to say,
“I have become great by passing away of the great.”
• He lost his father in-law Utbah bin Rabia and his son
Hunzala in the battle of Badr. He led the army in the battle
of Uhad against the Prophet (PBUH) in 3 A.H., and Muslims
had to face great loss in this battle.
• A day before the conquest of Makkah, he surrendered to the
Prophet (PBUH) and Hazrat Abbas (RA) provided him the
protection as Hazrat umer (RA) was ready to kill him.
• He finally accepted Islam in 630 A.D. and the Prophet
(PBUH) gave a special status to Hazrat Abu Sufyan (RA) that

275 | P a g e
 anyone enter in the house of Abu sufyan (RA) will be
pardoned.
• From then onward, he remained loyal and faithful. He took
part in the battle of hunain and siege of Taif where he
fought gallantly alongside of the Prophet (PBUH) losing one
of his eyes in the combat.
• He also fought at the battle of Yarmuk. His son Yazid bin
Sufyan was a great Muslim general who was martyr of Islam.
Hazrat Abu Sufyan (RA) narrated over 100 Hadith of the
Prophet (PBUH).
• During the Caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA), he remained
governor of Narjan and Hijaz.
• He died in 31/32 years after Hijra at the age of 83.

3.Hazrat Ameer Hamza (RA)

• Hazrat Hamza (RA) was the uncle and the foster brother of
the Prophet (PBUH) [they both were fed by Hazrat Sobia
(RA)]
• The birth of Hazrat Hamza (RA) is expected to almost
simultaneously with the birth of the Prophet (PBUH). He was
the son of Abdul Muttalib and Haulah bint Wuhaib (she was
a cousin of the Prophet’s (PBUH) mother).
• He was famous all over the Makkah for his expertise in the
art of wrestling, hunting and archery.

His Conversion to Islam

Once he was returning from hunting, and on his way

home he passed by the kaabah as usual, to make Tawaf

276 | P a g e
 as per their custom. Near there, a servant-girl came up to
him and said that Abu Jahal had come up to the Prophet
(PBUH) as he sat, insulted him and hurt him and treated
him badly. Hazrat Hamza (RA) listened to the details, and
then put his bow on shoulder and rushed to find Abu
Jahal there. He did Hazrat Hamza (RA) smashed him on
the head with his bow until Abu Jahal began to bleed.
Hazrat Hamza (RA) shouted, “You dare to insult
Muhammad while I follow his religion and I say what he
says? Come and retaliate on him, you want a piece of
me?” In the morning he went to the Prophet (PBUH) to
tell him of my conversion, and he made du’a that Allah
would keep this heart steadfast on the religion.

• His acceptance of Islam enables the Prophet (PBUH) to

preach it openly which till then was not possible.
• He showed his protection to the Prophet (PBUH) at Dar-e-
Arqam when Hazrat Umar (RA) came to accept Islam.
• He migrated first to Abyssinia and the to Madinah.
• In Ramadan the 1st year after Hijra, the Prophet (PBUH) sent
Hazrat Hamza (RA) along with 30 emigrants to raid the
caravan of Quraish led by Abu Jahal. But Majdy bin Amr
came between them to prevent them from clashing. Hazrat
Hamza (RA) was proud that he was the first to receive the
banner of Islam from Allah’s messenger.
• In the battle of Badr, he played a vital role in the customery
opening round of fight and killed Utba bin Rabia and
Shaibah, towering figures of the Quraish. In the following

277 | P a g e
 open battle also, his performance was exceptional, for he
sinle-handedly killed many more enemies.
• In the battle of Uhad Hazrat Hamza (RA) killed Usman bin
Abi Talha in the single combat and many other in general
fighting.
• He was attacked and martyred by the appointed slave
Wehshi bin Harb of hinda (the daughter of Utba) while he
was fighting in the rank of enemies. Wehshi armed his spear
and threw it at the Prophet’s uncle. The spear hit him on the
belly. Hazrat Hamza (RA) tried to attack Wehshi. But he fell
to the ground and became a martyr.
• Hinda took off her gold and gave it to Wehshi. She then
hurried to Hazrat Hamza’s (RA) body, cut off his ears and
nose to make a necklace. Then she drew a dagger and cut
open the martyr’s belly, took out his liver brutally and bit it.
• Hazrat Hamza (RA) was buried by the side of Uhad Mountain
and the Prophet (PBUH) titled him “The chief of the
Martyrs”.

4. Hazrat Bilal ibn Rabah (RA)

• He was born of an African slave girl of Abyssinian origin who
belonged to the tribe of Banu Juma.
• Hazrat Bilal (RA) is one of the best known of the galaxy of
companion as ‘Muazzin’ of the Prophet’s (PBUH) mosque.
• He was the slave of Umayyah bin Khalf, who persecuted him
mercilessly on his conversion to Islam. Umayyah would
make him lie down on the burning sand at midday and

278 | P a g e
 would place a heavy stone on his chest, so that he couldn’t
even move a limb. He would then say to Hazrat Bilal (RA),
“Renounce Islam or swelter and die.”

Under these afflictions, Hazrat Bilal (RA) would exclaim.

“Ahad”. The one (Allah), (Ahad) The One Allah.

• He was beaten at night and with the cuts thus received

made to lie on the burning ground during the day to make
him either forsake Islam or to die a slow death from
wounds. The torturers would get tired and take turns (Abu
Jahl, Umayyah and others), but Hazrat Bilal (RA) wouldn’t
return.
• When Umayyah lost hope of Hazrat Bilal’s reversion to
disbelief, he accepted Hazrat Abu Bakr’s (RA) wouldn’t
return.
• When Umayyah lost hope of Hazrat Bilal’s reversion to
disbelief, he accepted Hazrat Abu Bakr’s (RA) offer and sold
him saying that he was ready to sell him for even an ounce
of Gold to which Hazrat Abu Bakr’s (RA) answer was: “I
would have paid even one hundred ounces for him”.
• He was always to remain with the Prophet (PBUH) at home
and abroad to call out the Azan for his prayer.
• He took part in almost all major encounters. In the battle of
Badr, he killed his previous Master ‘Umayyah’ who used to
torture him mercilessly.
• The Prophet (PBUH) once remarked about him: “How
worthy is Bilal! Only good believers try to follow his steps.
Bilal is chief of all the Muazzins……”

279 | P a g e
• He was also a personal servant of the Prophet (PBUH), when
Makkah was conquered, he stood up on the roof of the
Kaabah and made the call to prayer.
• After the Prophet (PBUH) death It became very hard for him
to continue his stay in Madinah where he would miss the
Prophet (PBUH) at every step. He therefore left Madinah,
and joined the Muslim army in Syria.
• Once he saw the Prophet (PBUH) in his dreams saying to
him: “O Bilal! How is it that you never visit me?”

No sooner did he get up than he set out for Madinah. On

reaching there, Hazrat Hasan and Hazrat Hussain (RA)
requested him to call out the Azan was called. But as soon as
the Azan was called, the people of Madinah cried openly out of
their grief at the memory of the happy old days of the
Prophet’s (PBUH) time.

• Hazrat Bilal (RA) left Madinah again after a few days and
died in Damascus in 20 A.H.

5. Abu Jahal
• Abu Jahl Amr bin Hisham was from the nobles of Quraish.
• He was from the Banu Makhzum family and had great name
and fame in all of Arabia for his generosity and hospitality of
guests.
• He was the flag bearer of disbelief and hatred towards Islam
and Muslims. His hatred and enmity as to such an extent

280 | P a g e
 that the Prophet (PBUH) gave him the title of: “the Pharaoh
of this ummah”.
• One day, Abu Jahl severely cursed the Prophet (PBUH) and
said extremely horrible things. This hurt the people to such
an extent that the news reached Hazrat Hamza (RA), who
was not even a Muslim at that time. Hazrat Hamza (RA)
walked upto Abu Jahal andb beat him badly which caused
his head to be split open. He then sounded like a lion saying,
“Do you curse him for his religion? Then know that I am also
on the same religion as him! So do something to me if you
dare! Hit me back if you’re a man!”
• He is the one who spoke on behalf of the group of the
Quraish Elite who called on Abu Talib saying: “Your nephew
has hated our gods, condemned our religion, belittled our
intelligence and claimed that our forefathers were astray.
Now either you must stop him or else give us a free hand
with him, for you follow what we follow, which is opposed
to what he follows so let us deal with him for you.”
• He also tried to stop Hakim bin Hazim to help his aunt Hazrat
Khadija (RA) during the boycott season while he was
carrying flour for her.
• Abu Jahal was the one who forced the battle of Badr both on
the Muslims and the Quraish of Makkah. He was fatally
wounded in the battle of Badr by Hazrat Mu’awwiz (RA) and
Hazrat Muaz (RA), and was finally killed by Hazrat Abdullah
bin Masood (RA).

As Narrated by Hazrat Abdul Rahman bin Auf (RA) :

281 | P a g e
While I was standing in the row on the day of Badr, I looked to
my right and my left and saw two young Ansari boys, and I
wished I had companions stronger than them. One of them
called my attention saying ‘O Uncle! Do you know Abu Jahl?’ I
said ‘Yes, what do you want from him, O my nephew?, He said’
I have been informed that he ridicules the Prophet (PBUH). By
him in whose hands my life is, if I see him, then my body willn’t
leave his body till either of us meet his fate.’ I was astonished
at that statement. Then the other boy called my attention
saying the same as the other had said. After a while I saw Abu
Jahl walking amongst the people. I said (to the boys) ‘Look! This
is the man you asked me about’ So both of them attacked hm
with their swords and struck him to death and returned to the
Prophet (PBUH) to inform him of that.

6. Abu Lahab
• His name was actually Abdul-Uzzaa but he was given the
title of Abu Lahab which meant ‘father of the flame’ because
his face was red and shimmering like fire. He was tall with
broad shoulders and very handsome.
• In his youth, he would help his father, Abdul Muttalib in
serving and looking after the pilgrims of the Kaabah. He also
joined his father and uncles on the business trips to Yemen,
Syria, Abyssinia, and Persia. This is where he learned and
gained mastery in trade and business and eventually
became a wealthy and intelligent businessman.

282 | P a g e
 • Not only was Abu Lahab a staunch enemy of the Prophet
(PBUH) but he was also his neighbor and the father in law of
the Prophet’s two daughters.
• When the Prophet (PBUH) began open preaching on the hill
of ‘Safa’, Abu Lahab opposed him first, saying; “May you be
destroyed!!! Is this what you gathered us here for today?” It
was due to this disrespectful and rude statement that Allah
revealed Surah lahab saying: “Perish the two hands of Abu
Lahab” …
• He had so much hatred for the Prophet (PBUH) that he even
forced his own sons to divorce the daughters of the Prophet
(PBUH).
• He and his wicked wife Umm-e-Jamil would throw their
trash and intestines of animals at the doorstep of the
Prophet (PBUH).

During the Prophet’s preaching even, Abu Lahab would stand

behind the Prophet (PBUH) and simultaneously curse him and call
him a liar and a madman in front of all the people. He would stone
the feet and shins of the Prophet (PBUH) causing him to bleed.

After the death of Abu Talib, Abu Lahab became the chief of Banu
Hashim and he stopped providing the security to the Prophet
(PBUH). It is because of this reason that the Prophet (PBUH) had
to travel to Taif to seek protection.

Although Abu Lahab didn’t participate in the battle of Badr rather

sent ‘Aas bin Hisham’ to fight in his place. The Quraish were
defeated in this battle and this news upset him and he could not
believe his ears. He was so angry that he started to beat up Abu
283 | P a g e
Rafay, his brother’s servant, out of anger. But that was because
Abu Rafay said in front of all the idolaters: “The Muslims were
victorious because ANGELS WERE HELPING THE MUSLIMS”

After the battle of Badr 7 nights didn’t pass except that Abu Lahab
was afflicted with a strange disease like small pox that produced
boils and sores all over his body. He eventually died alone from
the same horrible disease. Three days passed and the body
started to give off an awful unpleasant smell because it was
decomposing. He was seventy- years old when he died.

284 | P a g e
P2: Hadith

285 | P a g e
Hadith Passages

286 | P a g e
‘Religion is sincerity.’ We said: ‘To whom?’ The Prophet said: ‘To Allah, his Book, his
Messenger, the leaders of the Muslims and to their common people.’

A. MAIN THEME

B. ACTION REQUIRED

287 | P a g e
None of you believes until he wants for his brother what he wants for himself.

A. MAIN THEME

B. ACTION REQUIRED

288 | P a g e
Let him who believes in Allah and the Last Day either speak good or keep silent, and let
him who believes in Allah and the Last Day be generous to his neighbour, and let him
who believes in Allah and the Last Day be generous to his guest.

A. MAIN THEME

B. ACTION REQUIRED

A man asked the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and give him peace): Do you
think that if I perform the obligatory prayers, fast in Ramadan, treat as lawful that which
is lawful and treat as forbidden that which is forbidden, and do nothing further, I shall
enter paradise? He said: Yes.

289 | P a g e
 A. MAIN THEME

B. ACTION REQUIRED

Every person’s every joint must perform a charity every day the sun comes up: to act
justly between two people is a charity; to help a man with his mount, lifting him onto it
or hoisting up his belongings onto it is a charity; a good word is a charity; every step you
take to prayers is a charity; and removing a harmful thing from the road is a charity

290 | P a g e
 A. MAIN THEME

B. ACTION REQUIRED

Whosoever of you sees an evil action, let him change it with his hand, and if he is not
able to do so then with his tongue, and if he is not able to do so then with his heart, and
that is the weakest of faith.

291 | P a g e
 A. MAIN THEME

B. ACTION REQUIRED

It was said: O Messenger of Allah, who is the most excellent of men? The Messenger of
Allah (may Allah bless him and give him peace) said: ‘The believer who strives hard in the
way of Allah with his person and his property.’

292 | P a g e
 A. MAIN THEME

B. ACTION REQUIRED

The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and give him peace) said: ‘Whom do you
count to be a martyr among you?’ They said: O Messenger of Allah, whoever is killed in
the way of Allah is a martyr. He said: ‘In that case the martyrs of my community will be
293 | P a g e
very few! He who is killed in the way of Allah is a martyr, he who dies a natural death in
the way of Allah is a martyr, he who dies in the plague in the way of Allah is a martyr, he
who dies of cholera in the way of Allah is a martyr.

A. MAIN THEME

B. ACTION REQUIRED

A. MAIN THEME

294 | P a g e
 B. ACTION REQUIRED

One who manages the affairs of the widow and the poor man is like the one who exerts
himself in the way of Allah, or the one who stands for prayer in the night or fasts in the
day.

A. MAIN THEME

295 | P a g e
 B. ACTION REQUIRED

‘I and the man who brings up an orphan will be in paradise like this.’ And he pointed with
his two fingers, the index finger and the middle finger

A. MAIN THEME

B. ACTION REQUIRED

296 | P a g e
The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and give him peace) sent Abu Musa and
Mu‘adh ibn Jabal to Yaman, and he sent each of them to govern a part. Then he said: ‘Be
gentle and do not be hard, and cause rejoicing and do not alienate.

A. MAIN THEME

297 | P a g e
 B. ACTION REQUIRED

He who studies the Qur’an is like the owner of tethered camels. If he attends to them he
will keep hold of them, but if he lets them loose they will go away.

A. MAIN THEME

298 | P a g e
 B. ACTION REQUIRED

May God show mercy to a man who is kindly when he sells, when he buys, and when he
demands his money back.

A. MAIN THEME

299 | P a g e
B. ACTION REQUIRED

A. MAIN THEME

300 | P a g e
 B. ACTION REQUIRED

The believers are like a single man; if his eye is affected he is affected, and if his head is
affected he is all affected.

A. MAIN THEME

301 | P a g e
 B. ACTION REQUIRED

Modesty produces nothing but good

A. MAIN THEME

302 | P a g e
 B. ACTION REQUIRED

He who has in his heart as much faith as a grain of mustard seed will not enter hell, and
he who has in his heart as much pride as a grain of mustard seed will not enter paradise.
The world is the believer’s prison and the unbeliever’s paradise

A. MAIN THEME

303 | P a g e
 B. ACTION REQUIRED

The world is the believer’s prison and the unbeliever’s paradise

A. MAIN THEME

304 | P a g e
 B. ACTION REQUIRED

God does not look at your forms and your possessions, but he looks at your hearts and
your deeds.

A. MAIN THEME

305 | P a g e
B. ACTION REQUIRED

306 | P a g e
 HISTORY AND
IMPORTANCE OF
HADITH

307 | P a g e
 Hadith and Sunnah
The Arabic word Hadith literally means a story, a report,
conversion or communication etc. according to the Jurists it
means what has been communicated to us on the authority of the
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). It includes his deeds sayings silent
approval.

Sunnah in Arabic means a way, conduct of life etc, in religious

terminology it means it refers to those compulsory practices of
the Holy Prophet (Farz) or non-compulsory practices and behavior
of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Sunnah are the actions of the
Holy Prophet which he performed in order to explain something.

STAGES OF COMPILATION OF HADITH

There is a common misunderstanding that the Ahadith were
written down after 150 to 200 years of the Prophet’s death. There
is ample evidence that the Ahadith were written down and
compiled during the lifetime of the Prophet. Companions of the
Prophet and their followers had their own books. Later, with the
help of these scrolls other books of Hadith were compiled.

1. During the Prophet’s lifetime

• Memorization (Hifz): Arabs had a very sharp memory, so
they also remembered the Ahadith very easily. Abu
Hurrairah narrated 5000 Ahadith and he wasn’t used to of
writing. In any traditions whenever the companions had any
difficulty, they had the opportunity of correcting themselves
by directly referring to the Prophet. Those who memorized
308 | P a g e
 the Ahadith were mainly Abu Hurairah, Anas bin Malik,
Abdullah bin Amr.
• Writing: The Holy Prophet (PBUH) in early years of
Prophethood didn’t allow his companions to write his
sayings as he was feared they might mix it up with the Quran
but afterwards allowed it. Once a companion complained
about his memory to which the Prophet replied ‘take help
with your right hand’. During the last pilgrimage he
instructed the companions to write the sermon when
someone asked him to do so, he said “write this Hadith and
give it to Abu Shah”. During his farewell sermon he said.
“He who is present shall carry the message to one absent”.
Abdullah bin Amr used to write down all sayings of the
Prophet (PBUH) he expressed his desire of writing down the
sayings of Prophet by his permission to which the Prophet
replied in affirmative. His collection is called Sahifa Sadiqa
(Book of the truth). Anas young attendant of the Holy
Prophet in Madinah who used to be with the Holy Prophet
day and night, he would listen to the Prophet and would
write it down in scrolls. He used to unroll the scrolls and say,
“these are the sayings of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) which I
have written down and I have also read them to the
Prophet to correct any mistakes if any” Some of other
compilations during this time were Sahifa Sahiha by Abu
Hurairah. Collection of Aisha, collection of Anas bins Malik.
Hazrat Ali was also a scribe of the Prophet; he wrote a large
piece of parchment on both sides; he also had his Sahifa
which was on Zakat and taxes.
• Actions (Ta’amul): by this way, Hadith were preserved by
the actions of the companions. Whatever the Prophet said,

309 | P a g e
 they used to act accordingly, so this way the Prophet’s
guidance was preserved in their actions. Imam Malik called
it living Sunnah and gave it more importance than weak
Hadith.

2. The age of companions

After the Prophet’s demise Islam spread far and wide, Ahadith
also spread. The companions delivered the knowledge for their
successors (tabieen) for example Abdullah bin Masud taught
Ahadith to two great scholars Alqama and Aswad. By the end of
first century, most of the companions were dying. The caliph
Umar bin Abdul Aziz feared that the treasure would be lost
forever. He therefore ordered the governor of Madina to compile
all traditions. During this time, the companions spread far and
wide around Muslim countries. So, the only method of learning
authentic Hadith was to go to each companion and learn from
them. Wherever they were settled Muslims used to go and learn
from them, this way many centers of learning were arose, the
students went to different centers to learn and collect more n
more traditions. Muslims used to go to long journeys just to listen
to Hadith and learn. It is reported that Jabir bin Abdullah travelled
from Makkah to Syria just to hear one Hadith. The most important
work of this period is collection of Abu Bakr Al-hazim

3. The age of followers of the companions

(Tabeyin 101-200 A.H)

310 | P a g e
The followers of the companions tool the matter seriously and
they dedicatedly started collecting the traditions from different
centers of learning. The most important work of this period was of
Abdullah bin Mubarak at Khorasan, Abu Bakr Rabi at Kufa. Not
only were the traditions collected, nut these followers also made
extra efforts in the collecting the sayings of the house of the
family of the Prophet (PBUH). The outstanding work of this period
includes.

• Masnad Ahmed bin Hanbal by Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal

• Al-Muatta by Imam Malik bin Anas.
• Al Musannaf by Imam Razzak. Other transmitters compiled
the Hadith according to the subject matter and theme of
the Hadith. They examined the Matn rather than the Sanad.
This method was later used by the six compilers of the
Hadith.
4. Age of the followers of the followers of the
Companions of the Prophet (Taba Tabeyin
200-300 A.H)
This period is known as the gold era of traditions. By the end of
the second century forgery started in Hadith so it had become
absolutely necessary to check the authenticity of Hadith. To check
the Sanad, the narrators who were honest and truthful or if the
chain was connected or broken, they also checked the Matn of
Hadith literature flourished under the tireless efforts of the
compilers [Muhaddithun]of that time. Six authentic books of
traditions Sahah Sittah were written they are the most reliable
source on traditions.

311 | P a g e
 1. Sahih Bukhari
It was written by Muhammad bin Abdullah Ismael at bukhari. He
had a sharp memory and started learning Ahadith from a very
young age. He travelled throughout the Muslim world for nearly
forty years for the collection of Ahadith. He went to meet every
traditionalist. Bukhari developed strict criteria for selection of
Ahadith; the lifetime of a narrator should overlap with the lifetime
of the authority from whom he narrates. Besides narrators must
have met their resource person. He accepted the hadith only from
those who were good, honest and pious Muslims.

His sahih is next to authenticity to the Quran. he accepted only

7275 out of 600000 traditions He compiled them into 97 books
according to the subject matter. The first book was “The start of
the revelations to the Messenger of Allah”, the last book was
“Tauhid”. Some of other books are that of ablution, fasting, Salat,
Hajj and marriages. Imam Bukhari didn’t accept any Hadith until
all its narrators were reliable and met each other. He was so
particular to establish truthfulness of the narrators that once he
travelled thousand miles to meet a particular person when he
arrived there, the man asked him to wait as he had some chores
to perform. He saw the man showing an empty meal bag to his
horse to make the horse come to him. Seeing this, Bukhari
immediately left realizing the man’s truthfulness was
questionable.

He started the chapter with a verse from the Quran on the related
teaching. It’s said that he would first take a bath, recite two rakat
prayers and pray for guidance before writing a Hadith in his book.

312 | P a g e
 2. Sahih Muslim
It was written by Abdul Hussain Muslim bin Al Hajaj. He travelled
to many places to learn Hadith. His Sahih contains 9200 traditions
selected from 300000 traditions. His Sahih is divided into 43 books
there are total 2200 Ahadith without repetition in Sahih Muslim.
It is considered next to Bukhari in reliability and authenticity. Any
tradition which Bukhari and Muslim has been termed as ‘agreed
Upon’. Sunni Muslims consider it next to authenticity after
Bukhari. He had a lot of respect for Imam Bukhari but never but
he didn’t quote any Hadith from him because he shared many
teachers with Bukhari. Imam Muslim also wrote a book
Muqaddama in the beginning of his compilation and that is all
detail about the science of Hadith.

313 | P a g e
 ISNAD AND MATN (AUTHENTICITY OF
HADITH)
The most important period of this Hadith collection was during
the third century of the Hijra calendar, during the time of Imam
Ahmed bin Hanbal. The six major collectors of hadith
(Muhaddithun) utilized methods to check the authenticity of each
hadith before adding them to their final compilations, these
collectors were Imam Bukhari, Imam Muslim, Abu Dawood,
Tirmidhi, Abdur Rehman Nasa’l and Ibn Majah. Hadith are the
sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) there are numerous
Ahadith which not only used in as guidance but are also used in
depicting Islamic law. Therefore, it’s important to know that the
Hadith collected today are authentic.

Every Hadith has two parts in it Sanad/Matn. The list of narrators

of the sayings of the Prophet is called Sanad. This is explained
through this example Yahya narrated from Malik, who narrated
from Abu Zinad and Al-Araj from Abu Hurrairah that the
messenger of Allah said, “the food of two is enough for three and
the food of three is enough for four”.

The Sanad is the first part of the Hadith, the chain of narrators
which leads up to the text of the Hadith. It contains of all those
who narrated the text, starting with last narrator to the narrator
who actually heard the hadith from the Prophet (PBUH). There
are certain conditions which must be present every narrator of
Hadith. The narrator must a sane Muslim adult who has never
committed a major sin and have avoided even the minor ones.
314 | P a g e
The narrator must have an excellent memory and must pass on
the hadith as it is to the next in line. He must report exactly what
he has learned from his teacher and must not use his own words.
His truthfulness be above board and he must never have been
accused of making false statement or cutting a joke he should
never have been accused of committing a crime. He should be
careful and intelligent and must have shown responsibility in
narration and writing down a Hadith. The name, titles, dates of
birth and death, occupation, of the narrator must be known so
that his entire biography could be investigated and made sure all
narrators met each other Imam Bukhari was very careful in
knowing about the honesty and truthfulness of narrators that he
once travelled thousands of miles to meet person, he asked
Bukhari to wait till he is done with his house work. Bukhari saw
him showing an empty meal bag to his horse to make him come
to him. Bukhari left immediately left as he realized that the man
wasn’t honest. The original narrator should have stated that he
has heard the Hadith directly from the Prophet (PBUH). If the
original narrator is referring the hadith to another narrator, the
two must be from the same time and period and must have met
each other. We should also check the name list of teachers of
every narrator because it helps us to identify the place of every
narrator in the field of hadith. All this information is available in
the books of Asma-al-Rijal.

The text of the Hadith or what the Prophet actually said or did is
called Matn. In the above example of Matn is “the food of two is
enough for three and the food of three is enough for four”. There
are certain things to be checked in the Matn of hadith. It

315 | P a g e
shouldn’t contradict with any Quranic passage or the basic
teachings of Islam. It mustn’t contradict with an already
authenticated Sahih Hadith. it mustn’t contradict against common
sense or the laws of nature. There shouldn’t be any vulgar or odd
language used which the Prophet wasn’t expected to use and the
text should suit the Prophet’s personality. It should not have any
modern words that didn’t exist at the time of the Prophet (PBUH)
it must be in classical Arabi language. It mustn’t be in praise of any
infamous tribe or nation, personality or place. If a hadith gives
details on future events, the Hadith must be rejected. A hadith
mustn’t announce major rewards for minor deeds or major
punishment for minor sins.

If the above-mentioned criteria of Isnad and Matn are met, then

the Hadith is regarded as authentic. The Muhaddithun thought it
was necessary to do so that only the accurate teachings of
Prophet must be transferred to future generations and that they
wouldn’t allow weak traditions. Many Hadith are also used in
establishing Islamic law; hence it was necessary to collect Sahih
hadith.

316 | P a g e
 Types of hadith
As a result of the hard work of the six minor Muhaddithun (major
collectors) in the third century, Muslims were able to segregate
various types of Hadith on the basis of their authenticity.

A Hadith is said to be a Sahih hadith if it’s a perfectly checked

isnad and matn. The Sanad is the first part of the hadith, it
contains of all those who narrated the text, starting with last
narrator to the narrator who actually heard the hadith. the
narrator must a sane Muslim adult who has never committed a
major sin and had avoided even the minor sins. The narrator must
have an excellent memory and must pass on the Hadith as it is to
the next in line. He must report exactly what he has learned from
his teacher and mustn’t use his own words. His truthfulness be
above board and he must never have been accused of making
false statement or cutting a joke he should never have been
accused of committing a crime. He should be careful and
intelligent and must have shown responsibility in narration and
writing down a Hadith. The name, titles, dates of birth and death,
occupation, of the narrator must be known so that his entire
biography could be investigated and made sure all narrators met
each other Imam Bukhari was very careful in knowing about the
honesty and truthfulness of narrators that he once travelled
thousands of miles to meet person, he asked Bukhari to wait till
he is done with his house work. Bukhari saw him showing an
empty meal bag to his horse to make him come to him. Bukhari
left immediately left as he realized that the man wasn’t honest.
The original narrator should have stated that he has heard the

317 | P a g e
Hadith directly from the Prophet (PBUH). If the original narrator is
referring the hadith to another narrator, the two must be from
the same time and period and must have met each other. We
should also check the name list of teachers of every narrator
because it helps us to identify the place of every narrator in the
field of hadith. All this information is available in the books of
Asma-al-Rijal.

The text of the Hadith or what the Prophet actually said or did is
called Matn. In the above example of Matn is “the food of two is
enough for three and the food of three is enough for four”. There
are certain things to be checked in the Matn of hadith. It
shouldn’t contradict with any Quranic passage or the basic
teachings of Islam. It mustn’t contradict with an already
authenticated Sahih Hadith. it mustn’t contradict against common
sense or the laws of nature. There shouldn’t be any vulgar or odd
language used which the Prophet wasn’t expected to use and the
text should suit the Prophet’s personality. It should not have any
modern words that didn’t exist at the time of the Prophet (PBUH)
it must be in classical Arabi language. It mustn’t be in praise of any
infamous tribe or nation, personality or place. If a hadith gives
details on future events, the Hadith must be rejected.

Next in terms of Hadith is the Hasan hadith, it is like sahih

tradition except that its narrators or some of its narrators have
been found defective in memory in comparison of the narrators of
Sahih Hadith. Example of Hasan Hadith is Amr bin Shoaib reported
from his father, who reported from his father who reported that
the Messenger of Allah said: “a single rider is a devil, two riders

318 | P a g e
are two devils, but three makes a travelling party”. This is a
Hasan hadith due to its Isnad.

A Hadith is referred to be a Daeef Hadith if any of its narrators

was known to be a liar, he was known to have a bad memory or
he was known to haven’t met the one who he was supposed to be
narrating from Abdullah from his father who narrated from Yazid
bin Haroon from Hujjaj from Amr bin Shoaib from his father and
he from his father that the Prophet (PBUH) made Abu Aas pay a
new dower and performed a Nikah he validated the previous one.

Sometimes, hadiths were fabricated, sayings and doings were

attribute to the people which neither said nor performed. The
Matn of such Hadith are unauthentic as they go against Hadith
and Sunnah. Such hadiths are called Maudo or fabricated hadith.

Ahad is another type of Hadith whose Isnad is broken or whose

traditions are less widely accepted and therefore are regarded as
less authentic but if their narrators were regarded as honest, they
were accepted otherwise rejected.

Mutawatir is a hadith is reported by such a large number of

people that they can’t be expected to agree upon a lie, all of them
together.

319 | P a g e
 MUSNAD AND MUSANNAF
COLLECTIONS
The collections of Hadith were an important task in the early
centuries of Islam. They were collected on consideration of two
categories, one was on the basis of Sanad, and the other was on
basis of the text Matn.

Musnad:

A Musnad type of Hadith collection is one in which Ahadith are

collected according to the names of the first narrator who was
always a companion of the Prophet (PBUH). For example, all the
traditions reported on the authority of Abu Huraira or Aisha or
Abdullah bin Abbas are listed together under their respective
names i.e. Musnad of Abu Hurairah, Musnad or Aisha etc. this
collection focus on isnad of Hadith, it includes a variety of Hadith
which aren’t arranged according to theme. Such collections are
called Musnad because every single hadis can be tracked back to a
companion who can refer back to the Prophet (PBUH). the most
important of all the available musnad works is Musnad-i-Ahmed
compiled by imam Ahmed Bin Hanbal. Such a collection is helpful
in studying the life and work of a particular narrator.

Musannaf:

A Musannaf type of hadith collection is a hadith book in which

traditions are arranged according to the theme and subject
matter. The Musannaf word literally means ‘divided up’ because it
divides the ahad according to their theme. All traditions reported

320 | P a g e
by various narrators on a particular theme (topic) are put
together. For example, all Hadith on prayer will be mentioned in
the chapter of Prayer. The six authentic compilation of Hadith are
Musannaf collection. The best-known work of this type is Al-
Muwatta which contains 1720 Ahadith compiled by imam Malik
Bin Anas. Another example is Al Musannaf of imam Abdul Razzaq
as Sanani which contains more than 11 thousand Ahadith. Sahih
Bukhari and Sahih Muslim are also other examples of the
category.

321 | P a g e
 SOURCES OF LAW
Use of hadith in legal thinking
Hadith are the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Hadith
of the Prophet constitute basis of Islamic legal thinking, together
with the Quran. Both Quran and Hadith collectively are called the
primary sources of Islamic legal thinking. The Quran therefore,
mentions the two sources together at many places. For example,
Allah says, “O you who believe! Obey Allah and obey the
Messenger”. Here obeying Allah means following the Quranic
guidance whereas obeying the Messenger means following the
Sunnah or Hadith of the Prophet. Hadith primarily explains and
elaborates the Quranic teachings. In some cases, it adds on to the
commands contained in the Quran. The life of Prophet (PBUH) is
an example for us to follow and also his Hadith which provides us
guidance as Quran says “whatever Muhammad gives you take it,
whatever he forbids, avoid it”. Hadith of the Prophet aren’t only
used as source of guidance for us but many Hadith are used to
establish Islamic laws.

There are many examples which can be given in this regard, for
example the Quran repeatedly say to pay Zakat by saying “and
establish regular prayer and pay the charity tax(Zakat)” it
however, doesn’t provide the details of the limit of one’s
possession on which they’re on which they are required to pay
Zakat, also there are no details about the rate (nisab) or
percentage of earnings at which it should be paid. Hadith
provide all these details by saying, “no charity tax is due on
322 | P a g e
fewer than five camels” and “No zakat is due until a year passes
over it”. The division of inheritance is clearly stated in the Quran
by saying: “Allah commands you concerning your Children’s
inheritance, for the males equal to the share of two females.”
But leaving of wealth for the non-Muslim relatives isn’t
mentioned in the Quran. In the hadith we find that the prophet
said: “A Muslim may not inherit from a non-Muslim nor a non-
Muslim inherit from a Muslim.” Similarly, Salat five times a day
has been made obligatory for Muslims. However, the method of
offering Salat was shown and explained to us by the Prophet by
saying, “no salat is complete without Fatihah.” And “Pray as you
see me praying”. Similarly, for marriage, the Quran sets the rule
by saying: “prohibited to you in marriage are your mothers,
daughters, sisters.” Here, the prophet adds new detail to the
original rule by saying, “No woman can be married to a man
who is already married to her sister or his maternal paternal
aunt.” Even the Caliph’s after the Prophet’s demise, used Hadith
to establish laws. Hazrat Abu Bakr referred to Quran whenever
any case before Him. If it wasn’t found in the Quran, then he
would refer to Hadith and still if not found in hadith, he would ask
companions if they would inform him of any decision by Prophet,
he would then settle the matter according to it. Hazrat Umar once
decided a matter in such way when a pregnant woman was
attacked by another woman and gave birth to a dead child. When
the matter was brought to the Caliph, he asked his companions if
they relate any Hadith to solve the master. Mughaira
remembered one Hadith which resembled this case. Umai asked
Mughaira to bring one witness who could testify that the Hadith

323 | P a g e
Mughaira heard was genuine. When the witness confirmed the
Hadith, Umar resolved the matter in the light of the Hadith.

Hadiths of the Prophet have been employed (used) by legal

experts to support the secondary sources of Islamic laws, Ijma,
Qiyas. The Prophet told his followers to work together.
Accordingly, his successors solved various issues through Ijma
(consensus) about which the Quran and Hadith were silent.
(Define Ijma here) For example, the Prophet (PBUH) said “I am
the last messenger of Allah and the seal of Prophets”. Keeping
this Hadith in mind in 1974 national assembly declared Qadyanis
as non-Muslims as they don’t believe the finality of the Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH). Similarly, Qiyas another secondary is also
practiced keeping the Hadith at front (Define Qiyas here). For
example, when Aisha asked the Prophet (PBUH) if her ablution
was valid as flour was in her nails, the Prophet replied, it was not.
Keeping this Hadith in mind, today in modern time ablution of a
woman would be invalid with nail polish on her nails.

324 | P a g e
 RELATION BETWEEN QURAN AND
HADITH
(Refer to History and Importance of the Quran)

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HADITH AND

IJMA
Whenever Muslims need guidance or a solution to their problems,
they refer to the Quran as it is the authentic source of guidance
and free from corruption or doubt. When the Quran is silent on
some matter, Muslims refer to the Hadith or Sunnah of the
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as it’s the second source of legal
thinking. With the passage of time and new matters arising, those
matters about which both primary sources are silent, Muslim
refer to Ijma as if the third source of Islamic law and Quran
commands so by saying. “o you who believe! Obey Allah and
obey the Messenger and those charged with authority among
you.” Ijma is based on the primary sources and establish new
Islamic laws. (Define ijma here) one example of Hadith’s link
with Ijma is regarding the finality of prophet Muhammad
(PBUH), he said, “I am the last messenger of Allah and the seal of
Prophets”. Keeping this Hadith in mind in 1974 national assembly
declared Qadyanis as non-Muslims as they don’t believe in the
finality of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Another example of joint
working of Hadith with ijma is about the funeral prayers of fetus.
Regarding this the Holy Prophet (PBUH) said, “If in a miscarried
fetus, life signs (movements) were felt, then a funeral prayer
325 | P a g e
should be offered for it.” According to Hadith, if in a miscarried
fetus life movement are shown, heartbeat etc then a funeral
prayer must be offered. But the question arose that what about
the fetus which didn’t show any life movement at all. Will a
funeral prayer be offered or not? When the hadith didn’t provide
a solution, the Muslim community reached a decision by
consensus by stating that the fetus which die before four months
and didn’t produce any life movement, its funeral prayers willn’t
be offered, it would be washed, wrapped and buried.

326 | P a g e
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HADITH AND
QIYAS
Whenever Muslims need guidance or a solution to their problems,
they refer to the Quran as it is the authentic source of guidance
and free from corruption or doubt. When the Quran is silent on
some matter, Muslims refer to the Hadith or Sunnah of the
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as it is the second source of legal
thinking. With the passage of time and new matters arising, those
matters about which both primary sources are silent. Muslims
refer to Ijma as if the third source of Islamic law and Quran,
Hadith promote the use of Ijma, in those circumstances where
Quran, Hadith and Ijma don’t give a clear solution to a problem or
issue then Qiyas is to practiced. It is the fourth secondary source
of Islamic law. (Define Qiyas here)

An example of joint working of Hadith with Qiyas of Hazrat Aisha

once asked the Prophet that after her ablution (wuzu) she saw
that there was flour in her nails. The prophet said that her Wuzu
wasn’t done as water didn’t touch the nails. So, we can say that if
there is nail polish on nails, the Wuzu will remain incomplete.
(write this example with four elements of Qiyas, Asl, Far, illah and
Hukum)

327 | P a g e
 QUESTIONS BASED ON THEME OF
HADITH
Ahadith on individual conduct
Hadiths are the sayings of the prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
Hadith of the Prophet are not only used in establishing laws but
also used to in guidance of individual conduct as well as matters in
community regarding the compulsory duties of Islam. The Prophet
narrated the secret of earning Paradise by saying, “A man asked
the messenger, “Do you think if I say my prayers regularly, fast
in Ramadan, treat as lawful that which is lawful and treat as
forbidden that which is forbidden, and do nothing further, I shall
enter Paradise?” Prophet replied, “Yes”. Regular prayers and
Zakat are two duties which Allah has promised to reward in the
hereafter as these duties trains a believer to perform the lawful
acts and earn Allah’s blessings. At another place, the Prophet said,
“God will not show mercy to those who don’t show mercy to
others” This Hadith clearly teaches Muslims to be kind to others
and to forgive their mistakes because Allah loves mercy. Only by
showing mercy to others, we will be in a position to receiver
Allah’s mercy. In Islam, a Muslims is also required to take care of
the needy people, those who need support in their difficult times.
The Prophet himself has said to be close to such a person who
looks after an orphan by saying, “I and the man who brings up an
orphan will be in Paradise like this” and he pointed with his two
fingers, his index finger and middle finger.” The Prophet has also
taught about showing kindness in financial matters, business
328 | P a g e
transactions are often a means of testing a person’s behaviour.
The Prophet prayed for such person who showed honesty and
leniency in trade and demanding the loan back from people by
saying. “may god show mercy to a man who is kind when he
sells, when he buys, and when he demands is money back”

The Prophet said, “No one eats better food than that which he
eats out of the work of his own hand” Islam attaches great
importance to dignity of manual labor and earning by lawful
(halal) means and strictly rejects those who unnecessarily depend
on others. All Prophet earned their living through manual work.
Muhammad (PBUH) earned his living by trading and also as
shepherd. The Prophet (PBUH) said “Modesty produces nothing
but good” Modesty is an important feature as it plays a vital role
in character building. It controls a person from behaving in an
undesirable manner as it holds the key to piety and good deeds.
Prophet (PBUH) taught us to observe modesty in dressing,
language, and dealing with other people. The prophet (PBUH) said
“This world is the believer’s prison and the unbeliever’s
paradise.” Prison isn’t a permanent place, the same is for a
believer in this world is temporary as their destination in the
Hereafter is paradise. On the other hand, a non-Muslim lives his
life as he wishes and this world is paradise for him but his final
destination in Hereafter will be hell. The Prophet (PBUH) said
“God doesn’t regard your appearances and your possessions, but
he regards your hearts and your actions” This hadith highlights
that Allah will not judge a man on the basis of his wealth but what
makes him superior to others on conduct on piety. All deeds of a
person will only be rewarded on basis of sincerity and good

329 | P a g e
intention as the Prophet (PBUH) said, “Actions are judged by
intentions”

Ahadith on communal life

Hadiths are the sayings of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Hadith of
the Prophet aren’t only used in establishing laws but are also used
to in guidance of individual conduct as well as matters in
community. The Prophet (PBUH) taught his followers to develop a
deep sense of unity amongst themselves so that they could be
caring and kind towards each other by saying, “the believers are
like a single man, if his eye is affected, he is affected and if his
head is affected he is all affected ” the Prophet said, “None of
you believes until he wants for his brother what he wants for
himself”. This hadith stresses on brotherhood which is a
fundamental belief of Islam. The Quran says, “All believers are
brothers to one another”. Islam teaches to keep no barrier
between treatments of real brother with another Muslim.
Muslims who aren’t related to us are to be respected and kindly
dealt just like members of our family. Similarly, in another hadith,
it talks about taking care of the widows, orphans and the needy
people. According to hadith any believer who manages the affairs
of a widow will be with the Prophet on the Day of Judgement.
Islam teaches Muslims to be kind to Allah’s creation. We should
treat the orphan with kindness and respect. If needy we should
also give them food and shelter as the Prophet (PBUH) said, “I and
the man who brings up an orphan will be in Paradise like this”
and he pointed with his two fingers, his index finger and middle
330 | P a g e
finger” and even the Quran says, “Treat not the orphan with
harshness”

In another hadith, the Prophet high lightened the importance of

mercy by saying, “God will not show mercy to him who doesn’t
show mercy to others”. Allah being the Al-Merciful has sent the
prophet to mankind as a sign of mercy. This Hadith teaches us to
be merciful to others as its equal to deserving mercy from God. If
anyone of our servants make any mistake, we shouldn’t punish
them, rather forgive them.

Islam teaches us that nay Muslim who has the fear of Allah and
the last Day must only do righteous deeds in order to be safe from
Hell-fire and also treat the neighbors and guests with kindness as
its part of faith. We must be generous and attentive to our
neighbor and guests and help them if they need assistance as the
Prophet said, “Let him who believes in Allah and the last day
either speak good or keep silent, and let him who believes in
Allah and last day be generous his neighbor, and let him who
believes in Allah and the last day be generous to his guest”. We
should maintain good relations with our neighbors for they are
the first ones to reach us in case of any difficulty. In another place
the Prophet (PBUH) said, “he isn’t a believer who eats his fill and
his neighbor sleeps hungry”.

Business transactions are often a means of testing a person’s

behavior. The Prophet proved for such person who showed
honestly and leniency in trade and in demanding the loan back
from people by saying, “May god show mercy to a man who is

331 | P a g e
kind when he sells, when he buys, and when he demands is
money back”

Ahadith on individual in community

“May god show mercy to a man who is kind when he sells, when
he buys, and when he demands is money back”

“God will not show mercy to him who doesn’t show mercy to
others”

“I and the man who brings up an orphan will be in Paradise like

this”

“None of you believes util he wants for his brother what he

wants for himself”

“Let him who believes in Allah and the last day either speak
good or keep silent, and let him who believes in Allah and last
day be generous his neighbor, and let him who believes in Allah
and the last day be generous to his guest”

332 | P a g e
ARTICLES OF
FAITH

333 | P a g e
The word faith is synonym of the Arabic word “Iman” To have
strong belief or trust in someone or something is known as Faith.
The fundamental (basic) beliefs, which serve as the foundation of
a religion, are called Articles of Faith. The Prophet (PBUH) began
propagating his message by focusing attentions on these beliefs.

These beliefs are related in Imam-e-Mufassil in these words:

“I believe in Allah, in his angels, in his books, in his messengers in

the last day and in the fact that everything good or bad, is
decided by Allah, and in the life after death”.

These articles of faith are as under:

• Belief in the Oneness and unity of Allah (SWT) or Tawheed.

• Belief in the angels
• Belief in the revealed books
• Belief in the Prophets
• Belief in the life after Death & the last Day of Judgement
• Belief in Predestination and divine decree.

334 | P a g e
Belief in unity / Oneness of Allah
Introduction
People have often wondered about their creator. Many have
even been tempted to draw pictures or make statues,
claiming that, that was God. Other has thought that there
were many gods, each with unique powers and interfering in
the affairs of the world. But according to the Islamic
teachings any image, statue or painting that humans could
produce can never be God. As Quran says: “he isn’t like
anything you can imagine”. So, by viewing His descriptions
and nature Muslims can get a good mental picture of what
Allah (SWT) is like by His quantities.
One of the most important qualities of Allah (SWT) is that
He is one and Alone. This doctrine known as Tawheed and
this is the basic Islamic belief and the foundation of Islam.
Allah (SWT) says:
“Righteous is he who believes in Allah, the last day, the
angels, the books and the Prophets”
Tawheed / Oneness of Allah
The concept of oneness (tawheed) implies that Allah (SWT)
is single, unique, absolute, and matchless both in his
existence and attributes. Being incomparable, He neither
has offspring nor was He born of anyone. The Holy Quran
says: “he begets, and neither is He begotten”
The Prophet’s beginning with Hazrat Adam (AS) who
preceded Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) the last of the
Prophets, taught about the Unity of Allah (SWT) / Tawheed
and declared that all things and human beings were his
335 | P a g e
 humble creations. Hence, he alone is worthy of worship.
According to the leading scholar of Islam, there are three
kinds of Tawheed.
• Tawheed-ar-Rabubiyah (Oneness in Lordship of Allah)
• Tawheed-ar-Aluhiyyah (Oneness in the worship of Allah)
• Tawheed-ar-Asma-wa-Sifat (oneness in the names and
qualities of Allah)

Tawheed-ar-Rabubiyah refers to the belief that Allah (SWT) is

self-existent; He is the creator and the sustainer of the universe.
He knows everything, sees everything and is able to do anything.
As creator, He stands outside and beyond everything that He
created. Allah (SWT) is outside time whereas all created things are
a part of time and the things which are part of time have
beginning and ends; Allah (SWT) has no beginnings, no end. Quran
says;

“He is above the grip of space and time, He is the First and last,
the evident and the hidden….”

It also refers to the belief that He is entirely immune to all forms

of human weaknesses and needs such as hunger, thirst and the
need to rest or sleep etc. He himself says;

“no slumber can seize Him nor sleep”

Tawheed-ar-Aluhiyyah refers to the belief that since Allah (SWT)

is the creator, He is the only one worthy of worship. All
supplication, pleading and imploring (begging) are due only to
Allah. So, we as Muslims, must observe all the religious practices
such as prayers Hajj, fast and giving alms to the poor etc. for His

336 | P a g e
sake only Quran teaches this important lesson to the Muslims in
the very first Surah as it says;

“You alone we worship and your aid we seek”

Tawheed-ar-Asma-wa-Sifat refers to the belief that Allah (SWT) is

matchless not only in his essence but also in his names and
Attributes. This belief includes that we must not name or qualify
Allah (SWT) except with what He and His messenger have name or
qualified him. None can be named or qualified with the names or
qualifications of Allah (SWT) for example Karim, Raheem, Rehman
etc. he says in Quran

“And there is none like unto him”

We must believe in all the qualities of Allah (SWT) which he has

stated in his book or mentioned through His messenger without
changing, twisting or ignoring their meaning.

So, Tawheed provides the idea that, when He is the provider and
sustainer of All his creations. Only he is to be worshipped and
considered as God. Mankind should refrain from equating Him
with any other being or object and submit to Him in all humility.

Allah (SWT) & His Names

Different cultures have known this supreme Being by different

names but each of them had a mistaken idea about whom and
what Allah (SWT) was so they portrayed Him as a man, as spirit or
even worse. The chief of His names that He revealed to humanity
in His last revelation is Allah. His other names are also mentioned
337 | P a g e
in the same book are known collectively as the Asma-ul-Husna,
Quran says

‘say call upon Allah (SWT) or call upon the most merciful.
Whichever (name) you call – to him belong the best names”.

SHIRK (ascribing partners to Allah)

According to the Arabic dictionary it means ‘Partnership’ but in

religious terminology it means “Associating anyone or anything
with Allah (SWT) in his Existence, in his attributes or in His
exclusive rights (such as worship)” the Holy Quran strongly
warns against ascribing partners to Allah (SWT) because this is
the opposite of oneness. It says

“(A false) ascribing of divinity is indeed an awesome wrong”

For this reason, it is the teaching of Islam that Christians and Jews
(believe that Hazrat Isa is the son of God), disbelievers (believe
that angels are the daughters of Allah), idol worshippers (believe
that there are many other minor gods as well) are making a
terrible mistake. The texts of the Quran and Hadith indicate that
shirk and the ascribing partners to Allah (SWT) is considered to be
an unpardonable sin and the person will enter hell. Quran says
“Indeed, Allah (SWT) doesn’t forgive association with Him, but he
forgives what is less than that for whom He wills”.

The Prophet (PBUH) also said:

338 | P a g e
“Whenever dies claiming that Allah (SWT) has a rival, will enter
Hell”.

Effects of Tawheed In A Believer’s Life

• Self-respect and confidence: it produce in the believer a high

degree of self-respect and confidence. He knows that he
depends on none but Allah (SWT) for the fulfillment of his
needs/ desires. He firmly believes that Allah (SWT) alone has
the power of providing all his requirements and no-one else
has any power to do well or harm to him.
• Piety and Soberness: when a believer believes that none of
his action hidden from Allah (SWT) the knower and seer of
all the things, so he abstains from sins and evils, whether in
public or private. He also tries to develop his character and
to take it to the highest level of piety.
• Close relation to Allah: Believer is always hopeful of Allah’s
blessings because he knows that Allah (SWT) is even closer
to him than his jugular vein.
• Obedience to Allah: the most important effect of this belief
is that it makes a person obey and observe Allah’s
commands. A believer in Tawheed is sure that he can’t
escape Allah’s ever watchful eye for a single moment. So, a
true believer always obeys the commands of Allah (SWT)
and his Prophet (PBUH).

339 | P a g e
Belief in Angels
Introduction

Islam teaches us that there are other intelligent beings with us in

this universe. One type of creature, which was made specifically
by Allah (SWT) to carry out his commands and their sole purpose
is to worship, obey and serve Allah (SWT) is known as Angels. This
is one of the basic foundations of Islam to believe in this unique
creation of Allah. None can be a true Muslim if he denies their
existence. The belief is also mentioned in Eman-e-Mufassil.

“I believe in Allah, His angels, His books, His Messenger, the Last
Day, and in Taqdeer, that all good and bad is from Allah (SWT)
the Highest and I believe in the resurrection after death”.

Nature of Angels

According to the Islamic teachings Allah (SWT) created them long

before. He created Humankind and they are quite different from
them. As they are made up from the elements of divine light
(Noor) so they can travel, therefore at the speed of light (70:4)
usually they are visible to us until Allah (SWT) wishes to make
them visible. We human beings have ability to think feel and make
the decisions, while the angels have no power of choice of their
own. They simply obey the command of Allah (SWT) and fulfill
the task given by Him. Being free from all kinds of emotions and
feelings they are also sinless and never make errors in their duties
assigned by Allah
340 | P a g e
They are neither men or women, nor are they the daughters of
Allah (SWT), as some people believe. Quran says;

“Allah (SWT) doesn’t beget nor is He begotten”

They are also free from all kinds of Human needs, like they don’t
marry, don’t need to eat, drink, sleep and have relations. They can
assume physical form and appear like the rest of us. However,
they seem a little too perfect and amaze the eyes of those who
see them. As Allah (SWT) says in Quran:

“And she took, in privacy from them, a screen. Then we sent to

her Our Angel, and he represented himself to her as a well-
proportioned man”.

[Similarly, there is a Hadith of the Prophet (PBUH) where Hazrat

Jibrael came in a man form and asked him questions in the
company of all the companions]

As far as their appearance is concerned, Allah (SWT) has given

them wings. Some of them have two, three, four or more while
Hazrat Jibrael (AS) is spoken of as having six hundred wings. They
see everything we do and they don’t have any independent
desires. As Angels declare:

We don’t descend except by the command of Allah. To Him

belongs what is in front of us and what is behind us……… (19:64)

Some other function of the angels

• They descend to earth on Lailat-ul-Qadr (Night of Power) by

the command of Allah (SWT) and shower His bounties on
believers.
341 | P a g e
 • They come to help the pious as they fight their enemies. Like
in the battle of Badr they descended to help companions.
• They also protect common people from all sorts of evils
when they recite Ayat-ul-kursi or any other protecting verse.
• They are sent to strengthen the Prophets against their
enemies and to punish the nations when they disobey Allah
(SWT) [Like the Nation of Hazrat Nuh (AS) and Hazrat Moosa
(AS) were punished]

Prominent Angels and their duties.

Allah (SWT) created countless angels and only He knows better

the exact number, but there are some prominent ones, who have
been assigned some important duties to be performed. For
instance:

• Hazrat Jibrael (AS): He is the one, who brought all the

revelations to the messengers, and he is considered the
most important of all the Angels. He is also nick named Ruh
ul Qudus (Spirit of Holiness) and Ruh ul Ameen.
• Hazrat Mikael (AS): He is responsible for causing rainfall and
supplying provisions to all creatures.
• Hazrat Israfeel (AS): He is responsible to sound the note
which will signal the end of the world and the preparation of
the Day of Judgement. (39:68)
• Hazrat Izraeel (AS): He is in charge of the taking of people’s
soul when they die. The souls of believes gently and
violently of wicked people. (6:61).

342 | P a g e
• Kiraman Katibeen: the angels who record our deeds (good
and bad) are stationed to our night and left soldiers. (50:17-
18)
• Munkar Nakeer: They are responsible to Question (three
Questions regarding the Lord, the messenger and the
Religion) the soul of a dead person when they are laid down
in graves.

Note:

• Significance and effects of this belief in Muslims life

• Comparison of Hazrat Jibrael (AS) with other Angels

Will be discussed in class

343 | P a g e
 BELIEF IN THE
REVEALED BOOKS
Introduction

Belief in the revealed books and scriptures is the third article of

faith. The Quran declares this belief as an act of righteousness by
saying:

“It is righteousness to believe in Allah (SWT) and the last day and
the angels and the books and the Messengers.”

Human beings are the servants of Allah (SWT) and need guidance
to carry out their various duties and responsibilities. Allah (SWT)
also demands from them to establish divine laws, and to develop
a socio-economic religious and political system which is based
according to the terms of Allah. In order to guide man to fulfill his
commands, and to satisfy his needs, Allah (SWT) has revealed
books of guidance to His Messengers throughout History.

Purpose and Contents of Books

The basic purpose of these books was the acknowledgement of

the Oneness of Allah. These books also made it clear to the
people that they should believe in the Prophets of their times. If
anyone failed to do so, their faith in Allah (SWT) wouldn’t merit
any rewards. These books also reformed the wrong beliefs of

344 | P a g e
people concerning Allah’s essence, His Messengers, Books, and
the life after death and acts of worship.

All the divine books demanded man to give himself in total

submission to Allah, they contain belief in Prophethood, the day
of Judgement and accountability before Allah (SWT) on the Last
Day. Along with these teachings the revealed books contained a
code of conduct, a code of morality and justice, but the books
besides Quran weren’t comprehensive enough to contain a
complete a code of life for all times. The Quran is the most
comprehensive book sent by Allah. It deals with every aspect of
Life. Allah (SWT) says,

“this day I have perfected your religion for you and completed
my favors upon you and chosen for you Islam as your religion”
(5:3)

Similarly, each of the previous revealed books was intended for a

particular tribe or community and their messengers proclaimed
the message of Allah (SWT) to their nations. Allah (SWT)
employed the different methods of revelation to communicate to
His apostles, as Quran mentions them in Surah Shura, “And it isn’t
fitting for man that Allah (SWT) should speak to Him except by
revelation or from behind a partition or that He sends a
messenger to reveal, by His permission , what He wills……”
(42:51)

Previous Scriptures Changed

All the heavenly books were from Allah (SWT) and whatever He
said in them is to be believed in. however due to changes and

345 | P a g e
alternations by their followers their originality and purity has
been brought into question. Quran exposed their alterations and
changes in Surah al-Imran,

“And there is a group among them who twist their tongues with
the Book, that you may think it is a part of the book. And they
say ‘It is from Allah, ‘yet it is not from Allah”

Therefore, these scriptures can’t be relied upon to be the same as

when they were sent down. Whereas, Quran, which is Allah’s last
book is protected from any kind of change. He himself took the
responsibility of preserving whatever is contained in it. He says,
“Indeed We have sent down the message and We will guard
it…….”

Name of Books

There were several revealed books but only four out of them are
are famous. The Quranic worse confirm the sending down of pre-
Quranic books.

• The Torah or the Old Testament was revealed to Hazrat

Moosa (AS)
“And We gave Moosa the book in order that they might
receive guidance” (23:49)
• The Zuboor or Psalms was sent down to Hazrat Dawood
(AS)
“And to Dawood We gave the Zuboor”
• The Injeel, Gospel or the New Testament was revealed to
Hazrat Isa (AS)
“We bestowed on him the Gospil (Injil)…”

346 | P a g e
There were some other small books called ‘Saheefa’. They were
revealed to Hazrat Adam (AS), Hazrat Nooh (AS), Hazrat Ibrahim
(AS) and some other Prophets. As Quran says,

“the scriptures of Ibrahim and Moosa”.

• The Holy Quran is the last and the most comprehensive

book revealed to the last of Allah’s apostles i.e. the Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH). Its message is universal and intended
for the entire humanity for all times to come. It’s not only
confirms the earlier revelations, but also corrects some of
the errors that had crept into the earlier books.

Note:

• Significance and effects of this belief in Muslims life.

• Comparison of Quran with other books will be discussed in
class.

347 | P a g e
 BELIEF IN
PROPHETS AND
MESSENGERS.
Belief in Prophets and Messengers is the fourth and the most
important article of faith. Allah (SWT) doesn’t reveal himself since
Allah (SWT) is Supreme, but rather he raised up chosen people in
every nation to purify from immorality, evil deeds and harmful
customs and to teach them serve Allah. Quran says;

“And from every nation there is a messenger” (10:47)

This means we must believe in the arrival of all the Prophets and
messengers who were sent by Allah, otherwise the faith of a
believer will remain incomplete.

Features of the Prophet and Messenger.

These Prophets were actually chosen by Allah (SWT) and they had
the best morals, habits and finest characters. It should also be
noted that the Prophets never sinned, nor did they ever lose the
truth. Any error made by them was, in fact a lesson
predetermined by Allah’s divine will in order to teach the nations
through practical examples and guide them straight path. The

348 | P a g e
faith of the Prophets has always been in the state of totality and
perfection. They were neither Gods, nor angels, nor immortals as
the people believe about them. Quran says;

“And we didn’t make the prophets from not eating the food, nor
were they immortal [on earth]” (21:8)

Muslims also believe that the Prophets were intensely pious and
upright men, even they never in indecency such as eating on the
streets, and laughing loudly and doing any other such acts that are
against the social discipline.

They received their instructions from the almighty Allah (SWT)

through revelation, which is either transmitted by Allah (SWT) to
His Messenger through an angel or placed directly in their heart
or transmitted to them by a voice from behind a veil.

They were also sent as a mercy from Allah (SWT) to mankind

because of their dire need for the Messengers. Neither the
worldly affairs of mankind nor their religious affairs can be
established except through them. Allah (SWT) has made the
Prophets “means” between Him and His creations – means
which inform mankind about Allah (SWT) and identifies for them
what is beneficial or harmful.

Some of them were granted miracles/Prophetic signs, but they

never claimed to have power within themselves. Some of the
various miracles of the Prophet were:

• Splitting of the moon was a sign of the Prophet Muhammad

(PBUH)

349 | P a g e
 • Turning of the stick into a snake was a sign of the Prophet
Moosa (AS)
• Healing of the born-blind, the leaper and bringing the dead
to life were the signs of the Prophet Issa (AS).

Muslims have a firm believe that all the messengers were chosen
by Allah (SWT) to deliver His books and each was to a specific
community or a specific area i.e. Hazrat Moosa (AS) was sent to
the people of banu Israil. Hazrat Shoaib (AS) was sent to the
people of Banu Madain except the Prophet Muhammad who was
sent for all humanity and he is the “Seal of Prophets”

All the Prophets from Hazrat Adam (AS) till the Prophet (PBUH)
conveyed the same basic message to their nations that is Belief in
Oneness of Allah, good conducts and life after death

Prophets and the Divine Books

A well-known saying of the Prophet reports that, there were

124000 Prophets and 313 messengers in human history.
According to the Quran, Allah (SWT) gives us the story of some
but not of others. There is a total of 25 mentioned by name in the
Quran. The chain of Prophets began with Hazrat Adam (AS) and
followed by Hazrat Nuh (AS), Hazrat Ibrahim (AS), Hazrat Ishaq
(AS), Hazrat Lut (AS), Hazrat Yaqoob (AS), Hazrat Yousuf (AS),
Hazrat Moosa (AS), Hazrat Isa (AS) and it ended at Hazrat
Muhammad (PBUH) to whom Allah (SWT) revealed His final words
which supersede all the previous revelations.

350 | P a g e
An outstanding aspect of the Islamic belief in Prophethood is that
Muslims believe in and respect all the Messengers of Allah (SWT)
with no exception. Quran also supports this:

“We make no distinction between any of His Messengers.”

(2:285)

However their messages had been tempered by their followers,

except Quran the everlasting miracle of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
which will remain unchanged till the day of judgement.

351 | P a g e
 BELIEF IN
RESURRECTION &
THE DAY OF
JUDGEMENT
Belief in the last day is definite in Islam and vital for all the
Muslims. This is the 5th article of Faith, which includes the
following:

“the trial of the grave, the punishment and reward in the grave,
resurrection the gathering of mankind for accountability, the
judgement, the scale of deeds, Paradise, Hell, and all that Allah
(SWT) prepared in these two abodes of their dwellers.

Some people wonder how Allah (SWT) can raise the dead. The
Quran says:

“It is much easier for Allah (SWT) to bring a body to life then to
have created a person in the first place”.

The Quran also contains the vivid and specific descriptions of the
above-mentioned features of the last day.

352 | P a g e
Life after Death / Lesser Judgement

Every living creature that walks the Earth will one day leave this
life. Similarly, we all are going to die someday, sooner or later but
it will happen to everyone. Quran says:

“Every Soul will taste death; in the end you will be brought back
to us”.

It is also be noted that, upon dyeing, a person enters an

intermediate phase of life between death and resurrection called
“Barzakh”. Many events take place in this new “world”, such as
the trial of the grave, where angels question about their religion,
Prophet and Lord etc.

• On the correct answers, their places (graves) will be made

comfortable and they would sleep and dream gently until
the Day of Judgement. (39:17)
• On the wrong answers’ angles will become horrifying to
them, and they will be tormented until the day of
judgement. (39:15)

The blessed Prophet (PBUH) once said: “It was the first step on
the way to the next life and whoever found safety there, would
have an easy time later on”. (31:34)

Resurrection

As for the knowledge of time of the resurrection day, it hasn’t

been given to any Angel or Prophet (PBUH). Nobody besides Allah
(SWT) knows when the final hour is. Quran says “Indeed, Allah
(SWT) [alone] has knowledge of the hour”.

353 | P a g e
However, certain events are going to take place to the coming of
the final hour known as “Signs of the final hour”, Such as;

Minor Sign Major Signs

Universal consumption of interest Arrival of Hazrat Mehdi (RA)
Universal consumption of alcoholic beverages. Arrival of Dajjal
Men/Women would dress like Women/Men Return of Hazrat Isa (AS)
Adultery would become commonplace Yajuj and Majuj
Time would move swiftly Landslides
Disproportion in balance of men and women The smoke
Homosexuality Rising if the sun from west

Besides all these, the signs of the pending coming of the hour
will be the sounding of the 1st trumpet, blown on Allah’s
command by the Angel Hazrat Israfeel (AS) whereupon all will die
even the angels. This sound will strike terror in the hearts of all
creatures all buildings and mountains will be leveled the heavens
will melt, the sun will be darkened, the stars will fall, the sun and
the moon will be joined together and the seas will dry up.

After a definite time period, the 2nd trumpet will be blown

whereupon all the souls will repair to their bodies and mankind
will go to the place assembly (Plain of Arafat) for judgement. As
Quran says; “Allah (SWT) will raise those who are in graves”.
(22:7)

The Day of Judgement

The judgement will start and everyone will be sorted into groups
based on a variety of factors. All the creatures will be questioned
and their books of deeds will be opened. A balance will also be set
up to weigh the good and bad actions. Whoever followed the
354 | P a g e
Prophet’s (PBUH) teachings will be standing behind that Prophet
and others will be standing behind their false teachers.

Moreover, the body organs of a person will become witness of

his/her deeds and he/she couldn’t hide anything from the Lord. As
Quran says in Surah Yasin;

“That day shall we set a seal on their mouths, But their hands
will speak to us, and their feet bear witness, to all that they did.
(36:65)

Good people will receive their book in their right hand, while the
evil people will get it on their left or from behind their backs. On
the basis of this, people will be sent to the paradise or Hell.
Rf(69:10 , 84:10)
Life in paradise Life in hell
• An exclusive place, where • The place full of pain and
there is no pain, sadness, or torment.
worry. • Dwellers will cry out and ask
• It is always pleasant, and for relief, and then water like
where no one grows old or molten copper will be
dies. showered upon them.
• All desires are fulfilled and no • They will near garments of
one grows bored. fire.
• There will be abundance, • They will drink boiling water
luxuries, beautiful gardens, and eat thorny plants.
fountains, rivers of honey and • Their punishment willn’t end,
milk etc. “in it they will neither die nor
• Viewing ship of Allah live”.
• They will be dragged and
thrown in to the lake of fire.

355 | P a g e
 BELIEF IN ALLAH’S
PREDESTINATION
AND DECREE
Belief in divine decree and predestination is mentioned in the
Iman-e-Mufassil, it is also one of the major articles of faith. This
means that Muslims believe that Allah (SWT) has created this
universe and He is its absolute controller. Everything in the
universe has a predetermined set course which we call Al-Qadr.
Nothing can happen without the will and knowledge of Allah. He
knows the present the past and the future of every creature. He
also knows when they will die and if they will be a believer or a
wrong doer. As Quran says in Surah Furqan: “He has created each
thing and determined it with [precise] determination”. (25:2)

Divine Decree

The idea of destiny as Muslims find in the Ahadith is that Allah

(SWT) wrote down the decrees regarding the created world 50000
years, before He created the heavens and the Earth and recorded
everything in Lauh-e-Mahfooz. As mentioned in Jami Tirmidhi and
Abu Daud.
356 | P a g e
“Verily the first thing Allah (SWT) created was the pen. He said
to it: ‘Writ.’ It replied! My Lord, what should I write?’ So, He said:
“write all that will occur and all that Has occurred.’ So, in that
hour, everything that will occur until the Day of Reparation was
recorded.”

Here the idea behind Qadr is that the creation of this universe
isn’t accidental but something pre-planned and it was shaped
according to the design of the great designer. However, Muslims
believe that the pre-destination and the decree are the secrets of
Allah.

The first principle which Islam lays down in regard to Qadr is that,
Man is neither completely the master of his fate nor is He bound
to the blind law of predestination. So far as sovereignty of Allah’s
will is concerned, it is all encompassing and nothing falls outside
its orbit. Not even a leaf stirs without His will. Allah (SWT) has also
discussed upon a man, a limited independence and freedom of
will according to which a man is free to do or not to do certain
things.

Further if we weren’t responsible for our actions, we wouldn’t in

fact have to be judged for them on the Day of judgement. We
can’t be responsible for our actions unless we have freedom to
choose. As Quran states in different places:

• “man shall have nothing but that what he strives for”

• Allah (SWT) doesn’t compel belief and leaves the person
free to believe or disbelieve”.

357 | P a g e
 • Whoever has done the atom’s weight of good shall meet
with its reward and whoever has done the atom’s weight of
evil shall meet with its consequences.

Scholars have also explained that there are two types of Allah’s
decrees:

• Absolute decree.
• Conditional decree.

The absolute decree doesn’t change but the conditional one may
change if and when the conditions are fulfilled. Such decrees are
based on the fulfillment of causes, i.e. good deeds as well as Du’a,
As the prophet (PBUH) said:

“Nothing can change the Qadar except the Du’a”

Muslims also believe that the reverse of Decrees is also known to

Allah (SWT) alone. The person himself knows nothing of his
destiny. But what he knows is that if he performs good deeds, he
will cause his life to extend longer.

358 | P a g e
PILLARS OF ISLAM

359 | P a g e
SHAHADA
The Shahada is the Muslim Creed, one among the Five Pillars
of Islam. In reciting the Shahada, a Muslim takes testimony
that Allah (SWT) is the only true God, and that Muhammad
is Allah’s Prophet. This declaration is the foundation on
which the whole structure of Islam has been built. It is the
expression of this belief which differentiates a believer from
a non-believer or atheists and it is by expressing these
sentences that one enters the fold of Islam.

The Prophet said: “Islam is built upon five pillars. ‘Testifying

that there is no God except Allah (SWT) and that
Muhammad is the last messenger of Allah’. ‘And to –
establish the prayer’, ‘And to fast Ramadan’, ‘And to make
Haj’. (Muslim).
Shahadah must be recited in order to become a Muslim,
such is its importance that on birth, the Arabic sentence ‘la
ilaha illa-llahu muhammadun rasulu-llah, which is the
Shahadah is whispered in to the ears of a newborn child.
The Shahadah is to testify to 2 things:
1. Nothing Deserves Worship Except Allah (SWT)
2. Muhammad is that the Messenger of Allah

First Component of Shahadah

By reciting the first component, a Muslim accepts that

except for Allah, there is no other God worthy of worship: in

360 | P a g e
fact, there is no other god only Allah. He is the sole creator
of the Earth and the universe and all that lives within: we
must stay steadfast upon this phrase and apply it in our
practical life and never associate any partners with Him.
Allah (SWT) says in Quran;

“So, know that none has the right to be worshipped but

Allah”.

It is considered the central message of all Prophets and

Messengers sent by Allah (SWT) the message of Ibrahim
(AS), Ishaq (AS), Mosa(AS). For instance, Hazrat Mosa (AS)
declared:

“Hear, O Israel The Lord our God is one Lord”

Hazrat Essa (AS) repeated the same message 1500 years

later when he said “The first of all the commandments is
“Hear, O Israel; the Lord our God is one Lord”. (Mark 12:29)

It is here that we touch upon the concept of Shirk i.e. the

association of other deities or ‘partners’ with Allah (SWT) or
the general belief that Allah (SWT) isn’t our God. The sin of
shirk is emphasized to be of the highest degree; it’s
unpardonable and isn’t forgiven. Basically to commit shirk is
to go against the very first principle on which the foundation
of the whole system of Islam is based therefore, it is
important to not just recite the Shahadah as a ritual; it must
be followed and implemented upon with the proper
intention and to the greatest possible degree.

Second Component of Shahdah

361 | P a g e
The second component of the Shahadah is the declaration
that the Prophet Muhammad is the messenger of Islam. A
Muslim must acknowledge the prophecy of the Prophet and
how he propagated the religion of Islam to the human race,
as well as must look to the Prophet as the prime example of
how one should conduct himself, alternatively follow the
Sunnah and Hadith. Also, a major part of this component is
the ‘Seal of Prophecy’. According to this the Prophet
Muhammad is the last Prophet in the chain of Prophets that
began with Hazrat Adam (AS) and ended with the Prophet
Muhamad (PBUH). No Prophet is now going to be sent to
the world by Allah. This is repeatedly mentioned in the
Quran and Hadith. There is a specific verse to this effect in
the Quran;

“Muhammad isn’t the father of any of your men. But he is

the Messenger of Allah (SWT) and the seal of the
Prophets….”

This is because the religion of Islam was established among

the first believers by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
signified by the verse of Surah Maidah (5:3)

“Today I have perfected for you your religion, accomplished

my favors upon you and chosen Islam as your religion….”

In a nutshell, we must acknowledge that the Prophet (PBUH)

is the model of every Muslim and he is the link between the
Creator and the Creations through which we know what are
the commandments of Allah, what pleases him and what
invites His wrath.
362 | P a g e
PRAYER

363 | P a g e
Method of Purification

There is a unique requirement in Islam that before we offer

ourselves in devotion to our Lord, we must enter into the state of
purity to perform certain acts of worship. As the following hadith
of the Prophet says:

“Allah (SWT) doesn’t accept prayer without purification.”

This state of purification may be gained by the following methods;

• Making Ablution Wudhu (in case of minor impurities)

• Complete bath/Ghusl (in case of major impurities) if water is
available.
• Dry Ablution/Tayammum (alternative of wudhu and ghost) if
water isn’t present.

1. Ablution

This method of purification is required when a person is impure

with minor impurities. The major obligatory acts about ablution
can be found in the Quran as follows:

“O you who believe! When you intend to offer prayer, wash your
faces and your hands up to the elbows, rub (by passing wet
hands over) your heads, and (wash) your feet up to the ankles.’
(5:6)

Method of performing Wudhu/Ablution

• Make intention for Wudhu and face Qibla if possible.

364 | P a g e
• Recite Bismillah
• Wash the two hands including wrists three times, first right
and then left. Hazrat Aus (RA) narrated;

“I saw the Prophet (PBUH) performing Wudhu. He washed his

hands three times”.

• Use Miswak and Rinse the mouth thrice/Gargling.

• Rinse the Nose/Sniffing
• Wash face with both hands thrice, from the hairline to under
the chin, and from ear lobe to ear lobe, including the corner
of the eyes (Once is Obligatory).
• Wash both arms including the elbows thrice. (Once is
Obligatory)
• Wiping at least ¼ of the head from the front is Obligatory,
while it is Sunnah to wipe the entire head by joining all three
fingers, from small to middle finger to cover the head. Clean
the inner sides of ear with forefingers and outer with thumb.
Pass back of the hands over the nape of the neck.
• Wash both feet including the ankles thrice, first the right
foot and then the left foot. (Once is Obligatory)

Note:

There should be no break in the processes of the Wudhu, no

washed part should be dry by the time another is washed.
Moreover, it is also a required Sunnah to make wudhu in
proper sequence.

Things that cancel the Wudhu / Ablution

365 | P a g e
• Excretion from both Private part

These includes urine, feaces, breaking wind, worms, stones

etc. As Quran says, “…or any of you comes from answering
the call of nature (it’s necessary to make Wudhu).”

• Vomiting a Mouthful

Vomiting a mouthful cancel the wudhu but if it less than a

mouthful it doesn’t affect Wudhu. Hazrat Aisha (RA) said
“whoever vomits, should repeat his wudhu”

• Falling asleep

It is also necessary to perform ablution for a person, who

falls asleep lying on his back or any other thing, while falling
asleep in standing, sitting or prostrating state doesn’t cancel
the Wudhu.

• Laughing out Loud while praying.

The Prophet (PBUH) said to person who laughed out loud

while praying, “Repeat your Wudhu”, But a quiet smile
during prayer doesn’t effect both prayer and Wudhu.

• Loss of Consciousness

Losing consciousness, regardless of whether it is due to

fainting, intoxication or mental illness cancels the Wudhu.

• Bleeding

366 | P a g e
 Hazrat Zaid bin Sabit (RA) narrated that the Prophet (PBUH)
said: “wudhu becomes invalid only by the blood that flows
from its source.”

2. Ghusl / Obligatory bath

Obligatory Ghusl is required to free one from major impurities. As

the Holy Quran says; “And if you are in the state of Janabah
(major impurity), purify yourself well. (5:6)

Method of Performing Ghusl / Obligatory Path.

• Make intention for the Ghusl

• Wash both hands including the wrists.
• Wash private parts and remove impurities. (if there is)
• Perform Wudhu
• Gargling and Sniffing are obligatory
• If bath water collects around the feet, wash them at the
end.
• Pour water over the right shoulder, then over the left
shoulder and then over the head, was entire body thrice.
• Rub the body and rub over the head ensuring the hair-
roots get wet.
• Make sure water reaches and wets the entire body
without leaving any part dry (Obligatory)

Incidents that make the Ghusl compulsory.

After the three incidents Ghusl becomes obligatory.

• Martial relation (for men and women both)

367 | P a g e
 • Menstruation period
• Child birth period

3. Tayammum / Dry Ablution

The Permission of Tayammum:

Tayammum was impressible for previous nations. Its permissibly

is among some special blessings on the Muslims. As the Quran
says;

“But if you are ill, or on a journey…….and you find no water ,

then perform tayammum with clean earth and rub therewith
your faces and hands.” (5:6)

Circumstances under which tayammum is permitted:

• Water isn’t available; or its too far to be reached; or there is

some danger in acquiring it; or though it is available, one is
restricted from its use; or one fears that if it was used for
purification not would enough remain for drinking.
• Water is available but there is a risk of sickness or worsening
an existing sickness by using it etc.

Method of performing tayammum:

• Recite Bismillah (it is sunnah to recite)

• Make intention (Niyat) for tayammum saying “I intend to
make tayammum with the object of removing impurity and
acquiring purity.” (its obligatory)
• Strike the pure soil twice with the palms of both hands.
(obligatory)

368 | P a g e
 On the first strike On the second strike
Blow off loose dust from Blow off the loose dust from
them Wipe the entire face them Wipe the right hand
with both hands as it is done from left and left from right
in ablution. including the elbows.
Things that Cancel Tayammum:

• Things that cancel the Wudhu also cancel the Tayammum,

and things that make ghusl compulsory also nullify the
Tayammum.
• When the restriction is removed, under which tayammum
was performed, tayammum become invalid. For example, if
tayammum was performed due lack of water or some
illness, and then if a water becomes available or illness got
finished, Tayammum is cancelled.

Note:

• Tayammum may be performed with the wall made of stones

or bricks, or if its painted with lime products.
• Tayammum may not be performed with things that aren’t
products of the soil, such as gold, silver, iron, copper, wood,
carpet etc. However, if these things are covered with dust,
Tayammum with them will be permissible.

Prerequisites Of prayer / conditions of prayer

The following are the conditions which must be fulfilled before

performing prayer. If any of them is missing, the Prayer is then
considered invalid.

1. Niyyah (Intention)

369 | P a g e
Before prayer is performed the intention to do so should be firmly
placed in the mind. It may also be expressed with the tongue, to
offer a particular obligatory Prayer at a prescribed time, for the
Sunnat or Nafil prayers. If one prays prayer without the intention
of pleasing Allah. He will not accept it. The Prophet (PBUH) is
reported to have said:

“deeds are according to their intentions and each man will get
what he intends”

The expression of one’s intention aloud and according to certain

formulas isn’t necessary. There are no recorded authentic
statements of intention, nor was it the practice of the Prophet
(PBUH) or his Companions to clearly express their intentions of
prayer.

2. Purification of the body

The body has to be cleaned of all sorts of impurities. One should

be in a state of purity achieved through one of the following
means: wudu (ablution), ghusl (bath), or tayammum (dry
ablution). This state of purity remains pure unless broken by one
of the following factors: excretion, urination, breaking wind,
sleeping in the lying position ejaculation of semen or sexual
intercourse. The first five of these necessitate only ‘Wudu’; while
the last two necessitate a ghusl, and Wudu can’t take its place.
Tayammum takes the place of either wudu or ghusl if water is
absent, and must be renewed for each compulsory prayer
performed at its proper time. The proof for this Is Allah’s saying:

370 | P a g e
“O believers! When you stand to pray wash your faces and your
hands up to the elbows. Wipe your heads (with water), and wash
your feet up to the ankles.” (5:6)

3. Purification of clothes

All the garments including even the cap, socks, gloves, etc. that
one is wearing or having on one’s body must be clean and pure
beyond any shadow of doubt.

Any impurity either minor or major which falls on clothes should

be washed away thrice and squeezed well simultaneously. As the
Quran says:

“And purify your garments”

4. Purification of the place

The area on which one intends to perform prayer and where

one’s knees, hands, and forehead would rest in, must be free
from impurities, whether it’s a piece of plain ground or floor, or a
mat etc. but one should also avoid standing for the Prayer at a
place which is stinking with filth and dirt around it.

5. Satr (Covering)

The ‘Satr’ of both the male and female must be properly covered
prior to performing prayer. The boundaries of the Satr for a man
from his navel to His knees (including both of them).

Prayer in dresses which hug and expose the shape of the private
parts is also not acceptable unless a loose shirt covering the area

371 | P a g e
is worn. Hazrat Abdullah bin Buraydah (RA) reported his father as
saying:

“The prophet (PBUH) forbade us from praying in pants’ without

wearing a coat (over it)”

For women, the Satr includes all of her body except for her face,
hands up to the wrists and tops of her feet. Hazrat Ayesha (RA)
also quoted that the Prophet (PBUH) as saying,

“Allah (SWT) doesn’t accept the prayer of a woman who has

reached puberty unless she wears a khimar (headscarf covering
the hair, ears, neck and blossom)”

6. Facing the Qibla

When prayer is to be performed under normal conditions one

should determine the general direction of the Kaabah and face it.
If a person performs his prayer with his face turned towards a
direction other than that of the Qibla, unless there is a genuine
reason for that, His prayer willn’t be supposed to have been
performed. Allah (SWT) states in Quran about the facing towards
the Qibla “So turn your face to the direction of Al-Masjid-ul-
Haram” (2:144)

Consequently, once a reasonable determination has been made

and the direction of the Qiblah has been set in a Masjid, there is
no need to constantly change the angle of prayer each time a
more accurate compass is introduced.

7. Entrance of the Proper time

372 | P a g e
Each prayer has to be performed within the time limit prescribed
for it as Allah (SWT) says in the Quran, “verily, the prayer is
enjoined on the believers at fixed hours” (4:103). If a Prayer is
performed before the time it will be no Prayer at all, and if its
offered after the time for it, has passed, it will have to be offered
after the time for it, has passed, it will have to be offered as a
missed (Qada) Prayer. Therefore, the beginning time for the
intended prayer is supposed to have started before the Prayer can
be performed. Moreover, there are three spans during which a
believer isn’t allowed to perform prayer, i.e. the sunrise, the mid
noon and the sunset.

The Method of the Salah (Two units’ performance)

1. Standing Straight / Qiyam (Obligatory)

• Muslims should stand straight facing to Qibla, hanging hand
down sides of the body.
• Make intention for the prayer
• It is preferable to look at the place of the Sajdah, while
standing straight. As it is mentioned in the Hadith;
“the Prophet (PBUH) used to lower his head and stare at the
ground”.
• In order to concentrate looking upwards as well as looking
around during prayer is prohibited.
2. The opening ‘Takbeer’ / Takbeer-e-Tehrima (Obligatory)
• Raise both hands, palms facing to Qibla such that they line
up with lobes of both ears reciting ‘Takbeer’ “Allah-o-
Akbar”. This is for men, while women may raise their hands
up to their shoulders.

373 | P a g e
• Place the right hand on the left and fold both of them on the
navel. Encircle the wrist of the left hand with the thumb of
the right hand. The Prophet (PBUH) ordered that, saying
“verily, our company of Prophets was ordered to place our
right hands on our left in Salah.”
• Recite the introductory Dua (sana), Taawwuz & Tasmiyah
quietly.

3. Recitation of the Quran (Obligatory)

• It is obligatory to recite Surah Fatiha, while you’re standing.
The Prophet (PBUH) mentioned the importance of Surah
Fatiha, as he said;

“Whoever doesn’t recite Surah Al-Fatiha in his prayer, his

prayer is invalid”. (Bukhari)

• Following this, attach at least one long verse or three short

verses of the Quran.
4. Bowing down / Ruk’u (Obligatory)
• Make ‘takbeer’ and bow down, grasping the knees firmly
and spread fingers apart
• Open out elbows and point them away from sides.
• Back should be straight out, parallel to the ground and head
should neither be bent upwards nor downwards but just in
between.
• Recite the Dua’ of ‘Ruku’ “(Subhana rabbiyal-Azeem)” at
least thrice.

Coming out of Ruku / Qaum’a:

374 | P a g e
 • Straighten up from Ruku’, saying: “(Sami Aalla-hu-liman-
hamidah)”
• Keep the body upright hanging hands by side, and say,
“(rabbana-wa-lakal-hamd)”
• One should not go from ‘ruku’ to ‘sujood’ without
standing completely upright pausing in this position.
5. Going into Prostration / Sujood (Obligatory)
• Make ‘takbeer’ and go down to the ground, placing the
bones closest to the earth respectively.
• Place the forehead and nose firmly on the ground.
• Palms should be flat on the ground and fingers together,
pointing towards to the Qibla and lining up with ears.
• Forearms shouldn’t touch the ground and move them well
away from sides. The Prophet (PBUH) insisted on this form,
saying,

“If you make Sujud place your palms flat and lift up your elbows
and none of you should spread out his forearms (on the ground)
the way a dog does”.

• Placing of chest or stomach on the thighs during sujud is

forbidden.
• Feet should be raised up, and toes firmly planted on the
ground pointing towards the Qibla.
• Recite the ‘Dua’ of ‘Sujood’ “(Subhana rabbiyal-A’la)” at
least thrice.

Going into juloos (sitting):

• Make ‘takbeer’ and sit up.

375 | P a g e
 • Sit on the bottom of the left foot, with the toe of right foot
pointing towards the Qibla.

Going back into 2nd Sajdah:

• Make ‘takbir’ and go ack into 2nd ‘Sajdah’ in the same form
as previously did.

Going out of the 2nd Sajdah:

• Make a ‘takbeer’ and stand up. Lift the bones up touched

the ground while prostrating in reverse order.

From the opening ‘takbeer’ to the end of the 2nd sajdah is known
as a “rakah” or a single unit of Salah. The 2nd rakah is exactly the
same as the first except that the introductory du’a is left out.

6. Sitting / ‘tashahhud’ (Obligatory)

• After the 2nd sajdah of the 2nd unit, one should sit back
placing palms on thighs.
• Recite ‘tahayyah’, and when reach the sentence ‘Ashadu
Allah…’ make a fist of right hand and raise the index finger
pointing towards the Qiblah and look at it.

‘Salah’ on the Prophet (PBUH) & Du’a before tasleem / Salam

After completing the ‘tahayyah’, make salah on the prophet

(PBUH) and before closing the Salah, recite particular dua.

Tasleem:

• On the completion of the previous dua, close the Dua by

giving Tasleem (i.e. Turn head to the right and say, “[As-

376 | P a g e
 salam-u-alaykum wa rahmatul-llahi wabarakatuh]” and to
the left, repeating the same words).

Standing up for the third and fourth units.

If one intends to perform 4 units prayer, he should make’ takbeer’

after the tahayyah of the 2nd unit and stand up for the remaining
two units. After the completion of the 4th unit, he should sit for
the final ‘tashahhud’ as he did at the end of the second unit.

Things which invalidate the prayer:

• Speaking, talking or laughing in the course of the prayer.

• Eating while praying. Even though what is eaten may be as
small as a piece of dates.
• Drinking while praying, even though what is drank maybe as
small as taking only a mouthful.
• If a person’s ablution (wuzu) gets invalidated in the course
of the prayer, then the prayer becomes invalid. The prayer is
also invalidated by carrying out the Ruku and Sujud postures
with quickness and without ease. While in prostration
bobbing (jerking) up and down like chicken pecking food
from the ground isn’t allowed.
• Turning oneself away from the direction of the Qiblah also
invalidates the prayer.
Adhan & Iqamat:
It is strongly recommended that wherever possible Muslims
should offer their compulsory (Farz) prayers in the mosque.
To call Muslims to prayer, the prophet (PBUH) introduced
the system of Adhan in 1 A.H.

377 | P a g e
Adhan Iqamat
• This is the first call to • It is another call to prepare
prayer said 15-30 minutes said just before the actual
before the start of prayer. start of prayer in
The person gives the Azan congregation.
is called Muazzin • When the Muslims stand in
• Muazzin stands in the rows, the Muazzin stands
Minarat or in the in the first row behind
courtyard of the mosque, imam and recites Iqamah.
faces the Qibla raises his • It is said in the lower voice
hands to his ears and calls than Adhan.
it out loudly. • Sentences aren’t stretched
• During the Adhan Muazzin and said quicker than
stretches the sentences Adhan.
and calls them slowly. • It is exactly like Adhan,
• There are 15 sentences in except the after’ Hayya alal
Adhan except in Fajr, as it falah ‘the following is
holds 17 sentences. added
• The Prophet (PBUH) ‘Qad Qamatis Salah’
announced a special “indeed, the Prayer has
reward for Muazzin. He begun” (twice)
said “Muazzins will have
tall necks on the Day of
Judgement: (to distinguish
from others)

Congregational Regular prayer

Performing the obligatory prayers in congregation Is
mandatory and required of every believing adult male who
has no excuse for not doing so. Many authentic Ahadith

378 | P a g e
 highlight the superiority and excellence of praying in
congregation. Among these Ahadith are:
The Prophet (PBUH) said “The prayer in congregation is
superior to the prayer performed individually by twenty-
seven degrees.” [Al-Bukhari and Muslim]
Moreover, the prophet (PBUH) severely warned against
abandoning it. Hazrat Abu Hurairah (RA) also reported that
the Prophet (PBUH) said:
“I swear by Him In whose Hand my soul is! I have considered
ordering a fire to be kindled and then ask someone to lead
the people in prayer. And then go to the men [who didn’t
attend the prayer] and burn their houses over them.” [Al-
Bukhari and Muslim]

Features of Congregational Prayer

• Only fard/Obligatory units are to be said in congregation.
• The prayer is better to be performed in the mosque.
• Azan is said 15/30 minutes before the prayer.
• Iqamat is said just before the beginning of Prayer.
• The Congregational prayer is led by an Imam (leader) the
Imam should be;
Male Adult, just, and well aware of Islamic teachings. The
worthiest of leading people in prayer is the one who is the
best in memorizing and reciting the Quran. As the Prophet
(PBUH) said:
“the most versed in the recitation of the book of Allah (SWT)
leads the people in Quran. If they are equal, then the one
who is most aware of the Sunnah. If they all are equal, then

379 | P a g e
 the one who emigrated earlier, if they again are all equal,
then the oldest of them.”
• The followers stand behind the Imam, facing the Qiblah.
• Before the congregation starts, rows are straightened and
the gaps are filled. The followers should stand shoulder to
shoulder and after making the intention the prayer is read.
• The least number required for the congregational prayer is
two; the imam and another one with Him (even if the other
person were the women or a child. In this situation, the
followers will stand just beside the right side of the Imam,
keeping his toes parallel to the heels of the Imam. If the
third one joins during the prayer, either the imam will move
forward or the follower will be gently pulled back.
• Rows will be set in the following manner:
Imam

Men’s rows

Children’s rows

Women’s rows

• If women form a congregation, the women who leads stands

in the middle in case they are in odd numbers, if in even
numbers, more women will be on the right-hand side.

380 | P a g e
• The Imam recites Surah fatiha and another Surah loudly in
fajr, Maghrib, and Isha prayers, while in Zuhr and Asr he
recites in a low voice. All the Takbeerats are said by the
Imam and followers recite supplication of Ruku, Sajdah,
tahayyah etc.

Friday Congregational Prayer

Besides the five obligatory prayers, Allah (SWT) has also

ordained the Jummah (Friday Congregational prayer) as a
necessary prayer on the Muslim Nation. The Quran says

“O Believers! When the call is proclaimed to prayer on Friday,

hasten to the remembrance of Allah (SWT) and leave off
business (and traffic). That is best for you if you but knew.”

The prophet (PBUH) also said: “They (people) will have to stop
neglecting the Friday prayer or otherwise, Allah (SWT) will seal
their hearts and they will be counted among the negligent.”
(Sahih Muslim)

By virtue of the above references, the Friday Congregational

Prayer is, therefore, a duty (Wajib) required from every adult,
male and free Muslim who is in residence. The Friday isn’t a
duty on women, who instead, may perform the obligatory Zuhr
(Noon) prayer at their homes although they may join the Friday
prayers.

381 | P a g e
The performance of the Friday prayer.

• The Friday prayer is only allowed in the Congregational

Mosques. The least number required for this prayer is
three; the Imam and other two with him.
• The time for the Friday prayer is the time of the Zuhr
prayer.
• In case of missing the Friday prayer, the person will
perform the Zuhr prayer in compensation.
• It is recommended that the person comes up with the
following pre-requisites before going out of the Friday
prayer.
1. Undertaking Ghusl (total bath) and using of Miswak.
The Prophet (PBUH) said:
“Ghusl on Friday is necessary (Wajib) upon every adult
person” (Sahih Bukhari)
2. Putting on the best of clothes.
3. Wearing perfumes.
• Muslims assemble in the mosque early enough to listen to
Imam’s speech in native language and he gives them advice
and spiritual insights.
• There are two Azans for this prayer and both are said with
the gap in which Imam delivers his speech.
• When the Muazzin completes the second Azaan, the Imam
climbs the pulpit (Minbar) to deliver the two sermons in
Arabic and the person is required to devote his whole
attention and is forbidden to talk, exchange of greetings, or
keep oneself busy with even minor activities during the
sermons.
382 | P a g e
• These sermons always consist of advice based on the Quran
and Hadith about how to live a righteous life.
• Upon completion of the first part of the sermon, the Imam
sits down for a brief pause and then, stands up again for the
second part of the sermon. After that, he comes down from
the pulpit.
• Before the prayer starts, rows are straightened and the gaps
are filled. The followers should stand shoulder to shoulder
after making the intention of the prayer is read.
• The Muazzin says Iqamat and two congregational units are
accordingly performed which is the same in all respects to
the fajr prayer.

Eid Congregational Prayers

Introduction

There are two official festivals in Islam: Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-

Adha. Eid-ul-Fitr celebrated on the 1st of Shawwal, after the
completion of fasting during the month of Ramadan, while Eid-
ul-Adha is celebrated on the 10th day of Zilhajjah to mark the
completion of Hajj and in the memories of Hazrat Ibrahim (AS).

The prayers of the two Eids were made compulsory in the 1st
year after migration. The Prophet (PBUH) always performed
these prayers and ordered the men and women to go out and
attend them.

Features of both Eid Prayers.

• The Eid prayers can be performed in the mosque but its

preferred to perform them in a place otside the city or in
383 | P a g e
 an open ground (Eid gah). The Prophet (PBUH) would
pray the two Eid prayers on the outskirts of Madinah; in
fact, he only offered them once in his mosque when it
was raining.
• The time for Eid prayers begins after sunrise till the mid
noon. It is sunnah to pray eid-ul-azha prayer early to
allow believers more time to perform their sacrifice.
• No compensation can be made in case of missing the Eid
prayers.
• It is recommended that the person comes up with the
following pre-requisites before going out to the Eid
prayers:
1. Undertaking Ghusl (total bath and using of Miswak)
2. Putting on the best of clothes.
3. Wearing perfume
• It is Sunnah to eat in odd number of dates before going
for prayer on Eid-ul-Fitr, it is narrated that:
“Allah’s Apostle never proceeded (for the prayer) on the
Day of Eid-ul-Fitr unless he had eaten some dates” Hazrat
Anas (RA) also narrated that, “The Prophet (PBUH) used to
eat odd number of dates”.
• While the Eid-ul-Azha eating is delayed till after the Eid
prayers and then the believer may eat of His sacrifice, if he
has sacrificed an animal.
• Sadaqat-ul-Fitr is also paid before performing the Eid-ul-
Fitr prayer.

384 | P a g e
 • A special recitation (Takbeerat) is said in low voice while
going to ‘Eid gah’ for Eid-ul-Fitr prayer, whereas its said in
loud voice for Eid-ul-Azha prayer.
• The Eid prayers have neither Azaan nor Iqaamat.
• The Eid prayers consists of two rakats during which its
Sunnah to pronounce three additional takbeers in the first
(Before starting Surah Fatihah) and three in the second
Rak’ah (after completing the Surah read after fatihah and
before bowing down for Ruku). Hands are raised during
each pronouncement and bring them down and again
raise them for Takbir.

Sermons after Eid Prayers

• After the two units Imam delivers two sermons in Arabic

standing on the pulpit (Minbar) and the public is required to
devote their whole attention and is forbidden to talk,
exchange of greetings, or keep oneself busy with even minor
activities during the sermons.
Hazrat Abdullah bin Umar (RA) narrated that: “The
Messenger of Allah (SWT) used to offer the prayer of Eid-ul-
Azha and Eid-ul-Fitr and then deliver the sermons after the
prayer.
• These sermons always consist of the rewards of fasting and
sacrifice and about How to live a righteous life. Imam also
recalls the connection of Hazrat Ibrahim’s (AS) family to the
rites of Annual pilgrimage.
• Upon completion of the first part of the sermon, the imam
sits down for a brief pause and then, stands up again for the

385 | P a g e
 second part of the sermon, after that he comes down from
the pulpit.
• Collective prayer (Dua) is also said before the dispersal of
the crowd.
• It is preferable to change the route while going back to
home. Hazrat Jabir bin Abdullah (RA) narrated that: “On the
Day of Eid the Prophet (PBUH) used to return after offering
the Eid prayer through a way of different from that by which
he went.”

Missed / Qaza Prayer

When any prayer is performed after the appointed time it is called

“Qaza Prayer / Missed prayer” (Qaza means to compensate or
repeat). Missing the prayer without any good reasons according
to the Islamic law is a major sin. A person who misses prayer,
intentionally or unintentionally due to the forgetfulness,
ignorance, sleep or some other valid reason has to perform the
‘Qaza’ of the missed prayer and repent to Allah (SWT)

Hazrat Anas (RA) narrated that the prophet (PBUH) said: “if
anyone forgets to offer prayer then he should pray whenever he
remembers it.”

These are certain rules to be followed while performing Qaza

prayer;

• Qaza is made only for obligatory and Witr units.

386 | P a g e
 • Missed prayer can be offered at any time but not during the
forbidden times (sunrise, sunset and midday)
• It should be performed in order, for instance Fajr, Zuhr, Asr,
Maghrib, and finally Isha.
• If the Fajr prayer is missed he/she has to perform the 2
Sunnah units along with the 2 obligatory units in case they
are performed before the mid noon of that day.
• Women, who miss prayers during the course days, don’t
need to perform Qaza for these missed prayers.

Shorten Prayer / Qaza Prayer

Islam is a religion full of mercy and because of the hardships and

inconvenience which a person usually undergoes during travel,
Allah (SWT) has made certain concessions to the traveler. One of
these concessions is that the traveler may shorten some of the
obligatory prayers. According to the Islamic law, the traveler is
one who intends to travel more than 48 miles from the town with
the intention of staying for 15 days or more.

Allah (SWT) says in the Quran: “When you travel through the
earth there is no blame on you if you shorten your prayer.”
(4:101)

Because of the grant from Allah (SWT) it is an established practice

that a travelling Muslim may shorten the 4 Obligatory units into 2
units only. Thus, the Zuhr, Asr, and Isha prayers may each be
shortened into two units. However, the maghrib and the fajr
prayers can’t be shortened and are to be performed in full.
Sunnah and Nafil units aren’t necessary.

387 | P a g e
Zakat

388 | P a g e
Introduction:

The word Zakat means “Purification and growth”. The Quran says:

“Take charity from their wealth so that you might purify and
sanctify them”

It is the 3rd pillar of Islam and was made obligatory in 2 A.H. the
Zakat is usually mentioned in Quran immediately after the prayer
(Salat). As the Quran says:

“Establish prayer and pay charity” (2:43)

According to the Islamic techniques, “A certain fixed proportion of

the wealth to be paid yearly for the benefit of the poor in the
Muslim community” is called Zakat

Conditions of giving Zakat

Islamic law has laid down some conditions that must be fulfilled,
while Zakat fund is paid. For instance;

• Maturity
• Sanity (not mentally challenged)
• Free of debt.
• Owns certain amount or more than that, which is called
‘Nisab’.
• The lapse of a full lunar year / Islamic year is obligatory.
• Properties owned to meet one’s basic requirements such as
houses, work tools, machines for industry, means of
transport and furniture are excluded from Zakat.
• Zakat can’t be given as salaries / wages

389 | P a g e
Rates of Zakat
Particulars Nisab Rate
Gold 7.5 tola (87.48 grams) 2.5%
Silver 52.5 tola (612.35 2.5%
grams)
Cash in hand or at the Equal to the value of 2.5%
bank the Nisab for the Silver.
Business goods. Equal to the value of 2.5%
the Nisab for the silver.
Produce of land. Any quantity Naturally irrigated land
10%
Artificially irrigated
land 5%
Produce of Mines Any quantity 20% once in a life
Cattle 1 to 39 No Zakat
1. Goats and sheeps 40 to 120 One goat of one year

2. Cows and 1 to 29 No Zakat

buffaloes 30 to 39 One calf of one year

3. Camels 1 to 4 No Zakat
5 to 9 One goat/sheep of one
year

Beneficiaries / Recipients of Zakat

There are eight categories of people who are entitled to receive

the Zakat. The Holy Quran explains them in Surah Taubah, Ayat 60

390 | P a g e
“Zakat is only for the poor, and the needy, and those who collect
them, and softening of hearts, and to free the captives, and the
debtors and for the cause of Allah, and for the wayfarers.” (9:60)

It must be stressed that the payment of Zakat isn’t valid if made in

a category not listed above.

1. Poor people (Faqara)

Such persons whose funds are below the limits of nisab and
moreover, they are unable to meet their usual needs without
assistance from others.

2. The Needy. (Masakeen)

It includes someone who is helpless and miserable. A Hadith

explains that needy is one who doesn’t earn enough to fulfill his
personal and/or family obligations.

3. The Collectors. (Amileen-e-Zakat)

Those people who are employed by the Islamic government for

collection and administration of Zakat. Their salaries and expenses
may be paid from these funds even if they possess wealth above
Nisab.

4. Whose hearts are to be reconciled. (Mua’llafat-ul-Quloob)

Zakat funds may be spent on those newly converted-Muslims

whose help may be beneficial for the overall Islamic cause. But
scholars agreed that this is now an invalid category after the
establishment of the Islamic state.

5. To Free slaves. (Firriqab)

391 | P a g e
This includes freeing a slave or helping a slave who has contracted
with his owner to purchase his own freedom. As slaves don’t exist
in the current societies, the help can be extended to free those
individuals who have been imprisoned in wrongful complaints.

6. Debtors. (Gharimeen)

This category deals with helping those indebted persons who are
unable to pay their debts on their own.

7. In the way of Allah (SWT) (Fee Sabeelillah)

This includes that struggle which is conducted for establishing the

just order of Islam in a community and getting rid of evil social
system. It is not only limited to a military war against the enemies
of Islam, but all the efforts needed for the propagation of Islam
like running the education system, hospitals etc.

8. Wayfarers (Ibn-As-Sabeel)

A wayfarer or traveler also deserves the funds of Zakat who may

need financial assistance during his journey in case of loss of
belongings, even if he possesses wealth above Nisab.

Non recipients of Zakat

The following categories are excluded from the lawful payment of

Zakat funds.

1. Parents, grandparents and so on.

2. Children, grandchildren, and so on.
3. Husband
4. Wife

392 | P a g e
 5. A wealthy, who owns wealth above the Nisab. As Hadith
says;
“Charity may not be given to a rich man”.(Tirmizi)
6. Non Muslims
7. The descendants of the Prophet’s (PBUH) family. As the
Prophet (PBUH) said:

“these Sadaqat are only people’s impurities, and they aren’t

lawful for Muhammad (PBUH) or Muhammad’s (PBUH) family”.
(sahih muslim)

Note: it is highly meritorious that Zakat funds should be given to

the needy blood relatives who aren’t listed above.

Punishment for not giving Zakat:

The Holy Quran describes the punishment for this greater sin in
the following verse:

“And (as for) those who hoard up gold and silver and don’t
spend in Allah’s way announce to them a painful punishment.

On the day when it shall be heated in the fire of Hell, then their
foreheads and their sides and their backs will be branded with it,
this is that you hoarded up for yourselves, therefore taste what
you hoarded.” (9:34-35)

Significance of Zakat

Individual impact:

1. Think of others;

393 | P a g e
Zakat teaches mankind to come out of the race of personal
interests and think for other human beings. It also cleanses an
individual from selfishness and miserliness. The holy Prophet
(PBUH) has said: “Avoid from greediness as people before you
were crushed due to greediness.”

2. Sincerity of faith;

It also establishes the sincerity of faith in an individual. As the

proper calculation of assets and capital in order to help the poor
and needy, is a sufficient proof of this. It also knows his complete
submission to the will of almighty Allah. As once Hazrat Abu Zar
(RA) narrated that the Holy Prophet (PBUH) said: “They are the
losers on the day of Judgement, by the lord of the Kaabah” I
asked, “Who are they? May my parents have ransomed to you!”
He said “They are the wealthy except those who spend here and
there.”

3. Self-purification;

Zakat on one hand, purifies the individual who gives Zakat, from
selfishness and indifferences while, on the other hand, it purifies
those who receive Zakat, from the feelings of hatred against the
wealthy people. Thus, it creates love for others and saves giver
from pleasure and ego-centricity.

4. Obedience to law

It makes an individual a responsible and obedient citizen. The

Holy Quran says;

394 | P a g e
“O you who believe! Obey Allah (SWT) and obey the messenger
and those of you who are in authority”

Divine orders are, in a sense, a sort of training to make a person

obedient to laws and thus become civilized and cultured.

5. Trust in Allah

In addition, the believer attains tawakkul (having trust in Allah).

He doesn’t feel superior to those numbers of the society who
aren’t as wealthy. He becomes aware of the need of paying the
dues to his social peers.

Collective impact

Zakat builds character of an individual first and then brings a lot of

impacts to the society. For instance:

1. Social Security:

Zakat functions as a social security for all. Those who have enough
money today pay for what they have. If they need tomorrow, they
will get what is necessary to help them live decently”

2. Brotherhood

Zakat brings the people closer to each other and ensures real
brotherhood in the true sense of the word and spirit. The Holy
Quran has made performance of Salat and payment of Zakat both
as pre-requisites of Islamic brotherhood. The Quran says, “But if
they repent and establish worship and pay the poor-due (Zakat),
then they are your brethren in religion.”

3. Discouraging Beggary

395 | P a g e
If everyone pays Zakat, no poor and the unfortunate would have
to resort to begging. Islam on one hand, ordered the rich to care
about the destitute and, on the other, prohibited the poor and
the needy from stretching hands before others. As narrated by
Hazrat Abu Hurairah (RA)that the Holy Prophet (PBUH) said:

“Whoever begs from people so as to gather more riches, he is

asking for a live coal (fire) from hell, so let him ask for a lot or
little”

4. Circulation of wealth

Zakat keeps wealth in circulation and thus it benefits the whole

society. If proper Zakat system is established, the poverty will
vanish away from the Earth. Thus, Zakat helps a lot in decreasing
poverty from society.

5. Peace and Prosperity

Zakat ensures socials justice by bringing financial balance among

various level s of society. It decreases the crime rate and terrorist
inclinations among the society. Thus, the whole society strives
together and achieves development and prosperity.

396 | P a g e
Fasting

397 | P a g e
Fasting is the 4th pillar of Islam and it was prescribed to the
Muslims in 2 A.H. with the following verse;

“Ramadan is the month in which the Quran was sent down as a

guide to mankind and a clear guidance and judgement so
whoever sights [the new moon of] the month, let him fast it.”
(2:185)

Originally, fasting means to abstain but as an Islamic term, it

means to “abstain intentionally from eating, drinking, inhaling
substances and martial relations from the Dawn till Dusk.”

The Prophet (PBUH) also declared the fast in Ramadan one of

the major pillars of Islam. He said:

“Islam is built upon five pillars, ‘Testifying that there is no god

except Allah (SWT) and that Muhammad is the (final) Messenger
of Allah’, , ‘And to – establish the prayer’, ‘And to give the
Zakah’, ‘And to fast Ramadan’, ‘And to make Hajj’. (Muslim)

The excellence of Ramadan and Fasting

1. The Prophet (PBUH) said: “when the month of Ramadan

enters, the doors of heavens are flung open and the doors
of Hell are shut and the devils are chained up”. (Agreed
upon)
2. He also said: “Whoever observes the fast, believing and
seeking reward of Allah, has his past sins forgiven”. (Sahih
Bukhari)

Who must Fast?

398 | P a g e
The Fasting of Ramadan is compulsory upon every Muslim, male
or female, who has these qualifications.

• To be mentally acceptable (sane)

• To be physically fit (able to do it)
• To be of full age the age of puberty/maturity
• To be present at your permanent settlement (not to be
travelling on a journey)

Those who are exempted from Fasting.

The following persons are considered exempted from fasting.

1. Traveler.
2. People whose conditions would be made worse by fasting
but aren’t chronically ill are excused.

They should try to make up for the fasts they have missed, when
they are able to do so. Allah (SWT) says in the Quran:

“But he that is ill or on a journey (should fast instead for the

same) number of other days”. (2:185)

3. The permanently sick and the elderly who are too weak to
fast for extended time.
4. A woman
• On her monthly course or who have infant children to
fee.
• Pregnant or who recently gave birth to child.

Must not observe the first and make up for the missed days
later on.

399 | P a g e
 5. Insane (Mentally challenged)

Method of Fasting

As per the Islamic teachings, Muslims are required to fast

throughout the 9th month of Islamic calendar, Ramadan, as the
Holy Prophet (PBUH) said:

“Don’t fast till you see the new moon of Ramadan, and not break
your fast until you see it (the new moon of Shawwal) ……”

It is observed from the beginning of the day (just before the break
of dawn) till the sunset, The Quran states this time in Surah
Baqarah;

“Allah (SWT) has ordained for you eating and drinking until the
whiteness of the Day becomes distinct from the blackness of night
at dawn” (2:187)

The fast begins with a light meal known as pre-dawn meal

‘Suhoor’, which is taken just before the break of dawn as the
entire day is to be spent without food. The Prophet (PBUH)
encouraged his followers to take this meal, even if it’s only a drink
of water he said:

“Take suhoor for surely there is blessing in it”.

When the Adhan of Fajr is sounded, this signals the beginning of

the fast and one shouldn’t eat anything after that. They would
also make their attention to fast for Allah’s sake, saying: “I intend
to observe tomorrow’s fast of Ramadan” then either return to bed

400 | P a g e
for a few hours’ sleep or stay up and read Allah’s words in the
Quran after performing the fajr prayer.

During the daylight hours, they abstain from all food, liquids,
inhaled substances martial relations and nutritionally- related
medicine or any oral medicine. In addition, as the reward for good
deeds multiples manifold, Muslims should perform as many
additional acts as possible, such as offering Nafil Salah,
distributing charity etc. This is also important to avoid all sorts of
sinful acts/feelings, such as; fighting, lying, greed, anger and evil
thoughts, because the Prophet (PBUH) said:

1. “whoever doesn’t give up lying and acting on lies during

fasting, then Allah (SWT) has no need of him giving up food
and drink. (Bukhari)
2. “there are many people who get nothing from his fasting
except hunger and thirst.”

After the Asr prayer Muslims should also spend their time in
supplications and when the sun sets, following the Sunnah of the
Prophet (PBUH) they should break the fast before performing the
dusk ‘maghrib’ prayer, saying:

“O Allah, for you we have Fasted and, on Your provision, we have

broken the Fast”. (Abu Dawood)

The best things to break the fast with are dates or water, as the
Prophet (PBUH) said:

401 | P a g e
“When one of you breaks his fast, he should do so with dates, for
they provide blessing, but if one can’t get away, he should break
his fast with water, for its purifying.” (Tirmizi)

Its also recommended to break the fast immediately after the

sunset. The Prophet (PBUH) said:

“The people will continue to prosper as long as they hasten the

breaking of the fast.” (Agreed Upon)

Things that break the fast

The things, that break the fast, are of these categories;

a) What requires Expiation ‘kaffarah’

b) What requires Qada only.
c) What requires Fidyah.

402 | P a g e
Causes Penalties
• Eating or drinking. ➢ (Expiation) Kaffarah
• Martial relations • Free a slave, or
• Inhaling substances like smoking, • Fast 60 days consecutively (without
tobacco missing a day), or
• Feed sixty poor people two meals
for one day or one poor two meals
for sixty days.

• Arrival of course days (for women) ➢ (perform after Ramadan) Qaza

• Bleeding in child-birth(for women)
They should perform fasting for the missed
days later on after the month of Ramadan.
• Permanently sick and the elderly ➢ Fidyah
who are too weak to fast.
They should donate the cost equal to the
amount of 1.63 kg wheat to the poor, for
each fast-day they have missed, if they can
afford it. The Quran says:
“And those who aren’t able to do it (fast)
the recovery is the feeding of a poor
person (for every day).” (2:184)

Note:

It should be noted that:

➢ If a person forgets the fast and eats or drinks something,

the fast will remain valid.
➢ If a person doesn’t observe the fast without any genuine
cause. Then he has committed a great sin and must try to
make up for it by offering Qaza.

The Night prayer during the Ramadan (Taraweeh)

In the later part of the evening after Isha prayer, Muslims gather
together in the masjids for a special type of prayer, held only

403 | P a g e
during the month of Ramadan. It is called ‘taraweeh’ and consists
of a series of two Rakat/units’ prayers till twenty in congregation
behind an Imam. After every 4 units Imam takes a pause for rest
and recites supplications.

For each of the thirty nights of Ramadan, a different portion of

the Quran is read until all thirty parts have been recited. The
Prophet (PBUH) said:

“Whoever stands (for the night prayer during) Ramadan with

belief and hope, (then) his past sins will be forgiven”.

A’itkaf (Retreat)

This is the act of spending the last ten nights of Ramadan in a

mosque in seclusion for the purpose of full attachment in
worshipping Allah (SWT) and seeking the ‘Night of Power’ ‘Laylat-
ul-Qadr’.and its known as Aitkaf. The believer should spend their
time in prayer, reading, study circles and he can’t leave the
premises of the Mosque except for a call of nature, or some other
dire need. It is highly recommended for Muslims as the Hadith of
Hazrat Aisha (RA) reported that;

“The Prophet (PBUH) used to perform Aitkaf during the last ten
days of Ramadan until Allah (SWT) took away his life, then his
wives followed this practice after him.”

Zakat-ul-Fitr / Sadaqa-tul-Fitr

Zakat-ul-Fitr or Sadaqa-tul-Fitr is another obligatory duty on

Muslims, which is to be paid before the Eid congregational prayer,
but preferably in the Month of Ramadan

404 | P a g e
It becomes obligatory upon a Muslim male and female, free or
slave, minor or adult:

✓ Who is alive at dawn on the day of Eid-ul-Fitr

✓ On whom Zakat is Wajib (who possesses 7.5 tola of gold or
52.5 tola of silver or the money or goods equivalent to 52.5
tola of silver. All of these things must be exclusive of bare
necessities)
✓ On the father, on behalf of his children (who aren’t adult)

“Hazrat Abu Saeed al-Khudri (RA) said, “we would give Zakat-ul-
Fitr on behalf of every minor and adult, the free and enslaved in
the era of the Messenger of Allah (SWT) one saa’ of foodstuff or
one saa’ of cheese or one saa’ of barley or one saa’ of dates or
one saa’ of raisins. (Muslim)

This Sadaqa is given to the poor and needy so they can also
celebrate Eid festival. Furthermore, it’s also a means of purity of
fast from useless and indecent talking. The Prophet (PBUH) said;
“The fast remains suspended between the heavens and the earth
until Sadaaqa fitr is discharged.”

What to give in Sadaqa-tul-Fitr?

Scholars stated that one saa’ equates to 3.2 kg (Approx). this is

supported by various other texts. Thus, ½ saa’ is equivalent to
1.63 kg.

Based on the aforementioned hadith, Imam Kaasani mentions one

should give:

405 | P a g e
 3.2 kg of 3.2 kg of dates /
barley/Equivalent equivalent amount
amount [OR]

3.2 kg 1.63 kg of wheat /

raisins/Equivalent Equivalent amount.
amount [OR]

Voluntary fasts

While fasting in the month of Ramadan is considered obligatory,

Islam also prescribes certain days for non-obligatory, voluntary
fasting, such as:

✓ Each Monday and Thursday of a week.

✓ The 13th, 14th and 15th of each Islamic month.
✓ Six days in the month of Shawwal after Eid day.
✓ The day of Arafat (9th of Zilhaj)
✓ The 9th and 10th of Muharram.

Times when fasting is forbidden.

Days on which fasts are prohibited include:

✓ 10th Zilhaj (Eid-ul-Azha)

✓ 1st Shawwal (Eid-ul-Fitr)

406 | P a g e
 ✓ 11th, 12th and 13th Zil Haj (Ayyam-e-Tashreeq)

Benefits Of Fasting
Fasting isn’t just a physical act and when performed with the right
intention numerous benefits are gained from it. Some benefits of
fasting are as follows:

Individual Impact

1. Closer to Allah

Fasting helps an individual in drawing closer to Allah. This is

achieved by reciting and reflecting on the Quran during night and
day, attending the Taraweeh prayers, remembering Allah (SWT)
etc. So as to leave all worldly hobbies and keep away oneself in a
Masjid just thinking of Allah (SWT) and His endless blessings, so as
to bring oneself closer to Allah.

2. Protection Against Evil Desires

Fasting in Islam isn’t just about abstaining from food and drink but
also about avoiding desires for the sake of Allah. It teaches the
believer self-control because the fasting submitter controls
his/her desire or need to drink or eat during the fasting period.
People who learn self-control can resist wrongdoing or
temptation to follow their friends or peers just to avoid
embarrassment or to be like everyone else. Thus, fasting is a
shield, protecting the believer from sinful acts. As the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) said; “Fasting is a shield against sins”

3. Security from Hell Fire.

407 | P a g e
Fasting for the sake of Allah (SWT) is a means, which saves a
Muslim from Hell-Fire. This is indicated in the Hadith of the Holy
Prophet (PBUH). He said;

“Fasting is a shield by which a servant protects himself from the

fire”. (Ahmad)

4. Cause to enter paradise.

It has been mentioned that the righteous will acquire great dignity
and honour in the Hereafter. They will be in eternal peace and in a
state of complete satisfaction because of their sincere faith. The
fasting makes the person righteous and gives the guarantee to
enter Paradise. As the Holy Prophet (PBUH) confirmed a
companion that fasting is a way to Paradise.

Hazrat Abu Umamah (RA) asked: “O! Messenger of Allah, tell me

of an action by which I may enter Paradise.” He said: “Take to
Fasting, there is nothing Like it.” (Sunan Nasaee)

“In paradise there are eight gates including a gate called

Rayyan. None but those who fast will enter it.”

5. Balances the health

Scientifically it improves the physical structure of the body and

makes it smarter and more upright. It has also been noted by
medical experts that fasting improves the physical health in

408 | P a g e
numerous ways. For example, during the fast the body uses up
stored cholesterol (fats) which are often deposited in the blood
system. Thus, it helps to keep the body firm and minimizes the
danger of heart attacks.

Collective Impact

1. Realization for others

Fasting teaches the whole community what basic human

requirements are. It tells us what hunger is and what thirst is.
Those who don’t get a chance to feel hungry or thirsty also
experience this, during this month. For some hour, the rich people
also come to live in the same conditions in which the poor live,
that give them a chance to think for others and enable them to
thank Allah (SWT) for the bounties bestowed on them.

2. Unity and Equality

The month of Ramadan makes everyone equal, because hunger is

same for everyone, whether they are rich or poor. It also
introduces the concept of unity among all the Muslims as no
matter where in the world a Muslim may be, there will be other
Muslims performing the same duty, in the same manner and at
the same time as that individual regardless of wealth, status, race.
And color.

3. Disciplines Muslims

409 | P a g e
Fasting demonstrates moral discipline as Muslims fast both in
public and in private. In islam there is no authority to make sure
someone is doing as they should. In fact, it is a training ground for
the lesson that man, whatever is his rank and position, is prepared
to suffer the greatest hardship. This practice really contributes to
the moral development of man. Fasting accustoms a man to face
the hardships of life and increases his power of struggle.

4. Patience for all.

Fasting teaches Muslims to have patience and not to give up just

because things are difficult. When Muslims fast they feel the pain
of deficiency but they bear it in silence. Thus, fasting gives fasters
a taste of what it’s like to go without food and water daily during
the hours of daylight.

410 | P a g e
ANNUAL
PILGRIMAGE

411 | P a g e
 Hajj/Annual Pilgrimage
The Hajj (Pilgrimage to Makkah) is one of the five pillars of Islam.
Anybody declaring to be a Muslim must fulfill this ritual act, or at
least have the intentions to do so once in their lifetime. It was
made obligatory in 9 A.H. by the following Quranic command.
Allah (SWT) says:

“And Hajj to the House (Ka’abah) is a duty that mankind owes to

Allah, those who can afford the expenses.” (3:97)

The Prophet (PBUH) also enjoined upon the people to fulfill the
obligation of Pilgrimage.

“Pilgrimage has been ordained for you people, so perform it.”

(Sahih Muslim)

It literally means ‘to set out with a definite purpose’, but according
to the Islamic teachings, it is “Visitation to the House of Allah
(SWT) (Kaabah) in the month of Zilhaj between 8th – 12th.

The excellent Merits of the Hajj.

Allah’s Messenger (PBUH) said:

1. “he who makes pilgrimage to the House avoiding indecent

and immoral behavior emerges from his sins like a new born
baby.” (Bukhari)
2. “The accepted Hajj has no other reward, except Paradise”
(Bukhari)

412 | P a g e
Deliberate none-performance of Hajj

The Holy Prophet (PBUH) said:

“anyone who possesses the required means and isn’t forced from
performing Hajj by any visible obligation, nor is restrained by a
cruel ruler or harmed by disease and yet dies without performing
Hajj, dies not the death of a Muslim but that of a Jew or a
Christian.”

Conditions of Hajj Being Obligatory

Hajj becomes obligatory upon the one who fulfills the following
conditions:

1. To be a Muslim
2. To be sane
3. To be mature (i.e. reach puberty)
4. To have complete freedom (i.e. is not a slave)
5. To have capability. The capability is three:
• Finance – to pay for travel and expenses.
• Health – to be able to perform the rites of Hajj
• Security – journey/route of travelling should be safe.
6. A woman must have a ‘Mahram’ with her when she goes
Hajj – the one that a woman can never marry due to the
close relationship such as a father, a brother, a son, a
nephew, an uncle…etc

Exempted people

413 | P a g e
The following categories of people are considered exempted from
Hajj.

• Insane
• Child
• Slave (if master don’t allow)
• Unable to do it (physically or financially)
• Woman (in case of no Mehram)
• Fear of Animal or enemy… etc.

Kinds of Hajj

Taking into consideration the performance of Hajj and Umrah

collectively or separately, hajj can be performed in three ways.

1. Qiran (Accompanied Hajj)

In this method the pilgrims make intention for the performance of

both (Umrah & Hajj) from the beginning, and they perform in the
same Ihram without removing it after Umrah. This type carries the
greatest merit because they remain in the state of Ihram and
follow the restriction.

2. Tamattu (Enjoyable Hajj)

The pilgrims perform Umrah and Hajj, but not in the same Ihram.
As they put off the Ihram after Umrah and on the 8th Zilhaj, new
Ihram for Hajj is put on from meeqat.

3. Afrad (Isolated Hajj)

414 | P a g e
This method of Hajj is allowed only for the resident of Makkah or
for those who arrives just close to the Hajj ceremonies. The
pilgrims make intention only for Hajj.

UMRAH
Umrah can be performed at all times and in all the months of year
except the five days of Hajj. It includes only 4 practices.

• Wearing them of Umrah at or before Meeqat. (obligatory)

• Performing tawaf (circumstancing ‘bait-ullah’) on reaching
Makkah. (obligatory)
• Performing Sa’i (seven rounds) between Safa and Marwah.
(obligatory)
• Have the head shaved or hair cut short (its Wajib to trim up
to ¼ of the head)

“Details of above rituals are in the method of Hajj”

RITUALS OF HAJJ
Ihram (1st obligatory Ritual)

Ihram literally means forsaking some of the permissible actions

while performing Hajj/Umrah. This is the first ritual of Hajj/umrah
and it’s a Pilgrim’s dress that must be worn before Meeqat (a
sacred boundary). It’s also a sunnah to wear the Ihram garments
in the following manner.

415 | P a g e
 • Have a haircut and trim the nails
• Take bath, cleanse the body (Ghusl) and put on the Ihram
garments.
• Perform two unit’s prayer.
• Make intention for Hajj/Umrah
• Recite Talbiyah in a loud voice.

For Men For Women

Two sample unstitched pieces Women wear plain, loose, full-
of white clothes. length dresses to cover entire
• One for covering the lower body except:
portion of the body. • Hands till wrist
• Second for covering the • Feet till ankle
upper portion of the body. “Only the face should be left un
covered, but in the presence of
male strangers the veil of
‘Burqa’ should be dropped in
such a way that it may not
touch the face.

Prohibitions of Ihram

Certain things are prohibited in the state of Ihram some of these

are prohibited even in daily normal life but because of Ihram
there is a stronger emphasis on these:

• Quarrelling name calling, speaking with or listening to

abusive language.
• Hunting or aiding in hunting, however the wild and
dangerous animals may be killed. The Quran says:

416 | P a g e
 “O Believers! Kill not game while in the sacred boundaries or
in pilgrim costumes.
• Wearing, any type of stitched clothing for men. The women
may, however wear stitched, simple clothes.
• Use of gloves/socks
• Covering of head or face for men. The women have to cover
their heads.
• Using something with the intention of beautification (i.e.
Applying Oil)
• Use of perfume even springly. As the Prophet (PBUH) said,
“(One who is in ihram) shouldn’t wear clothing which has
been touched waras or zafaran” (Kind of fragrance)
• Trimming of nails and shaving, cutting or trimming or hair.
The hair may not be plucked, even by mistake. As the Quran
says:
“Don’t shave your heads until the offering (animals) reaches
the place of sacrifice (on the morning of Eid-ul-Adha after
the stone at jamarah Aqabah).” (2:196)
• Wearing of shoes to cover all parts of the feet and ankle,
such as boots.
• Martial relations.

Permissible Acts in Ihram

• Bathing and changing the Ihrams garment.

• Washing the hair.
• Use of toothbrush or Miswak
• Scratching the head and body.
• Looking at the mirror.

417 | P a g e
 • Halal (lawful) animals, but not hunted may be eaten.

Meeqat

Pilgrims must put on Ihram and make intention for Umrah/Hajj

before arriving at a fixed point outside the Makkah called Meeqat.
It is a sacred boundary, in which non-Muslims are not permitted
to enter, while Muslims mustn’t pass this zone without Ihram;
otherwise they will have to offer a sacrifice as penalty.

Those pilgrims residing inside the zone will make ihram at the
closest Meeqat to them. Killing, capturing someone or even
hunting is also prohibited in this zone.

Talbiyah

After wearing the Ihram garments the Talbiyah words have to be

recited which is the main ritual recitation of the pilgrimage. These
words should be repeated while one is in Ihram. Reciting loudly is
preferred for men whereas women should recite in low voice.

Talbiyah expresses the state or awareness of Allah’s presence by a

readiness and a watchfulness of the heart and the mind.

Translation

“Here I am (at your service), O Allah! Here I am. No partner do

you have, Here I am. Truly, the praise and the favor are Yours and
the dominion: No partner do You Have.

It has been narrated by Sahl ibn Sa’ad (RA), “When a believer of

Allah (SWT) recites talbiyah for hajj or Umrah and says “Labbaik”,
418 | P a g e
all the created things to his right and to his left whether they are
lifeless stones and trees or lumps of mud, also say Labbaik with
Him right up to the both ends of the Earth.” (Tirmidhi, Ibn Majah)

Tawaf-Al-Qudoom

This is performed first when the pilgrims reach Makkah.

Tawaf-Al-Umrah /(Obligatory)

Performance of Tawaf

The tawaf consists of seven circumambulations around Kaa’bah.

In the first 3 rounds, ‘Ramal’ is sunnah for men, that refers to
moving fast and shaking of the shoulders, displaying strength and
force. The last 4 rounds will be taken normally and all 7 rounds
will be performed in the anti-clockwise direction. At the beginning
and after each circuit, its sunnah to kiss Hajr-al-Aswad
(blackstone) (Istalam). If one can’t reach the black stone because
of the crowd, its sufficient to kiss it with a sign of the hand. One
shouldn’t look at the kaabah during the circumambulations and
he/she should try to use this time for supplications. After that, the
pilgrims perform two rakat at Maqam-e-Ibrahim. However, if
there is no room to offer prayer by the maqam-e-Ibrahim, the
prayer may be offered at some other place in the Masjid-al-
haram. The Prophet (PBUH) said:

“When a person makes the tawaf his sins will be pardoned with
each step and virtues will be added to his account.” (Tirmidhi)

Note: All types of tawaf are performed in the same manner.

The following items are the necessary during the Tawaf.

419 | P a g e
 1) Being in a state of Ablution.
2) Ensuring the coverage of the Satr.
3) Tawaf should be performed walking, however a disabled
person may be carried during the Tawaf.

Drinking Zamzam Water:

After praying 2 Rakat at Maqam-e-Ibrahim touch or kiss the

blackstone and say Allahu Akbar (recommended) and then drink
Zamzam water.

Sa’i (Running between two hills)

After the Tawaf the pilgrim perform ‘Sa’i, running or walking

quickly seven times between the two small hills of ‘Safa’ and
‘Marwah’. Firstly, they go to Mount Safa, face the Qibla, raise
their hands, and say the following verse:

“Verily! Safa and Al Marwah are of the Symbols of Allah” (2:158)

During the Sa’i there is bit in the middle where to hurry is

recommended which is called Raml, this is for both men and
women (women should take care not to expose themselves). The
last round (i.e. the 7th one) should finish on mount Marwah.

Note: Umrah and Hajj both Sa’i are performed in the same
manner.

1. Going to Mina (8th Zilhaj)

Mina is around 4 miles away from Makkah. On the arrival of 8th

Zilhaj the pilgrims reach Mina before the noon and perform five
prayers, starting from the Zuhar (Noon) of 8th Zilhaj and ending

420 | P a g e
with the Fajr (Dawn) of 9th Zilhaj. They can stay anywhere in Mina
except the Wadi-al-Muhasser where the Ashab-e-Feel were
crushed. They should also spend their time in reciting Talbiyah,
Durood, Kalima Tauheed and leave for Arafat after offering Fajr
prayers of 9th Zilhaj.

2. Going to Arafat (9th Zilhaj) (2nd obligatory Ritual)

Arafat is an open space, around 9 miles away from Makkah. The

pilgrims start gathering at Arafat on the 9th of Zilhaj from morning,
and stay there till sunset is obligatory. It’s the most important part
of hajj. The Prophet (PBUH) said:

“The halting in the field of Arafat is Hajj” (Tirmidhi)

Stay in Arafat is such an important event that if one doesn’t reach

Arafat on the 9th Zilhaj one hasn’t performed the Hajj. If other
rituals of Hajj are missed their reparation is possible, but there is
no reparation for the stay in Arafat. Pilgrims hear the sermon of
Hajj from the Imam and offer the Zuhar and Asr prayer combined
and shortened during the time of Zuhar. They supplicate and
weep before Allah (SWT) and beg pardon for their sins. This is the
most precious time for the believers and it must be utilized in
remembrance of Allah. The Prophet (PBUH) said:

“There is no such day like the day of Arafat when Allah (SWT)
releases His servants from the Hellfire.” (Muslim)

421 | P a g e
As soon as the sun sets, the pilgrims leave Arafat for Muzdalifah,
without offering the ‘Maghrib’ prayers.

3. Journey to Muzdalifah (9th Zilhaj)

Its around 6 miles away from Makkah, an area between Arafat &
Mina. Pilgrims find a place in Muzdalifah and stay till Fajr of 10th
Zilhaj. They perform Maghrib and Isha prayers combined (Isha is
shortened to 2 Rakats); they have until the middle of the night to
do this. They need to collect 49 pebbles (or more) from
Muzdalifah for stoning the devils (Jamarat), and shortly before
sunrise after the Fajr prayer of 10th leave for Mina.

4. Proceed to Mina (10th Zilhaj)

This is the Day of Eid-ul-Azha. On this day pilgrims carry out three
important rituals:

1) There are three pillars symbolizing satan called ‘Jamarat’

a) Jamarat-As-Sughra (small)
b) Jamarat-Al-Wustah (middle)
c) Jamarah-Al-Aqabah (Big)

Pilgrims must only go to the Jamrah-Al-Aqabah on this day and

stone with 7 pebbles saying “Allah-u-Akbar” each time and
forefinger. After the Rami (stoning) on 10th, talbiyah should be
stopped.

2) Sacrifice in Mina

Once pilgrims have finished ‘Rami’ (Stoning to Jamarat), they

slaughter their sacrifice. This is compulsory for those who are
performing Hajj-e-Qiran and Hajj-e-Tamattu
422 | P a g e
 3) Shaving of Head or Trimming of Hair

After the sacrifice, male pilgrims shave their heads (Preferable) or

trim their hair but women should cut a lock of hair.

“The Prophet (PBUH) made dua’ of forgiveness thrice for the one
who shaved his head, whereas once for the one who trimmed his
hair”.

The pilgrims then take off Ihram garments and change into
normal clothes. All Ihram prohibitions are removed except martial
relations.

5. Tawaf Al-Ziyarah

This is the third obligatory principle of hajj and this Tawaf is also
called Tawaf Al-Ifadah. Pilgrims go back to Makkah and perform it
on the 10th of Zilhaj. Though, it can be performed at any time
between the 10th and 12th of Zilhaj after sacrifice, but delaying
after 12th is a sin and the pilgrims will offer a sacrifice as penalty.
In this tawaf there is no need to do ‘Ramal’ because they make
tawaf in their ordinary clothes.

After that Sa’i is performed and the last restriction is also

removed.

Return to Mina (11th & 12th Zilhaj)

423 | P a g e
On the 11th and 12th Zilhaj pilgrims stay at Mina and stone the 3
Jamarat, after noon of each day, starting with the small and
ending with the big.

The Complete Order of Rami:

10th Zilhaj 11th Zilhaj 12th Zilhaj

1. Jamarat-al- 7 7
sughra

2. Jamarat-ul- 7 7
wusta

3. Jamarat-al- 7 7 7
Aqabah

Pilgrims may leave on 12th Zilhaj after the stoning, but if they
spend the night of 12th Zilhaj then the stoning has also to be
performed on the 13th Zilhaj in the same manner.

Farewell Tawaf (Wajib/Necessary)

Upon leaving Makkah the pilgrims make farewell tawaf, perform 2

Rakats at maqam-e-Ibrahim and drink Zamzam water. According
to the Prophet’s instruction it should be the last thing pilgrims do
in Makkah.

Journey to Madinah

424 | P a g e
This is a common practice of pilgrims to go to Madinah after Hajj
and stay there at least 8 days to complete 40 sessions of prayer.
Though it isn’t the part of Hajj but its preferred to visit the
Prophet’s (PBUH) mosque. The Prophet (PBUH) said:

“He who comes for Hajj and doesn’t visit me is a miser. One that
comes to my grave and gives me Salam. I say salam to that
person in reply”.

Benefits of Hajj
Individual Impact

Islamic worship doesn’t just consist of a few ritual practices but

they are full of divine Wisdom, and have numerous benefits for
the believers.

1. Character building

Hajj means to present oneself in the audience (realm) of Allah. As

soon as one makes the intention of Hajj, one’s feeling of love for
Allah (SWT) enhances many folds and inclinations towards good
deeds and virtues develop. After taking off the smart clothing and
wearing two white sheets of ‘Ihram’ a person looks like a beggar
bringing humility in his/her inner sole. After leaving his dignity and
stepping down to status of an ordinary person, the feeling of
arrogance and pride disappears. The great reality dawns at him
that everyone is like a beggar before Allah. His repeated
statement of Talbiyah (I am Present, O! Allah) ultimately touches
425 | P a g e
his inner soul and he can feel to be in actual presence in Allah’s
court.

2. Great Reward

A pilgrim earns a great reward which he can’t earn anywhere else,

one prayer in Masjid-Al-Haram, for example, is equal to a hundred
thousand prayers elsewhere, and Tawaf and Sai can’t be done
anywhere except in these places.

3. Strengthens the Faith

During the Hajj one is cut off from the worldly business and each
moment is devoted to the remembrance of Allah, asking
forgiveness for the sins committed in the past and seeking His
pleasure and blessings. This passionate dedication strengthens
the believer’s faith and enlightens his mind. It also brings one
closer to Allah (SWT) and provides spirit to do good deeds.

4. A Person forget material comforts

The pilgrim is trained to completely forget the material comforts

and glamour’s life of the worldly life, he avoids the use of oil,
perfume etc. wearing only two pieces of unstitched cloth, doesn’t
cut hairs and nails, he keeps himself busy day and night
worshipping Allah (SWT) and carrying out the rites of Hajj. In
short, he abandons all his desires and bows to Allah (SWT) with
sincerity and obedience.

5. Trains to bear Hardships

426 | P a g e
Hajj is a laborious mode of worship. Undertaking a long journey,
circling around the ka’abah, energetic walk between ‘Safa’ and
‘Marwah’, exertion of staying at Mina and Arafat and moving
among millions of individuals is physically exhaustive, as these
difficulties are accepted cheerfully for the love of Allah, one gets
trained to bear difficulties and hardships in the cause of Allah.

Collective Impact

1. Eliminates Racial Superiority

While performing Hajj, Muslims avoid all the artificial boundaries

established by regional, national and racial superiority. The
Muslims of different countries, speaking different languages and
wearing different garments, discard their differences and their
worldly status and concentrate on the Kaabah as their central
point of attention. All of them are full of love for Allah (SWT) and
recite praise to him. With single faith they become one flock.

2. Equality amongst society

Most importantly, the Hajj creates the sense of equality amongst

all the Muslim as the Prophet (PBUH) himself said on the occasion
of Hajj, “O! People your Lord is one and your father is one. There
is no preference of an Arab over a non-Arab and of a non-Arab.

3. Universal Brotherhood

in this atmosphere Muslims come our of the circles of color, race,

language or origin and experience universal brotherhood. In case
of any difficulty or loss they try their best to support their fellow
believers and facilitate them as much as they could do.

427 | P a g e
4. Activities Economic Movements (Discuss)

428 | P a g e
 A QUICK GUIDE TO HAJJ
Ihram Afternoon (10th Zilhaj)
1. Bathe yourself (Ghusl) 1. Make Tawaf-al-Fidah / Ziyarat
2. Wear Ihram garments 2. Sa’i between Safa and Marwah
3. Make intemtion for Umrah or hajj (at Miqat) 3. After Tawwaf al-Fidah, all restrictions
4. Recite Talbiyah are lifted
5. Avoid forbidden acts while in the state of Ihram

Umrah Returning to Mina

429 | P a g e
The story of the Sa’i between Safa and Marwah

When Hazrat Hajrah (AS) gave birth to Hazrat Ismael (AS), Hazrat
Ibrahim (AS) was commanded by Allah (SWT) to leave his wife
Hajrah and their infant son alone in the desert of Makkah
between Safa and Marwah (hills) to test their faith. He took them,
while she was still nursing her son and reached there.

In those days there was none in Makkah, neither there was any
water. He left them there, and left with them a leather bag
containing some dates, and a water-skin containing some water.
Hazrat Ibrahim (AS) started walking back, but Hazrat Hajrah (AS)
followed him saying:

“Where are you going leaving us behind in this valley where there
is no living being or anything else?” She repeated that question
many times, but he didn’t answer to her. Then she said, “Has Allah
(SWT) commanded you to do so?” He replied: “Yes” She said
“Then, He will not let us be destroyed here”. Saying this she
returned.

She continued suckling Hazrat Ismael (AS) and drinking from that
water. When all the water got used up, she as well as her son
became thirsty. She started searching water and climbed up the
nearest mountain Safa and looked for help, but she couldn’t see
anyone. Then she descended from Safa and reached another
mountain Marwah in the hope that she might find someone. But
she couldn’t find anyone. She repeated this act seven times,
suddenly she saw an angel an angel at the place of Zamzam
digging the earth with his heel – or with his wing – till water
flowed from that place. She drank from it, suckled her child and
430 | P a g e
filled her water – skin with the water, and it was overflowing. The
angel said to her: ‘Do not be afraid of being lost. The house of
Allah (SWT) is Here…’

The story of the Zamzam well

When Hazrat Hajra (AS) reached the mountain Marwah (for the
last time) she heard a voice and said: “O whoever you maybe! You
have made me hear your voice; have you got something to help
me?”

After that, she saw an angel at the place of Zamzam digging the
Earth with his heel (or his wing) till water flowed from that place.
She started to make something like a basin around it, using her
hand in this way, and started filling her water skin with water.

The story of the Sacrifice

When Hazrat Ismael (AS) became a youth, his father Hazrat

Ibrahim (AS) had a dream that he was being commanded to offer
his son in sacrifice. He talked to his son about his dream and said:

‘O my son! I see in a dream that I offer you in sacrifice, so tell me

what’s your view?” (37:102)

This patient son made his father immensely happy by saying:

‘O my father! Do as you’re commanded, you will find me, if Allah

(SWT) wills, one of the patients.” (37:102)

In order to fulfill Allah’s command, he took his son out of the

house and laid him down upon his face (downwards), so that he
couldn’t see it happening, Hazrat Ismael (AS) made his intention

431 | P a g e
of being killed in the way of Allah. After that, Hazrat Ibrahim (AS)
tried to pass the knife through his neck, but it didn’t cut anything.
Then, a call came from Allah: “O Ibrahim! You have indeed
fulfilled the vision.” (37:104-105) meaning that the purpose of his
trial has already been achieved, which was your obedience and
trial in the way of Allah. The majority of the scholars are of the
opinion that Allah (SWT) sent a white sheep with big eyes and
horns and Hazrat Ibrahim (AS) was given command to offer
sacrifice sheep in place of his son.

The story of the Kaabah building

Once Hazrat Ibrahim (AS) thought of visiting his family he had left
at Makkah. He went and found Hazrat Ismael (AS) under a tree
near Zamzam, sharpening his arrows. Hazrat Ibrahim (AS) said: “O
Ismael! Your lord has ordered me to build a house for Him”
pointing to a small Hill higher than the land surrounding it. Hazrat
Ismael (AS) said: ‘Obey the order of your Lord.’ Ibrahim (AS) said
‘Allah (SWT) has also ordered me that you should help me therein’
Ismael (AS) replied: ‘Then I will do so’.

Then they raised the foundations of the House (the Kaa’bah),

Ismael (AS) brought the stones while Ibrahim (AS) built and when
the walls became high and the old man (Hazrat Ibrahim) could no
longer lift the stones to such a high position, he stood over the
stone of Al-Maqam (called Maqam-e-Ibrahim) and Ismael (AS)
carried on handing him the stone and both of them were saying:

432 | P a g e
“O our Lord! Accept this service of us, verily You are the All
Hearer, the All Knower.” (2:127)

The story of the Arafat

In accordance with the Islamic tradition, it is believed that Hazrat

Adam (RA) and Hazrat ‘Hawwa’ (EVE) met and recognized each
other after their expulsion from the Paradise on mount Arafat. It
was on this Hill, that they both were reunited. It is believed that
they earned the mercy of Allah (SWT) on this hill. Hence it has
become a practice to offer prayers (DUA) of repentance during
Hajj.

433 | P a g e
JIHAD

434 | P a g e
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

435 | P a g e
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

436 | P a g e
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

437 | P a g e
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

438 | P a g e
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

439 | P a g e
______________________________________________________
________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

440 | P a g e
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

441 | P a g e
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

442 | P a g e
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________

443 | P a g e
THE FOUR RIGHTLY
GUIDED CALIPHS

444 | P a g e
HAZRAT ABU BAKR (RA)
SIGNIFICANCE OF ABU BAKR DURING THE PROPHET’S
LIFETIME

• Abu Bakr, whose real name was Abdullah, was one of the
Prophet’s closest friends.
• Even before accepting Islam, he led a pious and chaste life.
• After the Holy Prophet had received his first revelation he
thought of approaching those closest to him so he told Abu
Bakr the whole story of his experience.
• Abu Bakr responded to his call and immediately embraced
Islam.
• He was the first free adult male and the first person outside
the family of the Prophet to become a Muslim.
• The Qur’an describes his acceptance as: ‘’and he who comes
with the truth and he who confirms it....such are the people
who do right’’ (39:33).
• He was the first person to testify to the Messenger’s event
of Miraj (Prophet’s ascension to the heavens) and was given
the title of ‘’Al Siddique’’ due to his immediate belief of the
journey.
• After accepting Islam, he devoted his life and wealth to
preaching Islam.
• Abu Bakr’s acceptance proved to be a milestone in the
prophet’s mission.
• Prominent companions like Usman, Talha and Zubair are
said to have been persuaded by him to accept Islam.
• He bought and freed a lot of slaves, Bilal being one of the
prominent ones.
• When the Holy Prophet started preaching openly he faced
fierce opposition.
• During all such hardships Abu Bakr stood by his side.

445 | P a g e
• The first public address of inviting people to offer allegiance
to the Prophet’s message was delivered by Abu Bakr.
• At this the youth of Quraish beat Abu Bakr till he fainted.
• In 620AD when the Prophet’s wife died, Abu Bakr’s daughter
Ayesha was engaged to the Prophet whom he married after
his migration to Medina.
• In 622AD on the invitation from the Muslims of Medina, the
Prophet ordered Muslims to migrate.
• The migration took place in batches and the Prophet was
the last one to leave accompanied by Abu Bakr.
• Both remained in the cave of Saur for three days to hide
from the Makkans who wanted to kill the Prophet and his
companion.
• This event is mentioned in the Qur’an: ‘’he being the second
of the two when they were in the cave’’ (9:40).
• At Medina Abu Bakr continued his services to Islam.
• He paid for the piece of land selected by the Holy Prophet
for the mosque of the Prophet (Masjid-e-Nabvi).
• He rendered valuable services in all the battles.
• In the battle of Badr, he was in charge of the right wing of
the troops and fought against his own son Abdur Rahman.
• In the battle of Uhad, he negated the rumour of the
Prophet’s death and acted as a shield to save him.
• In the battle of Hunain, he remained firm and reorganised
the scattered troops that had started running away.
• When the Holy Prophet began to raise funds for the Tabuk
expedition, Abu Bakr placed all his wealth at the disposal of
the Holy Prophet.
• He was present at the time of the treaty of Hudaibiya and
was one of the signatories. He was also one of the ten
blessed companions who were given tidings of heaven
during their lifetime.
446 | P a g e
 • He was appointed the first Ameer-e-Hajj (the chief guide of
pilgrimage). Abu Bakr led the daily prayers during the last
days of the Holy Prophet’s illness.
• Finally, it was Abu Bakr who normalized the critical situation
arising out of the death of the Holy Prophet, as nobody was
ready to believe this including Umar. Abu Bakr on this
occasion recited these verses: ‘’Mohammad is no more than
a messenger: many messengers that were before him
passed away, if he died or were slain will you then turn back
on your heels?’’ (3:144).
• Nobody led the funeral prayers of the Holy Prophet, Abu
Bakr and Umar were the first of worshippers.
• He was unanimously elected the first Caliph of Islam.
• Abu Bakr continued to perform meritorious services for
Islam even after the death of the Holy Prophet.

PROBLEMS FACED BY ABU BAKR WITHIN ARABIA:

REFUSAL TO PAY ZAKAT:
• The issue of the refusal to pay Zakat was a great test of the
moral courage of Abu Bakr as the first Caliph of the Holy
Prophet.
• After the demise of the Holy Prophet many surrounding
tribes of Medina which had offered allegiance to Islam, sent
a deputation to Abu Bakr with the proposal that their
agreement with the Muslims had ended.
• A fresh agreement was necessary in which they should be
relieved from the obligation to pay Zakat. Abu Bakr argued
that Zakat was a fundamental injunction of Islam and had to
be paid.

447 | P a g e
 • Seeing their proposal being rejected these tribes decided to
forego Islam. Their decision was to attack Medina when the
main Muslim army was in Syria.
• They attacked at night but found Abu Bakr with his army
ready to fight.
• The apostates were defeated; many tribesmen died while
others fled in confusion.
• After this battle many tribes sent their delegates to Medina,
offered allegiance and paid Zakat.
APOSTASY MOVEMENT:
• After the Prophet’s death, some of the people rose in revolt
against the authorities in Medina and renounced Islam.
• Abu Bakr, without any delay, launched an expedition against
this movement.
• After collecting the troops at Medina, he divided them into
eleven battalions each with an experienced commander,
and sent them in eleven different directions to crush these
revolts.
• He instructed each commander to first invite these tribes to
Islam. If any refused to comply, they were to be attacked.
• Some of the tribes accepted Islam but the others were
stubborn and were dealt with harshly.
• All campaigns were successful and Abu Bakr was able to re-
establish control of Islam throughout the Peninsula.

FALSE PROPHETS:
• In the last days of the Prophet’s life some misguided people
arose to claim prophet hood.
• When Abu Bakr was elected as the Caliph, they started their
preaching openly.

448 | P a g e
• Among these false prophets were Tulaiha, Aswad Ansi,
Musailamah and Sajjah. Tulaiha belonged to the Banu Asad
tribe in the northern Arabia.
• An army under Khalid bin Walid was sent which met them at
Buzaka.
• After a fierce battle Tulaiha’s army surrendered and he
himself fled to Syria. He embraced Islam during the time of
the second Caliph.
• Aswad Ansi belonged to the Ansi tribe in Yemen.
• He was an ugly man who kept his face veiled all the time.
• He was nicknamed ‘’the veiled prophet’’.
• Being leader of his tribe, he revolted with the cooperation of
the neighbouring chiefs.
• He was the first false prophet who collected a large army in
open revolt against Islam.
• He was defeated and killed by the Muslims.
• The most dangerous of the false prophets was Musalima.
• He belonged to a tribe of central Arabia.
• His tribe accepted him as a prophet.
• Abu Bakr sent Shurbhil and Ikramah to crush the rebellion;
later Khalid bin Walid joined them. Musalima,s army was
defeated after a fierce battle at Yamamah in
633AD.Musalimah was killed.
• In this battle about 800 Muslims were martyred. Amongst
them were 360 Huffaz (memorizers of the Holy Qur’an).
• Sajjah was a woman who belonged to the Bani Tamim tribe.
• She claimed to be a prophetess and succeeded in mustering
a large following.
• When Musalimah heard about her claim he invited her to
Yamamah.

449 | P a g e
 • They decided to join forces and later Musailma married her
which ended her adventure of prophet hood and she lived in
obscurity for the rest of her life.
• When the Muslims conquered Iraq, she entered the circle of
Islam along with her tribe.

COMPILATION OF THE QUR’AN:

• In the battle of Yamamah several Huffaz laid down their
lives.
• Hazrat Umar approached Hazrat Abu Bakr about the
compilation of the Holy Qu’ran.
• He was of the opinion that soon the preservation of the
Qur’an will become a major problem owing to the deaths of
the Huffaz.
• Abu Bakr did not agree in the beginning but was later
convinced by Umar and he ordered the compilation of the
Holy Book under the supervision of Zaid bin Sabit.

3) (a) Trace the major stages in the compilation of the Qur’an in

the time of the Rightly Guided Caliphs.
(b) Why did these Caliphs think it was important to make a
compilation of the Qur’an?
ANS 3(a):
• At the time of the Prophet’s death no official copy of the
Qur’an existed in a complete written form.
• During the caliphate of Abu Bakr some people declared
themselves to be prophets. Among them was Musalima. Abu
Bakr waged a war against him and around 360 companions
laid down their lives in that battle, known as the battle of
Yamamah.

450 | P a g e
• 70 of them had committed the Holy Qur’an to memory.
• Hazrat Umar realized that these ‘’oral copies’’ of the Qur’an
would gradually diminish because of natural death or
martyrdom in future battles.
• He suggested to Abu Bakr that the Qur’an should be
compiled for the future generations or else it would meet
the same fate as the previous scriptures.
• Hazrat Abu Bakr, however, hesitated and said that how
could he do something that the Holy Prophet did not do.
• Hazrat Umar argued that under the circumstances this was
an absolute necessity. According to Hazrat Abu Bakr, ‘’Umar
went on persuading me to accept his suggestion till I was
convinced that he was right so I accepted his suggestion.’’
• Abu Bakr directed Zaid bin Sabit, one of the scribes of the
Qur’an, to collect the Quranic verses from every part of the
Islamic empire and compile them in a book form.
• A commission was appointed and headed by Zaid bin Sabit
and its members were a number of companions.
• Zaid collected the chapters of the Qur’an from every person
who had it in their possession. He collected it from palm
leaves, stones, and pieces of wood and people who had
memorized it.
• He not only collected it, but also verified it from people who
had heard it from the Holy Prophet.
• Though he himself was a Hafiz of the Qur’an, he always tried
to find a verse in writing before including it in his
manuscript.
• Zaid is reported to have said that he felt it would be far
easier to carry a mountain on his head than to shoulder such
a great responsibility.

451 | P a g e
• The script prepared by Zaid remained with the first Caliph
and after his death was transferred to Hazrat Umar, the
second Caliph.
• After Hazrat Umar’s death it was transferred to Hazrat
Hafsa, a widow of the Holy Prophet and Umar’s daughter.
• This copy of the Qur’an came to be known as Musaf al-Hafsa
i.e. Hafsa’s copy of the Holy Book.
• By the time of Usman’s Caliphate, the Islamic state had
expanded well beyond Arabia.
• The new converts of these areas recited the Qur’an in their
own dialects.
• Disputes rose among these people and some of them
insisted that their style of recitation was correct and the
others were not.
• One of the companions of the Prophet approached the
Caliph and told him about the possible danger of the division
of the Ummah.
• Usman took immediate action and he declared that the
Muslims should unite on a uniform way of recitation.
• He got the copy of the Qur’an from Hazrat Hafsa and gave it
to a team of four companions which was headed by Zaid bin
Sabit.
• It was decided that one standard version of the Qur’an
would be written in the dialect of the tribe of the Quraish.
• The Holy prophet was from the Quraish, the Quran had been
revealed in that dialect, and it was felt that this was the right
dialect for the recitation of the Qur’an.
• This team made several copies from the original text and
made sure the surahs, too, were arranged in order.
• The Qur’an was read out loudly from the beginning to the
end in the Prophet’s mosque from these copies, so that not

452 | P a g e
 a shadow of doubt remained in anyone’s mind that changes
had been introduced in the text.
• These copies were sent to the capital city of every province
of the Muslimstates with a teacher to teach how to recite
the Qur’an properly and correctly.
• Instructions were also given that in the future, copies should
be made only from the official text and that if anyone had a
copy with a different text, it should be burnt.
• Hazrat Usman is known as the Jami-al-Quran which means
that he brought the Muslims around to a uniform reading of
the Quran.
• The Quran that is being read today is the same as in the time
of Abu Bakr.
• Nothing has been added or deleted from it and the
arrangement of the chapters and verses are in the same
order as proclaimed by the Holy Prophet, in accordance with
Divine instructions.

ANS 3(b): The two Caliphs performed remarkable services to

Islam by compiling the Holy Quran.
• Both were driven by different circumstances.
• Abu Bakr, being a staunch follower of the Prophet, was
reluctant to compile the Quran but on Umar’s insistence,
was convinced of doing so.
• He realized if the memorizers of the Quran were either killed
or died naturally with the passage of time, a situation of
confusion might arise throughout the Muslim world
regarding the exact number of verses and surahs of the
Quran.
• If the future generations of the Muslims had no single copy
of the Quran, they might be misled as the Quran is the basis
of all thought and action for the Muslims.

453 | P a g e
 • Usman, likewise, faced another challenging situation.
• Several newly converted Muslims in non-Arab territories
began to argue about the ways of recitation of the Quran.
• There was a danger of the growth of sects amongst Muslims
regarding the way of recitation because every group insisted
that their dialect was the correct one and the others were
wrong.
• This meant that various groups might oppose each other
and disunity amongst Muslims might threaten their
fraternity.
• So, Usman took a wise, timely action by compiling and
standardising the Holy Book and burning all the copies which
did not match the official and approved text.

SAVIOUR OF ISLAM:
• Abu Bakr is rightly called the saviour of Islam because of the
vital services rendered by him. Soon after the Prophet’s
death, he was the one to calm down the shocked Muslim
community.
• Most of the companions including Umar were not ready to
believe in the Prophet’s death. Abu Bakr on this occasion,
delivered a convincing speech told all about the mortality of
Mohammad by reciting: ‘’Mohammad is no more than a
messenger: many messengers that were before him passed
away, if he died or were slain will you then turn back on
your heels?’’ (3:144).
• Later as a Caliph he suppressed the apostasy movement and
thus preserved the fundamentals of Islam.
• False prophets challenged the second component of
Shahada— ‘’Mohammad is the final Messenger of God.’’ He
defeated the false prophets and thus kept the unity of Islam.

454 | P a g e
 • He fought and won against the tribes refusing to pay Zakat.
By eradicating both, Abu Bakr defended the basic principles
of Islam.
• Finally by compiling the Qur’an, Abu Bakr ensured the unity
of the Muslim community that depended on the Qur’an.

ELECTION:
• Prophet did not nominate a successor.
• After his death there was an argument between the ansar
and mahajireen.
• Both wanted that the caliph should be from their group.
• A suggestion was given that there should be two caliphs,
one from each
• group.
• Abu Bakr reminded them that the prophet instructed that
the leader should be from the Quraish tribe.
• He suggested the names of Ubu Ubaidah bin Jarrah and
Umar bin Khataab.
• But Umar took Abu Bakr’s hand and pledged his loyalty to
him.
• On seeing this everyone did the same.
• He was unanimously elected the first Caliph.

WHY HE WAS CALLED AL-SIDDIQUE:

• First free male to accept Islam.
• Believed in the ‘’miraj’’ (Prophets ascension to the heavens)

ADMINISTRATION:
• Laid the foundation of a truly democratic state.
455 | P a g e
 • Always took advice from the great companions of the
Prophet in all
• important matters.
• Divided the state into provinces, each had a governor.
• The governor was responsible for military and administrative
affairs.
• Governor had an ‘’amil’’ to collect taxes and ‘’qazi’’ to
administer justice.
• All commanders and governors were selected on merit.
• He offered himself and his officers for strict accountability.
• He built a ‘’bait-ul-maal’’ (treasury) to collect revenue.
• Established military cantonments and maintained a reserve
force.
• Expanded the Muslim Empire to Iran Syria and Rome.
• Ensured the safety of non-Muslimsubjects and allowed them
to perform their religious duties.
• His annual income was 6000 Dirhams which he returned to
the state by issuing instructions to sell a piece of land he
owned when he was on his death bed.

LIST OF QUESTIONS
4 (a) Write an account of the major contributions made to Islam
by Abu Bakr:
(i) During the Prophet’s lifetime; [4]
• He was one of the first to accept Islam.
• He was the Prophet’s friend from childhood.
• He brought others to accept Islam.
• He remained loyal to the Prophet at all times, good and bad.
• He expressed belief in the Prophet’s Night Journey.
• He bought slaves who were Muslim and freed them.
• He accompanied the Prophet on the hijra.

456 | P a g e
• He gave his daughter `A’isha to be the Prophet’s wife.
• He made a financial contribution to the expedition to Tabuk.
(ii) During his caliphate. [8]
• He steadied the mourning community after the Prophet’s death.
• He continued the Prophet’s intention to send expeditions to the
north. [1mark for the basic point, and 1 extra mark for details]
• He fought against the tribes who withheld zakat.
• He fought against the false prophets.
• These were Musaylima, Tulayha, Aswad al-Ansi and Sajjah. [1
mark, but 2 marks if allfour names are given]
• He arranged to have the first collection of the Qur’an made. [1
mark, but 2 marks for details of how this happened]

(a) Describe four incidents that show how, between 622 and 661,
the Prophet and the Rightly Guided Caliphs conducted relations
with other states. [4 x 3]
(b) Suggest ways in which any two of these examples can
provide models for relations between states today.

(a) Describe Abu Bakr's activities against the false prophets and
apostate tribes. [10]
Answers could have basic references to the false prophets, the
tribes withholding zakat and the apostate tribes. Some could go
on to give fuller accounts of these challenges, faced by Abu Bakr.
In the answers it could be described that at the time of Abu Bakr's
caliphate there were a number of people in Arabia who claimed
to be prophets like Muhammad. The main ones were Musaylima
among the Hanifa tribes in Yamama, Tulayha among the tribes of
Asad and Ghatafan, al-Aswad in the Yemen and Sajjah among the
Tamim tribe. Answers could give accounts of how Abu Bakr sent
forces against all of them and write about the fighting against
Musaylima in the battle of Yamama, which was the fiercest, and
one in which many memorizers of the Qur'an were killed. The
457 | P a g e
revolt against Islam by tribes that had pledged loyalty to the
Prophet and the refusal of some tribes to send taxes to Medina
could also be described. Excellent answers will give a full account.
(b) Why is Abu Bakr called the Saviour of Islam? [4]
To gain top marks in this question candidates need to show a
good understanding of the reason why he was called the Saviour
of Islam. A satisfactory answer would simply explain that he
fought to prevent the break-up of Islam. However, more complete
answers will explain that the false prophets and apostates
threatened the uniqueness and unity of Islam and could not be
allowed to continue their activities. Hence when he became
caliph, he not only gave new heart to the Muslims after the
Prophet passed
away but helped the community of Muslims against its many
enemies. In his short term as caliph he defeated the tribes who
withdrew from Islam and made them stay Muslim and he fought
and won against tribes who refused to pay zakat. He also
defeated the false prophets and thus kept the unity of Islam when
there was much danger. Candidates could mention his
contribution in the compilation of the Qur’an as well.

(b) Explain why he was known as the Honest One (al-Siddiq), and
the Saviour of Islam. [4]
He was given the title of al-Siddiq after he declared without
hesitation that he believed the Prophet had been taken to
Jerusalem on the Night Journey. It also suits his conduct of
showing complete loyalty towards Muhammad. He was
acknowledged as the Saviour of Islam because of his efforts to
keep the
community united, to resist the threat from tribes withdrawing
from Islam, and to destroy the false prophets. [1 mark, but 2
marks for all of these points]

458 | P a g e
4 (a) Write about:
(i) Abu Bakr’s conquest of the false prophets
(ii) `Uthman’s arrangements to make a collection of the Qur’an.
[2x5]
(b) Explain why these two caliphs thought it was important to
take these actions. [2x3]
(a) (i)
• One of the problems facing Abu Bakr was a number of people in
Arabia who claimed to be prophets like Muhammad
• The main ones were Musaylima among the Hanifa tribes in
Yamama, Tulayha among the tribes of Asad and Ghatafan, al-
Aswad al-Ansi in the Yemen and Sajdah among the Tamim tribe [1
mark for all four names; 1 extra mark for details about each]
• He sent forces against all of them
• The fighting against Musaylima was most fierce: in the battle of
Yamama many memorizers of the Qur’an were killed
(ii)
• `Uthman discovered that in parts of the empire people were
following different versions of the Qur’an
• He ordered all copies of the Qur’an to be destroyed
• He invited Zayd Ibn Thabit and a group of Muslims to compile an
authentic copy of the text
• They took great care, consulting widely and checking the text
against memories
• They referred to the collection in the keeping of Hafsa
• `Uthman had copies made and distributed these to the major
centres
(b) [In each case allow 1 mark for a basic explanatory comment
(not description); 1 extra mark for a further comment that shows
fuller understanding; and the third mark for complete
explanations]

459 | P a g e
The false prophets threatened the uniqueness of the Prophet
Muhammad
Their claims suggested that Muhammad was not the last prophet
sent from God Unless they were overthrown Islam could not
uphold its claims.
If variant readings were allowed the message of the Qur’an might
be obscured
These readings threatened the purity of God’s instructions
If they were allowed to continue the community might be split
over different teachings
Conversion of Abu Bakr (Nov ’09 paper 1):
Abu Bakr: close friend of the prophet from childhood and
amongst the first to convert (first free adult male); he became
Muslim without hesitation; was open about calling others to the
new faith and persuaded many to accept Islam; he purchased
slaves and set them free; he was the first person to openly invite
people to the new faith and was beaten severely.

460 | P a g e
HAZRAT UMAR
MAIN ACTIVITIES DURING THE LIFETIME OF THE PROPHET:
• Umar belonged to the Banu Ádi clan of the Quraish.
• His father Al-Khatab was an influential leader of Makkah
• Umar was tall, well built, a fierce fighter and well educated.
• He was elected the spokesperson of Quraish.
• He remained a bitter enemy of Islam and the Holy Prophet
before his conversion.
• He treated the early converts of low origin quite mercilessly
and according to a tradition the Holy Prophet had prayed to
God for the conversion of Umar bin Khattab or Amr bin
Hisham (Abu Jahal).
• The prayer was soon granted. Umar one day decided to kill
the Holy Prophet and with that intention started towards his
house with a sword.
• On the way, he was informed that his sister and her husband
had embraced Islam. Infuriated, Umar changed his course
and went to his sister’s house who was reading the Holy
Qur’an loudly.
• This enraged Umar so much that he attacked her and her
husband.
• On Umar’s insistence his sister recited some verses from
Surah Taha.
• The words of the Holy Qur’an softened his heart and tears
began to fall from his eyes and he immediately decided to
embrace Islam.
• He approached the Holy Prophet and embraced Islam.
• This was a great occasion as the morale of the Muslims
boosted so much that now they started offering prayers
openly in the Kaabah after Umar took the bold step of
entering the Kaabah with a small band of Muslims.

461 | P a g e
• The Holy Prophet was so pleased on hearing this that he
gave him the title of ‘’Farooq’’ (one who distinguishes
between truth and falsehood).
• He started preaching Islam openly and boldly.
• He is counted amongst the 10 blessed companions and is
also a scribe of the Divine revelation.
• His daughter Hafsa was married to the Holy Prophet.
• He also migrated to Medina shortly after Ammar and Bilal
had departed.
• It was Umar who gave the suggestion of summoning the
believers for Daily prayers by Adhaan(call for prayer).
• He also rendered remarkable services in all the battles
including Badr, Uhad, Trench, Khyber and Hunain.
• He was also present at the treaty of Hudaibiya and took part
in Bait-e- Rizwan.
• He participated in the victorious march to Makkah.
• In the Tabuk expedition he donated half of his wealth and in
the battle of Hunain, he was among those handfuls of
Muslims who stood firmly by the side of the Holy Prophet.
• Umar was not ready to believe in the death of the Holy
Prophet till Abu Bakr called him down by reciting the verse
(3:144).
• Soon after, he started making arrangements for the Holy
Prophet’s burial together with Abu Bakr.
• In the meantime they heard of an Ansar meeting to discuss
the issue of succession.
• Both reached the spot and finally, due to Umar’s wisdom
and timely intervention, Abu Bakr got elected as the first
Caliph of Islam.
• Umar himself performed extra ordinary services for Islam
during his Caliphate (634-644 AD).

462 | P a g e
EXPANSION OF THE ISLAMIC EMPIRE:
• Fighting with the Persian Empire had begun during the rule
of the previous Caliph.
• Muslim forces defeated the Persian in Namaraq in October
634 AD and crossed the Euphrates.
• The Persian supreme command then sent a huge force
under Bahman.
• The two armies fought a fierce battle, the Battle of Bridge.
• Here the Muslims suffered heavy losses including their
commander Abu Ubaid bin Zaid.
• The Muslims regrouped under Mutanna, in November 634
AD defeated the Persian army led by Mehran in the Battle of
Buwaib.
• Commanding an army of 20,000 troops, Saad bin Abi Waqas
met the Persian 120,000 army led by Rustam at Qadisiya.
• The Battle of Qadisiya thus began in 635 AD.
• A fierce battle was fought resulting in Rustam’s death.
• Now Saad and his army advanced to the Persian capital Al-
Madain.
• He laid a siege for several days and the king Yazdigard
escaped to north while the Muslims captured Al-Madain.
• The king was finally defeated at Jalula.
• In the meantime, the Persians, Romans and Christian Arab
tribes combined their forces in upper Iraq near Tekrit.
• Saad dispatched an army that defeated the joint forces.
• Saad, on Umar’s advice, founded the new cities Kufa and
Basra near Madain for the Muslim armies and their families.
• Umar completed the final capture and subjugation of Persia
in the Battle of Nihawand in 642 AD, marking the end of the
Sassanid Dynasty in Persia.
• In Syria the Muslim forces were advancing rapidly when
Umar became the Caliph. Khalid bin Waleed added
463 | P a g e
 Damacus, Jordan and Emmessa, one after another to the
Muslim Empire. After the loss of these important cities the
Roman Emperor sent an army of 260,000 men against the
Muslims.
• This force too was defeated in 635 AD in the Battle of
Yarmouk under the leadership of Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah.
• Many other important Syrian towns were also captured
leaving only Jerusalam and its surrounding towns.
• Finally Jerusalem was also taken in a peaceful manner on
the request of Patriarch Sophronius
• He requested that the ‘king’ of Muslims should himself come
and receive the keys of the city.
• Umar himself met Sophronius and signed a peace treaty
under which full religious freedom was given to the citizens
of Jerusalem on the condition of paying Jizya.
• Sanctity of the Church of Resurrection and other churches
was also guaranteed.
• Finally, Egypt was also conquered in 640 AD by Amr bin Al-
Aas who had to persuade Umar with great difficulty.
• Amr bin Al-Aas argued that Egypt could be used by the
Romans as the naval base to launch operations against the
Muslims.
• By April 641 AD Babylon was also captured and the new city
of Fustat was founded in 642 AD on the eastern bank of the
Nile.
• Umar appointed able and efficient governors in all these
conquered territories.

ADMINISTRATION:
• Hazrat Umar framed the constitution of the State on the
basis of democracy.

464 | P a g e
• He established a Majlis-e-Shoora consisting of prominent
companions of the Holy Prophet from both Muhajirin and
Ansaar.
• The Muslim Empire had grown tremendously in size and
therefore it was inevitable (unavoidable) to divide it further
into a greater number of provinces.
• Each province was governed by a governor or Wali who held
the executive authority.
• The Wali was assisted by a number of officers e.g. the
Treasury Officer, the Revenue Collector, the Vigilance Officer
and the Judge (Qazi).
• Each province was divided into districts which were
administered by Amils.
• All appointments were made in consultation with the Majlis-
e-Shoora.
• All the officers were summoned to Makkah on the occasion
of Hajj to be answerable to the Caliph.
• They were paid handsome salaries to make them
incorruptible.
• The Caliph himself was the central authority with the
headship of religious and non-religious departments but he
would always consult the Shoora in all important matters.
• In order to uphold Islamic morals and maintain law and
order, Umar set up a department of police (shurta).
• Umar reorganized the ‘bait-al-maal’ or public treasury,
which was soon full to the brims with the funds from various
sources.
• These sources were: Zakat, Jizya, Kharaj (land tax), Ushr
(special land tax), the goods left out by the retreating armies
of the enemy and a tax paid by non-Muslim traders.

465 | P a g e
 • Special care was taken to distribute the funds among the
poor and the disabled. Umar established a special
department, the Diwan or the Register of Pensions.
• It was aimed at disbursement of the public funds among the
Muslim tribes.
• It was based on certain principles, for example, the whole
Ummah had a share in the public funds.
• Secondly, each Muslim had a share according to his/her
relationship with the Prophet, priority in accepting Islam and
services to Islam.
• Huge spending were made in the construction of mosques,
schools, office buildings, canals, rest houses and expansion
of the Haram and the mosque of the Prophet.
• Umar founded some new cities like Basrah and Kufa in Iraq
and Fustat and Jizah in Egypt. Umar also introduced the
Hijrah calendar. This makes a long list of the reforms and
development projects introduced by Umar.
MAIN ACTIVITIES DURING HIS CALIPHATE:
• Umar succeeded Abu Bakr as the second Caliph in 634/13AH
and continued the mission of the first Caliph till his
martyrdom in 644/23AH.
• Abu Bakr himself nominated him as his successor.
• His Caliphate is noted by internal consolidation (combine
things into one large unit) of the Muslim empire
accompanied by the expansion of Islamic rule by conquering
the lands under the Persian and Byzantine Empires which
included Iraq, Persia, Jerusalem and Egypt. His rule was
surely the golden period in Muslim history after the death of
the Holy Prophet.
• The conquest of Persia had been started during Abu Bakr’s
Caliphate by the Muslim forces and finally Persia was totally
defeated in 643 AD.

466 | P a g e
• As for conquests in Syria, the Muslim forces were advancing
rapidly in Syria when Umar became Caliph.
• Khalid bin Waleed laid siege to Damascus till September
635AD and finally entered the city as victor and signed a
peace treaty.
• After this Abu Ubaidah replaced Khalid as the chief
commander of the Muslim army and recaptured Damascus
decisively in September 636.
• Other important towns in Syria on the coast of the
Mediterranean Sea were also captured. Only Jerusalem,
Ramallah and Caesarea continued to resist.
• Finally Jerusalem was also taken in a peaceful manner on
the request of Patriarch Sophronius.
• Umar himself met Sophronius and signed a peace treaty
under which full religious freedom was given to the citizens
of Jerusalem on the condition of paying Jizya.
• Sanctity of the Church of Resurrection and other churches
was also guaranteed.
• Towards the end of 639AD, Amr bin Aas, with the
permission of the Khalifa set from Jerusalem for Egypt.
• Egypt was conquered by his strategic planning.
• By April 641AD Babylon was also captured.
• Umar appointed able and efficient governors in all these
conquered territories under his wonderful administrative
system.
• Hazrat Umar framed the constitution of the State on the
basis of democracy.
• He established a Majlis-e-Shoora consisting of prominent
companions of the Holy Prophet from both Muhajirin and
Ansaar.

467 | P a g e
• The Muslim Empire had grown tremendously in size and
therefore it was inevitable (unavoidable) to divide it further
into a greater number of provinces.
• Each province was governed by a governor or Wali who held
the executive authority.
• The Wali was assisted by a number of officers e.g. the
Treasury Officer, the Revenue Collector, the Vigilance Officer
and the Judge (Qazi).
• Each province was divided into districts which were
administered by Amils.
• All appointments were made in consultation with the Majlis-
e-Shoora.
• All the officers were summoned to Makkah on the occasion
of Hajj to be answerable to the Caliph.
• They were paid handsome salaries to make them
incorruptible.
• The Caliph himself was the central authority with the
headship of religious and non-religious departments but he
would always consult the Shoora in all important matters.
• In order to uphold Islamic morals and maintain law and
order, Umar set up a department of police (shurta).
• Umar reorganized the ‘bait-al-maal’ or public treasury,
which was soon full to the brims with the funds from various
sources.
• These sources were: Zakat, Jizya, Kharaj (land tax), Ushr
(special land tax), the goods left out by the retreating armies
of the enemy and a tax paid by non-Muslim traders.
• Special care was taken to distribute funds among the poor
and the disabled.
• Umar established a special department, the Diwan or the
Register of Pensions.

468 | P a g e
 • It was aimed at disbursement of the public funds among the
Muslim tribes.
• It was based on certain principles, for example, the whole
Ummah had a share in the public funds.
• Secondly, each Muslim had a share according to his/her
relationship with the Prophet, priority in accepting Islam and
services to Islam.
• Huge spending were made in the construction of mosques,
schools, office buildings, canals, rest houses and expansion
of the Haram and the mosque of the Prophet.
• Umar founded some new cities like Basrah and Kufa in Iraq
and Fustat and Jizah in Egypt. Umar also introduced the
Hijrah calendar.
• This makes a long list of the reforms and development
projects introduced by Umar.

DIFFICULTIES FACED BY UMAR:

• Although Umar continued the policies of Abu Bakr, the
difference in their temperaments and circumstances
dictated the manner in which they followed these policies.
• The period of Abu Bakr needed more tolerance as well as
quick action but during the period of Umar, the situation
was calmer and controllable.
• The first difficulty faced by Umar was that the people feared
him due to his hard attitude. They were hesitant to bring
their problems to him.
• But he proved over a period of time that his harshness was
for the wrong doers only, while he was quite soft towards
other people.
• Another difficulty was the administration of the vast Islamic
Empire.

469 | P a g e
 • The borders of the Islamic welfare state had extended as far
as Afghanistan, Africa and Europe.
• The communication system during those days was not as
efficient as today.
• He fought against all the hindrances in administrating a large
Empire and ensured the governance of justice and
reasonable accountability.
• The two superpowers of the time namely, the Persian and
Byzantine Empires were busy plotting conspiracies against
the Islamic state.
• It was Umar who defeated both these empires and
established the Islamic state as a superpower in Africa and
Asia.
• Lastly the Muslim army consisted of soldiers belonging to
different areas and cultures.
• The army campaign against several countries at a time could
have turned out to be a failure because of the differences
among the soldiers.
• It was the ideal administration of Umar which ensured
marvellous discipline among the forces.
• The atmosphere in the army was exemplary and it looked as
if they were the people of one tribe.
DEATH AND WHAT IT TELLS US ABOUT HIS CHARACTER:
• Umar was martyred by Firoz, a Presian slave of Mugheera in
November 644.
• Firoz was unhappy with one of Umar’s verdicts regarding the
amount of daily payment he made to his master.
• Abu Lulu (Firoz) openly threatened to kill Umar.
• Certain people recommended that Firoz should be arrested,
but Umar refused to do so.
• He thus laid down a law that a citizen could not be arrested
on grounds of suspicion or perceived danger.
470 | P a g e
 • Umar neither had a personal bodyguard nor a protocol
entourage.
• He was attacked totally unguarded. One day, while he was
leading the prayer, Firoz stabbed him with a poisoned
dagger.
• He also killed several other worshippers as he tried to
escape.
• When he was finally caught, he slit his own throat. Umar
survived for some days.
• During this period, he nominated a panel of six people: Ali,
Usman, Talha, Zubair, Abdur Rehman bin Auf and Saad bin
Abi Waqas to hold mutual consultation and select his
successor from among them.
• His death shows us that he had a thorough sense of fairness
and that was the reason for his refusal to give Firoz the
relaxation in the payment he had to make to his master.
• This noble attitude of his cost him his life. Umar’s fearless
attitude portrays his strong belief in Allah as the Giver and
Taker of life.
• This incident also reflects his simple lifestyle, that the head
of the largest empire in history was easily accessible and
roamed around like an ordinary citizen.
• He was buried alongside the Prophet and Abu Bakr in
Medina.
• This shows his special status in the first Muslim community,
his tough and principled stand and the taxation matter
reflects the integrity (honour, truthfulness) of his character.
SHORT ACCOUNT OF UMAR’S LIFE:
• Umar bin Khattab was a bitter enemy of Islam and the Holy
Prophet before his conversion. He treated the early converts
of low origin quite mercilessly and according to a tradition

471 | P a g e
 the Holy Prophet had prayed to God for the conversion of
Umar bin Khattab or Amr bin Hisham (Abu Jahal).
• The prayer was soon granted. He started preaching Islam
boldly and openly.
• He is counted as one of the 10 blessed companions and is
also a scribe of Divine revelations.
• His daughter Hafsa was married to the Holy Prophet.
• It was Umar who gave the suggestion of summoning the
believers for Daily prayers by Adhaan(call for prayer).
• He also rendered remarkable services in all the battles
including Badr, Uhad, Trench, Khyber and Hunain.
• Holy Prophet said, ‘’the sun has not risen over a man better
than Umar.’’
• Abu Bakr himself nominated him as his successor.
• His Caliphate is noted by internal consolidation (combine
things into one large unit) of the Muslim empire
accompanied by the expansion of Islamic rule by conquering
the lands under the Persian and Byzantine Empires which
included Iraq, Persia, Jerusalem and Egypt.
• His rule was surely the golden period in Muslim history after
the death of the Holy Prophet. He appointed able and
efficient governors in all these conquered territories under
his wonderful administrative system.
• Umar was finally martyred by Firoz, a Persian slave in 644
while offering the Morning Prayer.
• He was buried alongside the Holy Prophet and Abu Bakr in
Medina.
• Umar left behind him an effective system of administration
throughout his empire by appointing extremely efficient
governors and Qadis (judges) and other state officials.
• His Caliphate brought a great deal of propriety
(respectability) and strength for the Muslims.

472 | P a g e
HIS IMPORTANCE/SIGNIFICANCE IN ISLAMIC HISTORY:
• Umar was one of the early converts of Islam.
• His conversion gave the morale of the Muslims a significant
boost.
• He devoted his life and energy to the cause of Islam and
openly supported the Holy Prophet throughout his mission
in Makkah and Medina.
• He performed valuable services in all the major battles
fought against the enemies of Islam. He placed about half of
his wealth at the disposal of the Holy Prophet on the
occasion of the Tabuk expedition.
• He played a vital role in the election of Abu Bakr.
• He also convinced Abu Bakr to allow the compilation of the
Holy Quran in a book form.
• His own Caliphate was the most successful and glorious
period of early Islamic history.
• He not only consolidated the new Muslim Empire by
establishing an effective system of governance, but also
expanded its borders by capturing Persia,
• Syria, Palestine, Jerusalem and the fertile land of Egypt.
• He himself led a simple and pious life and conducted
patrolling at night to ensure the peace and comfort of his
people.
• He laid down the foundations of a lasting administrative
system by dividing the Empire into provinces and by placing
them under able administrators, governors and Qazis
(judges).

HOW HIS CONVERSION HELPED THE YOUNG MUSLIM

COMMUNITY:
• Umar was a powerful Makkan both physically and socially.

473 | P a g e
 • He was an open persecutor and oppressor of Muslims.
Conversion of Umar was an important event for the early
Muslim community in Makkah that lived a very hard life.
• The Prophet had prayed to God for the conversion of Umar
bin Khattab or Amr bin Hasham (Abu Jahal) and therefore,
he expressed satisfaction over the conversion of Umar.
• Umar, known for his fiery and impulsive nature, made his
conversion public in a bold manner.
• He was the most open about public praying.
• This raised the confidence of the persecuted Muslim
community.
• Muslims could not pray at the Kaabah until he became a
Muslim.
• They now began to offer prayer openly in the Kaabah
without any fear.
• Umar’s physical and social strength, after his conversion,
was dedicated to the growth of Islam and raising the morale
of the Muslims in Makkah (and later in Medina).
• The Prophet, in recognition of Umar’s conversion, gave him
the title of Al-Farooq (the one who can differentiate
between the truth and falsehood).

LIST OF QUESTIONS
4 (a) Write an account of the main activities of Hazrat `Umar
(i) During the lifetime of the Prophet, and
(ii) During his caliphate. [2 x 6]
(b) What does the manner of Hazrat Umar’s death, tell us about
his character? [4]
(a) (i) • He converted to Islam when he heard a passage of the
Qur’an being recited [here allow 1 mark for the basic point, and
allow a further 1 mark for details, e.g. that he was on his way to
kill the Prophet; that he surprised his sister and her husband

474 | P a g e
hearing the Qur’an recited; that he was going to destroy this
passage, but relented when he read it].
• In Makka he had a reputation as a fierce and strong fighter.
• His conversion gave courage to the Muslims in Makka.
• In Makka he proved a great help because he was able to protect
the Prophet from attacks.
• He made the Hijra to Madina with the other Muslims.
• There he was always close to the Prophet in battles [allow a
further 1 mark for details, such as his defending the Prophet at
Uhud, and his digging the trench before Khandaq].
• His ties with the Prophet were strengthened when the Prophet
married his daughter Hafsa.
• He objected to the terms of the Treaty of al-Hudaybiya because
they disadvantaged the Prophet.
• He took part in the expeditions to the north that were organised
towards the end of the Prophet’s life.
(ii) • He oversaw the expansion of the empire into Syria, Persia,
Iraq and Egypt [allow 1 mark for the basic point, a further 1 mark
for details, and an additional 1 mark for names of battles and
dates].
• He personally accepted the surrender of Jerusalem [1 mark for
the basic point, and a further 1 mark for details].
• The agreements he made with conquered non-Muslims formed
the basis of later legislation about Dhimmis.
• He oversaw many important administrative measures [1 mark
for the basic point, a further 1 mark for details such as the diwan
which listed those entitled to pensions from the state, the
institution of the position of judge, and a further 1 mark for full
details of more than one of his measures]
(b) • Umar was killed by his slave (Abu Lu’lu’a).
• The reason was that he refused to excuse him from paying a tax.
• This is characteristic of `Umar’s total impartiality and refusal to
allow concessions even to those close to him.
475 | P a g e
• He was stern about the correct observance of all regulations
[allow 1 mark for any examples that illustrate this characteristic].
• He was buried near the Prophet, which shows he was held in
high honour

(b) What does the way he died tell us about his character? [4]
Candidates might begin by showing signs that they have some
knowledge of how the caliph died. Some might go on to describe
how ‘Umar was assassinated by his servant. However a more
complete answer will explain why the servant killed his master,
and will show an awareness of the severe fairness of ‘Umar this
reveals. It was ‘Umar’s scrupulous sense of fairness that was the
reason for his refusal to give preferential treatment to his slave
despite his relationship with him which led to his assassination.
Another version regarding ‘Umar’s assassination is that he was
killed by a Persian slave Firoz, who was owned by Mughira b.
Shuba. Firoz wanted a reduction in the daily payment he made to
his master. ‘Umar rejected his claim and so in anger Firoz stabbed
him at dawn prayers the next day.

3: Trace the expansion of the Islamic empire under the rule of the
caliph Umar. [10]
Basic answers may show some knowledge of the main battles and
areas brought under Muslim rule during the caliphate of Umar.
Better answers will be able to expand on the points made earlier
and be able to name and date the main battles. Some of the
important dates/battles are: 636AD/15AH battle of Yarmuk,
638AD/17AH battle of al- Qadisiyya, 642AD/21AH battle of
Nihawand. Better candidates should be able to give a coherent
account of the progress of Muslim armies, the battles won and

476 | P a g e
the land captured. Fully detailed and dated answers showing a
gradual expansion of the answer
will enable the candidates to get top range marks. In what ways
did the conversion of ‘Umar help the young Muslim community?
[4]
Good answers here should show an understanding of the
significance of ‘Umar’s conversion.
Answers could talk about how his conversion boosted Muslim
morale. He was an open persecutor and oppressor of Muslims,
but upon conversion was the most open about public praying.
Muslims couldn’t pray at the Ka’ba until he became Muslim. He
helped the Muslims gain confidence in practising Islam openly;
no-one dared interfere with ‘Umar when he was praying. He was
known for his temper and his physical strength. All this gave a
physical protection to the vulnerable Muslims.

Conversion of Umar (Nov ’09 paper 1):

‘Umar: he was initially angry at the prophet and the new message
he was preaching and set out to kill him; on his way he was told
his own sister and brother-in-law had converted and so went
there; overheard recitation of part of sura Ta Ha; when he read
the words himself he went to accept Islam; he had a reputation of
being the fiercest man in Makka and so his conversion provided
Muslims some protection; he fought Qur’aysh until Muslims could
pray at the Ka’ba.

June 2011(2)

Write a detailed account of the administrative measures put in

place by ‘Umar during his caliphate. [10]
Candidates could give a basic answer by saying that the Islamic
empire expanded rapidly during his caliphate and he undertook
many administrative measures to manage the affairs of the state
477 | P a g e
in an effective manner and they could go on to list a few of the
measures he took. A few examples are: he divided the state into
several provinces and appointed qualified governors called Wali;
he separated the judiciary from the executive to make it
completely impartial. The Qadi was the head of the judiciary; he
established a department of finance under the name of Dewan
etc. Candidates could discuss some or many of ‘Umar’s
administrative measures, however the more developed answers
would discuss the more important measures in some
detail.

Umar’s caliphate is regarded as the golden period of early

Islamic history.” Discuss. [4]
Some candidates could compare ‘Umar’s caliphate with those of
other caliphs and give comparisons between them to support
their answer. If candidates agree with the statement then they
need to show why and similarly if they disagree they need to back
up their answer with reasons. Answers could write about how this
period witnessed a lasting process of internal consolidation, peace
and stability as well as prosperity as a direct result of a
comprehensive and well built infrastructure and at the same time
how the borders of the empire were hugely expanded and made
secure.

478 | P a g e
HAZRAT USMAN
DURING THE PROPHET’S LIFETIME
• Usman belonged to the powerful clan of Banu Umayya of
the Quraish.
• He was modest and honest since his childhood and
abstained from corrupt practices such as gambling and
drinking even before Islam.
• He was a trader and soon became a wealthy person.
• He was known as Ghani (the generous one).
• He was literate as well. He became a Muslim on Abu Bakr’s
invitation and was one of the earliest converts.
• He is counted amongst the 10 blessed companions, was a
scribe and later became the third Caliph of Islam.
• Soon after his conversion he married Ruqqaya, the divorced
daughter of the Prophet.
• He faced persecution in Makkah and migrated to Abyssinia
along with his wife with the first batch of emigrants.
• He remained there for some years and then returned to
Makkah.
• As the persecutions increased he again migrated with his
wife, this time to Medina.
• After his wife died in 2A.H, he married the Prophet’s
widowed daughter Umme Kalsum. This earned him the title
of ‘Zun Nurrain’ (the possessor of two lights).
• Being a wealthy man, he generously donated his wealth to
the poor amongst both Mahajirin and Ansar.
• He purchased a piece of land according to the wish of the
Holy Prophet in order to extend the Prophet’s mosque.
• He would purchase a slave from his master and set him free
on every Friday.
• He actively participated in all the battles led by the Prophet
except Badr, due to the illness of his wife Ruqayya.
479 | P a g e
 • He donated generously in the battle of Tabuk.
• He accompanied the Prophet in the journey towards
Hudaibiya.
• He was sent to Makkah to hold talks with the Quraish, but a
rumour was spread of his murder, as he had to stay longer
than expected.
• The Prophet on hearing the news took a pledge from his
companions to avenge Usman’s blood.
• This historic pledge was became known as Bait-e-Rizwan.
• Usman returned safe, but the whole episode reflects his
importance and the Prophet’s love for him.
• Usman was a prominent figure during the Prophet’s life and
during the Caliphate of the first two Caliphs until he himself
became a Caliph.
• The Prophet used to pray: ‘’O God! I am pleased with
Usman. I beseech (beg) you to be pleased with him.’’
• Modesty was his most prominent feature and the Holy
Prophet once said: ‘’Even the angels of God envy the
modesty of Usman’’.
• Usman was murdered by conspirators in 35 AH and is buried
in Jannat-ul- Baqi
ELECTION:
• Umar nominated Ali, Talha, Zubair, Usman, Abdur Rehman
bin Auf and Saad bin Abi Waqas. All were one of the 10
blessed companions.
• Umar’s choice was Abdur Rehman but he was not willing to
shoulder the responsibility.
• Talha was not in Medina so the choice was now restricted to
the remaining four.
• It was decided that as Abdur Rehman had stepped down,
therefore he should choose the next Caliph.

480 | P a g e
• He consulted each one individually; Ali chose Usman and
Usman chose Ali, Saad supported Usman while Zubair
mentioned both Usman and Ali. He asked the opinion of
other prominent men as well and came to the conclusion
that the majority favoured Usman.
• Abdur Rehman first took the pledge of allegiance followed
by Ali and other companions and then there was a general
pledge.
• He became the 3rd Caliph on the 4th of Muharram 24 AH.
• MAIN ACTIVITIES DURING HIS CALIPHATE (expansion +
administration):
• During the early years, the process of expansion of the
Empire continued.
• The army moved in all directions and for the first time in
Islamic history, utilized naval power.
• During his Caliphate, for the first time a fleet of nearly 500
ships was built to fight with the Greeks on the
Mediterranean Sea.
• His earliest focus was the Persian Empire in the East.
Khurasan, Merv, Tus,
• Sarakhs and then Khawarzim were captured in 650 AD.
• This bought 40,000 captives and rich booty to Medina.
• Towards the West, the Byzantines forces were defeated and
Cyprus was conquered in 649 AD.
• In North Africa, Libya, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia were
conquered by the middle of the 7th century.
• In 651 AD, the standardization of the Quran on the basis of
Mushaf-e-Hafsa was done.
• Recitation on the model of only this copy was allowed and
the rest burnt.
• Official copies dispatched to all provincial capitals.
• Two of the original manuscripts of his time exist even today.
481 | P a g e
 • Continued to improve on the administrative network laid
down by the previous Caliphs. Regrouped some of the
provinces and created new provinces for the newly
conquered territories.
• Majlis-e-Shoora or council of consultation was maintained.
Held periodic conferences of the district authorities in order
to keep himself informed of the conditions of the country.
Used to hear public complaints after Friday prayers.
• He allowed Arabs to acquire agricultural lands in the
conquered territories.
• Expanded the Prophet’s mosque. Constructed new
mosques, inns, border outposts etc.
• Made arrangements for the supply of drinking water for
travellers by digging wells by the sides of roads and
highways.
• A dam was built to protect Medina from floods. Raised the
salaries of the officers and the armed forces. Increased the
allowances paid to people by 25%.
• Is said to have sent religious teachers to India to spread
Islam.

DIFFICULTIES:
• During the last years of his Caliphate, he faced serious
difficulties that eventually led to his martyrdom in 35 AH.
• He was a very gentle and soft hearted person. The people
who wanted to create chaos among Muslims took
advantage of his soft nature.
• Umar was a very strict administrator and the machinery of
the government worked smoothly in his time.
• Usman used to overlook the minor faults of the appointed
Amils, provincial heads as well as the new converts.

482 | P a g e
 • They took an advantage of his leniency and rebelled against
him. Abdullah bin Saba, a Yemenite Jew who outwardly
accepted Islam, embarked on a subtle campaign of creating
dissension (conflict) among the Muslims.
• He and his followers established their headquarters in Egypt
and began to circulate forged letters that complaints against
the Caliph, his governors and other state officials.
• Efforts were made to highlight the long forgotten rivalry
between Banu Hashim and Banu Umayya.
• Usman did not take timely action against him.
• Even some of the noblest actions of his were misprojected
before the public; for example, the standardization of the
Quran and the expansion of the compound of the Kaabah.
• The uprisings in Iraq, Kufa and Egypt. Finally in 35 AH troops
from all three provinces arrived at Medina to take their
complaints directly to the Caliph.
• Usman had pacified them and they were on their way home
when they got a hold of a letter supposedly from ‘Usman to
the Governor of Egypt to have the leaders of the group put
to death on their return. Seeking vengeance they returned
and killed him.
CHARGES AGAINST HIM:
• One of the main allegations against him was that he had
appointed his inefficient relatives as governors. There were
12 provinces in the country and he appointed his relatives in
4: Egypt, Syria, Kufa and Basra.
• All the governors appointed by him were people of great
calibre. Ameer Muaviya, a relative of his was appointed by
Umar as the governor of Syria and Usman let him continue
his job because he was doing it well.
• Abdullah bin Saad, his foster brother, was appointed
governor of Egypt also by Umar.

483 | P a g e
 • Usman appointed Saad bin Abi Waqqas as governor of Kufa.
When he was unable to control the situation there, he was
replaced by Walid bin Uqba
• (Usman’s foster brother) who proved his worth.
• Abu Musa Ashari was deposed at the demand of the people
of Basra. Was replaced by Abdullah bin Amir (Usman’s
cousin) according to the wishes of the people. He proved
very successful.
• Thus none of the governors appointed by him proved a
failure. It was also alleged that he was too lenient and did
not keep a check on his governors. He, unlike Umar, gave
the governors a free hand in running the provinces and did
not interfere in their day to day affairs.
• His burning of the Qur’an was seen by some as destroying
God’s Word. This was done after consultation with the other
companions and it was a great service that he rendered to
Islam.
• He gave a convincing reply to each of the charges in the
presence of the Prophet’s companions. His explanation was
accepted.
• The rebels however stuck to one point—their demand to
depose the Caliph.
• To achieve this end, finally in 35 AH troops from Egypt, Kufa
and Basra marched to Medina and encamped outside the
capital.
• Usman had pacified them and they were on their way home
when they got a hold of a letter supposedly from ‘Usman to
the Governor of Egypt to have the leaders of the group put
to death on their return. Seeking vengeance they returned
and killed him.
MAJOR EVENTS:
• Expansion, mention the areas conquered.

484 | P a g e
 • Naval fleet.
• Compilation.
• Because of compilation and appointing relatives as
governors led to several uprisings.
• The uprisings in Iraq, Kufa and Egypt. Finally in 35 AH troops
from all three provinces arrived at Medina to take their
complaints directly to the Caliph.
• Usman had pacified them and they were on their way home
when they got a hold of a letter supposedly from ‘Usman to
the Governor of Egypt to have the leaders of the group put
to death on their return. Seeking vengeance they returned
and killed him.
MARTYRDOM:
• The rebels were on their way home when they got hold of a
letter supposedly from Usman to the governor of Egypt to
have the leaders of the group put to death on their return.
• They returned to Medina after four days shouting for
revenge.
• They laid siege to his house by hundreds and did not allow
food and water to reach him.
• Ali deputed his sons, Hassan and Hussain, and Zubair
deputed his son Abdullah to protect him.
• Some companions who were successful in reaching him,
wanted to help him and fight the rebels or send for the
army.
• But Usman refused saying that he did not want to shed
Muslim blood.
• The siege lasted for 50 days and finally some rebels jumped
into his house, injured his wife Naila and killed him while he
was reciting the Quran.
• The copy of that particular Quran still exists with his blood
on it. He died on Friday, 18th of Zil Hajj 35 AH.

485 | P a g e
SIGNIFICANCE OF HIS MARTYRDOM:
• It was a great tragedy with far reaching consequences. It
marked the start of sectarianism among the Muslims.
• The future events proved it.
• His murder reflected the growing strength of anti Islamic
forces that had long been busy in hatching conspiracies
against the Muslim community secretly.
• The same conspirators would create difficulties for the 4th
Caliph, Ali.
• The event also reflected the gentle disposition and simple
mindedness of Usman who didn’t take any action against
the rebels on the ground that he did not want to shed
Muslim blood.

SIGNIFICANCE:
ROLE MODEL FOR TODAY:
JUNE 2006
4 (a) Write an account of the main activities of Hazrat `Uthman
(i) During the lifetime of the Prophet, [6]
(ii) During his caliphate. [6]
(b) Explain why Hazrat `Uthman encountered difficulties in the
latter years of his
caliphate and was assassinated. [4]
(a) (i) • He was one of the first converts.
• He experienced persecution for his faith.
• He married the Prophet’s daughter Ruqayya.
• With her he migrated to Abyssinia.
• He migrated to Madina.

486 | P a g e
• He did not take part in the Battle of Badr because of his sick
wife.
• When Ruqayya died, he was given her sister Umm Kulthum as
wife.
• He acted as the Prophet’s ambassador to Quraysh when the
Muslims neared Makka.
• He contributed his wealth to pay for expeditions, particularly
Tabuk.
(ii) • He continued the policy of expanding Muslim territory.
• The empire expanded into Persia, Armenia and North Africa.
• He placed relatives in important positions of control.
• He requested an authentic version of the Qur’an.
• He ordered Zayd Ibn Thabit to lead the compilation of this.
• He destroyed all other copies.
• His rule caused disquiet and led to several uprisings.
(b) • His appointment of family members was seen as favouritism.
• His destruction of the Qur’an was seen by some as destroying
God’s Word.
• Some Muslims questioned his ability to rule.
• He pacified a force from Egypt by making concessions, but sent
word to have them killed on their return home.
• They returned to Madina and killed him.
JUNE 2008
4 (a) Write about:
(i) Abu Bakr’s conquest of the false prophets
(ii) `Uthman’s arrangements to make a collection of the Qur’an.
[2x5]
(b) Explain why these two caliphs thought it was important to
take these actions. [2x3]
(a) (i)
• One of the problems facing Abu Bakr was a number of people in
Arabia who claimed to be prophets like Muhammad The main
ones were Musaylima among the Hanifa tribes in Yamama,
487 | P a g e
Tulayha among the tribes of Asad and Ghatafan, al-Aswad al-Ansi
in the Yemen and Sajdah among the Tamim tribe [1 mark for all
four names; 1 extra mark for details about each]
• He sent forces against all of them
• The fighting against Musaylima was most fierce: in the battle of
Yamama many memorizers of the Qur’an were killed
(ii)• `Uthman discovered that in parts of the empire people were
following different versions of the Qur’an He ordered all copies of
the Qur’an to be destroyed He invited Zayd Ibn Thabit and a group
of Muslims to compile an authentic copy of the text They took
great care, consulting widely and checking the text against
memories They referred to the collection in the keeping of Hafsa
Uthman had copies made and distributed these to the major
centres
(b) [In each case allow 1 mark for a basic explanatory comment
(not description); 1 extra mark for a further comment that shows
fuller understanding; and the third mark for complete
explanations] The false prophets threatened the uniqueness of
the Prophet Muhammad Their claims suggested that Muhammad
was not the last prophet sent from God Unless they were
overthrown Islam could not uphold its claims If variant readings
were allowed the message of the Qur’an might be obscured These
readings threatened the purity of God’s instructions If they were
allowed to continue the community might be split over different
teachings
JUNE 2010
3 (a) what major events took place during the caliphate of
‘Uthman? [10]
‘Uthman was the third caliph. He continued the policy of
expanding the Islamic territories. He expanded the state
towards the east and in the Mediterranean and crushed
many rebellions. Details of areas conquered and rebellions
put down could be given here. The first Muslim naval fleet
488 | P a g e
 was built during the reign of ‘Uthman. It was ‘Uthman who
during his term as caliph ordered a full edition of the Qur’an
to be made and for this appointed Zayd Ibn Thabit to lead
the compilation. He ordered all unofficial copies of the
Qur’an to be burnt. Some candidates may well discuss that it
was because of this action of his and the charge that he had
appointed inefficient relatives as governors that his rule
caused disquiet and led to several uprisings. They could go
on to mention the uprisings in Iraq, Kufa and Egypt and say
how finally in 35 AH troops from all three provinces arrived
at Medina to take their complaints directly to the caliph.
(b) Explain why ‘Uthman encountered difficulties in the later
years of his caliphate and was assassinated. [4]
His appointment of family members in important positions
was regarded as favouritism. The burning of the copies of
the Qur’an to be replaced by the official version prepared by
Zayd Ibn Thabit was seen as destroying the word of Allah.
Yet another reason was that some Muslims questioned his
ability to rule. To get to the higher level of marks the
candidates must write about his assassination as well. Here
the stronger candidates could state that after ‘Uthman had
pacified the Egyptians they were on their way home when
they got a hold of a letter supposedly from ‘Uthman to the
Governor of Egypt to have the leaders of the group put to
death on their return. Seeking vengeance they returned and
killed him. Evaluation of some of the points discussed above
is needed to get to the top levels.

489 | P a g e
HAZRAT ALI
SIGNIFICANCE DURING THE PROPHET’S LIFETIME
• Ali was the first cousin of the Holy Prophet and so belonged
to the Banu Hashim.
• His father was Abu Talib bin Abdul Muttalib, who had
brought up Mohammad in his childhood.
• Ali was about ten years old when the Prophet received the
first revelation.
• Ali got the special opportunity of living in the company of
the Prophet and so developed great love for him since his
childhood.
• Ali was brave and literate and was a very intelligent youth of
Makkah.
• He led a pious and noble life, hated idol worshipping,
drinking, gambling and bloodshed.
• He was first among the children to embrace Islam. .
• One day he saw his cousin and his wife put their foreheads
on the ground.
• Hazrat Ali looked at them amazingly.
• Never before had he seen anybody saying prayers in this
style.
• When the prayer was over, Hazrat Ali asked his cousin about
this strange act.
• He explained: "We were worshipping Allah, the One," the
Holy Prophet said, "I advise you to do the same and never
bend your head before Lat, Uzza or any other idol." Next
morning Hazrat Ali accepted Islam.
• When the Holy Prophet asked the Hashimites to help him in
his mission, Hazrat Ali was the only person to respond to his
call. After that Ali started supporting the Holy Prophet
bravely and the Prophet declared him as ‘’my brother and
my lieutenant’’.

490 | P a g e
• The Prophet gave his youngest daughter Fatima in marriage
to Ali and Hassan and Hussain were born from this marriage.
• Ali demonstrated utmost courage and boldness by sleeping
in the bed of The Prophet on the night before migration to
Medina.
• At that time he had entrusted to Ali the task of returning the
belongings of the people that had been placed in the
Prophet’s custody for safe keeping.
• In Medina, when the Prophet declared the emigrants and
helpers as brothers, the Holy Prophet declared that Ali
would be his brother.
• Hazrat Ali was a brave warrior and showed great courage in
all battles.
• At the time of the Battle of Badr, he was chosen to carry the
Muslim banner.
• During the Battle of Uhad, he was one of the few Muslims
who defended the Holy Prophet. After the battle he, along
with his wife Fatima washed the Prophet’s wounds.
• During the Battle of Trench, when some of the pagans were
able to cross over the ditch, Ali killed them.
• He was one of the leaders in the siege of the Jewish tribe of
Banu Quraizah.
• He showed great bravery in the battle of Khyber, using a
door as a shield.
• At Hunain he defended the Holy Prophet and at the time of
the conquest of Makkah, he again carried the Muslim
banner.
• For his bravery, the Prophet gave him the title of Asad
Allah/Lion of Allah.
• Hazrat Ali did not take part in the Tabuk Expedition as he
remained in Medina as the Prophet’s deputy.

491 | P a g e
 • On his complaint that he was not going with the army, the
Prophet said to him: ‘’you are to me as Haroon was to Musa,
except that there will be no prophet after me.’’ (Agreed
Upon)
• He was among those who had taken the oath of Rizwan for
the sake of Usman’s life and then he drafted the treaty of
Hudaibiya and was one of the witnesses as well.
• He was one of the 10 blessed companions.
• He was one of the scribes of the Divine Revelation.
• He also wrote the letters sent out by the Prophet to
different kings and emperors.
• He was present at the time of the death of the Holy Prophet.
• He washed his dead body and was one of those who
lowered the Prophet into the grave.
ELECTION:
• There was no Caliph of Islam for three days after Hazrat
Usman's murder.
• Medina was completely in the grip of the rioters.
• Most of the Companions had left Medina during the dark
days of the holocaust (a war in which very many ordinary
people are killed). The few who remained felt absolutely
helpless.
• After three days, when the rebels decided to return to their
homes, they felt it was necessary that the new Caliph should
be chosen before they left Medina.
• In this connection there were differences among the rebels.
• One group favoured the election of Ali (Egypt); another
favoured the election of Talha (Kufa) while the third wanted
Zubair (Basra).
• The Egyptians and some prominent companions requested
Hazrat Ali to accept the office of the Caliph but he refused.

492 | P a g e
 • The rebels then offered the Khilafat to Talha and Zubair but
they too refused.
• They next requested the Ansar to choose a Caliph from
amongst themselves, but they declined and said in that in
the presence of Ali, no one else deserved to be the Caliph.
• There was a complete deadlock in the matter of election.
• They then gave the ultimatum that unless the Caliph was
chosen within the next 24 hours, they would be forced to
take some drastic action (mass murder).
• Hazrat Ali had talks with those of the Companions who were
still in Medina.
• They favoured him to forward and serve the people.
• ·So Hazrat Ali agreed to take responsibility of guiding the
affairs of the Muslims. He consented to become the fourth
Caliph of Islam.
• All came to the Prophet's Mosque to receive the pledge of
loyalty. Malik Ushtar was the first to take the pledge. He was
followed by other people.
• Talha and Zubair, the two noted Companions, were in
Medina at the time.
• They were among the six electors nominated by Umar.
Hazrat Ali wanted to have their confidence. Both of them
took the pledge.
• ·Members of the Umayyad family all fled to Syria. They took
away with them the blood-stained shirt of the late Caliph
and the chopped fingers of his wife, Naila.
• Hazrat Ali knew well that difficult times lay ahead. The
forces of lawlessness had been unleashed. It would require
tireless work, great patience and much tact to restore law
and order. Ali hoped to accomplish the task with the
cooperation of his people.
CHANGE OF GOVERNORS:

493 | P a g e
 • On becoming the Caliph, Hazrat Ali felt that in the interest of
the state, it was necessary that there should be a change in
the provincial governors.
• He therefore decided to remove the governors appointed by
Usman and appoint new people to take their place.
• Many of his friends advised him not to take such a step
before establishing himself as the Caliph.
• With regard to Muaviya, the governor of Syria, they
particularly asked him not to interfere because the
appointment of Muaviya was not made by Usman but by
Umar.
• Also because he was popular in Syria and the people were
happy with him.
• Against the advice of his friends, Ali decided to replace
Muaviya also along with the others.
• He appointed new governors for Syria, Egypt, Kufa, Basra
and Yemen. Then he sent them to take charge of their
provinces.
• The governors appointed in the provinces of Basra, Egypt
and Yemen were able to take charge of their provinces
without any resistance. But the governor for Kufa had to
return to Medina after having failed to assume the charge of
his office.
• Similarly the Governor for Syria was met by a Syrian army
who told him to go back as they did not acknowledge Ali as
the Caliph. Muaviya was not ready to accept Ali as Caliph.
The main crisis started here.
BATTLE OF CAMEL (JAMAL):
• Banu Ummayads who were in power in Syria raised a cry for
revenge for Usman’s blood.
• Exhibited the blood stained clothes of Usman and the
chopped fingers of his wife to instigate the people.

494 | P a g e
• Many people in Makkah and Medina also joined them and
demanded punishment for the assassins.
• Ali agreed but argued that he would do so only after re-
establishing peace in the country. He realized that the
assassination of Usman was not the work of a few
individuals who could be easily punished.
• Due to the chaotic conditions during the last days of Uthman
it was very difficult to establish the identity of the
murderers, and Ali refused to punish anyone whose guilt
was not lawfully proved.
• When Talha and Zubair, who were the first to acknowledge
Ali as a Caliph, saw that he was taking no positive steps to
avenge Usman’s death, they became furious.
• They approached Hazrat Ayesha, who was herself deeply
grieved at Usman’s murder, and prevailed (influenced) upon
her to join them in demanding revenge for Usman’s murder.
• They raised an army of 15,000 men and persuaded Ayesha
to accompany them.
• In the meantime, Ali was preparing a 20,000 army to cope
with the situation in Syria whose governor Muaviya had
refused to take oath of allegiance. He diverted his attention
towards Basra and met Ayesha’s forces in October 656.
• Ali did not wish to fight Ayesha and sent one of the
Prophet’s companions to assure her that the delay in
punishing the murderers of Usman was due to non-
availability of evidence.
• Ayesha also wanted to prevent bloodshed and agreed to
negotiate. The negotiations began between the two parties
and ended in mutual agreement.
• This was not in favour of the rebels who had gone to such
great lengths to cause fighting amongst the Muslims.

495 | P a g e
 • A band of them masterminded an attack on Ayesha’s army
during the night, provoking them to retaliate against Ali’s
army.
• In the fighting that followed, Talha and Zubair were killed.
Ayesha’s own camel was finally over powered and its legs
were cut, thus giving the name Battle of the Camel to this
event.
• She was treated with respect and honour and was sent to
Medina escorted by her brother where she led a retired life
and never took part in politics again.
• 10,000 combatants lay dead from both sides in this very first
civil war of Islam.
• As a result of the victory at Basra, Ali’s Khilafat came to be
acknowledged by the entire Muslim world except Syria.
• After this battle, Ali shifted the capital to Kufa.
WHY TALHA AND ZUBAIR OPPOSED HIM:
• Talha and Zubair opposed Ali for a number of reasons.
• They had initially taken oath at Ali’s hand and hoped Ali
would take quick action against the killers of Usman.
• Ali, however, having his own plans and strategies, acted
differently.
• He began to dismiss the governors appointed by Usman
since he considered them to be the root cause of all
troubles.
• While doing so, the actions against Usman’s killers got
delayed and this delay drove a wedge between Ali and the
two close companions of the Prophet.
• They began to oppose Ali’s policies as they wanted urgent
steps against the rebels.
• Failing to see Ali introducing any reforms to control the
crisis, Talha and Zubair joined Ayesha to worsen the conflict.
BATTLE OF SIFFIN:

496 | P a g e
• Causes:
• After his election, Ali deposed Muaviya from the
governorship of Syria.
• Muaviya refused and under his influence no one in Syria
took the oath of allegiance to the new Caliph.
• Muaviya raised a cry for revenge for the blood of Usman and
displayed his blood stained clothes and his wife’s fingers in a
mosque in Damascus.
• He claimed that his election as Caliph was illegal and was
carried out under the pressure of the rebels who had killed
Usman.
• He presented Talha and Zubair as martyrs who laid down
their lives for the blood of Usman.
• He criticized Ali for the ill treatment of Hazrat Ayesha.
• His propaganda spread to Iran and Iraq.
• Muaviya gained enough strength in a year to challenge the
Caliph.
• Ali wrote him a letter telling him that he had been elected in
the same way as the former Caliphs had been elected.
Muaviya replied that he was not ready to accept Ali as a
Caliph.
Events:
• Ali managed to collect an army of 80-90 thousand men and
Muaviya also collected a large army.
• Both armies met at Siffin. For several months the rival
soldiers remained facing each other. Except occasional
skirmishes no decisive battle took place.
• Ali sent messengers to Muaviya asking him to submit in the
interest of the unity of Islam.
• Muaviya in reply demanded that Usman’s assassins should
be punished first.

497 | P a g e
 • All negotiations for peace broke down and both sides got
ready for war.
• The main battle began on the 8th of Safar 37 A.H. on the
fourth day the position of Muaviya’s army began to worsen.
• Muaviya, on the advice of Amr bin Aas ordered the soldiers
in the front ranks to fasten the Holy Quran on their lances as
a sign that the war should end.
• Many officers in Ali’s army refused to fight, so the war was
stopped and it was decided that the matter be referred to
an arbitration (mediation/settlement).
• Ali appointed Abu Musa Ashari and Muaviya appointed Amr
bin Aas. They were to settle the dispute in accordance with
the Quran and Sunnah and announce their decision by
Ramadan. In the meantime all hostilities were to cease.
• Ali left the battlefield of Siffin for Kufa. The battle of Siffin
led to the birth of the first sect among Muslims that came to
be known as Kharijites.
WHY MUAVIYA REFUSED TO ACCEPT ALI AS CALIPH:
• Ali had been elected in unusual circumstances, mainly on
the insistence of the rebels against Usman.
• Ali wanted to restore peace first and then deal with the
assassination of Usman, so he issued orders of the governors
appointed by Usman.
• Muaviya’s name was in the list.
• Ali ordered Muaviya to surrender his position as governor of
Syria.
• Since Muaviya would not accept `Ali as caliph he did not do
this.
• Ali refused to take steps against the killers of Muaviya’s
uncle `Usman.
• Muaviya insisted that `Ali should punish them before he
would obey him.

498 | P a g e
 • Muaviya’s opposition was a combination of personal
ambition and desire for justice.
WHY SOME SUPPORTERS OF ALI LEFT HIM AFTER SIFFIN:
• Talha and Zubayr thought he should punish Usman’s
assassins as soon as possible.
• This was the just action and they thought `Ali was wrong not
to do it.
• Ali’s supporters at Siffin thought he was the leader of the
community and those who opposed him were wrong.
• So they thought he was wrong to arbitrate with sinners.
ARBITRATION:
• In Ramadan Abu Musa Ashari and Amr bin Aas met at
Dumat-ul-Jandal, a place between Kufa and Damascus, for
arbitration.
• The question put to them was ‘’are the two eligible for the
post of Caliph.’’
• Abu Musa announced that both Ali and Muaviya would
resign and the people should be given a right to choose any
one of them as Caliph.
• Amr bin Aas announced that he agreed with Abu Musa to
depose Ali but he himself had decided to retain Muaviya on
his post.
• Because Muaviya is a successful governor and his people
have no complaints against him, so the election for the
Caliph should take place while Muaviya retained his seat.
• The decision was one sided so Hazrat Ali, on principle did
not accept it. Now the only way for him was to fight against
Muaviya once again.
KHARIJITES:
• The term Kharijites literally means separatists or out goers.
These people had taken part in the revolt against Usman and
were involved in his murder.

499 | P a g e
 • When Muaviya raised the cry for revenge for the blood of
Usman, they allied themselves with Hazrat Ali and fought on
his side in the Battles of Camel and Siffin.
• · When the troops of Muaviya asked for cease fire, they
responded to the call and forced Ali to suspend hostilities,
although victory for his forces were near.
• When Hazrat Ali was going to Kufa after the decision of
arbitration right after the Battle of Siffin, they insisted that
Hazrat Ali should attack the Syrians. Ali replied that he could
not break the agreement signed by him.
• Their argument was that neither Ali nor Muawiya were
worthy of rule.
• They based it on a verse of the Quran 49:9 which said that
there is no arbitrator but God.
• In fact, they went so far as to say that the true caliphate
came to an end with 'Umar and that Muslims should live
without any ruler over them except God.
• When they arrived near Kufa, 12000 men separated and
marched towards Harwara, where they formed a party and
started their activities against Hazrat Ali.
• In this way these people separated from the main body of
the Muslims.
BATTLE OF NAHRAWAN:
• While Hazrat Ali made preparations to attack Muaviya, the
Kharijites from all over the country collected at Nahrawan
and began to create problems.
• So Ali had to fight against them first. The Kharijites were
defeated badly. Out of 4000 only a few dozen managed to
escape.
• The survivors vowed to take revenge.
• This decisive victory diverted his attention from the main
struggle against Muaviya.

500 | P a g e
 • It was because of this war that Hazrat Ali was assassinated
by a Kharijite two years later.
FALL OF EGYPT:
• When Hazrat Ali decided to step forward against Muaviya,
his troops disobeyed.
• Muaviya took advantage of the disobedience and ordered
Amr bin Aas to attack Egypt.
• Governor of Egypt was defeated and Egypt came under the
control of Muaviya.
• After the fall of Egypt, a rebellion broke out throughout the
Muslim Empire against the Caliph.
• Ali signed a treaty with Muaviya in which it was decided that
Syria and Egypt will be ruled by Muaviya and remaining
territories would remain under Hazrat Ali.
• The Kharijites did not want peace to prevail and they now
started preparation to kill Hazrat Ali.
MARTYRDOM:
• After the Battle of Nahrawan, the Kharijites became his
bitter enemies. The survivors of the battle wanted revenge
for their friends who were killed in the battle.
• In 40A.H some of the Kharijites assembeled in Makkah and
decided to kill Ali, Muaviya and Amr bin Aas simultaneously.
• They claimed that neither Ali nor Muawiya were worthy of
rule.
• In fact, they went so far as to say that the true caliphate
came to an end with 'Umar and that Muslims should live
without any ruler over them except God.
• They vowed to kill all three rulers, and assassins were
dispatched in three directions.
• The assassins who were deputed to kill Muawiya and Amr
did not succeed and were captured and executed.
• Abdul Rehman bin Muljim was selected to assassinate Ali.
501 | P a g e
 • On the 18th of Ramazan when Ali was leading the morning
prayers in a mosque at Kufa, Muljim attacked him with a
poisonous sword.
• The wounds proved fatal and he died on the 21st of
Ramazan.
• His son Hassan killed Muljim the next day.
• There are different versions as to the place of his burial.
Majority of the people hold that he was buried in Najaf.
• He did not name anyone as his successor.
ADMINISTRATION:
• The whole period of his caliphate passed in civil wars
therefore he did not have a chance to pay proper attention
to administration or conquests.
• He administered the state on the lines laid down by the
previous caliphs without making any changes.
• The divisions of the provinces remained the same as during
Umars time with a few exceptions.
• The capital was changed from Medina to Kufa and some of
the officers and governors were changed.
• Was very particular in taking care of non-Muslims.
• He constructed castles for the women and children who
were widowed and orphaned in Iran during the days of
revolt.
• He introduced Islamic injunctions which included whip
lashes to drinkers and cutting of hands on stealing.
• He passed laws to provide food to the prisoners.
MAIN ACTIVITIES DURING HIS CALIPHATE:
• He became caliph after the murder of `Uthman.
• He did not immediately take steps to punish `Uthman’s
killers.
• For this Talha and Zubayr, supported by `A’isha, opposed
him.
502 | P a g e
 • They fought him at the battle of the Camel.
• [+1 for a full account of this opposition and its outcome.]
• Uthman’s nephew Mu`awiya also opposed him.
• They fought at the battle of Siffin.
• This was indecisive so they agreed to arbitration.
• [+1 for a full account of this opposition and its outcome.]
• Some of `Ali’s supporters disagreed with this and abandoned
him.
• He defeated them at the battle of Nahrawan.
• He was killed by one of these while at prayer.

SIGNIFICANCE:
NOVEMBER 2005(2)
In this question you should answer part (a) and either part (b) or
part (c)
(a) Write an account of the life of `Ali ibn Abi Talib, paying
particular attention to:
(i) His companionship of the Prophet; [6]
(ii) His caliphate. [6]
Either (b) Explain why `Ali was opposed by Mu`awiya during his
rule as caliph. [4]
Or (c) Explain why `Ali’s leadership of the community is regarded
as important by Shi`I Muslims. [4]
(a) (i)
• He was close to the Prophet from childhood.
• He became one of the first Muslims.
• He married the Prophet’s daughter Fatima.
• He took the Prophet’s place in his bed at the time of the hijra.
• He was taken by the Prophet as his brother when pairing Ansar
and Muhajirun.
• He was one of the foremost warriors of the Islamic community.

503 | P a g e
• He offered to fight single-handedly before a number of battles.
• [1 mark for details, e.g. his feats at the battle of Hunayn.]
• He was a scribe of the Prophet.
• He wrote the Treaty of al-Hudaybiya.
• [Shi`as believe the Prophet designated him as his successor.]
(ii)
• He became caliph after the murder of `Uthman.
• He did not immediately take steps to punish `Uthman’s killers.
• For this Talha and Zubayr, supported by `A’isha, opposed him.
• They fought him at the battle of the Camel.
• [+1 for a full account of this opposition and its outcome.]
• `Uthman’s nephew Mu`awiya also opposed him.
• They fought at the battle of Siffin.
• This was indecisive so they agreed to arbitration.
• [+1 for a full account of this opposition and its outcome.]
• Some of `Ali’s supporters disagreed with this and abandoned
him.
• He defeated them at the battle of Nahrawan.
• He was killed by one of these while at prayer.

504 | P a g e