1.
Term Ecosystem was given by -
Answer: Tansley
2. Father of Ecology is -
Answer: Eugene Odum
3. _______ are the functional unit of nature.
Answer: Ecosystems
4. Vertical distribution of different species occupying different levels is called ________
(NEET)
Answer: Stratification
5. Shrubs occupy the 2nd/bottom layer of vertical strata.
Answer: 2nd
6. In pond ecosystem, the consumers ex - (1)
Answer: Zooplankton
7. The 4 functions aspects of ecosystem are -
Answer: Productivity, decomposition, energy flow and nutrient cycling
8. Some bacteria also function as decomposers and are found in the bottom of the pond. T/F
Answer: True
9. There is uni-directional movement of energy to higher/lower trophic level.
Answer: Higher
10. Define primary production.
Answer: Amount of biomass or organic matter produced per unit area over a time period
11. Unit of primary production is _____ or ______
Answer: g m⁻² or kcal m⁻²
12. The rate of biomass production is called _______ and its unit is ______ or ______
Answer: Productivity, g m⁻² yr⁻¹ or kcal m⁻² yr⁻¹
13. Define Gross Primary Productivity.
Answer: rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis
14. Write equation relating GPP and NPP.
Answer: GPP - R = NPP
15. What is secondary productivity?
Answer: rate of formation of new organic matter by consumers
16. GPP is biomass available for consumption to heterotrophs. T/F
Answer: False
17. The annual NPP of whole biosphere is _____ million/billion tons of organic matter.
Answer: 170 billion
18. Oceans occupy ___% of surface, and have only ____ billion tons of productivity.
Answer: 70, 55
19. _______ is referred as famer's friend.
Answer: Earthworm
20. Decomposition involve 3 processes namely -
Answer: fragmentation, leaching, catabolism
21. 2 parts of catabolism are -
Answer: humification and mineralisation
22. Detritivores ex - (1)
Answer: Earthworm
23. Breakdown of detritus into smaller particles is called - (NEET)
Answer: Fragmentation
24. ________ and _______ enzymes degrade detritus into simpler inorganic substances.
Answer: Bacterial and fungal
25. The process in above Q. is called - (NEET)
Answer: Catabolism
26. Water-soluble organic/inorganic nutrients go down into the soil horizon and get
precipitated as unavailable salts. This process is called -
Answer: Leaching
27. Catabolism and fragmentation occur simultaneously. T/F
Answer: True
28. All the decomposition steps operate simultaneously on the detritus. T/F
Answer: True
29. _______ and _______ occur during decomposition of soil. (NEET)
Answer: Humification and mineralisation
30. Humus is light/dark, amorphous/crystalline substance. (NEET)
Answer: Dark, amorphous
31. _______ process leads to accumulation of humus what is highly resistant to ______
(NEET)
Answer: Humification, microbial action
32. Humus undergoes decomposition at an extremely slow rate. T/F
Answer: True
33. What happens in mineralisation ?
Answer: humus is further degraded by some microbes and release of inorganic nutrients
occur
34. Decomposition don't require oxygen. T/F
Answer: False
35. Decomposition rate is slow if detritus is rich in - (2)
Answer: Lignin and chitin
36. Decomposition rate is fast if detritus is rich in - (2)
Answer: Nitrogen and water soluble substance like sugar
37. Most important climate factors that regulate decomposition are - (2) (NEET)
Answer: Temperature and soil moisture
38. Anaerobic environment favours decomposition. T/F
Answer: False
39. Sun is the only source of energy for all ecosystems except _________ ecosystems.
Answer: Hydrothermal
40. PAR full form - (NEET)
Answer: photosynthetically active radiation
41. Less than ____ % of solar radiation is PAR. (NEET)
Answer: 50
42. Plants capture only __-__ % of the PAR.. (NEET)
Answer: 2-10
43. In terrestrial ecosystems, major producers are - (2)
Answer: Herbaceous and woody plants
44. Name aquatic ecosystem producers - (3)
Answer: phytoplankton, algae and higher plants
45. Secondary carnivores are primary/secondary/tertiary consumers.
Answer: Tertiary consumers
46. Molluscs are primary consumers. T/F
Answer: True
47. Saprotrophs secrete digestive enzymes inside/outside their body.
Answer: Outside
48. In aquatic ecosystems, GFC/DFC is the major conduit for energy flow.
Answer: GFC
49. Wolf and fishes are primary/secondary/tertiary consumers.
Answer: Secondary consumers
50. Man is the primary/secondary/tertiary consumer.
Answer: Tertiary consumer
51. Each trophic level has a certain mass of living material at a particular time called -
(NEET)
Answer: Standing crop
52. How is standing crop measured ?
Answer: As biomass
53. Transfer of energy follows ___ % law.
Answer: 10
54. The 3 types of ecological pyramid are - (3)
Answer: pyramid of number, pyramid of biomass and pyramid of energy
55. Which type of pyramids can never be inverted ?
Answer: pyramid of energy
56. Which pyramid is inverted in aquatic ecosystem ?
Answer: Pyramid of biomass
57. A given species may occupy more than one trophic level in the same ecosystem at the
same time. T/F
Answer: True
58. Ex of such a species as in above Q.- (1) (NEET)
Answer: Sparrow
59. _______ are not given any place in ecological pyramids.
Answer: Saprophytes
