MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION
A
Micro-Project Report
On
“PREPARE A REPORT ON ARCHITECTURE OF IOT”
(I SCHEME) ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025)

Submitted By
2946 Bagwan Shifa
2947 Herale Sanskar
2948 Kacchi Alishba
2949 Bagwan Bibisawda
2950 Lagade Eshani

GUIDED BY – Prof. U.S Rangate

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KARAD

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICALEDUCATION

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that,

2946 Bagwan Shifa

2947 Herale Sanskar
2948 Kacchi Alishba
2949 Bagwan Bibisawda
2950 Lagade Eshani

Have successfully completed the micro project on “PREPARE A REPORT ON ARCHITECTURE OF

IOT’’ prescribed by Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education for Second Semester during the
year 2024-25

Prof. U.S Rangate Prof. V.S. Rangate

(Guided by) (Head of Department)
 ACKNOWLWLEDGEMENT

We take it is an opportunity to thank all those who have directly and indirectly inspired,
directed and assisted us towards successful completion of this project report. We express our
sincere thanks to the Principle, DR.S.A.Patil and Head of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering Department Prof. U.S.Rangate for Lect. allowed to submit
this report as part of our academic learning. our sincere thanks to. Prof. U. S. Rangate in
“Emerging Trends in Electronics’’ Department of Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering, Govt. Polytechnic Karad for his encouragement throughout this project report
and guideline in designing & working out this project. We are also grateful to team of
“PREPARE A REPORT ON ARCHITECTURE OF IOT’’ For their highly
encouraging and co-operative attitude. We express our sense of gratitude to wards our
friend and parents for their constant moral support during project report.

Yours Sincerely,
2946 Bagwan Shifa
2947 Herale Sanskar
2948 Kacchi Alishba
2949 Bagwan Bibisawda
2950 Lagade Eshani

Place:
Date:
 “PREPARE A REPORT ON ARCHITECTURE OF IOT’’

1.0 Brief Description

IoT (Internet of Things) refers to a network of interconnected devices, sensors, and systems that collect,
exchange, and process data over the internet. The Internet of Things (IoT) architecture is a structured
framework that enables devices, sensors, and systems to communicate, process data, and make
intelligent decisions. It consists of multiple layers that work together for data collection, transmission,
processing, and application.

2.0 Course outcomes

Suggest the relevant IOT technology for digital factory (co-d)

3.0Actual procedure followed

In our Micro-Project.
1. Group formation.
2. Literature survey.
3. Data collection and Data analysis.
4. Chart Implementation.
5. Report preparation.
6. Presentation.

4.0 Actual Resources Followed

RESOURCES USED SPECIFICATIONS QUANTITY

PC HP laptop 1
ETE Textbook Senior, John M 1
5.0 Output of microproject.

The Architecture of IOT consists of following 4 stages :-

01 02 03 04
lOT Sensors and Internet getaways Edge IT Data center and
actuators and Data cloud.
Acquisition
Systems

1. IOT sensors and actuators:

This layer consists of sensors that collect real-world data (e.g., temperature, humidity, motion, soil
moisture).
Actuators take action based on this data (e.g., turning on motors, adjusting temperature).
Sensors collect real world data.
IoT sensors are electronic devices that detect physical or environmental conditions and convert them into
digital signals for processing. These sensors are essential in IoT applications for collecting real-time data.

➢ Types of IoT Sensors

1. Temperature Sensors – Measure temperature changes (e.g., DHT11, LM35).
Example: In smart agriculture, they monitor field temperature to prevent heat stress in crops.

2. Humidity Sensors – Detect moisture levels in the air (e.g., DHT22).

Example: Used in greenhouses to maintain ideal humidity levels for plant growth.

3. Soil Moisture Sensors – Measure water content in soil (e.g., YL69, VH400).
Example: Your agribot can use this to decide when to water crops automatically.

4. Light Sensors (LDR, Photodiodes) – Detect light intensity.

Example: Used in automatic irrigation systems to optimize watering schedules based on sunlight.
IoT Actuators: Performing Actions Based on Sensor Data

While sensors collect data, actuators perform actions based on received commands. They are essential in
automating processes in IoT applications.

➢ Types of IoT Actuators

1. Motors (DC, Servo, Stepper Motors)

Example: Agribots use servo motors for movement and robotic arm control.

2. Solenoid Valves – Control the flow of liquids or gases.

Example: Automatic irrigation systems use solenoid valves to regulate water flow based on soil moisture
readings.
3. Relays – Act as electronic switches to control electrical devices.
Example: Turning on/off irrigation pumps or lighting systems in smart farms.

4. Speakers & Buzzers – Generate audio alerts.

Example: Warning alarms for detecting harmful gas leaks in agricultural storage areas.

2. Network Layer (Internet Gateway & DAS) – Data Transmission

The Internet Gateway acts as a bridge between IoT devices (sensors, actuators) and cloud-based systems by
enabling data transmission. It ensures secure, reliable, and efficient communication between local networks
(e.g., sensors in an agribot) and remote servers (cloud computing platforms).

➢ Key Functions of an IoT Internet Gateway

1. Data Aggregation & Preprocessing

Collects data from multiple IoT devices and filters, compresses, or converts it before sending it to the cloud.
Example: A gateway in an agribot aggregates soil moisture and temperature readings before transmission.

2. Protocol Translation
Converts data between different communication protocols (e.g., Zigbee to Wi-Fi, Bluetooth to MQTT).
Example: Your Bluetooth HC-05 module converts agribot sensor data into a Bluetooth-compatible format.

3. Connectivity & Communication

Enables communication between IoT devices and cloud platforms using wired (Ethernet, fiber) or wireless
(Wi-Fi, LoRa, 5G, Bluetooth, Zigbee) connections.
Example: A LoRa gateway in precision farming transmits sensor data over long distances.

4. Security & Encryption

Protects transmitted data using encryption (TLS, AES, VPNs) and authentication methods.
Example: In smart agriculture, a secure gateway ensures that only authorized devices control irrigation.

➢ Types of IoT Internet Gateways

1. Wired Gateways – Use physical cables for data transmission.

Example: Ethernet-based IoT gateways in industrial automation.

2. Wireless Gateways – Use radio signals for communication.

• Wi-Fi Gateways: Connect IoT devices to the internet via routers (e.g., ESP8266, ESP32).
• Bluetooth Gateways: Connect Bluetooth-based devices to the internet (e.g., HC-05 module in your
agribot).
• LoRa Gateways: Enable long-range, low-power communication for remote farming applications.
• 5G/4G LTE Gateways: Provide high-speed mobile connectivity for IoT devices (e.g., NB-IoT for smart
agriculture).
3. Edge IT (Processing Layer) – Local Data Processing in IoT

Edge IT (Edge Computing) is a crucial layer in IoT that processes data closer to the source (IoT devices,
sensors) instead of sending everything to the cloud. This reduces latency, bandwidth usage, and response
time, making IoT systems more efficient.
Key Functions of Edge IT in IoT:

1. Local Data Processing & Filtering

Edge devices analyze and filter sensor data before sending it to the cloud.
Example: In your agribot, if soil moisture is sufficient, the microcontroller decides not to activate irrigation
instead of waiting for a cloud response.

2. Reducing Cloud Dependency

Not all data needs to be sent to the cloud; only relevant data is transmitted.
Example: A smart irrigation system processes real-time temperature and humidity data locally and uploads
summaries to the cloud.

3. Faster Decision-Making (Low Latency)

Critical decisions are made instantly at the edge without delays.
Example: An autonomous agribot uses AI at the edge to navigate fields without constant cloud
communication.

4. Offline Operation & Reliability

Edge IT enables IoT devices to function even with limited or no internet connectivity.
Example: Your agribot can operate in remote farms without continuous cloud access

➢ Components of Edge IT in IoT :

1. Microcontrollers & Microprocessors
Process IoT data locally.
Examples: Arduino, Raspberry Pi, ESP32, STM32, NVIDIA Jetson Nano (for AI in IoT).
Your AT89C61 microcontroller in Keil uVision can handle basic edge computing tasks.

2. IoT Gateways with Edge Computing

Convert sensor data into useful insights before sending it to the cloud.
Examples: Raspberry Pi as an IoT gateway, industrial edge devices (AWS IoT Greengrass).

3. AI & Machine Learning at the Edge

ML models run locally on edge devices for real-time decision-making.
Example: AI-powered pest detection agribots analyze images locally instead of uploading them to the cloud.

4. Edge Databases & Storage

Stores temporary data before sending it to the cloud.
Examples: SQLite, InfluxDB (for IoT time-series data).
4. Cloud Computing (Application Layer) – Data Storage & Analytics

The cloud stores, analyzes, and manages IoT data, providing insights using AI, machine learning, and
dashboards. Cloud computing is the backbone of IoT that provides storage, processing, and analytics for
data collected by IoT devices. It enables remote access, AI-based insights, and large-scale management of
IoT applications.
Enables remote access through web apps or mobile interfaces.

➢ Key Functions of Cloud Computing in IoT

1. Data Storage & Management

Stores massive amounts of IoT sensor data in cloud databases.
Uses SQL (MySQL, PostgreSQL) and NoSQL (MongoDB, Firebase) databases for structured and
unstructured data.
Example: In your agribot, soil moisture data is stored in the cloud for historical analysis.

2. Data Processing & Analysis

Uses Big Data analytics and AI to extract insights.
Real-time processing for instant decision-making (e.g., adjusting irrigation schedules).
Example: A cloud-based AI model predicts optimal watering times based on weather forecasts.

3. Remote Monitoring & Control

Cloud platforms provide web dashboards and mobile apps for real-time device monitoring.
Example: A farmer can check soil moisture from anywhere and activate irrigation remotely.

4. Scalability & Flexibility

IoT cloud platforms can scale up or down based on demand (e.g., more storage during harvest season).

5. Security & Access Control

Cloud encryption (AES, TLS, SSL) ensures secure data transmission.
Role-based access control (RBAC) allows only authorized users to access IoT data.
Example: A smart farm cloud system restricts access to farm owners only.

➢ Types of Cloud Services in IoT

1. SaaS (Software as a Service)

Cloud-based applications for monitoring, analytics, and control.
Examples: Google Cloud IoT, AWS IoT Core, Microsoft Azure IoT Hub.

2. PaaS (Platform as a Service)

Provides tools for developing and deploying IoT applications.
Example: Google Firebase for real-time database management in IoT apps.

3. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)

Offers virtual servers, storage, and computing power for IoT applications.

➢ Examples of Cloud Computing.

1. Sensors collect soil & environmental data → Data is transmitted to the cloud via Wi-Fi/Bluetooth.
2. Cloud processes & analyzes data → AI detects trends in soil moisture.
3. Dashboard or mobile app updates in real-time → The user can monitor and control irrigation remotely.
4. Cloud stores historical data → Generates insights on crop growth patterns for future planning.
6.0 CONCLUSION

Key Features of IoT Architecture

✔ Scalability – Can handle many devices and large data volumes.

✔ Interoperability – Works with different protocols and devices.
✔ Security & Privacy – Uses encryption, authentication, and access control.