Lecture Notes Radar Systems (Week-4)
Radar Antennas
Dr Sajid Ahmed
Information Technology University
Lahore, Pakistan
e-mail:
[email protected] February 21, 2019
Antenna Gain
G = Gain
Radiat
Intens
Isotropic Antenna
• Radiation intensity is the power density over sphere
• If same power is transmitted from an isotropic and directional antenna, the Gain of directional
antenna is the extra radiation intensity that we get over an isotropic antenna in boresight of
directional antenna.
1
Dipole Antenna (1/2)
• Antenna pattern is a plot of gain versus angle, for dipole antenna it is given by
2
cos (π/2 cos(φ))
G(θ) = 1.643
sin2 (φ)
2
Dipole Antenna (2/2)
Polar Plot 2.15 dBi Linear Plot
0 2
30 30 5
1.5
0
60 1 60 -5
1.64
Gain (dBi)
0.5
-10
90 90 -15
-20
120 120 -25
-30
150 150 -35
180 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
θ (deg) θ (deg)
• Antenna pattern is a plot of gain versus angle, for dipole antenna it is given by
2
cos (π/2 cos(φ))
G(θ) = 1.643
sin2 (φ)
• dBi is the unit of gain in decibels compared to isotropic antenna.
3
Parabolic Reflector Antenna (1/4)
• Antenna gain pattern depend on the aperture diameter denoted by D.
Gain 24 dBi Isotropic Sidelobe Level 6 dBi
Sidelobe Level 18 dB Half-Power Beamwidth 12 deg
4
Parabolic Reflector Antenna (2/4)
Parabolic Reflector Gain vs Diameter
Antenna 50
Frequency
45 Increases
40
Maximum Gain (dBi)
Feed
D 35
30
25
Dish
20
15 λ = 100 cm (300 MHz)
λ = 30 cm (1 GHz)
10 λ = 10 cm (3 GHz)
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Aperture Diameter D (m)
• The gain of parabolic reflector antenna is given by
2
4πAe 4πA πD
G = = = (1)
λ2 λ2 λ
• Ae is the electrical/effective area of the dish antenna.
5
Parabolic Reflector Antenna (3/4)
Parabolic Surface
Wavefront
Feed Antenna
at Focus
D
F Beam Axis
6
Parabolic Reflector Antenna (4/4)
in in
7
Parabolic Reflector Antenna (ALTAIR)
MMW
λ λ
λ t ctrica λ
8
Polarization (1/2)
Ma etic Fie
ear ear
(w ct (w ct
9
Polarization (2/2)
tion Direction
to er
ft an
10
Near and far Field
R 0.62 D 3 λ R 2D2 λ
• vicinity of antenna • ated out
• • diated wave i
– dance •
– Mutu co –
– in and directivity
–
–
Wav tion
D
G
Direction
eactive a Wave Fron
?
n
r d (
"
&
'
n n
1
<
>
11
Transmit/Receive Antenna Design (1/2)
• A λ/4 mono-pole antenna is used in the Oats Can. At 2.3GHz the length of the transmit
antenna wire is 3.25cm.
• Wavelength of the EM wave becomes longer in wave-guides and is given by
λ
λwg = q 2 . (2)
λ
1− 1.705D
12
Transmit/Receive Antenna Design (2/2)
• The height of the Can is 11cm and the diameter D = 10cm.
• At 2.3GHz, using (2) λwg = 20.25cm.
• For reflected off signals, from the back wall of can, to be in phase with the original transmitted
signal from the wire antenna, the distance between the wire antenna and back wall should be
λwg /4. At 2.3GHz λwg /4 = 5.06cm.
• Wave-guides do not allow to pass the EM waves if wavelength is higher than the cutoff
wave-length, λcut , which is given by
λcut = 1.705D = 17.05cm.
c c
fcut = = = 1.76GHz.
λcut 1.705D
13
Beampattern of a Mono-Pole Antenna
14
Reflection Coefficient of the Antenna
0
Reflection Coefficient (dBs)
−5
−10
−15
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Frequency 9
x 10
15
Antenna Gain and Beamwidth (1/3)
• The antenna gain, GA , depends on the aperture, Aw , and wavelength of the waveform
4πAw
GA = , (3)
λ2
• The aperture of can antenna can be calculated as
2
D
Aw = πr2 = π . (4)
2
• Using (4) in (3), the gain of the can antenna can be written as
2
4ππ(D/2)2
πD
GA = = .
λ2 λ
16
Antenna Gain and Beamwidth (2/3)
• The gain of the can antenna (D = 10cm) at fc = 2.3GHz is 5.80. Therefore, the
effective-isotropic-radiated-power (EIRP), PT , from the transmit antenna is
13.9 + 5.80 = 19.7dBm = 93mWatts.
• Similarly, the antenna half-power beamwidth (HPBW) can be calculated as
58 × 100 × 0.130
HPBW = 58◦ λ/D = = 75.4◦
10
17
Antenna Gain and Beamwidth (3/3)
• The measured pattern of the Cylindrical Horn antenna looks as
Figure 1: Measured Beampattern of the Can.
• The measured gain of the antenna is 7.5dB.
18
Phased Array Antennas
Isotropic
Array Array Phased Array
nt
Σ Σ Σ
Combiner
Response
Response
Response
Response
Direction Direction Direction Direction
19
