Common Prefixes, Suffixes and Roots

Compiled by Alice Thomas

The 20 Most Common Prefixes in Academic Texts

Prefix Meaning Examples

1. un- not; opposite uncover, unlock, unsafe

2. re- again; back rewrite, reread, return

[Link]-, im-, ir-, i not; into incorrect, insert, inexpensive, illegal, irregular, inability

4. dis- not, away, apart, negative disagree, discord, discomfort, discontent, distrust

5. en-, em- cause to enjoy, endure, enlighten, entail

6. non- not nonsense, nonverbal, nonstick, nonspecific

7. in-, im- in, into, not invade, implant, imperfect, immoral, inedible, incapable

8. over- too much overload, overdo, overact, overboard, overdose

9. mis- wrongly misjudge, misinterpret, misguided, mismatch, misplace

10. sub- under submarine, subtext, substandard, subsitute, subversive

11. pre- before preview, pretest, prevent, preplan

12. inter- between, among interstate, international, intermission, intermingle, interface

13 fore- before foreshadow, foresight, foreseeable, forecast, foreground

14. de-, dis- opposite of, not depose, detour, dehydrated, decaffeinated, discord, discomfort, disengage

15. trans- across; move between transatlantic, transcend, transfer, transact, transport

16. super- above supersonic, superstar, supernatural, superstore

17. semi- half semicircle, semiprecious, semicolon, semifinal

18. anti- against antifreeze, antithesis, antitrust, antidote, antisocial

19. mid- middle midterm, Midwest, midstream, midway, midnight

20. under- too little; not enough underfed, underdog, underestimate, underage

Ranked by Carroll et al (1971) and applied to third grade research by White, Sowell and Yanagihara (1989) 1
Other Common Prefixes

Prefix Meaning Examples

ante- before antebellum, antecedent, anterior

be- to, completely belittle, befriend, bejeweled

bene- good, well beneficial, benefit, benediction, benevolent

circum- around, about circumference, circumvent

co-, com-, con-, cooperate, copilot, committee, commit, concur, concert, collide, collaborate,
together, with
col- colleague
dia- across, through diagonal, diameter, diagnostic

ex- out, from expel, excavate, exhale

homo- same, alike homonym, homogenize, homophone

hyper- over, above, excessive hyperactive, hypervenilate, hypercritical, hyperthermia

mal- bad, evil malicious, maladjusted, malnuitrition

micro- small microscopic, microcosm, microbiology, microwave

multi- many, much multiply, multigrain, multiple

para- beside, alongside parparofessional, paralegal

poly- many, much polygon, polyester

post- after, behind postwar, posterior, postdate

pro- forward, earlier, prior to project, proceed, progress

retro- back, backward retroactive, retrogression

tele- distant telephone, telegraph, television

therm- heat, warm thermostat, thermal

trans- across; move between transatlantic, transcend, transfer, transact, transport

uni- one, single universe, unicycle, unicorn

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Common Number Prefixes

Greek Latin Meaning Examples

monotone, monopoly, monologue, monogamy, monochrome,

mono- uni- 1
monograph, monomial, monotheism, universe, uniform, unicorn
biology, bicycle, dichotomy, bilingual, binary, bimonthly, binoculars, duo,
di- bi-, du-, duo- 2
duet, duel
tri- tri- 3 tricycle, triad, triathlon, triangle, tripod, triumvirate, triple
tetrameter, quadrilateral, quadriplegic, quadrangle, quadruple, quarter,
tetra- quadri-, quart- 4
quarterly, quartet, quartile
penta- quin- 5 pentameter, pentagon, quintet, quintuplet, quintuplicate

hexa- sext- 6 hexagon, hexameter, sextuplet, sextet, sextagenarian

hepta- septem-, septi- 7 heptagon, heptameter, heptagon, septuagenarian

octo- octa-, oct- 8 octagon, octogenarian, octopus, octahedron, octant

ennea- novem- 9 novena

deca-, deci-, decem- 10 decade, decagon, decahedron, decalogue, decimal, decibel

hemisphere, semicircle, semicolon, semifinal, semiannual, semester,
hemi- semi- half
semisweet
polygon, polygamy, polyester, polymer, polynomial, multiply,
poly- multi- many
multifaceted, multilingual, multitude, multivitamin, multiple
hecto- cent-, cente- 100 cent, centennial, centurion, centipede, centenary, cent

kilo- milli-­‐,  mille-­‐ 1000 kilogram,  kilometer,  kilobyte,  milligram,  millisecond,  millennium

i i i i i i i i 3
Common Suffixes

Suffix Meaning Examples

-s, -es
more than one hotels, amendments, wishes, prefixes
plural
-ed
in the past walked, jumped, helped
past tense
-ing
in the present walking, jumping, helping
present tense
-ate
become complicate, hesitate, eradicate, placate, demonstrate, procrastinate, ruminate
verb
-en
become, to make enlighten, tighten, frighten, brighten, dampen, fasten, heighten, loosen, straighten
verb
-ify, -fy
make or become terrify, verify, clarify, dignify, rectify, magnify, classify
verb
-ize, -ise hypnotize, fertilize, civilize, rationalize, criticize, categorize, polarize, modernize,
to make; to become
verb chastise, italicise, romanticize
-ly
how something is quickly, easily, happily, majestically, nonchalantly, literally, barely, carefully, abruptly
adverb
-acy
state or quality privacy, occupancy, democracy, buoyancy, saliency, literacy, secretly, politely, rapidly
noun
-ance, -ence
state or quality of maintenance, eminence, prominence, dominance, coincidence, decadence, cadence
noun
-dom
place or state of being freedom, kingdom, wisdom, fiefdom, boredom, martyrdom
noun
-er, -or, -ist, -ian, -eer trainer, teacher, toaster, mentor, survivor, orator, governor, pianist, specialist, dentist,
one who; what/that/which
noun librarian, magician, technician, engineer, pioneer
-ism communism, socialism, pragmatism, realism, feudalism, racism, Catholicism,
doctrine, belief
noun Buddhism, capitalism
-ist
one who chemist, socialist, biologist, publicist, realist, romanticist, pragmatist
noun
-ity, -ty
quality of veracity, honesty, clarity, laxity, sanity, vanity, rigidity, velocity, curiosity, responsibility
noun
-ment
condition of argument, judgment, apartment, contentment, resentment, basement
noun
-ness
state of being heaviness, happiness, openness, harshness, cleanliness, carelessness
noun
-ion, -sion, -tion
state of being; quality; act concession, transition, action, erosion, vision, invitation, conclusion, condemnation
noun

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Common Suffixes (continued)
o-logy
study of biology, mineralogy, ecology
noun
-age
result of an action marriage, pilgrimage
noun
-hood
condition of being neighborhood, falsehood, childhood
noun
-ary place for, collection of; one
glossary, library, secretary, dignitary
noun who
-ship art or skill of, condition,
leadership, citizenship, ownership, companionship, friendship
noun rank, group of
-able, -ible able to be, worthy of, comfortable, likable, enjoyable, honorable, predictable, terrible, sensible, incredible,
adjective capable of edible, visible
-ful
notable for, full of fanciful, beautiful, wonderful, colorful, eventful, fearful, hateful, resentful
adjective
-ic, -al, -ial, -ical energetic, historic, caustic, volcanic, refusal, regional, proposal, fatal, cordial,
pertaining to, relating to
adjective, noun territorial, spatial, social, comical, historical, magical, logical, rehearsal
-ious, -ous characterized by, full of,
nutritious, portentous, pretentious, curious, furious, prosperous
adjective having
-ish
having the quality of fiendish, childish, selfish, boyish
adjective
-ive having the nature of,
creative, festive, responsive, positive, negative, inventive
adjective somewhat like
-less
without endless, fruitless, worthless, powerless, bottomless, relentless, selfless
adjective
-y, -ly characterized by; act in a
sleazy, pudgy, funny, foggy, risky, milky, sudsy, curly, crazy, shiny, manly, heavenly
adjective way that

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Common Latin and Greek Roots

Root Meaning Origin Examples

aqua water Greek aquarium, aqueduct, aquaculture, aquamarine, aquaplane, aquatic

aud hearing Latin audio, audition, audiovisual, auditorium, inaudible

auto self Greek autograph, autobiography, automobile, autocrat, autonomy

astro star Greek astronomy, astrophysics, astrology, astronaut, astronomer, asterisk

biblio book Greek Bible, bibliography, bibliophobia, bibliophile, biblioklept

bio life Greek biography, biology, autobiography, bionic, biotic, antibiotic, biometrics

chron time Greek synchronize, chronology, chronic, chronicle, anachronism

cide to kill, a killer Latin homocide, suicide, genocide

corp body Latin corpse, corporation, corps, incorporate, corporeal, corpulence

cred to believe Latin credit, credentials, credulous, incredible

demo, dem the people Greek democracy, demography, demogogue, endemic, pandemic
dictate, dictation, diction, dictator, verdict, predict, contradict, benediction,
dic, dict speak, tell Latin
edict
dorm sleep Latin dormant, dormitory, dormer, dormouse

geo earth Greek geology, geologist, geometry, geography, geographer, geopolitical

graph to write, to draw Greek autograph, biography, photograph, telegraph, lithograph

homo same, alike Greek homonym, homogenize, homophone

hydro water Greek hydroplane, dehydrate, hydroelectric, hydrogen

ject throw Latin reject, deject, project, inject, injection, projection

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Common Latin and Greek Roots (continued)

junct to join Latin junction, conjunction, adjunct, juncture

geology, astrology, biology, numerology, zoology, technology, psychology,
logos, logy study Greek
anthropology, mythology
luna moon Latin lunar, lunacy, lunatic, interlunar
meter, thermometer, diameter, geometry, optometry, barometer, centimeter,
meter measure Greek
symmetry, voltammeter
micro small Greek microscopic, microscope, microcosm
megaphone, megalith, megatons, megalopolis, macroclimate,
mega, macro great, large Greek
macroevolution
min small, little Latin minimal, minimize, minimum, mini, miniature, minuscule, minute, minority
mission, transmit, transmission, remit, missile, submission, permit, emit,
mit, mis send Latin
emissary
pathetic, pathology, apathy, antipathy, sympathy, telepathy, empathy,
path feeling, suffering Greek
sociopath
ped foot Latin pedestrian, pedal, peddle, peddler, pedicure, pedometer

philia love, friendship Greek philosopher, Philadelphia, philanthropist, philharmonic, Philip

phobia fear, intense dislike Greek claustrophobia, xenophobic, arachnophobia

phonograph, microphone, symphony, telephone, phonogram, megaphone,
phono sound Greek
phony, euphony, xylophone
photo light Greek phonograph, photosynthesis, telephoto, photometer, photosensitive

port carry Latin port, transport, transportation, portable, portage, report

psycho mind, mental Greek psychology, psychic, psychotropic, psychologist

rupt to break Latin disrupt, interrupt, rupture, corrupt

spect see Latin respect, inspection, inspector, spectator, spectacles, prospect

scope look at Greek microscope, telescope, periscope, kaleidoscope

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Common Latin and Greek Roots (continued)
script to write Latin scribble, manuscript, scripture, prescription

sol sun Latin solar, solar system, solstice, solarium, parasol

instruct, instruction, construction, reconstruction, destruct, destruction,
struct build, form Latin
infrastructure, construe, instrument, instrumental
therm heat, warm Greek thermostat, thermal

tele distant Greek telephone, television, telegraph, telephoto, telescope, telepathy, telethon
terrarium, extraterrestrial, Mediterranean Sea, subterranean, terrain, terra
terra land Latin
firma
vert, vers to turn Latin reverse, versatile, invert, convert, divert

zoo animal Greek zoology, zoogeography, zootoxin