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Biosorption method and biosorbents for dye removal from industrial

wastewater A Review

Conference Paper · October 2016

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 2 ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE, ECOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY-2016 (ICONSETE’2016)

Biosorption method and biosorbents for dye removal from

industrial wastewater: A Review
Yusuf Alparslan Argun1, Ayşe Karaçalı2, Ulaş Çalişir3, Namık Kılınç*4 and Hakan
İrak5

i, jg^ır University, Vocational School of Health Service, Department of Medical Services

2,3,4

and Techniques, Turkey.

(E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected])
5İğdır University, Vocational School of İğdır, Department of Management and Organization,
Turkey.
(E-mail: [email protected])
Corresponding Author’s e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Dyes used during various industrial aetivities in the produetion of the essential consumer
goods, of modern life's, especially such as textiles, leather, cosmetics, food and beverage,
paper and pulp mili cause the most important inevitable environmental pollution problems of
the contemporary world’s, and also threatens the ecological balance. Especially, as a result of
the textile wastewaters that contain high amounts of synthetic dyes, light transmission is
reduce and the photosynthetic aetivity of aquatic life is adversely affeeted, so this situation
causes a highly toxic effect on living communities. Although physieal and Chemical methods
are used for the removal of these dyes, altemative methods such as biologieal Systems are
needed due to disadvantages like high costl, aeting on a limited number of dyes types and
disposal of concentrated sludge in large quantities. Biosorption method with low-cost, high
metal binding capacity and its feature as mieroorganisms taking the main role drawn the
attention of the scientifıc world as an alternative method for the removal of industrial waste.
Studies in recent year has drawn the attention to the existence of organism which have the
ability to remove many types of dyes from wastewater. Bacteria, fungi (mold-yeast and
fılamentous fungi), algae and seaweeds are group of organisms can be used in this regard.
Trametes versicolor (white rot fungus) which is a fılamentous fungi is a species of belonging
to Basidiomycetes elass, tested in numerous researehes as a dyes remover. Rhizopus arrhizus
belonging to Zygomycetes elass is another fungal species tested as dyes remover. The species
that belong Cladophora genus from green algs and bacteria that belong to Bacillus and
Pseudomonas genus are between mieroorganisms group that can be used as biosorbent. This
study is aimed to provide an overview to the mieroorganism used in biosorption method and
collect latest information about the subject. The fırst economic feasibility studies on
applicability of biosorption teehnology show that this process provides signifıcantly cost
savings and that the recovery of heavy metals reduces additional cost.

Keywords: Biosorbent; Biosoption; Cost; Economic; Synthetic dyes; Wastewater.

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1. INTRODUCTION

Water resources have critical importance for both ecosystem and human development. The
rise in environmental pollution based on industrial wastewater has created a majör concem in
developing countries and the importance of water pollution control has been increasing
steadily in recent years. Despite the fact that dye substances, which are released into the
environment, constitute a small portion of water pollution; the presence of dyes in the
receiving environment is an undesirable situation in terms of aesthetics even if they are in
very low concentrations. Furthermore, the dyed wastewater, which is released into receiving
waters, reduces the light transmission of the aquatic environment and it affects adversely
photosynthetic activities. Due to these reasons, removal processes in industrial wastewater
containing dyes come into prominence ecologically [l,2,3,7].In the developed and developing
countries, substantial environmental regulations have been implemented about pollutants
released into receiving environment by the result of industrial activities [4], Various industrial
activities particularly the textile and dyeing industries are the main cause of pollution of the
aquatic environment ali över the world [5], When the wastewater caused by industrial activity
is released into the environment without being properly treated, even low amount of dyes
results in esthetically undesired consequences [3], By reason of the fact that the traditional
method used for removal of dyes from wastewater causes additional pollution and the
implementations are limited and require high cost; it raises the requirements of tending
towards alternative methods such as biological Systems which are effective and economic [6],
Various biomaterials such as bacteria, fungi and algae can connect to industrial and
agricultural pollutants in wastewater and thanks to biosorption technique these organisms can
be utilized in purifıcation of contaminated water by the substances such as dyes and metals
that cannot be easily resolved [4], The fırst economic feasibility studies on applicability of
biosorption technology show that this process provides signifıcantly cost savings and that the
recovery of heavy metals reduces additional cost [41], Our purpose in this article is to provide
an overview of the biosorption methods and mieroorganisms using and to collect the updated
information.

2. DYES

Dyes are Chemical substances basically used to impart color to objeets [1], Most dyes are
complex organic molecules and they should be resistant to physieal and Chemical exposure.
Synthetic dyes are used extensively in the majority of today's teehnologieal areas such as

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especially textile industry, leather tanning, paper manufacturing, food industry, agricultural
research and cosmetic. Dyes should be classifıed according to synthetic structure and their
intention of use. However, although there are some common categories, the classifıcation
might vary pursuant to each country [7],
According to the Chemical structure, dyes are divided into classes as Azo dyes, Aryl methane
dyes, Acridine dyes, Anthraquinone dyes, Nitro dyes, Xanthine dyes, and Quinine-amine dyes
ete. In the most of the industrial activity areas, azo dyes, the largest group of synthetic organic
Chemicals, has a wide range of uses [8],
According to the intended use; dyes might elassify as acidic dyes, basic dyes, direet dyes,
disperse dyes, food dyes, metal complexes, bleaching agents, pigments dyes, reactive dyes,
mordant dyes, solvent dyes, sülfür dyes and vat dyes, ete. [7], In industry, dyestuffs are
mostly known by name that classifıed according to its intended use [9]..
Unfortunately, there is no precise information on the amount of dye produced and released to
the environment över the world [7],

3. BİOSORPTİON

Chemical’s retention by mierobial mass or adsorption is expressed as the biosorption [1], In

other words, the accumulation of effluents on celi surface or in the aqueous solution by
biological materials is called the biosorption [10], In biosorption process, the contaminants
eling on the celi surface of organisms like live or dead bacteria, fungi, algae and lichen and or
accumulate in cells [11], For removing the color of the dye, these organisms’ dead biomass
might generally be used [12],
Celi surface has a negative eharge in the presence of carbonyl, amino, hydroxy, and the
phosphate group and it can adsorb a signifıcant amount of cationic metals positively eharged
[Fig.l][15],

Figüre 1. Metal-microorganism interaetion meehanisms [15],

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Biosorption mechanisms are complex and not fully understood. A rich literatüre is available
on biosorption modeling and mechanism in which microbial strain and specifıc elements are
used. The existing biological ligand types separating metal, that State as alive or dead of
biomass, target metal type, Chemical, stereochemical and bonding characteristics, the presence
of cation competing in the metal solution and pH are the qualities which play a key role in the
characterization and control of biosorption mechanism [13],
The microbial biomass which receives or accumulates various pollutants involves primarily
absorbing these Chemicals on the celi surface and the uptake them from the environment by
active or passive transport [12], Current research shows that passive uptake is more applied
than active in biosorption method. The reason is that living systems (active uptake) usually
need additional nutrients; it increases biological oxygen demand in reaction output (BOI) and
/ or Chemical oxygen demand (COD) [4],

3.1. FACTORS AFFECTING THE BİOSORPTİON

Because of that the Chemical structure of the dye is quite varied; the dyes' ability of
interaction with microorganism depends on a number of factors such as the Chemical
structure, the characteristics of wastewater or dye solution and biomass structural specifıcity
[7].
For example; Solutions which have a high pH affects the capacity to biomass. Due to low pH,
H+ ion concentration will be much more, therefore celi surface will hold H+ ions rather than
metal cation. The solution’s Chemical structure also affects the bacterial surface structure.
When the pH increases, metal ions in the solution is getting be hydrolyzed [16], Organic acids
are adsorbed properly at low pH values, while the organic bases are adsorbed better at high
pH[17],
Another factor affecting the biosorption is the temperature. High temperature increases the
fluid's kinetic energy and surface activity so that the biosorption increases accordingly [4],
However, the high temperatures might damage physically biosorbents [17], Due to passive or
physical adsorption, heavy metal ions are connecting with weak bond to mieroorganisms, and
then in high temperatures the bonds are broken, desorption might be occured because of
adsorption's reversible characteristic, and it shows a decreasing effeetto speed [16],
One of the factors that impact on the biosorption is the ionic strength and it affects the
adsorption of dissolved substance in the biomass surface [18],
Biosorbent dosage is highly effeetive on biosorption amount and it is obtained a higher rate of
elimination and a lower rate of removal effect with low biosorbent dose [19,20],
Because of the fact that the inerease in biomass concentration causes the inerease in

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biosorbent surface and binding area, the amount of dissolved solution generally increases
[21], However, biosorbent's amount of solution per unit weight reduces by biosorbents dose
[16].
Biosorbent’s size also plays an important role in the biosorption. Small-sized particles have a
higher surface area, moreover, the short period of balancing time is an interest of biosorption.
Also a biosorbent particles should be flexible enough to withstand the pressure to be applied
during the regeneration cycle and the extreme cases [4],
Sometimes extemal film layer might affect the performance of the biosorption. Mass transfer
resistance might be broken by appropriate rinsing process. By the rinsing, the thickness of the
liquid film around the particles will be increased and film diffusion limits the speed. But if it
is provided an adequate mix, film diffusion rate would move towards per diffusion point
limiting the biosorption and resistance problem would be overcome [4,10],

4. BİOSORBENTS

industrial wastewater contains a wide variety of dye but the largest group is azo dyes. In the
past decade, it is seen that mieroorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae and
actinomycet are able to degrade azo dyes. The effeetiveness of color removal process depends
on compatibility and activity of organisms to be seleeted [8,22],

4.1. BACTERİA

In order to achieve a broad ingestion, bacteria to be used as nitrogen shredder require the
ability to perform removal of a large number of dyes [22], The most of researeh is focused on
the tent on dyes removal of bacteria by biodegradation and the studies on the skills of
decolorization by biodegradation attract less attention [23],
Won et al. (2005) defıned Corynebacterium glutamicum biomass as a potential biosorbents in
removal of Reactive Red 4 which is an anionic dye [24],
Busi et al. (2016) investigated the removal of lead and ehromium heavy metals with
Eriochrome black T, Acid red 26, Trypan blue by using dried Aeromonas hydrophila RC1
biomass. According to these data obtained, they reported that A. hydrophila RC1 biomass is
the low-cost biomass which can be used in removal of dyes and heavy metals from
wastewater [25],
In the study with the aim to determine the removal ability of sülfür dyes in synthetic dyes
solution and the necessary optimum conditions, Nguyen et al. (2016) reported that

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Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans bacterial strain is able to adsorb synthetic sülfür blue 15 (SB 15)
and it might be used as an extremely effective biosorbent for removal of SB 15 from the
culture medium [26],
Sun et al. (2016) reported that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens biofılm is higly effıcent for removal
of contaminated wastewater by crystal violet (CV) and it can be used for this purpose.
Moreover, they determined the maximum capacity for the CV adsorption as 582.41 mg/g and
they stated that this value is the highest value identifıed so far for the adsorption CV [26],
Kim et al. (2015) showed that inanimate sorbents used in biosorption are effective as living
sorbents at least and moreover, by most of the time they are more effective than alive
biosorbents. They measured the ability to adsorb the Basic blue 3 cationic dye for
Corynebacterium glutamicum, Bacillus cereus, C. glutamicum, Escherichia coli, B.
megaterium, B. subtilis, B. pumilus, B. catenulatus, Exiguobacterium sp. biosorptions and
they reported that B. Catenulatus’s maximum absorption capacity is the highest [28],

4.2. FUNGİ
Many species of fungi have the ability of decolorisation of numerous dyes in active or
inactive form [23],
In the literatüre it is mentioned that white rot fungi such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium has been
widely used in decolorisation of textile wastewaters. Apart from white rot fungi, the fungi
such as Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus arrhizus, Rhizopus oryzae are used in the removal of
several dyes [24],
Chew and Ting (2 0 1 6 ) reported for the First time that Trichoderma asperellum biomass which
is a fılamentous fungus can achieve the removal of triphenylmethane dyes [29],

For the study in which they used Phragmites australis as biosorbent and they utilized its form
of both the raw and modifıed, Kankılıç et al. (2016) reported that Phragmites australis’s
maximum biosorption capacity is higher [30],
In the study that Gül et al. (2006) investigated the surfactant effect of a white fungus
Trametes versicolor in textile dyes biosorpsiyon, they used Dodecyl trimethyl ammonium
bromide (DTAB) as surfactant and they reported that Trametes versicolor increases
substantially Everzol Black Biosorption [42],
Khelif et al. (2015) used Aspergillus alliaceus biomass in indigo biosorption which is mostly
located in textile wastewaters and they reported that Aspergillus alliaceus could be
implemented in the wastewater indigo biosorption [31],
It is not seen a comprehensive study on yeasts' ability of dye removal, but it is known that
some yeast species can lyse industrial dyes by enzymatic pathway [23],

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Ghaedi et al. (2013) studied on Saccharomyces cerevisiae biosorption skills on Brilliant green
(BG) and Methylene blue (MB) dyes and they reported that Saccharomyces cerevisiae can start
the biosorption in a short time as 5 minutes and a near value of neutral pH and they also
reported that the removal rate for BG as % 98-99.8 and for MB as % 97.28-99.5 [32],

4.3. ALGEA
Since Algea can live both at fresh-water and sea, they are considered as important biosorbent
resources. Biosorbent capacity of Algea is related to relatively large surface area and high
affınity. In addition to knowing that the celi wall properties of Algea have an important role
for the biosorption, it is also known that during the algeal biosorption electrostatic attraction
and complex formation events occur [33,34,35], Functional groups on the membrane of Algea
such as hydroxyl, carboxylate, amino and phosphate are considered as responsible from
sequestration of contaminants at sewage [36],
Daneshvar et al. (2007) reported that, species of micro algea Cosmarium are potential
“biosorbent” for biological decontamination of Malachite Green(MG) which is a
triphenylmethane dye. They also reported that Algea species can decontaminate dyes and
Cosmarium can decontaminate MGup to 89.1% from their experimental results [37],
Kousha et al. (2012) made research about the decontamination of the dye Acid Black 1 (ABI)
by brown micro algea species which live under the sea such as Nizamuddin zanardini,
Sargassum glaucescens ve Stoechospermum marginatum and the effects of the independent
variables such as biomass dosage, dye concentration and pH of initial concentration on the
decontamination of dye. They reported that the maximum dye decontaminations are 99.27%
for Nizamuddin zanardini, 98.12% for Sargassum glaucescens and 97.62% for
Stoechospermum marginatum [38],
Vijayaraghavan et al. (2016) examined the Methylene blue biosorption of Gracilaria
corticata, which is a red algea, with functions of pH equilibrium, initial concentration and
biosorbent concentration and they observed that the highest biosorption capacity is at pH 8.0
[39],
4.4. LICHENS

Lichens are the coexistence formed by fungi and photosynthetic algae and owing to these
features, they are considered as signifıcant potential resource of biosorbent in recent years
[ 10].

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4.5. CHITOSAN

As being a derivative of kit, Chitosan is also the second most abundant biopolymer after
cellulose in the world (40). It is known that a plurality of dye especially anionic dyes can be
removed by chitosan. This characteristic of chitosan is due to its polycationic structure [10],

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