Topics to be Covered

Introduction to Cell
Cell theory
Cell - different shape, size and
number
Cell Structure
Cell Division
 Introduction to Cell
Cells are the structural, functional, and biological
units of all living beings.

The entire functioning of living organsims begins

from basic unit called cell, that’s why it’s called
fundamental unit of life.

A cell can replicate itself independently. Hence,

they are known as the building blocks of life.

ORGAN
CELLS TISSUES ORGANS ORGANISM
SYSTEM
 Discoveries related to Cell
Robert Hooke
The cell was first discovered and named by
ROBERT HOOKE in 1665.

Anton Van Leuwenhoek Discovered protozoa and

(1674) bacteria, living cell

Robert Brown (1831) Discovered cell nucleus

Schleiden and Schwann

Proposed cell theory
(1838, 1839)

Purkinje (1839) Protoplasm

 Cell Theory

All the living organisms are

composed of cells

The living organisms could be

made up of one or more cells

The new cells arise from pre-

existing cells through the process
of cell division
Size Number Shape
 Cell - different cell number
If an organism is made up of a single cell, it is called a unicellular organism
(uni: one; cellular: cell). e.g. bacteria, protozoa, etc.
The organisms which are made up of more than one cell are called
multicellular organisms (multi: many; cellular: cell). e.g. humans, animals, etc.

Unicellular Multicellular

Bacteria Paramecium Human Animal

 Cell - different shape

SPINDLE

BRANCHED &
ELONGATED

SPHERICAL
 Cell - different size

Smallest cell- Mycoplasma (Bacteria) Largest cell- Ostrich egg

PPLD (Pleuro- Pneumonia like Organisms)

 CELL
(Basic structural and functional unit of living organisms)

Components

Plasma Membrane/ Cell Wall Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell

cell Membrane Organelles

Rigid outer Has double Fluid content

These are
Outermost covering of covering lying layered nuclear inside the
specialised
cell outside the membrane plasma
membrane-
Permits the entry and plasma having nuclear membrane and
bound parts of
exit of some materials membrane pores for outside the
cell present in
(selectively permeable) Present in plants transfer of nucleus
cytoplasm
only. material and
chromosomes.
Cell Structure
Plasma Membrane or Cell Membrane
Outermost covering of the cell and it
separates cell contents from external
environment.
Selectively permeable membrane:
- Allows entry and exit of some materials.
- Prevents movement of some materials.
Allows diffusion of substances like carbon
dioxide and oxygen.
Regulates movement of substances in and out
of the cell.
It is made up of lipids and proteins.
 Active and Passive Transport
Passive Transport Active Transport

Substances move from their higher to Substances move from their lower to
lower concentration. higher concentration.

It requires energy in the form de ATP

No energy is required.
molecules

It is a slow movement It is a rapid movement.

Only small molecules or water Movement of large molecules occur

molecules are transported passively by active transport.
 Osmosis
Osmosis is the passage of water molecules across a semi-permeable
membrane from a solution with a high concentration to a solution
with a lower concentration

Types of Osmosis:
Endosmosis : The process in which the
water molecules / solvent enter into the
cell. (Cell Swell)
Exosmosis : The process in which the
water molecules / solvent move out of
the cell. (Cell Shrink)
 Diffusion
The process of movement of a substance (solid, liquid, or gas) from the
region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration so
as to spread uniformly.
In the process of diffusion the molecules of the one substance mix with
the molecule of the other substance.
 DIFFUSION OSMOSIS

It is the phenomenon of moving solvent particles across a

It is the phenomenon of moving particles from a region of higher
semipermeable from a region of low solute concentration to more
concentration to a region of lower concentration.
solute concentration.

It occurs in liquids and gases. It occurs in liquids only.

No membrane separation is required here. It requires a semi-permeable membrane.

Water is not necessary for movement. Water is the main solvent that moves from one region to another.

The flow of constituents is in all directions. The flow of constituents occurs in one direction only.

The process can be stopped or we can reverse it by applying an

Diffusion is a natural phenomenon that can not be stopped.
external force.

All the types of substances present in the solution can move from There is a movement of only water or any other substance from a
the region of its high concentration to the region of low region of higher concentration of solvent to the region of low
concentration. concentration.

Example – Addition of ink in water leads to the colouring of the

Example – Red blood cells swell up when exposed to water.
water.
Types of Solutions

swell
 Endocytosis & Exocytosis

Endocytosis Exocytosis
 Cell Wall
Non-living, rigid outer covering of plant cells composed mainly of cellulose.
Provides structural strength, lies outside the plasma membrane.

Plasmolysis:
Occurs in living plant cells when they lose water through osmosis.
Results in shrinkage of cell contents away from the cell wall.
 Functions of Cell Wall :
Permits plant, fungi, and bacterial cells to resist bursting in
hypotonic environments.
Cells absorb water by osmosis, leading to swelling and
pressure against cell wall.
Cell wall exerts equal pressure against swollen cell.
Cells with walls can endure greater changes in surrounding
medium than animal cells.

Plants Present Cellulose

Bacteria Present Peptidoglycan
Fungi Present Chitin
Animals Absent X
Virus Absent X
 Why cell walls are only present in
plants and not animals? (PYQ)

Cell wall is present in plants while animals have cell membrane.

Cell wall mainly helps the plant to remain rigid and fixed. this helps
the plants because they are immobile. the cell wall mainly contains
cellulose and other substances, which are the main reasons why the
trunks and branches of the trees are strong.
 Nucleus
The nuclear membrane is double-layered and contains pores for material exchange
between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Nucleus contains chromosomes (DNA and Protein) , visible during cell division,
which carry genetic information in the form of DNA molecules.
DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) molecules contain the information essential for
constructing & organizing cells. These molecules consist of genes, which regulate
cell functions and inheritance, and are visible as chromatin material in non-dividing
cells.
Chromatin material, visible as an entangled
mass of thread-like structures, undergoes
organization into chromosomes during cell
division.

The nucleus plays a central role in cellular

reproduction and development by directing
chemical activities and determining cell
maturity.
Cell - origin and cellular structure

ribosomes
flagella
Q. The undefined nuclear region of prokaryotes are also
known as
(a) nucleus (PYQ)
(b) nucleolus
(c) nucleic acid
(d) nucleoid
 Eukaryotes
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

Cytoplasm- the fluid content enclosed by the cell membrane, contains specialized
organelles. Organelles perform specific functions and are enclosed by membranes.

Cell Organelles- Eukaryotic cells contain various membrane-bound organelles that

carry out various functions in the cell, e.g. Nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, Lysosomes, etc.
Q. The only cell organelle seen in prokaryotic cell
(a) Mitochondria
(b) Ribosomes
(PYQ)
(c) Plastids
(d) Lysosomes
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms a network of
membrane-bound tubes and sheets within the cell.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Appears rough due to ribosomes; sites of protein Smooth appearance; facilitates lipid, enzyme, and
synthesis. hormone production.

Ribosomes synthesize proteins. No protein synthesis; functions in lipid production.

Not involved in lipid production. Facilitates lipid synthesis.

No role in enzyme or hormone synthesis. Functions in enzyme and hormone production.

No detoxification capability. Crucial in detoxification, especially in liver cells.

Q. Lipid molecules in the cell are synthesised by
a. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
b. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
(PYQ)
c. Golgi apparatus
d. Plastids
 Golgi Apparatus
Named after its discoverer, Camillo Golgi.

Comprises a system of membrane-bound vesicles

arranged roughly parallel to each other in stacks
known as cisterns.

Facilitates the packaging and transportation of

proteins across the cytoplasm.

Performs functions such as storage, modification,

and packaging of products in vesicles.
Traffic police' of the cell
Plays a role in the formation of lysosomes.
 Lysosomes
Lysosomes, filled with digestive enzymes from the RER, act
as the cell's waste disposal system.

They digest foreign material and worn-out organelles to

maintain cell cleanliness.

Lysosomes break down complex substances into simpler

ones using powerful enzymes.

Termed "suicide bags" as they may burst during cellular

disturbance, leading to self-digestion.

‘Suicide bags' of the cell

Involved in breaking down all organic material, including
bacteria and old organelles.
 Mitochondria
Mitochondria, the cell's powerhouses, have two Cristae
membranes: porous outer and folded inner.

Inner folds increase surface area for ATP

generation, the cell's energy currency.

Mitochondria produce ATP, used for cellular

activities and mechanical work.

They possess their own DNA and ribosomes, ‘Powerhouse' of the cell
enabling protein synthesis.
 Plastids
Plastids, exclusive to plant cells, exist in two varieties: chromoplasts and
leucoplasts.
Chromoplasts are colored plastids (flowers).
Chloroplasts, are chromoplasts, containing chlorophyll, enabling
photosynthesis, which regulates atmospheric oxygen levels.
Leucoplasts lack coloration and primarily function as storage sites for
starch, oils, and protein granules.
.
 Ribosomes

Membrane less cell organelle.

Involved in synthesis of
protein

Present in both Prokaryotic

and Eukaryotic cell.
Q. Which of these options are not the functions of ribosomes?
I. It helps in manufacture of protein molecules.
(PYQ)
II. It helps in manufacture of enzymes.
III. It helps in manufacture of hormones.
IV. It helps in manufacture of starch molecules.
(a) I and II
(b) I and III
(c) III and IV
(d) IV and I
 Vacuoles
Tonoplast

Vacuoles: Storage sacs in cells, small in animals,

large in plants.
Plant Central Vacuole: Occupies 50-90% of cell
volume, filled with cell sap.
Functions: Provide turgidity and rigidity to

e
plant cells, store essential substances.

ol
Contents: Amino acids, sugars, proteins, and in

cu
single-celled organisms, consumed food items.

Va
Specialized Roles: Expelling excess water and
wastes from unicellular organisms.

Storage Sacs
 To Remember

Double membrane-bound: Nucleus, Mitochondria, Plastids

Single membrane-bound: vacuole, lysosome, Golgi apparatus,

endoplasmic reticulum

Membrane-less: Ribosome, Centrosome (Centriole)

 Feature Plant Cell Animal Cell
Cell Shape Square or rectangular in shape Irregular or round in shape
Cell Wall Present Absent
Plasma/Cell Membrane Present Present
Endoplasmic Reticulum Present Present
Nucleus Present and lies on one side of the cell Present and lies in the center of the cell
Lysosomes Present but are very rare Present
Golgi Apparatus Present Present
Cytoplasm Present Present
Ribosomes Present Present
Plastids Present Absent
Vacuoles Few large or a single, centrally positioned Usually small and numerous
Cilia Absent Present in most of the animal cells
Mitochondria Present but fewer in number Present and are numerous
Mode of Nutrition Primarily autotrophic Heterotrophic
 Cell Division
Cell division is the process through which new cells are formed in
organisms.
New cells formed for growth, cell replacement, and reproduction.
Two main types: mitosis and meiosis.
 Mitosis Meiosis
It is an equational division. It is reductional division.

Two daughter cells are formed. Four daughter cells are formed.

Daughter cells have same number of Daughter cells have halfthe number of
chromosomes as the parent cell. chromosomes as the parent cell.

It helps in growth and repair of injured It is responsible for production of

tissues. gamete.
 (PYQ)
Q. In brief state what happens when
(a) Dry apricots are left for sometime in pure water and later
transferred to sugar solution?
(b) A red blood cell is kept in concentrated saline solution?
(c) The plasma membrane of a cell breaks down?
(d) Rhoeo leaves are boiled in water first and then a drop of sugar
syrup is put on it?
(e) Golgi apparatus is removed from the cell?
Answer-
(a) Dry apricots in pure water: Swell due to osmosis, then shrink in sugar solution due to
exosmosis.

(b) Red blood cell in concentrated saline solution: Shrinks due to exosmosis caused by
water loss.

(c) Plasma membrane breakage: Disruption of cell integrity, scattering of cell organelles.

(d) Boiled Rhoeo leaves with sugar syrup: No osmosis due to cell death, demonstrating
selective permeability.

(e) Removal of Golgi apparatus: Impaired protein processing, storage, and secretion.
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