Solved Problems: Lecture 15
1. Consider a narrow river where at x = 0, BOD = BOD(0) and DO = DO(0). Considering
steady state conditions and neglecting dispersion, the differential equation describing the
dD( x ) x
DO deficit (D) in the river is, U. = − k 2 .D + k 1 .BOD(0). exp − k 1 , where U =
dx U
-1
river velocity (m/s); k1 = BOD (x) degradation rate constant (d ); k2 = re-aeration
constant (d-1); x = distance from x = 0 and D(x) = oxygen deficit (mg/L) = [DOs –
DO(x)]. DOs is the saturation DO concentration in the river. Derive the above
differential equation for D from first principles.
Solution:
BOD Profile:
d[ BOD( t )]
= − K1 .[ BOD( t )]
dt
d[ BOD( t )] d[ BOD( x )] dx d[ BOD( x )]
= . = U. = K 1 .[ BOD( x )]
dt dx dt dx
d[ BOD( x )]
U. = K1.[ BOD( x )]
dx
K
Integrating, BOD( x ) = BOD(0).exp − 1 .x
U
DO Profile:
d[ DO] k L
U = ([ DO]s − [ DO]) − k.[ DO] Reaeration Constant = K2 = kL/H
dx H
d[ DO]
U = K 2 ([ DO]s − [ DO]) − k.[ DO ]
dx
d[ BOD( x )] d[ DO ( x )] K k
= = − 1 .[ BOD( x )] = − .[ DO( x )]
dx dx U U
Substituting,
d[ DO( x )] K 2
= ([ DO]s − [ DO( x )]) − K1 .[ BOD( x )]
dx U U
d[ DO( x )] K 2
= ([ DO]s − [ DO( x )]) − K1 .[ BOD(0)]. exp( − K1 .x )
dx U U U
Define: Oxygen Deficit [D] = [DO]s – [DO];
d[DO] dD
=−
dx dx
d[D( x )] K K K
= − 2 .[D( x )] + 1 .[BOD(0)]. exp(− 1 .x )
dx U U U
2. Consider a narrow river where at x = 0, BOD = BOD(0) and DO = DO(0). Considering
steady state conditions and neglecting dispersion, the differential equation describing the
dD( x ) x
DO deficit (D) in the river is, U. = − k 2 .D + k 1 .BOD(0). exp − k 1 , where U =
dx U
-1
river velocity (m/s); k1 = BOD (x) degradation rate constant (d ); k2 = re-aeration
constant (d-1); x = distance from x = 0 and D(x) = oxygen deficit (mg/L) = [DOs –
DO(x)]. DOs is the saturation DO concentration in the river. Solving the above
differential equation, we get the expression,
k 1 .BOD(0) x x x
D( x ) = .exp(−k 1 . ) − exp(−k 2 . ) + D o . exp− k 2 . ,
k 2 − k1 U U U
where, Do = [DOs – DO(0)]
Based on the above information, derive the following expressions,
U k D .( k − k 1 ) k X
Xc = Ln 2 .1 − o 2 and D c = 1 .BOD(0). exp − k 1 . c , where
k 2 − k1 k1 k 1 .BOD(0) k2 U
Dc is the maximum DO deficit in the river and also Xc, is the distance from x = 0 at
which Dc occurs.
Solution:
Xc calculation:
k1 .BOD(0) x x x
D( x ) = .exp( − k1 . ) − exp(− k 2 . ) + D o . exp− k 2 .
k 2 − k1 U U U
dD( x ) k1 .BOD(0) k1 x k x k x
= .( − ). exp( − k1 . ) + ( 2 ) exp( − k 2 . ) + D o ( − 2 ). exp − k 2 . = 0
dx k 2 − k1 U U U U U U
x k 2 k1 .BOD(0) k k1 .k1 .BOD(0) k
exp − k1 . . − Do. 2 − Do . 1
U
=
U k 2 − k1 U
=
k 2 U.( k 2 − k1 )
U
.
x k 1 k
. 1
. BOD ( 0 ) k1 k .
1 1k . BOD ( 0 )
exp − k 2 .
U U k 2 − k1 U.( k 2 − k1 )
x x k D .( k − k1 ) x ( k 2 − k1 ) k D .( k − k1 )
exp( k 2 . − k1 . ) = 2 .1 − o 2 ; = Ln 2 .1 − o 2
U U k1 k1 .BOD(0) U k1 k1 .BOD(0)
U k D .( k − k1 )
x = Xc = .Ln 2 .1 − o 2 ;
k 2 − k1 k1 k 1 .BOD(0)
Dc calculation:
dD( x ) x
U. = − k 2 .D + k1 .BOD(0). exp − k1
dx U
dD( x )
Putting = 0 ; and x = Xc
dx
k1 X
Dc = .BOD(0). exp − k1 c
k2 U
