KHURASAN UNIVERSITY
Lecturer:
Abdul Manan Ahmadzai (MSCS)
www.Khurasan.edu.af- [email protected]
Chapter 1
Lecturer: Abdul Manan Ahmadzai (MSCS)
Database Concept
Database Management System
What is Data?
• A collection of raw facts and figures is called data. The word Raw means that the
facts have not yet been processed to get their exact meaning. Data is collected
from different sources. It is collected for different purposes. Data may consist of
numbers, characters, symbols or picture etc.
Database Management System
Continue…
Example of Data:
• when a students get admission in colleges or university, they have to fill out an
admission form. The form consists of facts about the students. These raw facts
are student`s name, father name, address etc. the purpose of collecting data is to
maintain the records of students during their study period in college or
university.
Database Management System
Types of Data
• Numeric Data,
• Alphabetic Data,
• Alphanumeric Data,
• Image Data,
• Audio Data,
• Video data.
Database Management System
Information
• The processed form of data is called information. Information is an organized
and processed form of data. It is more meaningful than data and it is used for
making decisions. Data is used as input for the processing and information is the
output of the processing.
Database Management System
Example of information:
• In colleges and universities, the raw fact about students is stored on admission
forms. If we want to find out a list of all students who live in Jalal Abad we will
apply some processing on this data. This processing will give us the desired list.
This list is a form of processed data and will be called information.
Database Management System
Difference B/W Data and Information
Data Information
• Data consists of unprocessed raw and • Information is the processed form
facts. of data.
• Data is used as input in the computer. • Information is the output of
computer.
• Data is Not meaningful.
• Information is meaningful.
• Data is Not used in decision Making.
• Information is easy and also very
important for decision making.
Database Management System
Metadata
• Metadata can be defined as data about data. It is used to describe the properties and
characteristics of some other data.
• Metadata describe the size, format, datatypes and other characteristics of data. It also
includes the rules and constraints about data.
• Example:
• when you create a table, you specify the datatype, size format and other constraints for
entering data in different fields of the table. This is metadata of the data. It describes the
properties of the data to be stored in the table.
Database Management System
Continue…
Example of Metadata:
Filed Name Data type Length Constraint
Roll no Integer 3 Value from 1 to 100
Name Alphabetic 50
Email Alphanumeric 25 Must contain @ and .
Example of a database:
Roll no Name Email
01 Abdul Manan Ahmadzai [email protected]
02 Usman khan [email protected]
Database Management System
What is Database?
❖An organized collection of logically related data that meets the requirements of
all users of an organization is called a database.
OR
❖Database is a collection of related data or information that is stored in a
computer system.
❖ The database is a collection of inter-related data which is used to retrieve, insert
and delete the data efficiently. It is also used to organize the data in the form of a
table, schema, views, and reports, etc.
Database Management System
Continue…
• For example: The college Database organizes the data about the admin, staff,
students and faculty etc.
• Using the database, you can easily retrieve, insert, and delete the information
Database Management System
What is DBMS?
• Database management system is a software which is used to manage the
database. For example: MySql, Sql Server, MS Access and Oracle etc. are a very
popular commercial database which is used in different applications.
• A DBMS is a set of programs that is used to create and maintain a database.
• DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations like database
creation, updating data, creating a table in the database and a lot more.
Database Management System
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• A software system that enables users to define, create, maintain, and control
access to the database
• It provides protection and security to the database. In the case of multiple users.
Database Management System
What DBMS Provides?
Every DBMS provides the following facilities.
❖It provides the facility to structure the database.
❖To store data on some storage medium controlled by DBMS.
❖It provides the facility to insert, delete, modify, update and retrieve data to
generate reports.
❖Supports a query language, which is a system of commands that a database user
employs to retrieve data from the database.
Database Management System
File Processing System
• Traditional or simple file processing is the first computer based method to
handle business application. In the past, many organization stored data in the
file hard disk. The data was managed using file processing system. In a typical
file processing system each department in an organization has it won set of file.
The file are designed specially for their own application. The records in one file
are not related to the records in any other file.
Database Management System
Disadvantage of File Processing System
• There are some of the important disadvantage of file processing are as follows:
• Data redundancy and inconsistency:
• In the file system, the same data may be duplicated in several files. Suppose
there are two file “students” and “library”. The file “ students” contains the roll
No, name, address and telephone number and other detail of a student in
university. The file “ library” contains roll no and name of the students who get a
book from library along with the information about rented books. The data of
one student appears in the two files. This is known as data redundancy.
Database Management System
Continue…
• Inconsistency:
• This situation can also result in data inconsistency. Inconsistency means that two
files may contain different data of the same student. For example if the address
of a student is changed, it must be changed in both files. There is possibility that
it is changed in the “students” file and not from “library “ file. The data becomes
inconsistent in this situation.
Database Management System
Continue…
• Data Isolation:
• The data in file processing system is stored in various files. It becomes very
difficult to write new application to retrieve the appropriate data. Suppose the
student emails are stored in “students” file and fee information is stored in “fee”
file. The data from both files is required to send email message to inform a
student that the data for fee payment is over. In file processing system, it is
difficult to generate such type of list from multiple file.
Database Management System
Continue…
• Unstructured Data:
• In file system the data will be unstructured because in file system we do not
define any data types or constraint on the data. Unstructured data may be in the
form of textual, may be in the form of video , may be in the form of audio, may
be in the form of picture, it may be collective from the YouTube as well as
Facebook etc.
• Now a day 80% of data is unstructured.
Database Management System
Continue…
• Security Problem:
• Security is less in the File System . We can not define any roles on the data. We
cant define any permission on a small file.
Database Management System
Advantages of Database Systems
• Reduction of Redundancies:
• Reduction of Redundancies mean that we can store data together in single smile
place, that solve the inconsistence problem, it mean we do not need to change the
record on different files.
• Shared Data:
• Shared Data mean that, In the help of DBMS we can shared the data to the different
users.
Continue…
• Improved Integrity:
• Improved Integrity mean that we can apply some roles on the database for the
entering data. Like we want to give admission to those students that his or her age is
greater than 18, so the user can only add students that his or her age is grater than 18
only.
• Multiple user access:
• Multiple user access mean that DBMS can give different role accessibilities to the
different levels of users.
Continue…
• Better data security:
• Database give you a lot of trust to the organization to security the data. Because no
one can access the data.
• Better backup and recovery procedures:
• Backup and recovery is the better advantage of DBMS. Backup and recovery is the
process of duplicating data and storing it in a secure place in case of loss or damage,
and then restoring that data to a location.
END
THANK YOU !
KHURASAN UNIVERSITY
www.Khurasan.edu.af- [email protected]
