CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

bought all the three things? So how many people bought

MODULE 1: ALGEBRA 1 exactly two things.
3. A large software development company employs 100
 SET, UNION, INTERSECTION,
computer programmers. Of them, 45 are proficient in Java,
INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION 30 in C#, 20 in Python, six in C# and Java, one in Java and
Python, five in C# and Python, and just one programmer is
Sets are a collection of distinct objects forming a group. proficient in all three languages above. Determine the
Every item in the set is an element of the set. The Curly number of computer programmers that are not proficient
bracket notation represent a set . For example, set A= in any of these three languages.
1,2,3,4,5. Represented using a Roster form or set builder
form.
 THEORY OF EQUATION, POLYNOMIALS
The union of two sets is a set
containing all elements that Any mathematical expression involving a quantity is called
are in A or in B (possibly both). a function of that quantity. We shall be employed mainly
For example, with such algebraical functions as are rational and integral.
{1,2}∪{2,3}={1,2,3}. Thus, we By a rational function of a quantity is meant one which
contains that quantity in a rational form only; that is, a
can write x∈(A∪B) if and
from free from fractional indices or radical signs. By an
only if (x∈A) or (x∈B). Note that A∪B=B∪A.
integral function of a quantity is meant one in which the
quantity enters in an integral form only; that is, never in
The intersection of two sets A
the denominator of a fraction. The following expression fro
and B, denoted by A∩B,
example, in which is a positive integer, is a rational and
consists of all elements that
integral algebraical function of x:
are both in A and B. For
example, {1,2}∩{2,3}={2}.

The complement of a set A is the

set of all the elements which are
A polynomial is sometimes called a quantic. It is
the elements of Universal set but
convenient to have distinct names for the quantics of
not the elements of A. It is
various successive degrees. The terms quadratic, cubic,
represented by symbol A′ or Ac.
biquadratic, quintic, sextic, etc., are used to represent
The shaded area shows the set A’
quantics of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, etc., degrees; and
the equations obtained by equating these quantics to zero
The Principle of Inclusion-Exclusion (abbreviated PIE)
are called quadratic, cubic, biquadratic, etc., equations,
provides an organized method/formula to find the number
respectively.
of elements in the union of a given group of sets, the size
of each set, and the size of all possible intersections among 1. Find the quotient and remainder when 4y3 + 18y2 + 8y –
the sets. 4 is divided by 2y + 3?.
2. A polynomial has an equation x5 – 5x4 + 5x3 + 15x2 + 36x
+ 20. How many rational roots does it have?
, 3. Find the value of k so that k – 3 is a factor of x4 – k2x 2 –
1. There are a total number of 200 students in Class XI. kx – 39 = 0
Among them, 120 students study science, 50 students
mathematics, and 30 students study both science and
mathematics. Find the number of students who  PARTIAL FRACTION
a. Study science but not mathematics
A way of “breaking apart” fractions with polynomials in
b. Study mathematics but not science
them.
c. Study science or mathematics
2. In a shop, 380 people buy socks, 150 people buy shoes
and 200 people buy belt. If there are total 580 people who
bought either socks or shoes or belt and only 30 people
 CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

There are two main ways to write domains: interval

notation and set notation
Interval notation used parenthesis or brackets to imply
where the function is defined. In the case of our example,
we would write our domain using interval notation in the
following way: D : (−∞, 0) ∪ (0,∞)
Set notation uses sets to say explicitly where the function
is or isn’t defined. For instance, for our example we would
use set notation in the following way: D : {x|x 6= 0}
1. Find the domain of f(x) = √(9 − x2 )
2. Find the domain and range of the function y = (x + 1)/(3
- x).
3. Determine the domain and the range of the
2�4 +3�3+7�2+10�+10 � ��+� ��+�
1. Given: = + + function f(x) =− −2� + 5
(�−1)(�2+3)2 �−1 �2+3 (�2 +3)2
Find the values of A,B,C, D and E  BINOMIAL THEOREM
2. Determine the value of A and B: -primarily helps to find the expanded value of the algebraic
9� + 2 � � expression of the form (x + y)n and expresses it as a sum of
= + the terms involving individual exponents of variables x and
(� + 2)(3� − 2) � + 2 3� − 2
y. Each term in a binomial expansion is associated with a
3�2 −8�+9
3. Resolve into partial fraction numeric value which is called coefficient.
(�−2)3
PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL THEOREM
 The number of coefficients in the binomial expansion
 INEQUALITIES
of (x + y)n is equal to (n + 1).
Inequalities are mathematical expressions involving the
 There are (n+1) terms in the expansion of (x+y)n.
symbols >, <, ≥ and ≤. To ‘solve’ an inequality means to find
a range, or ranges, of values that an unknown x can take  The first and the last terms are xn and yn respectively.
and still satisfy the inequality.
 From the beginning of the expansion of (x + a)n, the
Solving inequalities is similar to solving equations, but powers of x, decrease from n up to 0, and the powers
where an equation has one unique solution, an inequality of a, increase from 0 up to n.
has a range of solutions.
 The general term in the expansion of (x + y)n is the (r
1. Solve for x: ǀx-2ǀ < 7 +1)th term that can be represented as Tr+1, Tr+1 = nCr
xn-ryr
2. Solve for x: ǀ(2x+3/2)ǀ +7 ≥ 12
 The binomial coefficients in the expansion are
3. Solve the inequality | 3x + 1 | ≤ 4
arranged in an array, which is called Pascal's triangle.
4. Find the solution set of | 2x + 3 | > 7 This pattern developed is summed up by the binomial
theorem formula.
 In the binomial expansion of (x + y)n, the r term
 DOMAIN AND RANGE from the end is (n – r + 2)th term from the beginning.
The domain of a function is the set of values that we are  If n is even, then in (x + y)n the middle term = (n/2)+1
allowed to plug into our function. and if n is odd, then in (x + y)n, the middle terms are
This set is the x values in a function such as f(x). (n+1)/2 and (n+3)/2.

The range of a function is the set of values that the

function assumes. This set is the values that the function
shoots out after we plug an x value in. They are the y
values.
 CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

3. Find the value of x:

The values of the

binomial coefficients exhibit a specific trend which can
be observed in the form of Pascal's triangle.Pascal's
triangle is an arrangement of binomial coefficients in
triangular form. It is named after the French
mathematician Blaise Pascal.
1
1. Find the 6th term of the expansion of( − 3)16
2a

2. Find the term involving x3y 2 in the expansion of ( 4x +

2y – 3z)5 .
3. Find the sum of the coefficients of ( a + 2b)6 .
4. Find the sum of the exponents ( 3x3 + 2y4 ) 10
5. In the expansion of (Ax+By)5, find the value(s) of A if
the sum of all numerical coefficients is 32 and the
product of A and B is -24.
6. Find the middle term in the expansion of (x6-y2)30.

 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Matrices and determinants are used to perform various
arithmetic operations involving an array of elements.
Matrices are a rectangular array of elements that are
represented in the form of rows and columns. And
determinants are calculated for a matrix and it is a
single numeric value that has been computed from this
array of elements. The matrix is represented with an
alphabet in upper case and is written as A, and the
determinant is represented as |A|.

1.

Find the elements of the two Matrices:

2.
Evaluate the determinant.
 CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

3. Let U denote the set of all employed computer

SOLUTIONS FOR ALGEBRA 1 programmers and let J, C and P denote the set of
programmers proficient in Java, C# and Python,
 SET, UNION, INTERSECTION, respectively.
|U| = 100 |J| = 45 |C| = 30
INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION
|P| = 20 |J ∩ C| = 6 |J ∩ P| = 1
1. X- Students studying Science
|C ∩ P| = 5 |J ∩ C ∩ P| = 1
Y- Students studying Mathematics
n(U) = 200
N(X) = 120
N(Y) = 50
determine the cardinality
N ( X ∩ Y) = 30
of the complement of the
i. Number of students studying science but not
set
mathematics
J∪C∪P
n(X) = n( X - Y) + n (X ∩ Y)
|J ∪ C ∪ P|= 39 + 5 +20
n( X - Y) = n(X) - n(X ∩ Y)
+4 +15 + 1= 84
n( X -Y) = 120 -30= 90
ii. Number of students studying mathematics but not
science.
calculate the complement:
n(Y) = n( Y - X) + n (X ∩ Y)
n( Y - X) = n(Y) - n(X ∩ Y) |(J ∪ C ∪ P)’ | = |U| – |J ∪ C ∪ P|= 100 – 84= 16
n( X -Y) = 50 -30= 20
iii. Number of students who study science or mathematics
n( X∪ Y) = n(X) + n(Y) - (X ∩ Y) 16 programmers are not proficient in any of the three
n ( X ∪Y) = 120 + 50 - 30 = 140 languages.

2.  THEORY OF EQUATION, POLYNOMIALS

1.

B-Let: S-people who bought socks n(S) = 380

C-people who bought shoes n (H) = 150
D-people who bought belts n (B) = 200 2.
n (S∪H∪B) =580, n (S∩H∩B) =30
*n (S ∪ H ∪ B ) = n ( S ) + n ( H )+ n ( B ) – n (S ∩ H ) – n (H
∩ B ) – n (B ∩ S ) + n ( S ∩ H ∩ B )
put the values in the given formula
580 = 380 + 150 + 200 - n (S ∩ H) – n (H ∩ B)
– n (B ∩ S) + 30
And that gives:
n (S ∩ H) + n (H ∩ B) + n (B ∩ S) =180
Then 3.
Let, n (S ∩ H ∩ B) = a
n (S ∩ H)-a + n (H ∩ B)-a + n (B ∩ S)-a=the
required number
n (S ∩ H) + n (H ∩ B) + n (B ∩ S)-3a
180 – 90 = 90
 CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

 PARTIAL FRACTION  INEQUALITIES

1. 1.

2.

2. 3.

4.
3.
 CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

 DOMAIN AND RANGE  BINOMIAL THEOREM

1. 1.

2.

3.

2.
4.

5.

3.
6.
 CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

1.

2.

3.
 CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

The easiest way to solve a mixture problem is to draw a

rectangle or square which will illustrate the content of
MODULE 2: ALGEBRA 2 the mixture as shown in the following illustration.
WORDED PROBLEMS
V=5m3
 Number Problems 65% alcohol The quantity of alcohol is
1. The sum of the smallest and largest of three (0.65)(5)=3.25 cubic meters while
consecutive even numbers is 28, what is the value of the that of gasoline is (0.35)(5)=1.75
35%gasoline cubic meters
second largest number in the series?
2. Find the product of 2 numbers such that their sum
multiplied by the sum of their squares is 5500 and their 1. An automobile engine can run on a mixture of
difference multiplied by the difference of their squares gasoline and a substitute fuel. If gasoline costs P 3.50
is 352 per gallon and the substitute fuel costs P 2 per gallon,
3. Find the smallest positive number among the 4 what percent of the mixture must be substitute fuel to
numbers such that the sum of the 1st , 3rd and 4th bring the cost down to P 2.75 per gallon?
exceeds the second by 8; the sum of the squares of the 1. How many liters of water must evaporate to turn 12
1st and the 2nd exceeds the sum of the squares of the liters of a 24% salt solution into a 36% solution?
3rd and the 4th by 36; the sum of the products of the
1st and the 2nd and 3rd and 4th is 42; the cube of the 2. A forester mixes gasoline and oil to make 2 gallons of
1st equals the sum of the cubes of the 2nd , 3rd and 4th mixture for his two- cycle chainsaw engine. This mixture
is 32 parts gasoline and 1-part two- cycle oil. How much
gasoline must be added to bring the mixture to 40 parts
 Work Problems gasoline and 1-part oil?

For a complete job, R x T = 1 3. How many ounces of pure gold that costs P850 per
Moreover, when there is a specific work and specific ounce must be mixed with 25 ounces of a gold alloy that
time and manpower, the rate of doing the work may be costs P 500 per ounce to make a new alloy that costs P
computed using the number of man-hours. 725 per ounce?
4. How many grams of pure silver must a silversmith mix
1. A 400 mm diameter pipe can fill the tank alone in 5 with a 45% silver alloy to produce 200 grams of a 50%
hrs and another 600 mm diameter pipe can fill the tank silver alloy?
alone in 4 hrs. A drain pipe can empty the tank in 20 hrs.
With all the 3 pipes open, how long will it take to fill the  Motion Problems
tank? The problems pertaining to motion deals only with a
2. A man estimates that it will take him 7 days to roof uniform velocity, I.e., no acceleration or deceleration in
his house. A professional roofer estimates that it will the process.
take him 4 days to roof the same house. How long will it D=Vt V=D/t t=D/V
take if they work together? 1. A man leaves his house at 8:00 AM and traveling at an
3. Jun can finish an accounting work in 8 hrs. Leo can average speed of 2 kph, arrives at his office 3 min ahead
finish the same work in 6 hrs. After 2 hrs of working of the expected time. Had he left his house at 8:30 am
together, Jun left Leo for lunch and Leo finished the job. and traveled at an average speed of 3 kph, he will arrive
How long does it take Leo to finish the job? 6 min late of the expected time. Find the distance
4. A man do a piece of work in 10 days. After he has that he had traveled.
worked 2 days, B came to help him and together, they 2. Two runners A and B complete for a race of 1000 m
finish the job in 3 days. In how many days could B alone long. It took 130 sec for A to reach the finish line and for
do the work? B 138 sec. How far was B behind A when A reaches the
finish line?
3. A and B start at the same time from 2 places 91 km
 Mixture Problems apart and they travel toward each other. A travels at a
constant rate of 5 1/2 km/hr , while B travels 3 km for
 CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

the 1st hr, 4.5 km for the 2nd hr, 6 km for the 3rd hr and 2. A boy is one third as old as his brother and 8 years
so on. Where will they meet? younger than his sister. The sum of their ages is 38 years.
4. A messenger travels from point A to point B. If he will How old is the boy?
leave at 8:00 AM and travel at 2.00 kph, he will arrive 3
3. Letty is 10 years older than Cory who is as half as old
minutes earlier than his expected time of arrival.
as Ben. If the total of their ages is 54 years. Find the age
However, if he will leave at 8:30 AM, and travel at 3 kph,
of Ben.
he will arrive 6 min later than the expected time. What
is the expected time of arrival?
 Clock Problems  Investment Problems

A clock problem is a mathematical problem which focus 1. A woman invests P 37,000, part at 8% and the rest at
on the relationship of the movements of the hands (hour 9.5 % annual interest. If the 9.5% investment provides P
hand, minute hand, second hand) of the clock. 452.50 more income than the 8% investment, how
The longest hand is the second hand while the shortest much is invested at the 8% rate?
hand is the hour hand. By principle, the second hand (SH) 2. Machine to mill a brass plate has a setup cost of P 600
always moves faster than the minute hand (MH) and the and a unit cost of P3 for each plate manufactured. A
minute hand always moves faster than the (HH).
�� �� ��
bigger machine has a setup cost of P800 but a unit cost
HH= HH= MH= of only P2 for each plate manufactured. Find the break
12 720 12
1. The time is past 2 PM. In 10 minutes, the minute point.
hand will be as much as the hr hand as it is now behind
3. A man has three sums of money invested, one at 12%,
it. What time is it?
one at 10%, the last at 8%. His total annual income from
2. At how many minutes after 3:00 p.m. will the minute
three investments is P 2,100. The first investment yields
hand overtake the hour hand.
as much as the other two combined. If he could receive
3. At what time between 4 and 5 o'clock are the hands
1% more on each investment his annual income would
of a clock opposite each other?
be increased by P 202.50. How much is his investment
4. At what time between 4 and 5 o'clock are the hands
at the 12% interest?
of a clock at right angles for the first time?
5.It is between 3 and 4 o'clock, and in 20 minutes the 4. An investment of P 4600 is made at an annual simple
minute hand will be as much after the hour hand as it is interest rate of 6.8%. How much additional money must
now behind it. What is the time? be invested at an annual simple interest rate of 9% so
that the total interest earned is 8% of the total
investment?
 Age Problems
 Arithmetic
One of the most common problems in Algebra. This
An arithmetic sequence is a sequence where consecutive
type of problems must be solve meticulously by giving
terms are calculated by adding a constant value
more emphasis to the tenses (past, present, future) of
(positive or negative) to the previous term. We call this
the statement.
constant value the common difference (d).
Example: The ages of a certain person in the past, Last term (nth term):
present and future in terms of x are as follows. An=a1+(n-1)d
Sum of all terms:
� �
6 years ago Present 5 year hence S= (a1+an) or S= [2a1+(n-1)d]
2 2
1. The sum of 4 integers in an arithmetic progression is
X-6 x X+5 24 and their product is 945. Find the smallest possible
integer.
1. Six years ago, Jun was 4 times as old as John. In 4 2. . Find the nth term of the arithmetic progression 6, 10,
years, he would be twice as old as John. How old is Jun 14, ..
now? 3. Find the sum up to the 10th term of the arithmetic
progression 6, 10, 14, …
 CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

4. Find the nth term of the arithmetic progression log 7,

log 14, log 28, …
5. Find the sum up to the 10th term of the arithmetic
progression log 7, log 14,log 28,…

 Geometric
Each term is found by multiplying the previous term by
a constant.
Last term (nth term)
an=a1rn-1
Sum of all terms
�1(��−1) �1(1−��)
S= S=
�−1 1−�

1. What is the sum of the geometric progression 2x, 4x +

14, 20x -14 up to the 10th term?
2. The geometric mean of 2 numbers is 8 while the
arithmetic mean is 4. The cube of the harmonic mean is?
3. The 5th term of a geometric progression is 162 and
the 10th term is 39366. What is the 3rd term?
4. The 4th term of a geometric progression is 189 and
the 6th term is 1701. What is the 12th term?

 Harmonic Progression
The harmonic progression is formed by taking the
reciprocal of the terms of the arithmetic progression. If
the given terms of the arithmetic progression are a, a +
d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ...., then the terms of the harmonic
progression (or harmonic sequence) are 1/a, 1/(a + d),
1/(a + 2d), 1/(a + 3d), 1/(a + 4d),......
1. Find the 9th term of the harmonic progression 3, 3,
3/2….
2. The 3rd term of a harmonic progression is 15 and the
9th term is 6. Find the 11th term.
3 . The arithmetic mean and geometric mean of 2
numbers are 10 and 8 respectively. Find the harmonic
mea

PREPARED BY: PASIGAY

`
 CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

3.

MODULE 2: ALGEBRA 2
WORDED PROBLEMS

 Number Problems

1.

2.
 CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

 Work Problems

1.

2.

3.

4.

3.

4.
 Motion Problems

1.

 Mixture Problems

1.

2.
 CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

2.  Clock Problems

1.

3.

2.

4.

3.
 CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

4.  Age Problems

1.

2.

5.

3.
 CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

 Investment Problems  Arithmetic

1. 1.

2.

2.
3.

3.

4.

4.
 CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

5.

 Geometric Harmonic Progression

1. 1.

2.

2.

3.

PREPARED BY: PASIGAY

4.