Dr Abul Khair bin Anuar

Dept of Communication Engineering

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (FKEE)
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)
2 Outlines

 Basic Signals
 Signal Transformations

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3 Basic Signals

 A complicated signal can be represented

using set of basic signals for easier manipulation
and calculation.
 Composite signal

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4 Basic Signals: 1. Step function

 The CT Step function is defined as,

1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 0
𝑢 𝑡 =
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 0

u t 

t
0

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5 Basic signal: 2. Impulse function

 The CT unit impulse function is commonly

denoted by:

 (t )  0; t  0 and   (t ) dt 1


(a) : Continuous-time signal

 These equations say that the impulse is zero

everywhere accept at the origin and the area
under the unit impulse is unity (1).
 It is also known as Dirac delta function as
illustrated in Figure (a)
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6 Basic Signal: 3. Unit Periodic Impulse

 The unit periodic impulse is defined by

𝛿 𝑡 =∑ 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑛𝑇),
where 𝑛 an integer
 The periodic impulse is the sum of infinitely
many, uniformly-spaced impulses.

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7 Basic Signal: 4. Exponential Signal

 A continuous time exponential signal can be

represented by
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶𝑒
where 𝐶 and 𝑎 are in general complex
numbers. For real exponential signal, 𝐶 and 𝑎
are reals.

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8

 The case 𝑎 > 0 represents exponential growth.

Some signals in unstable systems exhibit
exponential growth.
 The case 𝑎 < 0 represents exponential decay.
Some signals in stable systems exhibit
exponential decay.
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9 Basic Signal: 5. Ramp
 The CT ramp signal, 𝑟(𝑡)
is defined as,
𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑡; 𝑡 ≥ 0
𝑟 𝑡 = 0; 𝑡 < 0

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10 Basic Signals: 6. Rectangular

 The rectangular signal is defined as

 𝑥 𝑡 = ∏ 𝑡 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡 + −𝑢 𝑡−

𝑥(𝑡)

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11 Basic Signal: 7. Triangular

 The triangular (or triangle) signal is defined as

1− 𝑡 , 𝑡 <1
 ⋀(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑟𝑖 𝑡 =
0, 𝑡 ≥1

𝑥 𝑡

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12 Basic Signal: 8. Sinc
 The sinc function is defined as
sin 𝜋𝑡
sinc 𝑡 =
𝜋𝑡

Notes: sinc(𝑡) is related to rect(𝑡) through Fourier

Transform

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13 Basic Signal: 9. Sinusoid
 The cosinusoidal signal is defined as,
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
 For 𝜙 = 0, 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡)
 For 𝜙 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (𝑡 < 0),
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
 For 𝜙 = 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (𝑡 > 0),
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙)

where 𝐴 is the amplitude

𝜔 is the frequency
𝜙 is the phase shift
𝑇 = is the fundamental periods
𝑓= is the fundamental frequency
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14 Basic Signal: 9. Sinusoid (cont.)
 The sinusoidal signal is defined as,
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
 For 𝜙 = 0, 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡)
 For 𝜙 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (𝑡 < 0),
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
 For 𝜙 = 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (𝑡 > 0),
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙)

where 𝐴 is the amplitude

𝜔 is the frequency
𝜙 is the phase shift
𝑇 = is the fundamental periods
𝑓= is the fundamental frequency
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15

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 Euler’s relation:
16 𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔
Where 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑒 +𝑒 = 𝑒 +𝑒
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑒 −𝑒 = 𝑒 −𝑒

The sinusoidal signal

𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙

Hence we can also write

𝐴 ; 𝐴 𝐴
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 = 𝑒 +𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑒
2 2 2

𝐴
𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 = 𝑒 𝑒 −𝑒
2
; 𝐴 𝐴
= 𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑒
2 2

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17 Signal Transformation

 Amplitude Scaling
 Time Shifting
 Time Scaling
 Multiple Transformation
 Time Reversal
 Addition
 Multiplication
 Differentiation

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18 Amplitude Scaling

 An amplitude scaling is defined as:

𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑥(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡)
where 𝑎 is the scaling factor.
 For 𝑎 < 1, signal is attenuated 𝑎

 For 𝑎 > 1, signal is amplified

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19 Time shifting

 A time shifting is defined as:

𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡 )
here 𝑥(𝑡) and 𝑡 represent the original signal and shift in
time, respectively.
 If 𝑡 > 0, the signal to be right shifted or delayed
 If 𝑡 < 1, the signal to be left shifted or advanced

𝑥(𝑡) Time delay by 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡 )

𝑡

𝑥(𝑡) Time advance 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡 + 𝑡 )

by 𝑡

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20 Time shifting: Example

Representation of time shifting: (a) original signal, (b) right

shifted, and (c) left shifted

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21 Time Scaling

 A time scaling is defined as:

𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝛽𝑡)
here 𝑥(𝑡) and 𝛽 represent the original signal and
constant, respectively.

 When |𝛽| > 1, then 𝑥(𝑡) is the time compressed
version of 𝑥(𝑡), and
 When |𝛽| < 1, then 𝑥(𝛽𝑡) is the time expanded
version of 𝑥(𝑡).

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22 Time Scaling: Example

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23 Multiple Transformation

 Multiple transformation, 𝑥(𝑡) → 𝐴𝑥

 This can be done in steps
𝑡 𝑡−𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) → 𝐴𝑥(𝑡) → 𝐴𝑥 → 𝐴𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
 The sequence of steps
Amplitude scaling  time scaling  time shifting
 The sequence is important, eg.
𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) → 𝐴𝑥(𝑡) → 𝐴𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡 → 𝐴𝑥 − 𝑡
𝑎
Amplitude scaling  time shifting  time scaling
Will not give the correct answer, i.e.
𝑡−𝑡 𝑡
𝐴𝑥 ≠ 𝐴𝑥 − 𝑡
𝑎 𝑎
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24 Multiple Transformation: Example

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25 Time Reversal/ Folding

 Performed by changing the sign of time base 𝑡 in the

signal 𝑥(𝑡).
 The folding operation produces a signal 𝑥(− 𝑡) which is a
mirror image of the original signal 𝑥(𝑡) with respect to the
time origin at 𝑡 = 0.

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26 Addition

 The operation follows 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑥 𝑡 𝑦 𝑡

𝑥 (𝑡) as illustrated in Figure below
𝑥 (𝑡)

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27 Example#2

 Perform addition of the following signals

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28 Example#3

 Perform addition of the following signals

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29 Multiplication

 The operation is 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 (𝑡)𝑥 (𝑡) as 𝑥 𝑡 𝑦 𝑡

illustrated in Figure below.
𝑥 (𝑡)

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30 Example#4

 Perform multiplication of the following signals

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31 Example#5

 Perform multiplication of the following signals

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32 Differentiation

 Mathematically it can be express

as
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑑⁄𝑑𝑡 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡)
𝑑 ⁄𝑑𝑡
 The operation is illustrated in Figure
below.

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33 Example #6

 Write the signal 𝑥 𝑡 using a single analytical

expression with aid of the unit step function,
𝑢 𝑡 𝑥 𝑡

Solution:-
𝑥 𝑡 = [𝑢 𝑡 + 1 − 𝑢(𝑡)]+ 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑢 𝑡 − 1
= 𝑢 𝑡 + 1 − 𝑢(𝑡 − 1)

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34 Example #7

 Find 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥 2𝑡 + 3 for a given signal 𝑥 𝑡 .

𝑥 𝑡

Solution:-
(1) Step 1 (time shifting) (2) Step 2 (time scaling)
𝑥 𝑡+3 x(2t+3)
1 1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 t -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 t
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35 Example #8

 Find 𝑥 + 3 for a given signal 𝑥(𝑡)

 Repeat for 𝑥

𝑥(𝑡)

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36 Example #9

 (a) Write the signal 𝑥 𝑡 using a single

analytical expression with aid of the unit step
function, 𝑢 𝑡

 (b) Find −2𝑥 𝑡 + 3 for a given signal 𝑥(𝑡)

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37
Solutions
1 step: multiply

2 step: addition

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38 Example#10

 Write the signal 𝑥 𝑡 using a single analytical

expression with aid of the unit step function,
𝑢 𝑡 .
 Find 𝑥 3𝑡 + 𝑥2 𝑡 + 𝑥 + 2 for the given signal 𝑥(𝑡)

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39 Example#11

 Write the signal 𝑓 𝑡 using a single analytical

expression with aid of the unit step function,
𝑢(𝑡)
 Plot 𝑓 −2𝑡 + 3

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40 Solution

(a)

𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡+2 𝑢 𝑡+2 −𝑢 𝑡 + 1 . 𝑢 𝑡 −𝑢 𝑡−1

= 𝑡 + 2 𝑢 𝑡 + 2 − 𝑡 + 1 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑢(𝑡 − 1)
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 b) Let’s do it in steps
41  Step 1: Time-shifting ℎ 𝑡 =
𝑓 𝑡+3

 Step 2: Time-scaling 𝑘 𝑡 =
ℎ 2𝑡 = 𝑓 2𝑡 + 3 =
𝑓 2𝑡 + 3

 Step 3: Time-reversal 𝑧 𝑡 =
𝑘 −𝑡 = 𝑓 2 −𝑡 + 3 =
𝑓 −2𝑡 + 3 = 𝑓 3 − 2𝑡
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42 Example#12

 Write the signal x 𝑡 using a single analytical

expression with aid of the unit step function,
𝑢(𝑡)

(a) (b)

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43 Example#13

 Write the signal x 𝑡 using a single analytical

expression with aid of the unit step function,
𝑢(𝑡)

(a) (b)

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44 Example#14

 Let 𝑓 𝑡 = 2 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑢(𝑡 − 1) and 𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑒 (𝑢 𝑡 −

𝑢(𝑡 − 2))

 Sketch:-
1) 𝑓 𝑡
2) 𝑔 𝑡

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