EUCHARISTIC HEART OF JESUS MODEL COLLEGE

BASIC SCIENCE

JSS 1

THIRD TERM

Print and Copy in your Basic Science notebook

WEEK 1: TOOLS FOR WORK

WEEK 2: ENERGY
WEEK 3: FORCE
WEEK 4: GRAVITATIONAL AND WEIGHTLESSNESS
WEEK 5: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
WEEK 6: REFUSE AND SAWAGE
WEEK 7: DISEASE VECTORS
WEEK 8: DISEASE PREVENTION
WEEK 1: TOOLS FOR WORK
Tools are implements or instruments used for doing work. The purpose for using tools is to enable
us to apply a small force or effort to overcome a large resistance or load. Tools can be grouped into
modern tools and local tools.

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Modern tools: These tools save time and human energy. Work is done more efficiently and more
yields are realized with modern tools. Examples are: tractor, harvester, planter, plough, and drilling
machine.

Local tools: These tools require much application of manual efforts. Examples are hoe, cutlass,
rake, shovel, spade, axe e.t.c.

Differences between Modern and Local tools

Modern tools Local tools

1. It requires less manual effort It requires much application of manual effort
2. It saves time and energy It is time consuming
3. It is more efficient It is less efficient
4. It is expensive It is cheap
5. It is more convenient It is less convenient
Various occupation and the tools they use

Fishing: Tools include: Fishing line, net, boat, fishing hook, bait spear e.t.c.

Farming: Tools include: Cutlass, tractor, hoe, rake, harvester, spade, planter, shovel, plough, axe,
e.t.c.

Carpentry: Tools include: harmer, chisel, screw driver, saw, wood planers, e.t.c.

Engineering: Tools include: tester, jack, pliers, spanner, chisel, vernier caliper, screw driver, e.t.c

Medicine: Tools include: stethoscope, clinical thermometer, sphygmomanometer, forceps, scissors,

surgical blade, syringe and needle e.t.c.

Duties of Farmers

i. Cultivate, harvest and store agricultural products

ii. They rear animals for food consumption, milk for consumption and other milk product like
cheese e.t.c.

Duties of Doctors, Nurses, Midwives and Pharmacists

i. Doctor takes care of the sick and together with midwives care for expectant mothers until
delivery.
ii. Nurses assist doctors
iii. Pharmacists administer drugs

Duties of Carpenters

1. They produce furniture, doors and window, chairs, table, wardrobe, e.t.c.
2. They roof buildings and hang doors and windows

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ENGINERING

Duties of chemical engineers

1. They design machines for industrial processes

2. They manufacture various chemicals and industrial product such as soap, plastic, cement,
beer, e.t.c.

Duties of Electrical engineers

1. They design, maintain and install electrical equipment

2. They supervise the wiring of houses and help in the construction of electrical power station

Duties of Civil engineers

1. Designing and construction of buildings

2. Construction of bridges, dams, road, drainage, e.t.c.

Duties of Mechanical engineers

1. They design and fabricate machines and machine parts

2. Maintenance of machines

WEEK 2: ENERGY
Energy is defined as the ability or capacity to do work. To do work, we need energy. The energy we
use is obtained from the food we eat, when digested food materials are broken down inside our
cells, with the aid of oxygen. Energy is measured in joules (J), which is the S.I. unit.
SOURCES OF ENERGY
There are natural and artificial sources of energy.
1. Natural source: Natural sources of energy are those sources that are not made by human
beings. They include:
a. The sun: This is the ultimate source of energy, it is a heavenly body in the sky. The
sun provides green plants with sunlight to make food during photosynthesis.
b. Food: Food has chemical energy locked up in them.
c. Wind: Energy in wind can be used to do different grinding of grains (in windmills).
d. Natural gas: it occurs together with petroleum under the ground or water. When it
burns, it produces much heat.
e. Coal: Coals is formed from dead plants and materials that have been subjected to heat
and pressure over many years. It releases energy when it is burnt.

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 f. Wood: It release energy when it is burnt
g. Water: moving water or water falling from a height can be used to generate electricity.
2. Artificial Sources: These are man-made energy sources. They include:
a. Electric generators
b. Batteries
c. Petroleum products: e.g. Petrol, kerosene and diesel oil.
d. Light bulb.
FORMS OF ENERGY
Energy exists in different forms. These include
1. Heat energy: Used for cooking, ironing clothes etc. It is produced by heat
2. Chemical energy: Is the energy possessed by petrol, food, kerosene, coal, wood etc.
3. Electrical energy: Is the energy from electrical sources like electric generators.
4. Atomic or Nuclear Energy: Is the energy produced when the nucleus of an atom is split
5. Solar energy: Energy from the sun
6. Sound energy: Energy gotten from vibrating objects
7. Mechanical energy: This is the energy a body possesses by virtue of its position or it
motion. It is of two types.
i. Potential Energy: This is the energy a body has by virtue of its position. A stone placed on a
high table has potential energy, because if it falls, it can break a plate or glass or injure a person. It is
given with the formula. PE= mgh where m is the mass of the body, g is the acceleration due to
gravity, and h is the height the body is raised to.
ii. Kinetic energy: This is the energy of motion of a body. Any object that is moving has
kinetic energy. It is given with the formula. KE= 1/2mv2 where m is the mass of the body and v is
the velocity or speed of the body.
8. Light Energy: This is energy from light. It can be measured with a light meter or
photometer.

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMIC
There are two laws of conservation of energy.
1. The first law is known as the law of conservation of energy, which states that,"Energy can
neither be created nor destroyed, but can be transformed from one formto another".
2. The second law is summarized as follows, when one form of energy is converted toanother,
some energy is given out or lost in the form of heat

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 Transformation of Energy
Energy can be converted or transformed from one form, to another. The conversion of energy
follows the law of conversion of energy. Examples of energy conversions include:
1. Electrical energy to heat and light energy; e.g in an electric bulb.
2. Electrical energy to heat energy, e.g. electric iron, electric cooker, electric stove.
3. Electrical energy to sound energy e.g an electric door bell, loud speakers, radio, audio
cassette etc.
4. Electrical to mechanical energy, e.g. electric motor, in electric fan, air conditioners, grinding
machine, cassette player etc.
5. Mechanical energy to electrical energy; e.g. generator plant.
6. Chemical energy to electrical energy, e.g. in dry cells, car battery, lead accumulator battery,
electrolytic cell etc.
7. Light energy to chemical energy e.g in green plants during photosynthesis.
8. Mechanical to sound energy - bells, turning' fork, drums etc.
9. Chemical to mechanical energy: e.g. locomotive engine in trains, petrol/diesel engine in
vehicle etc.
10. Sound to electrical energy. E.g in microphones.
USES OF ENERGY
1. Energy is used for domestic activities like cooking, washing and drying, sweeping and
mopping the floor.
2. Sunlight energy is used by plants to manufacturing their food.
3. Chemical energy from our food gives us energy for our daily activities
4. Energy is used in operating vehicles, welding, singing, reading, moving trains, aero planes
etc.
5. Nuclear energy can be used to generate electricity.

Renewable and Non-Renewable sources of Energy

Renewable sources of energy are those energy sources that cannot be exhausted or last forever.
Examples are the sun, wind, and water.
Non-renewable sources of energy are those energy sources that can be exhausted or that last only for
a period of time- E.g crude oil, coal, battery, cooking gas etc.

ADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

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 1. It last a life time
2. It is cheap,once it is fully installed
3. It does not cause pollution
DISAVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
1. Storage capacities
2. Intermittency in energy supply
3. Geographical limitations
ADVANTAGES OF NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY
1. They are abundant and affordable
2. They are easy to use and produce
DISADVANTAGES OF NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY
1. It does not last a life time
2. It causes pollution
3. It is expensive
4. Fossil fuel combustion is dangerous to health
IMPLICATIONS OF MISUSE OF NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
1. It must be used carefully, because once it is finished, it cannot be restored.
2. Over loaded electrical sockets and transformers can cause fire outbreak.
3. Cutting down of trees without replacement can lead to desertification and global warning.
POSITIVE EFFEECTS OF ENERGY ON A SOCIETY
1. Good supply of energy makes life more comfortable
2. Electricity that generates energy is used at homes, schools, offices and industries.
3. Adequate energy supply also leads to growth of a country, both economic and industrial.

WEEK 3: FORCE
A force is any action that changes a body's state of rest, position, shape or uniform motion in a
straight line.
Force =Mass x Acceleration
F = Ma
The S.I. unit of force is Newton (N). In other words, force is measured in Newton.
Force can also be defined as a push or pull which causes a body to move or change its speed in a
particular direction.
TYPES OF FORCES
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These are two Types of Forces
i. Contact Forces
ii. Non-Contact Force or Force fields
Contact Forces
These are forces whose sources make direct or indirect contact with object or body on which they
are applied. Examples of contact forces are Tension, Friction, Pushy Pull, and Upthrust.
Non-Contact Forces or Force Fields
These are forces whose sources do not make contact with object on which they are applied.
Examples of non-contact forces are Magnetic force, Electrical force and Gravitational force.
Balanced Forces: Balanced Force is defined as two equal and opposite forces acting on a body that
is equal in size and opposite in direction. E.g. Tug of war.
Unbalanced Forces refers to two unequal but opposite forces acting on a body. Eg see-saw.
Gravitational Force is the force that pulls objects towards the center of the earth. The space around
the earth where the gravitational force exists is called the gravitational force field. This is the force
of attraction between all masses in the universe.
Magnetic Force is the force that exists around a magnet. A magnet is a material that can attract iron
or steel. The area around a magnet where the magnetic force is felt is called the magnetic force field.
It is the attraction or repulsion arising between electrically charged particles as a result of their
motion.
TYPES OF MAGNET
1. Natural magnet e.g loadstone also called magnetite
2. Artificial magnet e.g. ferrite, columbite.
Magnet has two poles which are North Pole and South Pole.

LEAVE 10 SPACES FOR DIAGRAM

LAW OF ELECTROSTATICS – This states that like poles repel one another and unlike pole
attract each other.

LEAVE 8 SPACES FOR DIAGRAM

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A body that has higher number of negative charges to positive charges is said to be negatively
charged.
A body that has higher number of positive charges to negative charges is said to be positively
charged.
A body with equal number of positive and negative charges is said to be neutral or carries no
charge.
Electrical Force: Electrical force is the force that exists around a charged body. The area around a
charged body where electrical force is felt is called an electrical force field. It is the force that exists
among stationary electric charges.
FRICTION
Friction is a force which opposes the motion between two solid surfaces in contact with each other.
Before an object can move, the frictional force must be overcome. Once the body stops moving the
frictional force disappears, but it is immediately set up again whenever we attempt to move the
body.
The rougher the surfaces of the bodies in contact, the greater the frictional force between them.
Advantages of Friction
1. It prevents continuous movement of machines, because without friction, moving parts of
machines would continue to move.
2. Our movement is made possible because of friction. Otherwise we would slip off and fall.
3. Tyres of cars are able to grip the roads because of friction.
4. Friction is necessary for brakes to work
5. Road, pulley belt drives etc. are designed and manufactured with the knowledge of friction.
6. We are able to light fire with a match stick because of friction.
7. Friction helps to produce heat.
Disadvantages of Friction
1. It causes the soles of our shoes and the tyres of our vehicles to wear, thereby making us to
waste money on replacing them.
2. It causes wearing and tearing of the moving parts of machines.
3. It can cause spark, which eventually leads to a fire outbreak.
4. It wastes energy by converting some input energy that could have been useful into unwanted
heat and sound. This is why old machines tend to be hot when being used and also make a lot
of noise.

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 5. Friction creates more work for moving parts of machines.
WEEK 4: GRAVITATION AND WEIGHTLESSNESS
Gravitation is the force of attraction existing between two bodies which are separated by a distance
that tries to pull them towards each other. The force of gravitation, also called gravitational force is
large when the two bodies are large or at least one of them is large. It is small when the bodies are
small. Gravitational force also decreases greatly when the distance separating the two bodies
increases.
The earth exacts a gravitational force on bodies with which it pulls bodies towards itself. The earth
has a large .gravitational pull because of its large size. This gravitational/ pull of the earth makes the
moon revolve around the earth. It is also the reason why .objects thrown upwards, (e.g stone)
always, falls back to the ground. It is the gravitation force between the sun and the different planets
that keeps the planets revolving around the sun. The earth's gravitational force on a body it is
weight. It is called force of gravity. Earth's gravity is the force with which the earth attracts objects
towards its centre. Gravitation differs from magnetism, because magnets sometimes repel each other
but gravitation is always a force of attraction, never of repulsion.
Effects of Gravitation on Objects
1 Weight: Every object derives its weight from its relationship with the earth. The weight of
any object depends on the product of its mass and acceleration due to gravity.
2 Planetary Motion and Stability: This makes planets revolve round the sun.
3 Revolution of the moon round the earth.
4 Stability on earth - gravitation makes objects not to float in the earth.

WEIGHTLESSNESS
Weightlessness is a feeling of having no weight but it does not mean that the body or object 'has no
weight. !t is a state of not experiencing the effects of gravity. In other words, weightlessness is a
feeling which a person or object experiences when its weight is just equal to the force necessary to
keep the body moving freely in space. A body is really never weightless, because there is always
one form of gravitational pull or another, for instance, beyond the gravitational attraction of the
earth, that of the moon takes over.
In a spaceship a feeling of weightlessness is experienced by astronauts and all the objects in the
spaceship, when the spaceship reaches a height above the earth's centre, where the earth's
gravitational attraction on it becomes just equal to the force needed to keep the ship moving in
space.

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Effects of Weightlessness
1 Calcium is lost from bones of astronauts
2 Their muscles are reduced because they no longer need to carry their weight.
3 Their hands and legs become thinner than before.

WEEK 5: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION

Environment is the natural world in which plants and animal live. Our environment consists of all
factors found in our surrounding that affects us; such as, light, air, water, food disease agents and
other living things. This environment has to be protected and preserved in order to ensure a high
quality of life.
Hence, Environment Conservation is defined as the protecting and keeping of the natural
environment in order to ensure a sustainable and high quality of life. Environmental Conservation
brings about a balance in nature, by ensuring among other things a prompt and continuous supply of
natural resources to man and other organism.
However, human activities have affected environment balance. Such activities include:
1. Farming: This has affected balance in the environment through clearing of vegetation for
cultivation; which exposes the soil to erosion by wind and water. Also part of the fertilizer
applied to farmlands is washed out by floods into streams and rivers, polluting the streams
and rivers.
2. Bush burning to clear farmland also destroys habitats of wild animal and trees.
3. Mining: Water produced by mining industries pollutes the environment.
4. Construction of Roads and houses - Natural vegetation are destroyed in order to construct
roads and houses.

Conservation of Wildlife
Animals that live in the bush or forests which is their natural habitat are called wildlife, e.g.
Chimpanzee, Bison, Lion, Leopards, Lemurs, Snakes, Elephants, bear, Antelopes etc.
Wildlife conservation ensures the healthy living and continuous existence of these animals in their
natural habitat. If the lives of these animals are not preserved they will soon become extinct. That is,
no more. Wild life can be conserved or preserved by construction of game reserves and natural
parks. Game reserves are large areas of land in which animals live in their natural habitats. There,
animals are protected by law from being hunted or killed indiscriminately.
Examples of natural parks and game reserves we have in Nigeria include:
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 1. Borgu Games Park in Niger
2. Yankari Game Reserve in Bauchi
3. Kainji National Park in Niger
4. Sambisa Game reserve in Borno
5. Old Oyo National Park in Oyo State
6. Folgore game reserve in Kano

CONSERVATION OF WATER
The main aim of conserving water includes:
i. To prevent wastage
ii. To ensure sustainability of water for future generation

Methods of preserving and conserving water include:

i. Damming of rivers: That is to create dams along rivers
ii. Prevention of water pollution through dumping of sewage, refuse, chemicals etc into water
bodies
iii. Treatment and recycling of used water.

Importance of Environmental Conservation

i. It ensures quick and continuous supply of natural resources
ii. It reduces environmental pollution
iii. It promotes healthy living
iv. It prevents disappearances of useful plants and animals

WEEK 6: REFUSE AND SAWAGE

Refuse are solid waste materials thrown away by people from their homes, schools, offices etc.
Refuse include waste materials like paper, rags. Nylon, broken bottles, plastic plates, dead plant and
animals etc- Refuse, if not properly disposed will attract flies, rats and other disease carriers, it may
also injure people and animals e.g. broken bottles.
We carryout environmental sanitation to clear refuses from our surroundings. Environmental
sanitation is the science and practice of keeping our surroundings clean. Most refuse contains micro-
organisms, such as fungi, Bacteria, and virus. Some of these, such as fungi and bacteria are helpful
in decomposition, thereby adding nutrients to the soil, while others cause diseases that may lead to
death.
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Refuse Disposal
Refuse disposal can be defined as the collection, dumping and destruction of refuse.

Methods of Refuse Disposal

i. Domestic waste from homes should be placed in covered dustbins.
ii. Burning of refuse in incinerators
iii. Refuse such as metals, Glass and Plastics can be recycled or reused.
iv. Refuse containing organic materials like plant and animals remains can be buried in pits to
make compost manure. Such pits are called compost pits.
v. Land filling: Materials that are not burnt or used again may be used in landfills, that is, to fill
up valleys and holes in the area.
Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Refuse
A Biodegradable refuse is a refuse that can be broken down or decomposed by microorganisms like
bacteria, fungi, into simple nonpoisonous substances. Example of biodegradable refuse are
vegetables, meat, faeces, dry leaves, bread, fruits, yam peels, orange peels, paper, etc.
A Non-biodegradable refuse is a refuse that cannot be broken down by activities of micro-organism
into simple harmless substances; e.g. broken bottle, glass, plastics, steel, polyethene bags, ceramics
etc.
Sewage is liquid waste. It is a mixture of human wastes such as urine, feaces and other liquid wastes
like; used water from kitchens, bathrooms, factories etc. Human wastes caries many microorganism
such as coli form bacteria, which lives in the human digestive system. Just like refuse, if sewage is
not properly managed and disposed, it will promote the growth of micro-organisms that can cause
outbreak of diseases and also cause environmental pollution.
Methods of Sewage Disposal
Sewage can be disposed of in the following ways:
1. Water closet/Septic Tank: This is the modern method of sewage disposal and the most
hygienic method of sewage disposal. It is used in places where there is pipe-borne water
supply. In a water closet, water is used flush feaces and urine into a tank dug in the ground.
This is known as a septic tank.
2. Pit Latrines: A deep pit latrine is the best method of sewage disposal in areas where there is
no pipe-borne water supply. A pit latrine consists of a deep pit, which has the top made up of
concrete and a small opening with lid (cover). Faeces and urine are passed into the deep pit.

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 3. Central Sewage System: This carries all the sewage of various homes and dwellings in the
community to a place where they are treated to kill germs before it is released to the river or
land.
4. Pail or Bucket: This is the old system of sewage disposal where feaces and urine are
deposited into buckets.
It is no longer in use owing to the fact that it pollutes the environment, hence it should be
discouraged.
Micro-organisms found in Refuse
1. Fungi:-Are plants, but they cannot manufacture their food, because they do not have
chlorophyll. They grow on dead and decaying organic matter, e.g. bread mold growing on
scale bread. It obtains nutrients from the decaying bread.

LEAVE 12 LINES FOR DIAGRAM OF A MOULD

2. Bacteria: They are also microorganisms that cannot manufacture their own food. Some are
harmless and useful, while some cause diseases. The following are examples of bacteria:
i. Cocci or Spherical shaped Bacteria: They have round or spherical shape. The types of
spherical bacteria include:
a. Micrococcus: They occur singly e.g. S. Thermophilus.

LEAVE 6 LINES FOR A DIAGRAM

b. Diplococci: They occur in pairs, e.g. pneumococci which causes pneumonia

LEAVE 6 LINES FOR A DIAGRAM

c. Streptococci: They occur in chains e.g s. viridens which causes sore throat andscarlet fever.

LEAVE 8 LINES FOR A DIAGRAM

d. Staphylococci: They occur in clusters e.g s, epidermis found in the skin causes boils.

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 LEAVE 8 LINES FOR A DIAGRAM

2. Bacilli or Rod-like bacteria. E.g Mycobacterium tuberculosis and salmonella. That causes
tuberculosis and typhoid fever respectively.
LEAVE 6 LINES FOR A DIAGRAM

3. Vibrio or comma shaped bacteria e.g. vibrio cholera that causes cholera

LEAVE 5 LINES FOR A DIAGRAM

4. Spirilla or spiral shaped bacteria.

LEAVE 5 LINES FOR A DIAGRAM

WEEK 7: DISEASE VECTORS

A disease is an illness caused by Infection that adversely affects living things (human and animals).
There are two types of disease. These are:
1. Communicable disease: A communicable disease is a disease that can be easilytransferred
from one person to another. They are usually air borne diseases caused by micro-organism
such as bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa etc. Examples include: tuberculosis, measles, cough,
chicken pox, small pox, influenza etc,
2. Non-communicable disease: A non-communicable disease is a disease that is not easily
transferred from one person to another. Example include: malaria, typhoid fever, epilepsy,
cancer, heart diseases, Parkinson, stroke etc.
A disease vector is any living organisms that transmit an infectious disease to humans.
Vectors are organisms that carry disease causing micro-organisms or pathogens from one person to
another. Examples of vectors and the disease causing microorganisms they carry are:
1. Female anopheles mosquito - plasmodium
2. Housefly - vibrocholera
3. Blackfly –VolvolusQnchocerca
4. Aedes mosquito(Yellow fever mosquito) - virus
5. Tsetse fly - Trypanosome
6. Culex mosquito - round worm
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Life cycle of Mosquito
The Anopheles mosquito passes through four stages in their life cycle, the egg, larva, pupa and
adult. The egg is laid on the surface of stagnant water, after 1-5 days it hatches into a larva called
wriggler. The larva changes into a pupa which is a resting stage and after few days, the pupa turns to
an adult mosquito.Mosquito spread dangerous diseases like malaria, yellow fever.

Life cycle of Housefly

The housefly also undergoes complete metamorphosis in its life cycle. The egg laid by the female
housefly changes into white larva called maggots. The larva mouldtwice to form pupa.The imago
emerges from the pupa case after some days and the adult can fly and lay eggs.Examples of diseases
spread by houseflies include: typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery etc.

Life cycle of Blackfly

The blackfly laysits eggs after mating which hatches into larva after a few days. The larva develops
into a pupa. The pupa is contained in a protective cover called cocoon. The pupa gives rise to the
adult after few days. The disease caused by blackfly is called Onchocerciasis also called river
blindness.

Life cycle of Tsetse fly

Tsetse fly undergoes an incomplete metamorphosis, that is, it undergoes only three (3) stages of
development which are: Egg to pupa to adult. The life span is between three weeks to five (5)
months. The disease caused by tsetse fly is trypanosomiasis also called sleeping sickness.
Mode of disease Transmission (Mosquito)
The female anopheles mosquito is the vector that spreads malaria.
Malaria is caused by a protozoan called plasmodium which lived in blood cells. When a mosquito
bites the skin of a person, with its mouth parts, it pours saliva on the wound to dilute the blood so
that it does not clot easily. The parasite (plasmodium) is passed through its saliva into the blood
stream of that person.
Mode of disease Transmission (Housefly)
When the housefly perches on any exposed faeces or decaying wastes, it carries some germs with it.
When it perches on any exposed food substance, it transfers these organisms intothe food and the
food becomes contaminated such that whoever eats this contaminated food gets infected.

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Mode of disease Transmission (Blackfly)
When Blackflybitesor stings a person, it sucks the blood and also transfers the worminto the blood
stream of that individual. This worm swims until it finds itself around theeye region and causes an
opaque substance in the pupil of theeye. If this is not discovered early enough, it can cause river
blindness.
Mode of disease Transmission (Tsetse fly)
When tsetsefly stings a person, it sucks the blood and at the same time transfer the trypanosome into
such individual, which causes the disease trypanosomiasis also known as sleeping sickness.

WEEK 8: DISEASE PREVENTION

Disease prevention is a procedure through which individuals, particularly those with risk factors for
a disease, are treated in order to prevent a disease from occurring.
Immunization
Immunization is the administration of vaccines to protect an individual from diseases and infections.
It can also be defined as the injection of dead or inactive disease causing micro-organisms into the
body that will cause the production of antibodies to elevate the body's defense mechanism against a
particular disease. It can also be called inoculation or vaccination.
Types of Immunization
i. Active immunization: utilizes an immunogen to generate a host response designed to
eliminate the malignant cells.
ii. Passive immunization: performed antibodies or cells are administered to directly eliminate
the transformed cells.
IMMUNITY
Immunity is the ability of the body to resist disease. It can also be defined as the protection provided
by antibodies in the blood against a particular disease.
There are two types of immunity:
i. Natural immunity: This is the type of immunity that an individual gets as a result of
antibodies in his/her body which makes the person to survive a particular disease even when
others die from it. Natural immunity provides protection for a long term.
ii. Artificial immunity: This is the type of immunity achieved by the administering of
vaccines through immunization to stimulate the production of antibodies that defend the body
against diseases.

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Prevention of germ infections
1. Wash hands with soap and water regularly.
2. Disinfect your environment
3. Get vaccinated
4. Proper garbage and waste disposal
5. The use of safe water and food supply
6. Personal hygiene
7. Stay at home if you have signs and symptoms of an infection
8. Proper handling and preparation of food
9. Do not eat raw meat
10. Cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze

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