SOCS3-RIZAL Rizal’s Education in Madrid (con...

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LESSON 1  He finished the coursework but failed to obtain the
Doctor’s diploma due to a lack of thesis submission and
I. The Scholar’s Journey unpaid fees.
 However, during Rizal’s time, a licentiate was enough to
May 3, 1882 practice medicine. At the age of 24, he also finished his
 Rizal quietly departed the Philippines, with only his licentiate in Philosophy and letters in 1885
brother, two sister, and few friends aware of his leaving.
 When Rizal’s parents learned of his departure, they were C. Paris
heartbroken and devastated.  Rizal arrived at Paris on June 17, 1883 to specialize in
 Jose’s primary goal in leaving for Europe in 1882 was to ophthalmology and wok as an assistant under Dr.
complete his education. Louis de Wrecker, a renowned French
 His secret mission: Study European cultures, laws, and ophthalmologist.
governments for the eventual liberation of the Philippines  As as result, Rizal significantly improved his skills in
from Spanish rule. conducting eye operations, diagnosing ailments, and
employing various eye surgery techniques.
A. Barcelona  Rizal met up with his friends, including painter Juan
 Rizal went on June 16, 1882 Luna and writer/medical student Maximo Viola.
 Since it was summer vacation when he arrived, he was  During his stay with Luna, Rizal became a model and
able to meet and socialize with acquaintances and posed for two historical paintings.
former classmate from the Ateneo  Also at this time, Rizal’s novel Noli Me Tangere was
half-finished.
B. Madrid
 September 12, 1882, Jose Rizal went to Madrid, D. Germany
following his brother advice to stay there for its  Due to high cost of living in Paris, Rizal left for
central location and educational opportunities. Germany in February 3, 1886.
 Engaged by writing for Diariong Tagalog under the  He arrived in Heidelberg, an old university town, and
pseudonym Laong Laan. worked as an assistant to Dr. Otto Becker, a
 El Amor Patrio (Love of Country) renowned German ophthalmologist at the University
 Rizal’s Essay that was published on August 20, Eye Hospital.
1882.  Rizal mastered the techniques of diagnosing eye
 This work focuses on the author’s views on the ailments under Dr. Becker, which he had first learned
Philippines, depicting it as a cherished from Dr. Wecker.
homeland deserving love and protection  The program emphasized operations less, but Rizal’s
 after writing “El Amor Patrio”, Rizal suspended hand-on experience in Paris made one of Dr.
writing articles about the country because of his Becker’s top students.
mother’s opposition.  While studying in Germany, Rizal heard of an
 The essay raise concerns among Spanish officials Austrian scholar intrigued by the Philippines.
about Rizal’s nationalism, prompting his mother;s Though unfamiliar, the scholar was eager to learn
fear of his arrest. more.
 Eager to share his knowledge, Rizal wrote a letter to
Rizal’s Education in Madrid the curious Austrian scholar Blumentritt, who was
 He had a difficult time during his stay in Madrid studying the Tagalog language.
 Rizal family faced financial decline due to crop failures  Blumentritt was delighted to receive Rizal’s letter and
and rising rentals of Dominican hacienda lands in their gift, and he reciprocated by sending Rizal two books.
hometown  Rizal and Blumentritt became close friends, and they
 As a result, the monthly allowance often delayed or not corresponded regularly for many years.
enough
 He was advised not to work and stay focused on his E. Berlin
mission  In November 1, 1886, Jose Rizal moved to Berlin,
 Rizal live frugally, allocating most of his money to Germany, aiming to explore ophthalmology, German
education. Attended classes hungry, sacrificing meals to culture, government, and met scientists.
cover exam fees and purchase necessary books and tools.  Rizal intended to publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere,
but he was sick, sad, and penniless.
June 25, 1884  His brother Paciano was unable to send him his
 He attended a banquet celebrating the success of Filipino monthly allowance due to crop failures in Calamba.
painters Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo at the  Learning of Rizal’s troubles, Maximo Viola lent him
Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes money for money for both his allowance and the
 Spolarium - Luna’s painting won gold medal printing cost of “Noli Me Tangere”
 Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho -  In 1887, 2,000 copies of Noli Me Tangere were
Hidalgo’s panting won silver medal distributed to Filipinos in Europe.
 At the banquet, Rizal gave a speech that would make  Bound copies were shipped to friends in Spain who
history. In his speech he said “genius knows no country” smuggled them into the Philippines disguised as
 Rizal’s speech was recorded by the reporters who attended merchandise.
the banquet, and it was published in the magazine “Los  Rizal took a ship form Marseilles and started home on
Dos Mundos.” July 5, 1887. He was finally ready to operate on his
 Rizal gained fame overnight as supportive Spaniards mother’s cataract
lauded his progressive speech in Filipino equality, and
Filipinos supporting the Propaganda Movement
congratulate him.
 just as fame beckoned, his family was worried about the
impact of is toast speech.
II. The Propagandist’s Journey A Mi Musa
 Rizal wrote a poem entitled “A Mi Musa” (To My
The Propaganda Movement Muse) that was published on La Solidaridad to
 In the late 19th Century, a group of young Filipino express his disappointment and to call for justice.
expatriates in Europe sparked a movement for reform
and national consciousness. H. Madrid
 The Propaganda Movement published its own newspaper,
La Solidaridad, which saw print every two weeks. Rizal Vs. Del Pilar
 Rizal discontent in Madrid stemmed from political issues,
La Solidaridad particularly disagreement with del Pilar and fellow
 Graciano Lopez Jaena was the first editor; and Filipino expatriates.
 Marcelo H. del Pilar took over in late 1889  The two men had different political visions, and Del
 Del Pilar manage the publication until the newspaper Pilar’s editorial policies alienated Rizal.
folded due to lack of funds.  In an attempt to resolve their differences, about 90
Filipinos met to elect a leader, called the Responsible.
The Propaganda Movement  The Responsible, would be responsible for unifying the
 was an assimilationist movement that was sought to fully group and ensuring that their work was coordinated.
incorporate the Philippines into Spain.  Unfortunately, the election produced a division among the
 They also wanted to empower the native Filipino clergy group: the Rizalistas and the Pilaristas.
and showcase Filipino intellectual sophistication to the  The election was held two times. and each time Rizal won
world. most votes.
 However, he did not received the required two-thirds
F. Philippines majority, so he was not declared the Responsible.
 Rizal returned to the Philippines in August 1887 after  On the 3rd day. Mariano Ponce urged some Pilaristas to
five yrs of living abroad. support Rizal, the the election resulted in Rizal’s
 He was greeted by controversy. The Jesuits at the becoming the Responsible.
Ateneo attempted to get him to returned to his old  However, Rizal declined the position because he knew
faith. that there were people who did not like either his views or
 There are friars who were resolute in silencing Rizal, personality.
preaching against him in church and publishing  Then Rizal left Madrid and no longer contributed to La
denouncing pamphlets.. Solidaridad, he arrived in Hong Kong on November 20,
 Nevertheless, Rizal stayed busy in Calamba by 1891.
establishing a medical clinic, with his mother as his
first patient. I. Hong Kong
 On August 30, 1887, Rizal left Calamba for Manila  Rizal went to Hongkong on February 3, 1888
with Governor-General Emilio Terrero, a liberal-  He decided to practice medicine in Hong Kong and he
minded Spanish official was granted a license to Practice.
 After reading the Novel, Terrero saw no issue with it,  His family also went to Hong Kong and they spent
Concerns for Rizal’s safety, he assigned Lieutenant their Christmas together.
Jose Taviel de Andrade for protection.  Even in peaceful life abroad, Rizal couldn’t shake
 At about the same time, Terrero ordered an thoughts of the struggle faced by tenant farmers in
investigation into the Calamba agrarian problems. Calamba.
 Rizal led the Calamba tenant’s investigation,  During his journey to Hong Kong from Marseilles,
presenting findings to Terrero that revealed the Rizal met William, Pryer, who managed the British
friars’ exploitation. North Borneo Company. This company had a lease
 Furious with Rizal’s findings, the friars demanded to oversee North Borneo.
Terrero to order Rizal to leave the country.  When Rizal heard about Pryer’s plans for the British
 Terrero refused, but he did advice Rizal to leave for Colony, he suggested creating a Filipino Colony in
his own safety. North Borneo for the evicted Calamba tenants.
 Rizal family and relatives advice him also to leave.  Pryer embraced Rizal’s proposal. Together the met the
 After 6 months in the Philippines, Rizal left for Hong Governor of North Borneo to discuss leasing 5,000
Kong. acres, with an option to buy more of 950 yrs.

G. Belgium LESSON 2: Rizal’s Excile, Trial, and Death

 In January 28, 1890, Rizal relocated to Brussels,
Belgium, seeking a more affordable and focused I. La Liga Filipina
lifestyle away from the high expenses and social  Rizal's friends and relatives warned him against
distraction of Paris. returning to the Philippines.
 Rizal was troubled by reports that some Filipinos in  But despite their warnings, Rizal, firmly believing that
Spain were gambling too much, and he feared that the battlefield was in the Philippines, sailed to
this was giving the friars ammunition to discredit the Manila on June 26, 1892, with his sister Lucia.
Propaganda Movement.  On July 3, 1892, together, they founded La Liga
 He urged Marcelo H. del Pilar reminds Filipinos in Filipina, which means "The Filipino League."
Madrid that their purpose was not to gamble but to
strive for Philippine freedom. The Liga’s Constitution outlined 5 purposes:
 Rizal also learned that his Family and relatives were 1. To unite the entire archipelago into a compact, vigorous,
evicted from their Calamba land due to increased and homogeneous body
rents imposed by Dominican Friars, making them to 2. To provide mutual protection in every grievance and need
refuse to pay. 3. To defence against violence and injustice
 Defending his family in court, Rizal tasted defeat, the 4. To encourage educational, agricultural, and enterprises
injustice fueled for Filipino rights. 5. To study and implement reforms.
La liga Filipina also has a motto in Latin  Months after being exiled to Dapitan, Rizal, along
 Unus Instar Omnium - which mean “One like all” with two other people, bought a lottery ticket,
 Liga's Masonic roots and secrecy are enough to arouse winning the second prize of P20,000
Spanish suspicion, even without seditious language in its  Their combined winnings were divided, leaving Rizal
constitution. with a substantial sum of P6,200
 Rizal then spent a portion of his winnings on buying
Question: Is Liga Just For Reform? agricultural lands along the coast of Talisay
 Historians have different perspectives on whether La Liga  On his purchased land, he built a house, established a
aimed for complete independence or merely sought to farm, set up a school, and even opened a clinic
become a Spanish province.  Through these endeavors, he seamlessly embraced the
roles of a farmer, a teacher, and a physician
a) Reformist
 Many early historians believe that Rizal favored 1. Farmer
reforms over separation, aligning with the  Rizal's upbringing as a member of an inquilino family
Propaganda Movement's goals. instilled in him a deep connection to farming
 Rizal's own socio-civic organization, La Liga Filipina,  Rizal bought farmland in Dapitan, initially growing rice
was also a reformist group, but this time, it sought to and corn. He later partnered with his brother-inlaw to sell
broaden the participation of Filipinos in the abaca, a profitable crop in Manila
campaign for change.  When Rizal found the locals' agriculture and fishing
 It was a continuation of the assimilationist ideals of methods outdated, he helped them
the Propaganda Movement, but now with a wider
reach. 2. Teacher
b) Separatist  In Talisay, he founded a school that emphasized school-
 According to Floro Quibuyen, Rizal's departure was a based management and community-based education,
manifestation of his radical shift to separatism and defying 19th century norms
his disillusionment with Spain.  As an agriculturist, Rizal incorporated nature study into
 In Floro’s book "A Nation Aborted," he stated this is his school's curriculum, fostering appreciation for the
evident in the first point of Liga's constitution. natural world.
 Rizal and his students collected various flora and fauna,
 While historians continue to debate Liga's motives, we can which he then sent to his academic friends in Europe in
be sure that the organization did not last long. exchange of books
 Just three days after founding La Liga Filipina, Rizal  Rizal also had a passion for conchology, the study and
faced arrest at Malacañang. The Spanish cited a prior, collection of shells.
unrelated reason.  Rizal also discovered new species of animals, which were
named after him.
June 26, 1892 (Manila, Sunday)  The influence of Rizal's education at Ateneo were also
 Rizal and his sister were greeted by carabiniers and a evident in his teaching methods during his exile in
major upon arrival in Manila. Dapitan.
 Their luggage were inspected at the customs house. After  To effectively manage his classroom, he divided his
that, the officials let them pass without any issues students into two groups based on their height: "grandes"
 Found on her sister’s pillowcase. A package of "seditious (big) and "pequenos" (small)
paper “ satirizing wealthy Dominican friars was  Using his Ateneo-honed surveying skills, he also
confiscated and brought to the attention of Governor- constructed a water system in Dapitan, providing clean
General Despujol. water to homes lacking access before
 Rizal denied that the leaflets belonged to him or his sister  Rizal, with Ateneo professor Fr. Sanchez's help, created a
but was arrested anyway and escorted to Fort Santiago. significant relief map of Mindanao.
 Manila newspapers published the Governor General's  Rizal's school in Talisay served as a model for the type of
decree, outlining four charges that led to Rizal's exile. education he believed was necessary for the country's
 Now that Rizal is gone, La Liga Filipina became inactive progress
and began to fell apart.
3. Physician
II. The Bitter Sweet Life in Dapitan  In Dapitan, Rizal continued his medical practice, offering
 July 17,1892 - Rizal, together with his guard Captain free care to those in need.
Ricardo Carnicero, arrived in Dapitan. (Exile in  He extended his reach by making house calls, ensuring
Dapitan- July 17, 1892) that healthcare was accessible to the sick and infirm.
 From 1892 to 1896, Rizal lived in exile in Dapitan, a  Even when paid for his services, Rizal found ways to
remote town in Mindanao because it was inaccessible, channel his earnings for the betterment of Dapitan.
underdeveloped, and under the control of the Jesuits,  Rizal's medical profession also led to a remarkable
who hoped to reform his Catholic faith. encounter.
 While they curbed his political rights, Spanish  As the story goes, Rizal had become one of the most
authorities still allowed him to move freely and respected ophthalmologists in the Philippines
participate in civic activities.
 Their goal was to “tame" him so that he would be less Rizal and Josephine Bracken
likely to entertain ideas of "subversion.  Hoping for Rizal's healing touch, ailing George Taufer
 Instead of losing hope in life, Rizal transformed his journeyed from Hong Kong to Dapitan with adopted
exile into a period of meaningful contribution. daughter Josephine Bracken
 Rizal was a teetotaler and non-smoker, but he had a  Josephine, an 18-year-old Irish woman, was likely
fondness for the lottery. captivated by Rizal's intellect, charm, and wit, and fell
 Wenceslao Retana, called the lottery Rizal's "only deeply in love with him
vice.”  Rizal, in turn, was smitten by Josephine's beauty and
eagerness
 After just one month of romance, they expressed their III. Trial of the Century
desire to marry each other  November 3, 1896, dumating si Rizal sa Maynila at dinala
 However, their relationship was met with disapproval sa Fort Santiago para ikulong.
from others  After two and half week, November 20, 1896, sinimulan
 Tauffer attempted suicide due to his strong disapproval ang 5 day preliminary trial sa ilalim ng Judge Advocate na
of their planned marriage si Colonel Francisco Olive.
 Rizal's family also disapproved, possibly because of
conservative views on marriage and Rizal hinting at Charges Against Rizal
cohabitation with Josephine without marriage  Two type of evidence against Rizal
 Despite their opposition, Rizal and Josephine continued to 1. 15 Documentaries
be with each other and even had a child together that 2. 13 Testimonial
sadly passed away  Pero ilan sa mga documents ay nasa Laguna pa at hindi
pa nakukuha.
December 19, 1893  Mapapafinalize pa ang mga papeles laban kay Rizal sa
 In a letter to his dear friend Ferdinand Blumentritt , Jose April 1898, 16 months from now.
Rizal painted a vivid picture of his idyllic life in Dapitan
Oral Testimones of the Katipuneros
Revolutionary Movement 1. Martin Constantino
 Rizal's exile coincided with the burgeoning revolutionary  Pulis sa Bulacan
movement  Ayon sa kanya, ang layunin ng katipunan ay i-
 While attempts were made to reorganize Rizal's massacre lahat ng kastila at iproklama ang kalayaan
organization, the La Liga Filipina ultimately split into ng bansa.
two groups:  After imassacre lahat, magiging pinuno si Rizal then
1. Concervatives (peaceful, advocate reforms) they will establish headquarters in Maynila.
2. Radicals 2. Aguedo del Rosario
 To inform Rizal of Katipunan's founding and planned  Bookbinder sa Mindoro
revolution, Pio Valenzuela and Raymundo Mata visited  Rizal is the honorary president of Katipunan.
him in Dapitan  May nakabitin siyang larawan sa session hall ng
 During their conversation, Valenzuela informed Rizal of Supreme Council
the Katipunan's plans and their plan to help him escape  Sinabihan siya ni Pio Valenzuela kay Rizal na may
 However, Rizal declined the offer and stated that the mangyayaring pag-aalsa
people were not ready for a revolution
Luis Taviel de Andrade
Why did Rizal Object?  Kapatid ng bodyguard ni Rizal na magdedefend sa kanya
 Rizal's meeting with Pio, where he refused to join the  Binigyan si Rizal ng 106 names ng mga military officers
revolution, is used by some to argue he wasn't for na maari niyang maging defense council pero ang pinili
independence. niya si Andrade na isang Lieutenant.
 According to the historian Zaide, Rizal objected to
Bonifacio's project to plunge the country into a bloody Rizal as the Leader
revolution because of his "sincere belief that it was  Walang idea si Rizal na ginagamit ang identity niya sa
premature" and that "arms and funds must be collected revolution.
first before raising the cry of revolution."  Walang alam si Rizal na ginagamit ang pagalan niya as
 Another way to support the claim that Rizal was not password at ginagamit ang picture niya.
against the Philippine Revolution is his letter to  Hindi pumayag na gamitin ang pangalan niya bilang
Blumentritt in 1887, in which he wrote: The revolutionary “Rallying Cry”
attempt was premature and risky
 During their meeting, Rizal suggested both obtaining After the Prelimanary Investigation
support from Manila's wealthy and acquiring  Colonel Francisco Olive transmit the records (evidences)
ships/weapons from Japan. to Governor-General Ramon Blanco
 Dr. Blumentritt suggested that Rizal offer his services as a  After that, Captain Rafael Dominguez appointed as
military doctor in Cuba in exchange for ending his exile. Special Judge Advocate
 This is because in Cuba, a revolution against Spain was  Captain Dominguez given a task kung anong
unfolding alongside an epidemic of yellow fever corresponding action na pwedeng ibigay kay Rizal
 After mabuod ni Captain Dominguez ang mga accusation
The Arrest ay ibinigay na ito kay Judge Advocate General Don
 When Cuba was under revolution and raging yellow fever Nicolas de la Peña upang manghingi ng legal opinion.
epidemic, Rizal wrote to Governor General Ramon
Blanco offering his service as a military doctor. He Peña give 4 recommendation
approved the request of Rizal on July 1, 1896 1. Agad na litisin si Rizal
 Finally, after 4 years, Rizal was no longer in exile 2. Kailangang ikulong
 However, the Philippines was also experiencing its own 3. Ikumpiska ang mga ari-arian ni Rizal na maghahalaga ng
revolution, spearheaded by Bonifacio and the Katipunan isang Limyong piso bilang bayad pinsala
 While Rizal was en route to Cuba via Spain, the ship he 4. Hindi civilian lawyer kundi army officer ang
was on received a telegram from the authorities ordering magtatanggol sa kanya sa hukuman
his arrest.
 The Military Commander of Barcelona, Despujol, December 8, 1896
informed him that he would be taken back to Manila  Pinili ni Rizal si Lt. Andrade
 He was imprisoned in Barcelona on October 6, 1896, and
was sent back the same day to Manila. December 11, 1896
 The reason? He was believed to be involved in the  Sa kanyang prison cell, pormal nang binasa ang
ongoing revolution impormasyon tungkol sa kanyang kaso
 “Rizal is the principal organizer and the very soul of the  After the request, Rizal thanked Lt. Andrade for his valiat
Philippine insurrection, author of association, periodicals efforts defending him in the military court.
and books cultivation of ideas instigating the people to  Rizal remained calmed. A spanish military doctor checked
rebellion and sedition; and supreme head of the national Rizal’s pulse and found it to be strangely normal
revolution movement.  Jesuit were the last to leave Rizal. They raised a crufix to
 Rizal’s answer is Not Guilty Rizal’s face and lips, but he turned his head and prepared
to meet his death
December 13, 1896  The captain raised his saber in the air, ordered his men to
 Pinalitan ang Governor-General get ready, and barked the commands: “Prepare!”
 Sa kasalukuyan, ang nasa posisyon ay si Camilo G. de “Apunte!” “Fuego!”
Polavieja  As he lay down, someone gave him a final “mercy shot” o
“Tiro de Gracia” to the head. breaking the captain’s
December 15, 1896 promise to him.
 Nagsulat si Rizal ng manifesto at dito sinabi niya ang  His time of death was recorded at 7;03 a.m.
mga sumusund  Rizal’s wishes were disregarded. He was not returned to
 Hindi kailanman naging bahagi ng rebellion his family. Instead, he was buried in an unmarked grave
 Ginamit ang kanyang pangalan para magrecruit without a proper funeral.
 Kinunsulta siya about rebulosyon pero nagpayo na  Later his body was exhumed and placed in an ivory urn.
huwag nang ituloy  In 1912, the urn was finally entombed at the base of the
 Hindi napapanahon ang rebelyon Rizal monument
 Dapat sa awtoridad ang reporma at hindi sa
mamamayan LESSON 3: RIZAL’S ANNOTATION OF ANTONIO
MORGA’S “ SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS
Rizal Manifesto
 Isang evidence na ayaw ni Rizal ng rebulosyon ANNOTATION
 In Manifesto “ From the beginning.. I opposed it, I fought  A note of explanation or comment added to a text or
against it, and i made clear that it was absolutely diagram.
impossible
 Absurd, disastrous, and criminals - words of strong ANTONIO DE MORGA
disapproval  Spanish lawyer and a government official during the
 The December 1896 manifesto: Rizal was not against the 17 th Century.
revolution but it was premature.  Historical Anthropologist
 Author of Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas
IV. Death and Aftermath  Wrote the first lay formal history of the Philippines
conquest by Spain.
December 29, 1896  He is a doctorate in Canon and Civil Law
 In the early morning (6 AM) Captain Dominguez read
Rizal his death and sentence MEANING OF SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS
 Tomorrow at 7 am in Bagumbayan, he’ll be shot by a  Las Islas Filipinas means “ The Philippine Island ” in
firing squad English and was named in honor of King Philip II of
 Later that day, Rizal received a visit from his mother and Spain .
sister, Trinidad  Sucesos means the work of an honest observer, a
 The following scene was hearth-wrenching. Teodora and versatile bureaucrat, who knew the workings of the
Rizal wept openly, while Rizal knelt before his mother, administration from the inside.
pleading for forgiveness.
 The Spanish guards, however, remained unmoved, ABOUT SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS
preventing a physical contact between the family  One of the important works of the Philippines about
members. the colonization of Spain, published by Antonio De
 As Trinidad went to get their mother, Rizal passed her an Morga in Mexico 1609.
alcohol stove. He whispered in english “There something  Explains the political, social and economical aspects
inside”, knowing the guards wouldn’t understand of a colonizer and the colonized country.
 Inside the stove was an untitled and undated poem, later  The book is based on the experience and observation
given the name “Mi Ultimo Adios.” of Antonio De Morga.
 Rizal wrote letter to his friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt.  Annotated by Jose Rizal with a prologue by Dr.
 In the morning, just an hour of his execution, he wrote a Ferdinand Blumentritt.
letter to Paciano
 In a letter, Rizal also expressed his final wishes. PURPOSE OF SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS
 Ilibing sa lupa at lagyan ng lapidang bato at crus.  Morga (1609) wrote that the purpose for writing
Pangalan at petsa ng kapanganakan at kamatayan Sucesos was so he could chronicle "the deeds
 Walang anibersaryo achieved by our Spaniards, the discovery, conquest,
and conversion of the Filipinas Islands - as well as
Decembr 30, 1896 various fortunes that they have from time to time in
 At dawn, Rizal, in black, walked towards his execution at the great kingdoms and among the pagan peoples
Bagumbayan surrounding the islands.
 8 Filipino soldiers formed the firing squad facing Jose  " Purpose of sucesos De las islas fifilipinas”.
Rizal. Behind them stood an line of Spanish troops, ready
to kill any Filipino soldier who hesitate or missed their WHAT, WHY, AND HOW OF JOSE RIZALWHAT LEAD
mark. JOSE RIZAL TO MORGA’S WORK
 Rizal aware of his doom, requested to face his
executioners while unblindfolded 1. WHAT LEAD JOSE RIZAL TO MORGA’S WORK
 Rizal consented to turn, but asked to be shot in the back  Rizal was an earnest seeker of truth and this marked
instead of the head. The commander agreed. him as historian.
  He had a burning desire to know exactly the condition
of the Philippines when the Spaniards came ashore FERDINAND BLUEMENTRITT ’ S PROLOGUE TO
to the islands. SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS
 His theory was that the country was economically self-  He wrote it in Spanish even though German is his native
sufficient and prosperous . Entertained the idea that language.
it had a lively and vigorous community.  Encouraged Rizal to write about the Philippines ’ pre-
 He believed the conquest of the Spaniards contributed colonial History.
in part to the decline of the Philippine ’ s rich  He praised Rizal’ s works as “ Scholarly and well-thought
traditions and culture. out”.
 Noted that the book is so rare that very few libraries has
2. WHY JOSE RIZAL CHOSE MORGA’S WORK it and guarded it like a treasure
 Rizal felt Morga to be more "objective" than the
religious writers whose accounts included many LESSON 4: Noli Me Tangere
miracle stories.
 Morga, compared to religious chroniclers, was more Printing of Noli Me Tangere
sympathetic to the indios ; and finally, Morga was  Jose Rizal started in Madrid (1884), continued in Paris
not only an eyewitness but a major actor in the (1885) and completed it in Germany (1886)
events he narrates.  Dr. Maximo Viola, a wealthy friend from San Miguel,
 Rizal's second consideration for the choice of Morga Bulacan, paid for the printing of Noli Me Tangere and
was that it was the only civil , as opposed to religious helped Rizal financially.
or ecclesiastical, history of the Philippines written  Rizal remove some parts of Noli Me Tangere to reduce
during the colonial period. printing costs.
 The third consideration for the choice of Morga was  He deleted certain passages, including an entire
Rizal ’ s opinion that this secular account was more chapter entitled Elias and Salome.
objective, more trustworthy, than those written by the  The first printed copies of Noli Me Tangere were sent to
religious missionaries which were liberally sprinkled some of his close friends like Blumentritt, Antonio Ma.
with tales of miracles and apparitions. Regidor, GracianoLopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce, and Felix
 The fourth consideration in Rizal's choice of the [Link]
Morga was that it appeared more sympathetic , at  The title Noli Me Tangere means ‘Touch Me Not’ and was
least in parts, to the indios, in contrast to the friar inspired from the Bible (John 20:13-28), where Jesus tells
accounts, many of which were biased or downright Mary Magdalene “Touch Me Not”.
racist in tone and interpretation.  Rizal supervised the printing of Noli Me
 The fifth and last consideration was that Morga was Tangere alongside Maximo Viola.
an eyewitness, and therefore a primary source , on  They proofread the pages together at the printing shop.
the Philippines and its people at the point of fifirst  The novel was first printed on March 21, 1887.
contact with Spain.  He gave Viola the galley proofs, not just a regular copy, as
a sign of gratitude.
3. HOW DID JOSE RIZAL KNOW ABOUT MORGA ’ S
WORK Attackers
 Rizal found the book while he was in London at the  Fr. Jose Rodriguez
British Museum’s reading room.  Father Font
 He hand copied the whole 351 pages of the book.  General Jose de Salamanca
 And annotated every chapter of it.  General Luis M. de Prado
 It was the first historical work on the Philippines by a  Sr. Fernando Vida
Filipino . It is the fifirst history written from the  Vicente Barrantes
point of view of the colonized not the colonizer.
Defenders
RIZAL’S PURPOSE OF ANNOTATING MORGA’S WORK  Marcelo H. Del Pilar
 To awaken the consciousness of the Filipinos regarding  Dr. Antonio Ma. Regido
their glorious ways of the past.  Graciano Lopez Jaena
 To correct what has been distorted about the Philippines  Mariano Ponce
due to Spanish Conquest.  Father Sanchez
 To prove that the Filipinos are civilized/advanced even  Don Segismundo Moret
before the coming of the Spaniards .  Dr. Miguel Morayta
 Professor Blumentritt
RIZAL’S ANNOTATION  Rev. Vicente Garcia
 The people of the Philippines had a culture on their own,  Desiderio Magalon
before the coming of the Spaniards.  Other Filipino reformists in foreign lands
 The people of the pre-Hispanic Philippines is advanced ,
has high literacy rate, self suffiffifficient and has smooth Characters of Noli Me Tangere
foreign relations. 1. Crisostomo Ibarra
 Filipinos were decimated, demoralized, exploited and  Juan Crisostomo Ibarra y Magsalin
ruined by the Spanish colonization.  He studied in Europe for seven years. When he came
 The present state of the Philippines was not necessarily back, he wanted to continue his father’s good deeds,
superior to its past. but the friars were against him.
 In his annotation, he included the colonial history of the  Returns to the Philippines and discovers his father’s
Philippines, being in prolonged periods of suffffering that tragic faith
many people have been subjected to.  Aspire to honor his father’s memory by helping the
 “ The Philippines was depopulated, impoverished and country
retorted, astounded by metaphor, with no confifidence in
their past, still without faith in her present and without
faltering hope in the future”.
2. Maria Clara  It depicted oppression, injustice, and the conflict between
 Maria Clara De los Santos y Alba reason and fanaticism.
 The ideal Filipino woman; Ibarra’s childhood  Rizal aimed to awaken Filipinos and inspire
sweetheart change through his novel.
 Raise by Tiya Isabel and sent to Beaterio de Santa
Clara LESSON 5: Background of the Publication of EL
 Padre Damaso is her real father FILIBESTERISMO
 She is the daughter of Kapitan Tiago but later
discovered that her real father is a friar. Elias and Salome, the Missing Chapters.
 This is missing in the original chapter Noli Me Tangere.
3. Padre Damaso The Missing Part.
 a Franciscan friar who ruled San Diego for years. He  This chapter follows chapter XXIV - "In the Woods".
look down on Filipinos and had a secret relationship  The particular chapter on Elias and Salome was deleted
with Doña Pia by Rizal. His reason for doing so was definitely economic.
 Known for his arrogance, cruelty, and hatred toward
Ibarra El Filibusterismo
 Disrespect Ibarra’s father leading to conflict  Rizal arrived in Ghent, Belgium, he searched for a
printing press with the lowest cost for the publication of
4. Kapitan Tiago his Fili. The F. Meyer Van Loo Press
 Don Satiago de los Santos  The money he received from Basa and Php 200.00 from
 He is a wealthy businessman who supports the church Rodriguez Arias were also used up and much more was
and government officials. However, He end up needed to pay the printing press.
ruining his own family.  The printing had to be suspended because he could no
 Close to church and government due to donations longer give the needed amount; in a moment of despair,
 Owns properties in Pampanga, Laguna, nd San Diego he almost hurled the manuscript into flames, just as he
 Becomes addicted to Opium almost did to Noli in Berlin.
 Help came from Valentin Ventura in Paris who learned
5. Elias of Rizal's predicament.
 His family was wronged by the Ibarras, but he still  Ventura sent him the necessary funds, the printing of the
chose to help Crisostomo. He saved his life multiple book was resumed.
times and sacrificed himself for him
 Comes from a family oppressed by the Ibarra’s for Printing of El Fili
generations.  EOn September 18, 1891, El Filibusterismo was printed.
 Originally from a wealthy family but later discover his  Rizal sent two copies to Basa and Sixto Lopez in
dark past HongKong and complimentary copies to friends like
 Loyal to Ibarra despite their family history Blumentritt, Mariano Ponce, Graciano Lopez Jaena,
 Sacrifice himself for Ibarra, getting shot by guards. Pardo de Tavera, and the Luna brothers.
 He donated the original manuscript and an autographed
6. Sisa printed copy.
 She is a loving mother to Basilio and Crispin. Her  The novel was serialized in El Nueva Regimen, a liberal
husband is abusive, and after losing her children, she Madrid newspaper, starting in October 1891. Rizal
lose her min. dedicated the novel to Gom- Bur-Za in honor of their
 Dies in the arms of Basilio at the end of the Novel martyrdom.

Representationof theCharacters The Manuscript and the Book

1. Crisostomo Ibarra - Represents the idealism of the  The original manuscript of El Filibusterismo, written by
privileged youth; Rizal's reflection of himself. Rizal, is preserved in the National Library.
2. Elias - Symbolizes the common Filipino who prefers  It was acquired from Valentin Ventura by the Philippine
revolution over reforms; likened to Andres Bonifacio. Government for Php 10,000.
3. Kapitan Tiago - Represents rich Filipinos who side with  The manuscript consists of 279 pages of long sheets of
the Spaniards and ignore the poor. paper.
4. Maria Clara - Symbolizes the purity and innocence of a  It contains two features — Foreword and Warning — that
sheltered native woman, influenced by Rizal ’ s love, are not present in the printed book.
Leonor Rivera.  Additionally, the title page includes an inscription written
5. Doña Victorina - Represents Filipinos who are ashamed by Ferdinand Blumentritt.
of their identity and try to act Spanish.
6. Pilosopo Tasyo - Represents wise Filipinos who saw the Characters of El Filibusterismo
country’s problems but felt hopeless. 1. Simoun
7. Padre Sibyla - Symbolizes friars who knew about injustices  Crisostomo Ibarra in disguise, left for dead at the end
but stayed quiet to keep their position. of Noli me tangere.
8. Padre Damaso - Represents corrupt and abusive Spanish  Ibarra has resurfaced as the wealthy jeweler, Simoun,
friars who used religion for personal gain. sporting a beard, blue-tinted glasses, and a revolver.
9. Sisa - Symbolizes the suffering of the motherland,  Fueled by his mistreatment at the hands of the
oppressed and unable to protect her children. Spaniards and his fury at Maria Clara's fate, Simoun
10. Basilio & Crispin - Represent innocent Filipinos who were secretly plans a revolution to seek revenge against
unjustly accused and persecuted. those who wronged him.

Philippine Society in the 19th Century 2. Basilio

 Noli Me Tangere exposed the suffering of Filipinos under  The son of Sisa from Noli Me Tangere.
abusive Spanish colonizers.  After his mother's death, he became a vagabond until
 The novel reflected the social, moral, and political Captain Tiago took him in, offering him a home and
struggles of the 19th-century Philippines. schooling in exchange for working as a houseboy.
  In El Filibusterismo, Basilio is a graduating medical Rizal’s Dedication
student who uncovers Simoun's true identity and  Rizal dedicated El Filibusterismo to the three martyred
forms a friendship with him. priests of the Gomburza—Fathers Mariano Gomez, José
 His girlfriend is Juli. Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora —who were executed by the
Spanish in 1872.
3. Isagani  In his dedication, Rizal condemns the Spanish government
 Basilio's idealistic friend and a student who dreamed for falsely accusing the priests of treason and executing
of establishing a new school. them. He criticizes the injustice and hypocrisy of the
 He was in love with Paulita Gómez, but they broke up colonial system, expressing his sorrow and anger over
after his arrest. Despite this, he still loved her. their deaths.
 Isagani thwarted Simoun's plan by removing the  He acknowledges their martyrdom as a symbol of the
explosive lamp and throwing it into the water Filipino struggle for freedom and hopes that their
sacrifice will inspire future generations to fight for justice
4. Kabesang Tales and independence.
 A former cabeza de barangay of Sagpang, who later
became the feared bandit Matanglawin.
 He is the son of Tandang Selo and father of Juli and
Tano.

5. Father Florentino
 Isagani's godfather and a secular priest, who was once
engaged but chose the priesthood after pressure from
his mother.
 His decision appears ambivalent, as he later accepts
an assignment to a remote area, hinting at inner
conflict.

6. Paulita Gomez
 Isagani's former girlfriend and the niece of Doña
Victorina.
 She married Juanito Peláez, believing she had no
future with Isagani, and broke up with him for a
more secure life.

7. Father Fernandez
 A priest and friend of Isagani, who promised to
support the students' demands and assured Isagani
that he and other priests would give in to their
requests.

Major Theme of El Fili

 The major theme of El Filibusterismo (Fili) revolves
around political revolution and the struggle for justice.
 Unlike Noli Me Tangere, which is a romantic and
emotional novel, Fili is darker, focusing on bitterness,
pain, violence, and sorrow.
 It critiques the oppressive Spanish rule in the Philippines
and highlights the consequences of injustice and
corruption.
 The novel portrays the transformation of its protagonist,
Simoun, from an idealist into a vengeful figure seeking
revolution.
 The themes emphasize the suffering of Filipinos, the need
for change, and the dangers of radicalism.

Comparison of Noli and El Fili

 Noli Me Tangere is a romantic novel filled with humor,
lightness, and freshness, while El Filibusterismo is a
political novel filled with bitterness, pain, violence, and
sorrow.
 Noli is considered the "book of the heart," whereas Fili is
the "book of the head."
 Some biographers, like Wenceslao Retana, believed Fili
was superior to Noli, while others, like Rafael Palma,
argued that Noli was better.
 Noli was written to expose the suffering of Filipinos,
while Fili was meant to inspire revolution and change.
 The novels complement each other, both revealing the
realities of Spanish colonial rule.