1.

Digestion & absorption of lipids (2019)

2. Describe the steps of beta oxidation of fatty acids from palmitic acid to acetyl CoA.
(2019)
3. Fatty liver (2019)
4. Metabolism of high-density lipoprotein & its significance (2020)
5. Formation & utilization of ketone bodies (2021)
6. Functions of phospholipids (2021)
7. Define lipoproteins? Mention the different lipoproteins involved in transport of lipids.
Explain metabolism of dietary lipids under the following headlng (2021)
a) Assembly of dietary lipids
b) Transport
c) Utilization in peripheral tissues
d) Metabolic fate
8. Describe the β – oxidation of saturated fatty acids. Explain the role of co-enzymes &
write the energetics of complete oxidation of palmitic acid. (2022)
9. What is the normal cholesterol level? Name the products synthesis from cholesterol.
Mention the pathological causes of hypercholesterolemia. (2022)
10. Explain how long chain fatty acids are transported into the mitochondria. (2021)
11. Mention the role of carnitine in β-oxidation.
12. Describe cholesterol biosynthesis up to the formation of mevalonate. Explain the
regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis. Mention two causes of hypercholesterlemia
(2023)
13. Name three phospholipids & write their biological importance (2023)
14. Write the steps of β-oxidation of palmitic acid. Add a note on energetics. (2022)
15. Essential fatty acids. (2022)
16. A 60-year-old obese man, who underwent master health check – up was found to have
mild hepatomegaly with fatty liver changes. (2022)
a) What is fatty liver?
b) Enumerate the causes of fatty liver
c) Explain the role of lipotropic factors in preventing fatty liver.
17. Describe steps in ketogenesis. Mention two conditions associated with ketonuria.
(2022)
18. Mention three functions of cholesterol. (2022)
19. What are Lipoproteins? How are they classified? How is Chylomicrons metabolized?
(2023)
20. A 48- year -old man diagnosed with myocardial infarction (MI) had an altered lipid
profile with elevated total cholesterol & LDL cholesterol.
a) Write the biological reference interval of LDL cholesterol.
b) Explain the formation of LDL cholesterol.
c) Reason out why LDL cholesterol is atherogenic. (2023)
21. Explain the functions of peroxisomes & describe their role in fatty acid oxidation.
(2023)
22. What is fatty liver? Mention any two lipotropic factors. (2023)
23. Write the biochemical cause of respiratory distress syndrome in premature babies.
(2023)
24. What are phospholipids? Mention the biochemical importance of lecithin & cephalin.
(2024)
25. Explain the process of steps of β- oxidation of fatty acids & energetics. (2024)
26. Essential fatty acids. (2024)
27. What is the normal serum total cholesterol level? Name four biologically important
compounds formed from cholesterol. Describe the transport of cholesterol from liver
to peripheral tissues & back. (2024)
28. How are liposomes formed? Mention the clinical applications of liposomes. (2024)
29. What are lipotrophic factors? Give four examples of lipotrophic factors. (2024)
30. Name the essential fatty acids. Mention three biological importance poly unsaturated
fatty acids. (2024)
31. Write the functions of the following lipases. (2024)
a) Lipoprotein lipases
b) Hormone sensitive lipase
c) Phospholipase A2
32. Mention any three phospholipids & write their functions.
33. Name three hormone secreted from adipose tissue & mention their functions.
34. How is palmitic acid activated & transported to mitochondria? Describe its oxidation
in mitochondria. How many ATP’s are generated when one palmitic acid is
completely oxidized.
35. Explain malate-aspartate shuttle & glycerol-phosphate shuttle pathway.
36. Mention the role of oxidized LDL in atherogenesis.
37. What is carnitine? Expalin its role in transport of fatty acids for oxidtion process.
38. Fatty liver.
39. Name the bile salts & mention their functions.
40. Explain the metabolism of HDL. Substantiate why HDL is called as ‘good
cholesterol’.
41. Explain the steps in the synthesis & breakdown of ketone bodies.
42. Name the ketone bodies. Describe the formation & utilization of ketone bodies.
43. What are essemtial amino acids? Give examples.
44. A teenage girl was hospitalised with complaints of tiredness & muscle pains. Doctor
examined herr & found weakness in arms & legs. Biochemical investigations revealed
elevated amount of triacylglycerols esterified with long chain fatty acids. Muscle
biopsy showed significant number of lipids.
45. A 50 years old male presents to the clinic because of concerns about the heart disease.
He reports that his father died from a heart attack at the age of 45 & older brother also
had heart attack, but survived & is on medications for elevated cholesterol. The
patients reports chest pain & shortness of breath. His blood cholesterol levels were
350mg / dl & were prescribed medications directed to inhibit the rate limiting steps in
chiolesterol synthesis.
46. Outline the steps of LDL metabolism. Justify the statement “LDL is usually referred
to as bed cholesterol”.
47. Enumerate the steps involved in formation & utilization of ketone bodies. Mention the
physiological significance of ketone bodies.
48. Discuss the steps of digestion of lipids.
49. Classify compound lipids with examples roe each class.
50. Mention the components of pulmonary surfactant. Discuss its biological role &
clinical importance. What is the importance of lecithin/ sphingomyelin ratio?
51. Justify the following: lipid is a better storage fuel when compared of carbohydrates.
52. List essential fatty acids & their importance.
53. Discuss the properties & functions of phospholipids
54. What are essential fatty acids? What are the functions of essential fatty acids?
55. Name the ketone bodies. Describe the formation & utilization of ketone bodies.
56. What is fatty liver? Mention any two lipotropic factors.
57. Mention three functions of cholesterol.
58. Mention two phospholipids & their importance.
59. Name the ketone bodies. Describe the steps in ketogenesis.
60. Mention three functions of cholesterol
61. Name three essential fatty acids.
62. Name the ketone bodies. How are they synthesized? Justify, “why ketone bodies are
increased in starvation”?
63. Discuss fatty liver in detail. Add a note on lipotropic factors.
64. 3 functions of cholesterol
65. Describe beta oxidation of a 16 C saturated fatty acid & its energetics. Explain the
role of carnitine in beta oxidation.
66. Explain ONLY with a neat labelled diagram, the “LDL Metabolism”
67. A primigravida with 28 wks of gestation had premature rupture of membranes & gave
birth to a premature live baby of 1.2kg. After few hours the infant showed rapid,
labored, grunting respirations. X ray showed ground glass appearance.
a) What is the provisional diagnosis?
b) Explain the biochemical basis of this disorder
c) How to assess the fetal lung maturity before delivery?
d) Classify complex lipids in details with their biochemical roles in the body.
68. Mention the various functions of prostaglandins.
69. Name an essential fatty acid
70. A 56 years old patient was brought by his attendants to the hospital in comatose state.
His lab report includes:
Blood sugar (fasting) – 270mg%, Blood sugar (post prandial) – 478mg%
Benedicts test with urine – positive, test for ketone bodies – positive, glycated Hb
levels: 10.5%
a) What is the probable diagnosis?
b) Name the ketone bodies
c) Discuss in details how the ketone bodies are synthesized & metabolized in the
with regulation?
d) Explain; Why ketone bodies are high in this metabolic condition.
71. Fat is burnt on the wick of carbohydrates
72. Draw the structure of phospholipids. Classify them in detail. Mention three important
functions of phospholipids.
73. What are essential amino acid? Give examples.
74. Justify the statement; Beta oxidation of fatty acids stimulates gluconeogenesis
75. Brown adipose tissue & its importance
76. Why ketone bodies are elevated in long standing diabetes mellitus
77. Draw the structure of phospholipids. Classify them in details. Mention four
importance functions of phospholipids.
78. What are essential fatty acids? Name them. What is their importance & name the
disorder in their deficiency?
79. Discuss the β – oxidation of fatty acids under the following headings
80. Explain the biochemical basis for the following
81. Name the ketone bodies. Describe ketogenesis. Explain the metabolic changes leading
to the ketoacidosis.
82. Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Triglycerides.
 MCQ’s
1. The site of action of hormone sensitive lipase is in
a) Small intestine
b) Capillary walls
c) Mouth
d) Adipocytes
2. Which one of the lipoprotein fraction is elevated in
hyperlipoproteinemia type II A
a) VLDL
b) LDL
c) HDL
d) Chylomicrons
3.Nitrogenous base ethanolamine is present in
a) Phosphatidyl inositol
b) Plasmalogen
c) Cephalin
d) Lecithin
4. Which of the following is a ketone body
a) β- Hydroxybutyrate
b) Acyl- dihydroxycetone phosphate
c) L- methylmalonyl CoA
d) 2,3 diacylglycerol
5. Which of the following is an example of add chain fatty acid?
a) Butyric acid
b) Lauric acid
c) Propionic acid
d) Palmitic acid
6. Which one of the following is rich in saturated fatty acid?
a) Coconut oil
b) Groundout oil
c) Corn oil
d) Sesame oil
7. Which one of the following lipids is stored in adipose tissue?
a) Triglyceride
b) Phospholipid
c) Cholesterol ester
d) free fatty acids
8. The rate limiting enzyme in denovo cholesterol synthesis is
a) Acetoacetyl – CoA synthase
b) HMG CoA synthase
c) HMG CoA reductase
d) Mevalonate kinase
9. Which of the following conditions is associated with secondary
hyperlipidemia?
a) Hyperthyroidism
b) Chronic pancreatitis
c) Hepatitis C infection
d) Nephrotic syndrome
10. Major fat in adipose tissue is?
a) Triacylglycerol
b) Sphingolipids
c) Phospholipids
d) Cholesterol
11. The following organs can utilize ketone bodies during starvation except?
a) Liver
b) brain
c) Heart
d) Skeletal muscle
12. The cholesterol lowering effect of statins is by inhibiting
a) HMG CoA reductase
b) HMG CoA lyase
c) HMG CoA synthase
d) Cholesterol eaterase
13. Which of the following is a derivative of cholesterol?
a) Vitamin A
b) Vitamin E
c) Vitamin D
d) Vitamin K
14. Arachidonic acid can be synthesized from
a) Linoleic acid
b) Linolenic acid
c) Palmitic acid
d) Stearic acid
15. Which of the following tissue derivatives of lipids serve as a precursor for
gluconeogenesis?
a) Acetyl CoA
b) Acetoacetyl CoA
c) Propionyl CoA
d) HMG CoA
16. Acetyl CoA can be utilized for the synthesis of all the following except
a) Cholesterol
b) Ketone bodies
c) Fatty acids
d) Glycerol
17. Following is true about fatty liver except
a) caused by excess calorie intake
b) Prevented by choline & methionine
c) Fatty liver could lead to cirrhosis
d) Is often seen in patients with malnutrition
18. Regulator of beta oxidation of fatty acids is
a) Carnitine acyl transferase-1
b) Enoyl CoA hydratase
c) Acyl CoA dehydrogenase
d) Thiolase
19. Ganglioside on hydrolysis gives rise to all the following except
a) Fatty acid
b) Glycerol
c) Sphingosine
d) N- acetylneuraminic acid
20. The lipids that functions as energy reserve are
a) Phospholipid
b) Triacylglycerols
c) Cholesterol
d) None of the above
21. Which of the following is not a phospholipid?
a) Sphingomyelin
b) Cerebroside
c) Cephalin
d) Lecithin
22. A ganglioside on hydrolysis gives all the following except?
a) Fatty acid
b) Glycerol
c) Sphingosine
d) N- acetylneuraminic acid
23. All the following alcohols are found in phospholipid except?
a) Sphingosine
b) Inositol
c) Mannitol
d) Glycerol
24. Iodine number is used to assess?
a) Degree of unsaturation of fats
b) Chain length of fatty acid
c) Molecular weight of fatty acid
d) None of the above
25. Lipoprotein lipase is activated by
a) Apo A1
b) Apo B 100
c) Apo E
d) Apo C11
26. Which of the following cannot be converted to glucose?
a) Acetyl CoA
b) Lactate
c) Alanine
d) Propinoyl CoA
27. Example of lipotropic factors are
a) Choline
b) Glycine
c) Glucose
d) saturated fatty acids
28. Which one of the following lipoprotein fraction is elevated in
hyperlipoproteinemia type 11A
a) HDL
b) VLDL
c) LDL
d) Chylomicrons
29. The main apoprotein present in LDL is
a) A and B
b) B- 48
c) E2 and C
d) B- 100
30. The lipoprotein which shows least anodic mobility in electrophoresis is;
a) Chylomicrons
b) LDL
c) VLDL
d) HDL
31. Ketolysis occurs in all except;
a) Liver
b) Brain
c) Spleen
d) Retina
32. Statins act blocking action of the following enzyme,
a) HMG CoA lyase
b) HMG CoA reductase
c) Lipoprotein lipase
d) LCAT
33. The following enzyme is NOT included in the fatty acid synthase complex
a) Acetyl CoA carboxylase
b) Malonyl transacylase
c) Acetyl transacylase
d) Enoyl reductase
34. All of the following are derived from cholesterol except
a) Bile pigments
b) Bile salts
c)Mineralo corticoids
d) Glucocorticoids
35. The prostaglandins are stored in;
a) Adipose tissue
b) Plasma lipoproteins
c) Mast cell granules
d) Membrane phospholipids
36. Key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis is;
a) HMG CoA synthase
b) HMG CoA lyase
c) HMG CoA reductase
d) Mevalonate kinase
37. Which lipoprotein is called a “Good cholesterol”?
a) HDL
b) LDL
c) VLDL
d) Chylomicrons
38. Ceramide is made up of;
a) Sphinogosine + FA
b) Glycerol +FA
c) Sphinogosine + glycerol
d) None of them
39. Phospholipid involved in platelet aggregation & degranulation is;
a) Cardiolipins
b) Plasmalogens
c) Phosphatidyl inositol
d) Phosphatidyl serine
40.