Basic Electrical Engineering

UNIT-1
DC Network Theory
 CONTENT
 Concept of Network and Circuit
 Classification of Electrical Network
 Active & Passive Network
 Unilateral & Bilateral Network
 Linear & Non-Linear Network
 Ohm’s Law
 Types of Sources
 Voltage Source
 Ideal Voltage Source
 Practical Voltage Source
 Current Source
 Ideal Current Source
 Practical Current Source
 Source Transformation
 DC and AC
 DC Quantity: An electrical quantity whose magnitude and
direction dost not change with time or frequency is known as
DC quantity.

 AC Quantity: Any electrical quantity whose magnitude and

direction both changes periodically with time or frequency is
known as AC quantity. These quantities may have periodic or
non-periodic nature.
Electrical Elements
 Concept of Network and Circuit

Network Circuit

• A combination of various • A combination of various

electric elements like Resistor, electrical elements like
Inductor, Capacitor, Voltage Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor,
source & Current source) etc. Voltage source & Current
in which there may or may not source) etc. in which there is
be close path is called an a close path is called an
electrical network. electrical circuit.
 Classification of Electrical
Network
Based on Based on Based on
Energy Direction Linearity

Active Unilateral Linear

Non
Passive Bilateral
Linear
 Based on Energy

Active Element Passive Element

• An element which can supply • An element which can

or delivered energy is called dissipate or absorbs energy
Active Element. is called Passive Element.

• For e.g.- Voltage Source, • For e.g.- Resistor, Capacitor,

Current Source, Battery, Inductor, Diode (General
Generator, Transistor etc. Purpose Diode)
 Based on Direction

Unilateral Element Bilateral Element

• An element which V-I • An element which V-I

characteristics changes with characteristics does not
change in direction of current changes with change in
is called Unilateral Element direction of current is called
Bilateral Element
• For e.g.- Diode.
• For e.g.- Resistor, Capacitor
and Inductor.
Unilateral Element:-
Bilateral Element:-
 Based on Linearity

Linear Element Non-Linear Element

• An Element which obey the • An Element which does not

principle of Ohm’s law is obey the principle of Ohm’s
called Linear Element or an law is called Non-Linear
element which obey the Element or an element which
principle of superposition and doesn’t obey the principle of
homogeneity is also called superposition and
Linear element. homogeneity is also called
Non-Linear element.
• For e.g.- Resistor, Inductor
and Capacitor. • For e.g.- Diode
 Ohm’s Law

 Statement:-Voltage drop across a

conductor is directly proportional to the
current passing through that elements if
atmospheric condition (temperature,
pressure and humidity etc.) kept constant.
 Ohm’s Law

 Explanation:-

𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐

𝑽𝑹 ∝ 𝑰
△𝑽𝑹
R=
𝑽𝑹 = 𝑹 ∗ 𝑰 △𝑰
 Types of Sources

Voltage Current
Source Source
Ideal Ideal
Voltage Current
Source Source

Practical Practical
Voltage Current
Source Source
 Voltage Source

 Ideal Voltage Source:- It gives constant voltage across its terminals

irrespective of current drawn through its terminals.

𝑽𝑳 𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝒕 (𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆) = 𝑽𝒔 (𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆)

 Note:- Internal resistance of Ideal Voltage Source is Zero. [𝑹𝑺 = 0]

 Practical Voltage Source:- It doesn’t gives constant voltage and

have some small internal resistances. That’s why It’s terminal voltage
dependent on load current.
𝑩𝒚 𝑲𝑽𝑳: − ↓ 𝑽𝒕 𝒐𝒓 ↓ 𝑽𝑳 = (𝑽𝑺 − ↑ 𝑰𝑳 𝑹𝑺 )
 Current source

 Ideal Current Source:- Source which gives constant Load current at

its terminal irrespective of the load voltage or terminal voltage is
called Ideal Current Source.

𝑰𝑳 (𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕) = 𝑰𝒔 (𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕)

 Note:- Internal resistance of Ideal Current Source is Infinite. [𝑹𝒔𝒉 = ∞]

 Practical Current Source:- It doesn’t gives constant Load Current

and have very high internal resistances. That’s why It’s Load Current
dependent on Load Voltage or its terminal Voltage.
 𝑰𝑳 = 𝑰𝑺

𝑩𝒚 𝑲𝑪𝑳: − 𝑰𝑺 = 𝑰𝒔𝒉 + 𝑰𝑳

𝑰𝑳 = 𝑰𝑺 − 𝑰𝒔𝒉

↑ 𝑽𝑳
↓ 𝑰𝑳 = 𝑰 𝑺 −
𝑹𝒔𝒉
 Source Transformation

 Voltage Source → Current Source

 For e.g.-
 Source Transformation

 Current Source → Voltage Source

 For e.g.-
Kirchhoff’s Law

Kirchhoff’s
Law

First Law
(Kirchhoff’s
Current Law)

Second Law
(Kirchhoff’s
Voltage Law)
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law

 Statement:- It is based on “Law of Conservation of Charge.”

It states that the algebraic sum of currents at the junction at any
instant is equal to zero.
𝒌

෍ 𝑰𝒋 = 𝟎
𝒋=𝟏
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law
 Concept:- It is based on “Law of Conservation of Charge.”

𝒅𝒒𝟏 𝒅𝒒𝟐 𝒅𝒒𝟑 𝒅𝒒𝟒 𝒅𝒒𝟓

+ − − − =0
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝒒𝟏 + 𝒅𝒒𝟐 − 𝒅𝒒𝟑 − 𝒅𝒒𝟒 − 𝒅𝒒𝟓 = 𝟎

 i.e. number of electron per second enter the node is equal to

the number of electron leave the node.
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law

 Application:- In Nodal Analysis and to determine a branch

current.

 Limitations:- 1. Only apply at a node where more than two

branches are connect.

2. Only applicable in a Lumped Network.

 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

 Statement:- It is based on “Law of Conservation of Energy.” It

states that the algebraic sum of voltage in a close path (Mesh or
Loop) is equal to zero. 𝒌

෍ 𝑽𝒋 = 𝟎
𝒋=𝟏

Where:- 𝑉𝑗 is the voltage drop or voltage rise across the 𝑗𝑡ℎ element
in a close path and there are K elements.
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

H= 𝑯𝟏 + 𝑯𝟐 + 𝑯𝟑

Where:- 𝐻 → Energy supplied from E

𝐻1, 𝐻2 & 𝐻3 → Energy dissipate from R1, R2 & R3 respectively

In electrical circuit work done is equivalent to energy and work

done per unit charge is known as voltage. So:-

𝑾 𝑾𝟏 𝑾𝟐 𝑾𝟑
= + +
𝑸 𝑸 𝑸 𝑸

E = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑

𝑬 − 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟑 = 𝟎
 The above equation is the direct mathematical statement of Kirchhoff’s
voltage law.

 Note:- All voltage drop are treated as a negative sign and voltage rise
are treated as a positive sign or vice-versa.

 Application:-

1. In Mesh Analysis (to determine a mesh or branch current).

2. To determine a voltage across an electrical element.

 Limitations:-

1. Only applicable in a Lumped Network.

2. There should be a close path.

 Current Division Rule

 Current division always takes place in parallel path.

𝑹𝟐
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰 ∗ [ ]
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐

𝑹𝟏
𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰 ∗ [ ]
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
Current Division Rule

(𝑹𝟐 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝟑 )
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰 ∗ [ ]
(𝑹𝟐 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝟑 )+𝑹𝟏

(𝑹𝟏 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝟑 )
𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰 ∗ [ ]
(𝑹𝟏 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝟑 )+𝑹𝟐

(𝑹𝟏 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝟐 )
𝑰𝟑 = 𝑰 ∗ [ ]
(𝑹𝟏 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝟐 )+𝑹𝟑
 Voltage Division Rule

 Voltage division always takes place in series.

𝑹𝟏
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽 ∗ [ ]
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑

𝑹𝟐
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽 ∗ [ ]
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑

𝑹𝟑
𝑽𝟑 = 𝑽 ∗ [ ]
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑
 Basic Concept Related to Node,
Junction, Branch, Mesh and Loop

Node:- The point at which two or more than two circuit elements are
connected is known as Node. It is also called “Simple Node”. In the
above figure a, b, c, d & g are Nodes.

Total number of Nodes (N) = 5

 Junction:- It is the point in a network where three or more than
three circuit elements are connected. It is also called a
“Principal Node”.

In the given figure a , b & g are Junctions.

Number of Junction (J) = 3

 Reference Node:- The Node which is at zero potential or ground

potential is known as “Reference Node” or “Datum Node”.

In the given figure h , g , f & e are combine a single node

which is “Reference Node” or “Datum Node” i.e. number of
reference node is always one.
 Branch:- It contains elements. It is that part of a network which
lies between nodes.

In the given figure:-

Number of Branch (B) = 7

 Mesh:- It is the shortest close path which is a part of loop. It can’t

be further divided into other close path. “Every Mesh is a Loop
but every Loop is not a Mesh”. For e.g.- caghc , abfga &
bdefb

Number of Mesh (M) = 3

 Loop:- It is an any close path of the Network. For e.g.- caghc ,
abfga , bdefb , cabfghc , abdefga & cabdefghc.

Number of Loop (L) = 6

 Note:-
M=B–N+1

Where:-
M :- Number of Mesh
B:- Number of Branch
N:- Number of Node