Science 10

Science – Grade 10
Quarter 3 – Module 6: Feedback Mechanisms in Female Reproductive
System First Edition, 2020

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Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of

Pasig City
Science 10
Quarter 3

Self-Learning Module 6
Feedback Mechanisms in
Female

Reproductive System
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Science 10 Self-Learning Module on Feedback Mechanisms

in Female Reproductive System!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by
its Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the
K to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and

independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs,
namely: Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and
Character while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the
Teacher
This containshelpful tips or strategies
that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage
and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the Learner:

 Welcome to the Science 10 Self-Learning Module on Feedback
Mechanisms in Female Reproductive System!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being
an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge

and skills that you will learn after completing the
module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson at

hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts and

skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

 Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and application of

the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the entire
module.

EXPECTATIONS

This module is designed and written to help you master the lesson on
feedback mechanisms in female reproductive processes. It is here to help you
master the lesson on how feedback mechanisms help in maintaining different
reproductive processes to sustain a healthy life.

It has prepared to provide activities for reinforcement, strengthening and

enriching knowledge and skills. The skills in this module cover all the most
essential learning competencies in the list issued by the Department of
Education.

This module uses different and interesting approaches, strategies, and

techniques to further hone scientific understanding of the learners. The module
is about the roles of female hormones in feedback mechanisms to regulate
reproductive processes as well as their importance in living a healthy life.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the female reproductive hormones and their roles in

reproductive processes,
2. describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating female
reproductive processes using diagram,
3. and appreciate the important roles of feedback mechanisms in
sustaining a healthy life.
 PRETEST

Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is NOT a female reproductive hormone?

a. Estradiol
b. Estrogen
c. Progesterone
d. Testosterone

2. What is the role of estrogen in female reproductive process?

a. controls sperm formation
b. assists in labor and childbirth
c. stimulates the growth of uterine lining
d. inhibits the release of hormones LH and FSH

3. Which of the following statements is FALSE during childbirth?

a. As the uterus contracts, the brain stops producing oxytocin.
b. High level of oxytocin in the blood results to more contraction until
the baby is born.
c. Increased pressure on the cervix stimulates the brain to release the
hormone oxytocin.
d. When labor begins, the baby’s head is pushed downwards and
results in increased pressure on the cervix.

4. Which of the following is the negative feedback effect of ovaries loosing

sensitivity to FSH and LH?
a. higher fertility rate
b. increase in production of estrogen
c. loss of ovulation and menstruation
d. increase follicular development and ovulation

5. Which of the following hormonal imbalance can lead to Polycystic Ovary

Syndrome (PCOS) in females?
a. higher levels of testosterone
b. higher levels of androgen
c. low levels of estrogen
d. low levels of LH

RECAP
 In our previous discussion you have learned about the different phases of
menstrual cycle. Let us check if you still remember them by matching these
phases with their important event.

MENSTRUAL PHASE release of mature egg cell from the ovary

FOLLICULARPHASE
maturing of egg cell
OVULATIONPHASE
shedding of uterine lining
LUTEAL PHASE
start of uterine lining shedding

Excellent! Now that you already know the different phases of the menstrual
cycle as well as the significant event that occurs in each phase, let us learn
about the mechanisms that regulate female reproductive processes. Are you
ready? Let’s go!

LESSON

As what you have discussed in the previous lessons, hormones play important
role in regulating human processes. Female sex hormones, or sex steroids, play
vital roles in sexual development, reproduction, and general health. Sex
hormone levels change over time, but some of the most significant changes
happen during menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth and menopause.
How do hormones regulate these processes in females? Feedback Mechanism is
the answer! A feedback mechanism is a loop system wherein the system
responds to an uneasiness. Feedback loops are therefore the process whereby a
change to the system results in an alarm which will trigger a certain result. This
result will either increase the change to the system or reduce it to bring the
system back to normal keeping its internal environment stable responsible for
maintaining homeostasis.
Feedback, in general, is a regulatory mechanism present in many
biological reactions. By allowing certain pathways to be turned off and on, the
body can control various aspects of its internal environment. This is similar to
flipping a switch. Feedback allows the product of a pathway to control the switch.

Negative feedback is a type of Positive feedback, on the

regulation in biological system in which other hand is found in other

the end product of a process in turn biological pathways in which reduces
the stimulus of the same the product increases the
 process. It occurs when the product of pathway, biochemical a
pathway turns the biochemical pathway on.
pathway off.
[Link]
tag/button

Let us now discuss the different female reproductive processes and their
feedback mechanisms.
Feedback Mechanism in Menstrual Cycle and Pregnancy

Before a woman ovulates, the hormone estrogen is released by the ovary. The
estrogen travels to the brain, which causes gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH) to be released from the hypothalamus and luteinizing hormone (LH) to
be released from the pituitary gland. LH causes more estrogen to be released
from the ovary, which in turn causes an increase in GnRH and LH in the
bloodstream through positive feedback. The rise in these hormones, along with
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), causes ovulation to occur.

In negative feedback, rising levels of HYPOTHALAMUS

hormones feedback to the hypothalamus GnRH

and pituitary gland to decrease the ANTERIOR

PITUITARY
production of the hormones. During most GLAND

of the menstrual cycle, estrogen and

LH
progesterone provide negative feedback FSH
to the hypothalam. us and pituitary gland. Progesterone

This keeps their levels more or less

OVARY
constant. (Corpus Luteum)

UTERUS
(Endometrium)

If no fertilized egg is implanted into

Progesterone

the uterus, the corpus luteum, a mass of

cells that forms in an ovary and is REMEMBER: Estrogen is the
hormone that regulates the
responsible for the production of the
menstrual cycle while progesterone
hormone progesterone during
is the hormone that supports
early pregnancy degenerates and the
pregnancy. During pregnancy,
levels of estrogen and progesterone
decrease. The endometrium begins to these two work together and are
degenerate as the progesterone levels responsible for the changes that
drop, initiating the next take place during pregnancy.

menstrual cycle. The decrease in progesterone also allows the

hypothalamus to send Gn RH to the anterior pituitary, releasing FSH and LH and
starting the cycles again.
Feedback Mechanism in Labor and Childbirth
 Pressure of Contractions More pressure on More Baby is
child on begin cervix, oxytocin contractions born
cervix released

Positive Feedback
When labor begins, the baby’s head is pushed downwards and results in
increased pressure on the cervix. This stimulates receptor cells to send a
chemical signal to the brain, allowing the release of oxytocin by the posterior
pituitary gland. This oxytocin diffuses to the cervix via the blood, where it
stimulated further contractions. These contractions stimulate further oxytocin
release until the baby is born. Breastfeeding is also a positive feedback loop; as
the baby suckles, the
mother’s pituitary gland produces more of the hormone prolactin, which causes
more milk to be produced.

Feedback Mechanism in Menopause Negative

Feedback

As women approach their mid-40s to mid-50s, their

ovaries begin to lose their sensitivity to FSH and LH.
Menstrual periods become less frequent and finally
cease; this is menopause. There are still eggs and
potential

follicles on the ovaries, but without the stimulation of

FSH and LH, they will not produce a viable egg to be
released.
There is also marked reduction in estrogen level due to

loss of follicular development, loss of ovulation and menstruation. The outcome of

this is the inability to have children. During this time, she
[Link]
may experience hot flashes, mood swings, and other
symptoms.

ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY # 1
DOT TO DOT
Direction: Draw line from the endocrine gland to the hormone it produces and
identify the function/s of each hormone in regulating female reproductive
processes.
Select your answer from the given choices below.
Choose your
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FS H) answer here:
Function: _________________________ ➢ promotes
ovulation and
progesterone
Estrogen
production in
Function:
the ovary
_________________________
[Link] ➢ stimulates
[Link]/learn/overvie
w-of-the-pituitary- uterine
foundation/ )
Luteinizing Hormone (LH contraction
Function: ➢ promotes
_________________________ follicle
maturation
Oxytocin and estrogen
ovaries Function: secretion in
[Link] _________________________ the ovary
[Link]/illustration ➢ regulates the
/[Link]
menstrual
Progesterone cycle
Function: ➢ supports
_________________________ pregnancy

ACTIVITY # 2
OH MY BABY!
Direction: Study the diagram of feedback mechanism in giving birth. Complete
the process by filling up the missing concept, choose from the pool of words
below.

3 POOL OF WORDS:
Stretch receptors activated
in the uterus

Oxytocin causes uterine

muscles to contract

Baby’s growth takes up

all
space in the uterus
2 4
Contractions get stronger
until baby is delivered
1 5
[Link] Brain signals for release of
72461 oxytocin
ACTIVITY # 3
WRONG FEEDBACK!
Direction:
each phase The
of diagram
menstrual
shows
[Link]
Write
physical
the corre
and emotional
ct scientific
changes
explanation
in a woman
for each.
in Choose
you answer from the “pool of statements” below.

[Link]
le:Menopause_- _Osteoporosis_-- _Smart- [Link]/beatiful- girl- acne- [Link]
[Link] red- pimple- face-beatiful- girl- acne- yalty- free- vectors/baby-formula-
red- pimple- face- teenager- ugly- skin -

1. Menopause 2. Acne Breakout 3. Non lactating mothers

[Link] -
vector/hand -drawn- breast- cancer-
[Link] -
awareness- month-
[Link]

4. Breast Cancer 5. Induced labor

POOL OF WORDS

decreasing excess level high estrogen

low low level of androgen
level of level causes
level of of activates oil
estrogen that production of
oxytocin prolactin gland
protects bone fat tissue

WRAP-UP

You have learned that our body has the ability to maintain a stability
through feedback mechanisms. Identify which diagram shows positive and
negative feedback loops.
 A. B.

INPUT SYSTEM OUTPUT INPUT SYSTEM OUTPUT

(ALARM) (BODY) (RESULT) (ALARM) (BODY) (RESULT)

[Link]
 VALUING
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal
disorder common among women of reproductive age. It
was first reported by Stein and Levanthal in 1935 and
is one of the most common reproductive endocrine-
related disease affecting about 8-11% of women in the
reproductive age group diagnosed according to
National Institute of Health (NIH) (May L. Uyking- Normal Polycystic
Ovary Ovary
Naranjo, MD, 2013). Women with PCOS may have
infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods. There are
[Link]
different causes for PCOS. Some of them
iki/File:PCOS_(Part_2).png
are:

High levels of Androgens

Androgens, even though are sometimes called ‘male hormones’, are made
in small amounts in most women. It controls the development of male traits,
such as male-pattern baldness. Women with PCOS have more androgens than
normal. If a patient has androgen in higher than normal levels, then the ovaries
are prevented from releasing an egg (ovulation) during each menstrual cycle. It
can also cause the growth of extra hair growth and acne.

High levels of Insulin

Insulin is a hormone that controls how the food consumed by the body is
converted into energy. Resistance to insulin is a condition where the body's cells
do not respond normally to insulin. As a result, the patient’s insulin blood levels
become higher than normal. Many women with PCOS usually have insulin
resistance that can, over time, lead to Type II diabetes.
There is no cure for PCOS, but you can manage the symptoms of PCOS.
You and your doctor will work on a treatment plan based on your symptoms,
your plans for having children, and your risk of long-term health problems such
as diabetes and heart disease. Many women will need a combination of
treatments, including:
• Steps you can take at home to help relieve your symptoms
• Medicines

POSTTEST
Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following hormone promotes ovulation and progesterone

production in the ovary?
a. LH
b. FSH
c. Oxytocin
d. Estrogen

2. Which of the following shows the effect of FSH in female reproductive

process?
a. supports pregnancy
b. regulates menstrual cycle
c. promotes follicle maturation
d. increase uterine contraction

3. Which of the following DOES NOT describe positive feedback mechanism

in females?
a. As the baby suckles, more prolactin is produce.
b. As corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone drops.
c. As pressure in the uterus increases, oxytocin level increases.
d. As progesterone level drops, anterior pituitary gland releases LH
and FSH.

4. What is the correct arrangement of processes in the feedback mechanism

during labor and childbirth?
I. More pressure on cervix more oxytocin is released.
II. Pressure of child on the cervix.
III. Contractions begin IV. More contractions V. Baby is born.
a. III, II, I, IV, V
b. II, III, I, IV, V
c. I, IV, III, II, V
d. IV, I, II, II, V

5. Which of the following hormonal imbalance explains obesity among

women?
a. Low level of estrogen weakens the bone.
b. Excess levels of androgen makes oil glands extra productive.
c. Changing estrogen levels affecting serotonin or “happy hormone”.
d. Decreasing estrogen level stimulates craving for fatty, salty and
sweet foods.
 KEY TO CORRECTION
D 5.
B 4.
D 3.
C 2.
A 1.

Posttest
B 5.
C 4.
A 3.
C 2.
D 1.
Pretest
Answer Key

RECAP

ACTIVITY # 1
DOT TO DOT
upports pregnancy s

stimulates uterine contraction

production in the ovary

progesterone
promotes ovulation and

egulates the menstrual cycle r

romotes follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in the ovary p

 References
Bibliography
Evangelista, Eden Vela, and Edith Reyes Malonzo. 2006. Science in Today's
World Series Biology Textbook. Quezon City: SIBS Pubishing House.

Rabago, Lilia M. 2003. Functional Biology Modular Approach. Quezon City: Vibal
Publishing House.

Seeley, et al. 1999. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology-3 rd Edition. California:

Mc Graw-Hill

Websites
1. [Link]
[Link] August 11, 2020
2. [Link] [Link] -[Link], August
12, 2020.
3. [Link]
[Link] August 3, 2020
[Link] -_Osteoporosis_--
_SmartServier.jpg, August 12, 2020 4. Dreams [Link]
[Link]/beatiful-girl-acne-red-pimple-face-beatiful-girl-acne-red-
pimpleface-teenager-ugly-skin-sad-female-image153783027day-, August 12,
2020
5. [Link] [Link]
cancer-awarenessmonth-illustration_5461333.htmmoms-, August 12, 2020.
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7. Get [Link] [Link] August 12,
2020
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[Link] August 13, 2020.
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[Link] 12,
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