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Unit 7.4
The power of data: Using data modelling
Class :7B
Teacher Name: Md Ahasun Habib Ratul
Subject: Computing
24-Feb-25
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Class-1-7B
24-Feb-25
Unit 7.4 The power of data: Using
data modelling
What is a Data Model?
•Definition: A data model is a conceptual framework used to organize and structure data in a
way that allows for efficient storage, retrieval, and analysis. It defines how different pieces of
data relate to one another. 3
Example: In a sales database, a data model might include tables for Customers, Orders, and
Products, with relationships defined between them (e.g., each Order links to a Customer and
contains Products).
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Microsoft Excel: Why It’s Needed
1. Microsoft Excel is widely used for managing, analyzing, and visualizing data in a
spreadsheet format. Here’s why it’s essential:
Ease of Use: Excel has a user-friendly interface that makes it easy to create4and manipulate
data. Even people with limited technical knowledge can perform calculations, organize data,
and generate reports quickly.
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Microsoft Database Software: Why
It’s Needed
2.Microsoft Database Software, like Microsoft Access or SQL Server, is designed for managing
large, structured datasets, and it offers capabilities beyond those of Excel. Here’s why it’s
essential:
•Normalization: Databases help organize data in tables, eliminating redundancy and improving
data integrity.
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Tutorial of Microsoft excel and Database
Link of video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJw6dHwQyWo
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Example-1
1. Situation Where a Large Amount of Data Needed to Be Analyzed:
Imagine a family of four (two parents and two children) in Bangladesh.
They have noticed that they aren’t saving as much as they’d like and are
unsure where their money is going. The family decides to track and
analyze their expenses over the last six months to figure out where they
can cut costs.
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Example-2
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2. Examples of Data to Analyze:
The family gathers the following data from their bank statements, receipts, and bills for the
past six months:
Income:
• Father's Salary: 60,000 BDT/month
• Mother's Salary: 50,000 BDT/month
• Total Family Income: 110,000 BDT/month
Expenses:
• Groceries: 20,000 BDT/month
• Utilities (Electricity, Water, Internet, etc.): 10,000 BDT/month
• Rent: 30,000 BDT/month
• Car Payments: 15,000 BDT/month
• Insurance (Health, Auto, Home): 7,000 BDT/month
• Dining Out/Entertainment: 8,000 BDT/month
• Subscriptions (Streaming, Gym, etc.): 2,000 BDT/month
• Miscellaneous: 6,000 BDT/month
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Worksheet-1
2. Examples of Data to Analyze: (Make excel file and calculate total income and expenses)
The family gathers the following data from their bank statements, receipts, and bills for the
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past six months:
•Income:
• Father's Salary: 60,000 BDT/month
• Mother's Salary: 50,000 BDT/month
• Total Family Income: _____________________BDT/month
•Expenses:
• Groceries: 20,000 BDT/month
• Utilities (Electricity, Water, Internet, etc.): 10,000 BDT/month
• Rent: 30,000 BDT/month
• Car Payments: 15,000 BDT/month
• Insurance (Health, Auto, Home): 7,000 BDT/month
• Dining Out/Entertainment: 8,000 BDT/month
• Subscriptions (Streaming, Gym, etc.): 2,000 BDT/month
• Miscellaneous: 6,000 BDT/month
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Worksheet
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Thank you
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CLASS-2-7B
12 24-FEB-25
Recap
13
Data
model
How to
MS
input
DATABASE
data
How to
perform MS EXCEL
sum
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Data Primary
types key
id 1231 Numeric yes
1232 data
number
Phone 0171111 Numeric yes
number data
birthdat 1/12/1 date no
e
name Short
text
specifica Long
tion text
like Boolean
t/f
y/n
Do you remember how to create formulae that use SUM and AVERAGE to calculate they
SUM (total) and AVERAGE of a list of numbers automatically in a spreadsheet application?
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• Introduction:
• Databases and spreadsheets are essential tools for organizing, analyzing, and using data to make informed decisions in various
situations.
• Databases in Real-Life Applications:
• 1. Employee Training:
• Use: Track training records and certifications.
• Benefit: Identify when training is due and monitor progress.
• 2. Decision-Making:
• Use: Analyze customer purchase patterns.
• Benefit: Forecast demand and optimize inventory.
• 3. Product Design:
• Use: Store product specifications and revisions.
• Benefit: Track design changes and manage product lifecycle.
Spreadsheets in Real-Life Applications:
1. Training Performance Analysis:
• Use: Analyze employee test scores.
• Benefit: Identify areas for improvement and track progress.
2. Financial Decision-Making:
• Use: Create financial models and budgets.
• Benefit: Assess financial health and forecast outcomes.
3. Cost Analysis for Product Design:
• Use: Compare material costs and labor efficiency.
Feature Databases Spreadsheets 19
Data Volume Large datasets Smaller datasets
Data Integrity High consistency Prone to errors
Easy to use and
User-Friendliness Requires technical skill
accessible
Conclusion:
Databases excel in managing large-scale, relational data, while spreadsheets are best for smaller data
analysis and decision-making
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Thank you
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Class-3-7B
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Unit 7.4
The power of data: Using data modelling
Class :7B
Teacher Name: Md Ahasun Habib Ratul
Subject: Computing
PRACTICE-1
1. Which field would be best used as a primary key and why?
The Registration field is the best candidate for the primary key because:
•Uniqueness: Each registration number is unique (no two cars can have
the same registration).
•Non-null: Every record in the database must have a registration number.
•Stability: Registration numbers do not change over time.
Thus, Registration is the best choice for the primary key.
2. What data type would you select for each field?
Field Data Type Description
Alphanumeric registration
Registration VARCHAR or CHAR number,primary key (7
characters)
Car make (e.g., Nissan, Kia,
Make VARCHAR
Toyota)
Car model (e.g., Sunny, Ceed,
Model VARCHAR
Corolla)
Car color (e.g., Red, Blue,
Colour VARCHAR
White)
Mileage INT Car mileage (integer value)
Car price (numeric with 2
Price DECIMAL
decimal places)
3. What would be an appropriate field length for each field?
Field Data Type Description
VARCHAR(8) Alphanumeric registration
Registration
or CHAR number (7 characters)
Car make (e.g., Nissan, Kia,
Make Nissan VARCHAR(6) text
Toyota)
Car model (e.g., Sunny, Ceed,
Model VARCHAR(7) text
Corolla)
Car color (e.g., Red, Blue,
Colour VARCHAR(5) text
White)
Mileage INT(5) Number Car mileage (integer value)
Car price (numeric with 2
Price DECIMAL(5) currency
decimal places)
LENGTH LONG TEXT (20)
GREEN TEA 5 PARAGRAPH
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4. What do you think should be the maximum number of characters
required for each field?
Data Type
VARCHAR(7)or CHAR
VARCHAR(7)
VARCHAR(7)
VARCHAR(5)
INT(5)
DECIMAL(5)
TUTORIAL
• HTTPS://YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=XVZDDNAEYCM&T=51S
29 24-FEB-25
Thank you
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Class-4-7B
24-Feb-25 31
Unit 7.4
The power of data: Using data modelling
Class :7B
Teacher Name: Md Ahasun Habib Ratul
Subject: Computing
How Simulations Are Used in Real-Life Situations:
•Training: Simulations provide safe environments for individuals to practice skills, from piloting aircraft to
performing medical procedures, without risking harm or damaging real equipment.
•Decision-Making: Simulations help decision-makers analyze the potential impacts of various choices, from
business strategies to emergency response plans, by testing scenarios and forecasting outcomes.
•Product Design: Engineers and designers use simulations to prototype and test new products or systems,
helping them to assess design feasibility and identify potential issues before physical prototypes are made.
Expanded Infographic:
Strand 1: Training
•Real-life example: Pilot training (using flight simulators to train pilots)
•Real-life example: Medical simulations (such as virtual surgeries or practice on manikins)
Strand 2: Decision-Making
•Real-life example: Military and crisis management simulations (testing responses to disaster situations)
•Real-life example: Business decision simulations (analyzing market conditions, strategy outcomes)
Strand 3: Simulations (New section)
•Example 1: Flight Simulation
Pilots use flight simulators to practice various flight conditions, navigation, and emergency procedures without the risks
associated with real flights. This is a key part of pilot training and certification.
•Example 2: Medical Training Simulations
Medical professionals use simulations to practice surgeries or other medical procedures. This helps doctors, nurses, and
technicians gain experience and learn how to handle complications or emergencies in a risk-free environment.
•Example 3: Engineering and Product Design Simulations
Engineers use simulations to model and test prototypes before physical production. For example, car manufacturers use
crash simulations to improve vehicle safety without needing to perform numerous physical crash tests, saving costs and
time.
Tutorial
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=maPB_KMmM
JU
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24-Feb-25 38
Thank you
39
24-Feb-25
Class-4-7B
27-1-2025
Unit 7.4
The power of data: Using data modelling
Class :7B
Teacher Name: Md Ahasun Habib Ratul
Subject: Computing
Factors to Record
•Booking Details: Customer name, contact details (phone, email), booking date, and time.
•Movie Information: Movie title, genre, language, duration, and start time.
•Seat Information: Seat number (or row/column format), seat type (standard, premium, etc.), seat availability.
•Payment Information: Payment method (cash, card), total cost, and payment status (paid/unpaid).
Field Headings
•Booking ID: Unique identifier for each booking.
•Customer Name: Customer's full name.
•Contact Information: Phone number, email address.
•Booking Date: Date of the booking.
•Booking Time: Time of booking.
•Movie Title: The movie the customer has booked for.
•Movie Genre: Genre of the movie.
•Seat Number: The number or location of the seat(s) being booked.
•Seat Type: Standard, VIP, etc.
•Payment Status: Paid, pending, etc.
•Amount Paid: How much was paid.
•Payment Method: Type of payment (cash, card, online payment).
Queries or Calculations
•Available Seats: Query to find available seats for a specific movie and showtime.
•Total Revenue: Sum of all payments for a specific date or movie.
•Booking History: Retrieve all bookings for a customer, or all bookings for a particular movie.
•Seats Sold: Count how many seats have been sold for a particular showing.
•Revenue per Movie: Calculate how much revenue was generated by a specific movie.
•Upcoming Showtimes: Query to list the next available showtimes for a specific movie.
Class-5-7B
29-1-2025
Database Features:
1.Structured Data Storage – Data is organized into tables with rows (records) and columns (fields).
2.Queries – Allow users to search and filter data efficiently using SQL or query tools.
3.Forms – Provide a user-friendly interface to enter and update data.
4.Primary Keys – Ensure uniqueness by identifying each record with a unique value.
5.Data Types – Define how data is stored (e.g., text, numbers, dates).
6.Conditional Formatting – Highlights specific data that meets certain conditions.
Spreadsheet Features:
1.Cell-Based Storage – Data is stored in individual cells instead of structured tables.
2.Labels – Help organize and improve data readability.
3.Data Types – Improve formatting (e.g., currency, percentage, dates).
4.Formulae – Allow calculations and dynamic data manipulation using functions.
5.Conditional Formatting – Highlights important data based on set conditions
Thank you
50
24-Feb-25
Class-6-7B
3-2-2025
A data model is a conceptual framework used to represent and organize data in a way that highlights
relationships, rules, and structures. It helps in organizing and managing complex data by defining the types
of data, the connections between them, and how they can be manipulated. The key features of a data
model include entities (objects or concepts), attributes (properties or characteristics of entities), and
relationships (how entities are connected). The advantages of using a data model include providing a clear
structure for data, improving efficiency, and simplifying decision-making processes. However, the
disadvantages include the time and effort required to design an accurate model and the potential for it to
become outdated as systems or requirements change.
For example, in the context of a hospital management system, a data model might represent entities like
patients, doctors, and appointments, with relationships such as patients booking appointments with doctors.
The data model helps the hospital make decisions by ensuring that patient records, appointment schedules,
and medical histories are correctly stored and easily accessible, improving operational efficiency and
decision-making in patient care.
•Organizing Data: A data model defines key entities like patients, doctors, and appointments, and organizes how
they relate to each other (e.g., a patient can have multiple appointments with a doctor).
•Efficient Data Retrieval: By structuring data, hospital staff can quickly access patient information, doctor
schedules, and appointment details, allowing for quick decision-making.
•Scheduling and Resource Allocation: The data model helps manage appointment scheduling, ensuring no
conflicts and optimizing doctor availability, which helps with efficient use of resources.
•Identifying Trends: The model allows administrators to track patient flow, appointment volumes, and staffing
needs, which helps in decision-making about staffing levels and resource distribution.
•Improving Patient Care: Access to organized data helps doctors make timely decisions regarding patient
treatment, such as reviewing past medical history, which improves the quality of care
2 Describe one application where simulations can be used to help model a real-life
situation. What are the advantages of using a simulation in the real-life application you have selected?
One application where simulations can be used is in flight training for pilots. Flight simulators replicate real-
world flying conditions and aircraft behavior without the risk associated with actual flying.
Advantages of using a simulation in flight training:
1.Risk-Free Environment: Simulations allow pilots to practice complex maneuvers or emergency situations
without any danger to themselves, passengers, or the aircraft.
2.Cost-Effective: Training in a simulator is far cheaper than using an actual plane for practice, as it eliminates
fuel costs, wear and tear on the aircraft, and other operational expenses.
3.Repeatable Training: Trainees can repeatedly practice specific scenarios, such as equipment failures or severe
weather, without the limitations of real-world conditions or availability of aircraft.
4.Controlled Conditions: Simulators can provide highly controlled environments, allowing instructors to set up
specific situations that challenge the trainee’s skills, such as dealing with low visibility or extreme turbulence.
5.Immediate Feedback: Simulators provide instant feedback, helping pilots identify mistakes and improve their
performance in real-time.
1. User-Friendly Data-Entry Form:
•Review: Is the data-entry form clear and easy to use for the users?
•Solution: Ensure the form has well-labeled fields and logical grouping (e.g., separating personal info from
performance data). Use appropriate field types (like drop-down lists for categories and date pickers for
dates). Also, consider including input masks where necessary (like phone numbers or IDs) to ensure consistent
data entry.
•Improvement: If users struggle with entering data or make errors, simplify the form and add tooltips or
default values where possible.
2. Primary Key Field Selection:
•Review: Have you chosen a field that uniquely identifies each record in your table?
•Solution: Select a field such as "Competitor_ID" or "Event_ID" that uniquely identifies each record. It should be
non-redundant and non-null. For example, in a gaming competition database, each competitor might be
assigned a unique ID (e.g., "C001", "C002", etc.), which becomes the primary key in the table.
•Improvement: If there’s no unique identifier, create one by adding an auto-increment field (like a
"Competitor_ID" or "Entry_ID").
3. Correct Criteria and Operators in Queries:
•Review: Are your queries set up with correct criteria and operators to answer the organiser's questions?
•Solution: Make sure your queries filter data based on the correct conditions. For example, if an organiser asks for
competitors with scores greater than 90, the query should use the ">" operator to filter out scores above 90. If the
organiser wants data between certain dates, use the “BETWEEN” operator or date comparison operators (e.g., ">"
for a date range).
•Improvement: Double-check that the criteria match exactly what the organiser requested (e.g., filtering by
competition date, competitor performance, etc.). Also, ensure the correct use of operators like "=", "<", ">", "<>",
and "BETWEEN" to get the expected results.
4. Effective Use of Conditional Formatting:
•Review: Have you used conditional formatting to highlight relevant data (e.g., high scores or deadlines)?
•Solution: Apply conditional formatting to make key information stand out. For example, you might use green to
highlight scores over 90 and red to highlight scores below 50. Use bold or different colors for data points like the
top 3 competitors, upcoming deadlines, or special results that the organisers are interested in.
•Improvement: If the conditional formatting is hard to read, choose clearer color schemes or highlight only the
most critical data. Ensure that the formatting is consistent and enhances readability.
2 Based on the feedback provided by your partner, make a
list of recommendations to improve your database.
•Simplify the Data-Entry Form: Group related fields together, use dropdown menus for predefined
options, and add input masks or validations to ensure consistency in data entry.
•Review and Define Primary Key: Ensure each table has a unique primary key (e.g., "Competitor_ID")
to prevent duplicates and maintain data integrity.
•Refine Query Criteria: Double-check queries to ensure the correct operators (e.g., ">", "<", "=") are
used, and make sure queries answer the organisers' specific questions accurately.
•Enhance Conditional Formatting: Use clear and consistent formatting (e.g., green for high scores, red
for low scores) to highlight key data, ensuring it’s easy to interpret.
•Optimize for Scalability: Ensure the database can handle future growth by designing it to
accommodate additional data (e.g., more competitors or events).
Thank you
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