Sustainable Engineering

Module V

“We have borrowed the earth from our children

and not inherited it from our forefathers” Margret Thatcher
Topics Discussed
Sustainability practices:
Basic concept of sustainable habitat

Methods for increasing energy efficiency in buildings

Green Engineering

 Sustainable Urbanisation

 Sustainable cities

 Sustainable transport

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 2
Sustainable Habitat – Basic Concepts

• Buildings have huge impacts on our natural environment and these impact
need to be reduced dramatically.

• Buildings account for significant part of resource consumption.

• Greenhouse gas emissions and waste generation figures of the world will
rise rapidly as construction increases to meet the needs of a growing
population.

• By the end of 2030, 250 million new urbanites are expected to join in
Indian cities.
SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 3
• A sustainable habitat is an ecosystem that produces food and shelter for people
and other organisms, without resource depletion and in such a way that no external
waste is produced.

• Proper habitat design has a direct impact on energy and resource consumption.

• Sustainable habitat means achieving a balance between the economic and social
development of human habitats together with the protection of the environment,
equity in employment, shelter, basic services, social infrastructure and
transportation.

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 4
National climate change action plan

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 5
The National Mission for Sustainable Habitat cover the following aspects:

• Extension of the energy conservation building code - which addresses the design of
new and large commercial buildings to optimize their energy demand;

• Better urban planning and modal shift to public transport - make long term transport
plans to facilitate the growth of medium and small cities in such a way that ensures
efficient and convenient public transport;

• Recycling of material and urban waste management - a special areas of focus will be
development of technology for producing power form waste.

• Include a major R&D programme, focusing on bio-chemical conversion, waste

water use, sewage utilization and recycling options wherever possible.
SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 6
• Designing a sustainable habitat is a matter of keeping two goals in mind
1. Incorporate design concepts and materials that minimize resource use, maximize
energy and water efficiency, eliminate exposure to toxic chemicals and prioritize
human health and safety throughout the construction process

2. Identify ways and means such that the building and the living can actually help
protect the environment through practices that restore nature in specific and
meaningful ways

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1j26Qv1nbg
SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 7
SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 8
Energy Efficiency of Buildings
• The International Energy Agency (IEA) recognizes that buildings are the largest
consumers of energy worldwide (40 per cent) and will continue to be a source of
increasing energy demand in the future.

• Globally, the sector’s final energy consumption doubled between 1971 and 2010 to reach
2794 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe), driven primarily by population increase and
economic growth.

• Under current policies, the global energy demand of buildings is projected by the IEA
experts to grow by an additional 838 Mtoe by 2035 in comparison to 2010.

• The building sector is the largest contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

• Existing buildings represent significant energy-saving opportunities because their

performance level is frequently far below current-efficiency potentials
SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 10
• For enhancing energy efficiency in buildings in India, Bureau of Energy Efficiency
(BEE) notified the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) in 2007 under the
provisions of the Energy Conservation Act 2001.

• Residential and commercial buildings account for nearly 30% of total electricity
consumption in India today. This share is expected to increase to 48%—nearly
half of electricity consumption—by 2042.

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 11
Energy Efficiency of Buildings

• Energy in buildings is categorized into two .types

Energy for the maintenance/servicing of a building during its useful life

Energy capital that goes into production of a building (known as

embodied energy) using various building materials

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 12
 Methods of minimizing energy wastage

• Standards and Labeling - provide the consumer an informed choice about the energy saving
and thereby the cost saving potential of the relevant marketed product.(19
equipment/appliances, i.e. Room Air Conditioners, Fluorescent Tube Lights, Frost Free Refrigerators, Distribution
Transformers, Induction Motors, Direct Cool Refrigerator, electric storage type geyser, Ceiling fans, Color TVs,
Agricultural pump sets, LPG stoves, Washing machine, Laptops, ballast, floor standing ACs, office automation
products, Diesel Generating sets & Diesel operating pumpsets of which the first 4 products have been notified
under mandatory labeling from 7th January, 2010.)

• The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) (was developed by Govt. of India for new
commercial buildings on 27th May 2007. ECBC sets minimum energy standards for new
commercial buildings having a connected load of 100kW or contract demand of 120 KVA and
above.)
• Awareness campaign

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 14
• Demand Side Management (DSM) Scheme

• Using sensors

• Maximising the use of windows

• Onsite generation of renewable energy by using solar panels

• Passive design techniques for buildings in warm climate, such as white roof, sun
shading and natural ventilation can achieve significant cooling

• Building energy performance label and certificate

• Residential Building orientation

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 15
SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 16
SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 17
.

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 18
Zero Energy Building
A zero-energy building
is a building with zero net energy consumption, meaning
the total amount of energy used by the building on an
annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable
energy created on the site

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 19
SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 20
 Green Buildings

• Green building
(also known as green construction or sustainable building)
refers to both a structure and the using of processes that are
environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a
building's life-cycle from siting to design, construction, operation,
maintenance, renovation, and demolition

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 21
• It is described as a structure that ensures efficient use of materials,
water, energy and other resources without depletion of nature and
minimal generation of non-degradable waste

• Recently newer technologies-developed-to create greener buildings-

objective is to reduce the overall impact to the built environment on
human health and the natural environment

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 22
• Green building brings together a vast array of practices and techniques to reduce and
ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health.

• It often emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight

through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using plants and
trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and for reduction of rainwater run-off.

• Techniques, such as using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional

concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water, are used as well.

• Fundamental principles : Structure Design Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Water

Efficiency, Materials Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality
Enhancement, Operations and Maintenance Optimization, and Waste and Toxics
Reduction SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 23
Green Buildings

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 24
Characteristics of Green Buildings
• Although new technologies are constantly being developed to
complement current practices in creating greener structures, the
common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the
overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural
environment by:
1. Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources
2. Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity
3. Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 25
Objectives of Green Building concept
• Saving energy

• Saving water

• Reducing waste

• Improving health and productivity

• Reduced pollution loads

• Reduced destruction of natural areas, habitats and biodiversity

and reduced soil loss from erosion etc…
SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 26
Taipei 101, the tallest and largest green building of LEED
(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Platinum
certification in the world since 2011

URL - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B031ebdzRvc

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 27
An eco-house at Findhorn Ecovillage with a turf
roof and solar panels Hanging gardens of One Central Park, Sydney

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 28
SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 29
Green materials for building construction
Examples for sustainable materials
• Renewable sources: solar power
• Reuse from waste: old plumbing, doors etc…
• Wool brick: obtained by adding wool and natural polymer found in
seaweed to the clay of the brick. It has around 37% more strength than
burnt bricks and is resistant for cold and wet climate
• Sustainable concrete: crushed glass, wood chips or slag, a by product
of steel manufacturing. It reduces the emission of carbon dioxide
• Solar tiles: exist to simply protect the building (it absorbs energy from
the sun during day time)

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 30
Green materials for building construction
• Paper insulation: made from recycled newspapers and card boards
• Insect resistant and fire retardant
• Triple-glazed windows- super efficient windows. Stops heat to enter the building &
from direct sunlight
• Using bamboo replacing the steel bars

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 31
Green materials for building construction
Examples for sustainable materials

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 32
Green materials for building construction
Examples for sustainable materials

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 33
Materials Selection Criteria
• Green building materials are composed of renewable, rather than
nonrenewable resources.
• Green materials are environmentally responsible because impacts are
considered over the life of the product.
• Depending upon project-specific goals, an assessment of green materials
may involve an evaluation of one or more of the criteria listed below.
• Green building material/product selection criteria :
 Resource efficiency
 Indoor air quality
 Energy efficiency
 Water conservation
 Affordability

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 34
Resource Efficiency
• Recycled Content: Products with identifiable recycled content,
including postindustrial content with a preference for post consumer
content.
• Resource efficient manufacturing process: Products manufactured
with resource-efficient processes including reducing energy
consumption, minimizing waste (recycled, recyclable and or source
reduced product packaging), and reducing greenhouse gases.
• Locally available: Building materials, components, and systems found
locally or regionally saving energy and resources in transportation to
the project site.
• Durable: Materials that are longer lasting or are comparable to
conventional products with long life expectancies.

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 35
Indoor environmental quality enhancement
• Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) seeks to reduce volatile organic compounds, or
VOCs, and other air impurities such as microbial contaminants. Buildings
rely on a properly designed ventilation system (passively/naturally- or
mechanically-powered) to provide adequate ventilation of cleaner air from
outdoors or re-circulated, filtered air as well as isolated operations
(kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies.
• Low or non-toxic: Materials that emit few or no carcinogens,
reproductive toxicants, or irritants as demonstrated by the manufacturer
through appropriate testing.
• Moisture resistant: Products and systems that resist moisture or inhibit
the growth of biological contaminants in buildings.
• Systems or equipment: Products that promote healthy IAQ by identifying
indoor air pollutants or enhancing the air quality.

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 36
Energy efficiency
• To reduce operating energy use, high-efficiency windows and insulation
in walls, ceilings, and floors increase the efficiency of the building
envelope, (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space).
• Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in
low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings,
porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while
maximizing solar gain in the winter.
• In addition, effective window placement (day lighting) can provide more
natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day.
• Solar water heating further reduces energy costs.
• Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind
power, hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the
environmental impact of the building.
• Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a
building.
SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 37
• Encourage use of ecofriendly refrigerants

• Maximise the use of windows and full glass exterior walls

• The lighting power density to be reduced by 10%

• Demonstrate the use of onsite renewable technologies

• Air conditioners fan pumps & motors installed in the building shall
have an efficiency equivalent to BEE (Bureau of Energy
Efficiency) 3-star rating

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 38
Water efficiency
• Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in
sustainable building.
• To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on
water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and
conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by
designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing.
• Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-
low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads.
• Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing
possibilities of re-using water on-site.
• Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy
efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation.
• The use of non-sewage and greywater for on-site use such as site-irrigation will
minimize demands on the local aquifer.
SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 39
• Recharge groundwater table
• Water efficient fixtures, faucets, fittings….
• Design of landscape with drought tolerant species
ensuring minimum consumption of water
• Reduce water demand for irrigation (water management
system like drip irrigation)
• Wastewater treatment and reuse

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 40
HOW TO MAKE GREEN HOMES

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 41
SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 42
 Growth of Green Building in India
ALL TYPES OF BUILDINGS, ALL OVER THE COUNTRY :
• IT PARKS
• OFFICES
• BANKS
• AIRPORT
• CONVENTION CENTRES
• EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
• HOTELS
• RESIDENTIAL
• FACTORIES

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 44
SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 45
What is LEED?
Leadership in Energy & Environmental
Design
• Developed by the United States Green Building Council (USGBC)
• Voluntary, Consensus-based, Market driven for developing high
performance, sustainable buildings
• Benchmarks standards such as NBC, ASHRAE, ECBC etc.

CERTIFICATION 50-59
SILVER 60-69
GOLD 70-79
PLATINUM 80-100

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 46
Green Building Certification
• There are three primary Rating systems in India.

GRIHA

IGBC

BEE

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 47
Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA)
• India’s own rating system jointly developed by TERI and the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy, Government of India.
• It is a green building design evaluation system where buildings are rated in a three-
tier process.
• The process initiates with the online submission of documents as per the prescribed
criteria followed by on site visit and evaluation of the building by a team of
professionals and experts from GRIHA Secretariat.
• is GRIHA rating system consists of 34 criteria categorised in four different sections.
• Some of them are –
(1) Site selection and site planning, (2) Conservation and efficient utilization of
resources, (3) Building operation and maintenance, and (4) Innovation

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 48
SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 49
SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 50
https://www.grihaindia.org/griha-rating

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 51
Indian Green Building Council (IGBC)
• LEED is developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC),
the organization promoting sustainability through Green Buildings.
LEED is a framework for assessing building performance against set
criteria and standard points of references
• Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) formed the Indian Green
Building Council (IGBC) in year 2001.
• IGBC is the non profit research institution having its offices in CII-
Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, which is itself a LEED
certified Green building.
• Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) has licensed the LEED Green
Building Standard from the USGBC. IGBC facilitates Indian green
structures to become one of the green buildings.

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 52
CII – Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre
A unique Public – Private Partnership
( CII, Govt of Andhra Pradesh, USAID and Pirojsha Godrej Foundation )

“Centre of Excellence” for Energy, Environment, Green Buildings,

Renewable energy, Water &SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV
Climate change activities in India 54
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vh4gZdFhGjc

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 55
Suzlon Energy Limited - Pune

Several accolades continue to shower upon Suzlon’s

global headquarter in Pune - “One Earth” - ever since
the facility has been LEED ‘Platinum’ rated and
certified as an eco-friendly building by the Green
Building Council.

Built to perfection on an area of 41,000 square meters

(10.13 acres), One Earth can be counted as among
the largest green building projects in India and is
living proof that our world can be replenished with a
little green effort, everyday.

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 56
• RAJIV GANDHI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT-
HYDERABAD:

 India’s first Greenfield airport is undeniably among

the top 10 green buildings in India.

 First airport in asia to be certified with ‘SILVER’

rating.

 This green building ensures optimal use of natural

light and minimal wastage of electricity or energy
consumption.

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 57
Biodiversity Conservation India Ltd (BCIL) -
Bangalore

The company’s TZed homes in Whitefield, Bangalore has

been certified as the first residential apartment in the
world to be rated ‘Platinum’ under LEED.

TZed, which means “Towards Zero Energy

Development” is a 2,49,000 sq.ft. green project spread
across 5.5 acres and is designed to reduce lighting and No home at BCIL TZed Homes uses
incandescent lamps, halogens and fluorescent
energy by nearly 70 per cent. tubelights

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 58
ITC Green Centre - Gurgaon

Renowned as one of the early adopters of the green

building movement in India, the ITC Green Centre is still
considered a benchmark for green buildings. It was
'Platinum' rated building and has endeavored to adopt
green practices that go beyond recycled waste and day-lit
offices.
More than 10% of the building materials are
Within a built-in area of 180,000 sq.ft., the building refurbished from other sites and 40% are from
features alternative transportation facilities, storm within 500 miles of the project site

water management system, solar thermal technology,

reflective high-albedo roof paint, minimal exterior
lighting, separate smoking rooms with exhaust system
and zero-water discharge SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 59
La Cuisine Solaire - Auroville

One of the most innovative green buildings in the

country is the solar kitchen at Auroville that best
demonstrates the use of solar energy to produce
steam.

This 1700 sq. m. kitchen is named thus

because of the huge 15 diameter solar bowl
that has been fixed at the top of the structure This building puts to use appropriate
technologies and passive solar concepts to
to harvest solar energy. On a clear day, this achieve energy-efficiency
green structure can generate enough steam at
a temperature of 150°C that can be used to
cook meals for 1000 people, three times a day.
SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 60
Raintree Hotels - Chennai

Here is an eco-sensitive hotel for the eco-savvy traveler.

The entire chain of Raintree business hotels across
Chennai city are the first eco-sensitive hotels in South
India.

Everything about this hospitality range is green: right

from the rubber wood, bamboo and medium-density
fiber used for construction down to the Portland Setting new standards of environmental
responsibility without compromising on guest
Pozzalana cement containing 15 to 20 per cent fly ash.
experience
The George Fisher concealed cistern installed at the
hotel controls the water used in toilet flushes and the
sewage treatment plant recycles water for use in air
conditioners.

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 61
Rating Programme to Suit Different Building Types
One single rating cannot be applied to suit all building types
• Programmes launched
• LEED India New Construction (NC)
• LEED India Core & Shell (CS)
• IGBC Green Homes
• IGBC Green Factory Buildings
• Other Programmes
• Commercial Interiors (USGBC)
• Existing Buildings (USGBC)
• IGBC Green SEZ’s
• IGBC Green Townships (pilot version)
• IGBC Existing Buildings
• Other Programmes on the anvil
• IGBC Green Schools*
• IGBC Green Cities *
• IGBC Green Landscape * * Rating under development

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 62
IGBC Rating Systems Certification Levels
IGBC GREEN HOMES
LEED INDIA-NC
(Individual Residential Unit)
8 Prerequisites
10 Prerequisites
Certified 40 to 49
Certified 38-44
Silver 45-51 Silver 50 to 59
Gold 52-59 Gold 60 to 79
Platinum 60-75 Platinum 80 to 110

LEED INDIA-CS
IGBC GREEN FACTORIES
8 Prerequisites
11 Prerequisites
Certified 51-60 Certified 40 to 49
Silver 61-70 Silver 50 to 59
Gold 71-80 Gold 60 to 79
Platinum 81-100 Platinum 80 to 110

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 63
Sustainable Cities
A sustainable city or an eco-city is a city designed with a
consideration of environmental impact, inhabited by
people, dedicated to minimization of required inputs of
energy, water and food, waste output of heat, air
pollution, carbon dioxide, methane ,water pollution

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 64
Masdar City

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 65
url - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masdar_City

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 66
Results of Urbanization

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 67
SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 68
Key features of a sustainable city

• Resources and services in the city are accessible to all.

• Public transport is seen as a viable alternative to cars.

• Public transport is safe and reliable.

• Walking and cycling is safe.

• Areas of open space are safe, accessible and enjoyable.

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 69
• Wherever possible, renewable resources are used instead of
non-renewable resources.
• Waste is seen as a resource and is recycled wherever
possible.
• New homes are energy efficient.
• There is access to affordable housing.
• Community links are strong and communities work together
to deal with issues such as crime and security.
• Cultural and social amenities are accessible to all.

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 70
• Whitehill Bordon is an example of an Ecotown in the
UK
• Masdar City in Abu Dhabi is an example of a sustainably
planned city.

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 71
 Measures to be taken for a city to move towards sustainability

• Monitoring & Improving air quality

• Maximize waste recycling
• Energy efficient/low/zero carbon buildings
• Smart energy generation
• Proper regulations and legislations
• City transport – innovative smart transport methods
• Water harvesting

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 72
Top 10 cities leading in urban sustainability
• Bogota: Urban Transportation
• Melbourne: Energy Efficient built Environment
• Copenhagen: Carbon Measurement and Planning
• Mexico : Air Quality
• Munich : Green Energy
• Rio de Janeiro : Sustainable Communities
• New York: Adaptation and resilience
• San Francisco: Waste Management
• Singapore: Intelligent City Infrastructure
• Tokyo: Finance and Economic Development

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV
73
Copenhagen
• The city’s airport, rail and suburbs are all connected to the
centre by the metro system.
• In the city centre, a combination of measures has encouraged
an increase in walking and cycling and a decrease in private
car use.
• 90% of all construction waste is recycled and 75 per cent of
all household garbage used for heating.
• Many public squares and streets are pedestrianised.
• The city has a programme to gradually reduce the number of
car parking spaces by 3 per cent per year and further develop
cycle lanes and a free cycle hire scheme.

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 74
Copenhagen goals
• 90% of citizens will be no more than 15 minutes’ walk
from a park or one of Copenhagen harbour’s two
swimming facilities.
• Creation of green cycle routes with Government
ministers leading by example. Currently 37km out of
proposed 110 have been completed
”Our main goal is to be the world’s first carbon neutral
city by 2025” Klaus Bondam – Mayor Of Copenhagen
(March 2009)

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 75
Eco housing, car-free streets and socially
conscious neighbours have made the German
city of Freiburg a shining example of
sustainability. The Observer 23rd March SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV
2008 76
• After devastation of WW2, planners rebuilt the city for
people not cars.
• Pedestrianised streets, bike lanes and excellent trams
were at the heart of the city’s development. Plus the unique
Freiburg Bächle, small canals that run down each central
street.

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 77
Sustainable Transport

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 78
Sustainable Transport

• Sustainable Transport is sometimes known as Green Transport and

it is any form of transport that does not use non renewable resources.

• It depends on renewable energy rather than fossil fuels that have a

finite life expectancy

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 79
 Unsustainable transport
Economic Social Environmental
Traffic congestion Inequity of impacts Air pollution
Mobility barriers Mobility disadvantaged Climate change
Crash damages Human health impacts Habitat loss
Transportation facility costs Community cohesion Water pollution
Consumer transportation costs Aesthetics Hydrologic impacts
Depletion of non-renewable Noise pollution
resources

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 80
 Sustainable transport
• Efficient Transportation

• Walking and Cycling Improvements

• Transit Improvements

• Ridesharing

• Commute Trip Reduction

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 81
 Sustainable Transport
Use of hybrid vehicles
Natural gas and biofuel as transport fuel
Transport choices with very low environmental impact are
Cycling
Use of human powered vehicles
Animal powered transport
The most green transport choice with the least environmental
impact is walking.

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 82
Hybrid Vehicle
• Conventional vehicles use gasoline or diesel to power
an internal combustion engine.
• Hybrids also use an internal combustion engine — and
can be fueled like normal cars—but have an electric
motor and battery, and can be partially or wholly
powered by electricity.
• Hybrids use combinations of gas and electric engines.
• Fewer toxic emissions leak into our air, because of the
electric power supplementing the gasoline.
• This creates a cleaner environment for now and the
CHEVROLET VOLT
future.

SJCET/JJS/SE/ModV 83