CHAPTER 1

PROBLEM STATEMENT AND THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes the introduction, conceptual

and theoretical framework, schematic diagram of the

study, statement of the problem, hypothesis, scope and

limitations, significance of the study, definition of

terms, and review of related literature.

Introduction

Stress is common phenomena being experienced by

almost all individuals. Stress may be viewed as a real or

interpreted threat to the physiological, psychological

and behavioral aspect of person producing mental tension

or physiological reactions leading to illness. It is a

physical or psychological state of which increases the

demands for adjustments upon the individual.

Begani et al. (2013) explored how shift work

affected security guards and found out that health

problem like stress, fatigue, sleeping disorders, and

eating disorders were associated with shift work. They

also found social activities of security guards to be

disturbed as well. In addition, there is a significant

relation between stress and mental health problems in

1
security guards as stated by Affizal Ahmad and Nurul

Mazlan (2013).

Furthermore, occupational stress results from the

complex interactions between large systems of

interrelated variables. A study conducted on

“Occupational stress among bank employees” by Niharika

and Kiran (2014), revealed that private bank employees

had high occupational stress due to role ambiguity, role

conflict, under participation, powerlessness, low status,

strenuous working condition than nationalized bank

employees. Thus, the nature of job and working conditions

are responsible for level of stress that employees faced

in various sector.

According to Coleman (2012), Smith (2011), and

Olagunju (2010) they assert that stress is a manifest of

both male and female individuals defiling basics needs of

life in an environment of competing needs. This implies

that work related stress tends to have harmful effects of

worker’s attitude to works as well as their condition of

health.

Cole et al. (2010) asserted that he who feel

observed and evaluated tends to perform better on simple

or previously acquired task. The authors contend further

that stress in the relationship with individual could

2
result particularly from anxiety. A far from that, CIPD,

(2017) claims that is stress is caused due to some other

factors, and this factor interrelated stress in one hand

affects organizational performance by increasing employee

absence and turn over, reducing productivity, instigating

conflict at work, undermining reputation and positive

employee relations; and in another hand subsists at

individual level by affecting physical and mental health,

influencing state of mind, and by dispiriting the

motivation of employees.

This study mainly aims to determine the perceived

effects of occupational stress among security guards in

the municipality of San Jose. The findings of this study

may provide security guards different strategies,

techniques and interventions in coping occupational

stress.

Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

This study was anchored on the modified version of

Occupational Stress Scale constructed and standardized by

Prof. A.K Srivastava (1976) which understands the role of

occupational stress as a risk factor for security guard

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well-being, as well as developing intervention aimed at

preventing or reducing stress at work.

This theory was significant of the security guard

personnel considering that it allows them to cope up

occupational stress in terms of their physiological,

psychological and behavioral well-being. According to

Mohan et al. (2010) he asserted that occupational stress

causes anxiety among workers in the USA that subsequently

decreases their job performance. Motowidlo et al. (2012)

also confirmed occupational stress as an influential

factor that affects employee job performance.

Figure 1 shows the schematic model of the study. The

input of this study shown at the left box are the

respondents’ profile in the basis of age, sex, Family

Monthly Income, civil status, Number of Years of Service

in Security Industry and Types of Establishments posted.

These inputs will be processed through conducting a

survey to identify the demographic profile of the

respondent. In the process box contains the

identification of the demographic profile of the

respondents, and the perceived effects of occupational

stress among security guard in terms of their physical,

psychological and behavioral well-being, as well as to

determine the significant relationship between the

4
perceived effects of occupational stress among security

guards when they are grouped according to their profile

variables. Finally, the research output is to propose an

intervention plan that reduced occupational stress of

security guard for the improvement of their security

service.

5
 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Demographic 1. Identify the

1.1 Age
1.1 Age
1.2 Sex
1.2 Sex 1.3 Family Monthly
1.3 Family Income
Monthly Income 1.4 Civil Status
1.4 Civil Status 1.5 Number of Years
1.5 Number of of Service in
Proposed an
Years of Service Security Industry intervention
in Security 1.6 Types of plan in
Industry Establishments reducing the
1.6 Types of Posted occupational
Establishments stress of
Posted security guard
2. Determined the personnel for
perceived effects the improvement
of occupational of their
2. The Perceived stress among security
Effects of security guard as service.
occupational to:
stress among 2.1 Physical well-
security guard being
as to: 2.2 Psychological
well- being
2.1 Physical 2.3 Behavioral
well- being
well- being
2.2
3. Established
Psychological
relationship
well- being between the
2.3 Behavioral perceived effects
well- being of occupational
stress among
security guard when
they are grouped
according to their
profile variable.

Figure 1. Schematic Model of the Study

6
Statement of the Problem

The main problem of this study was to determine the

perceived effects of Occupational Stress among Security

Guard in Municipality of San Jose. This study sought to

answer the following questions:

1. What was the demographic profile of the respondent in

terms of?

1.1 Age;

1.2 Sex;

1.3 Family Monthly Income;

1.4 Civil Status;

1.5 Number of Years of Service in Security Industry;

and

1.6 Types of Establishments Posted.

2. What are the perceived effects of occupational stress

among security guard in terms of?

2.1 Physical well-being;

2.2 Psychological well- being; and

2.3 Behavioral well – being.

7
 3. Is there a significant relationship between the

demographic profile of the respondents and the perceived

effects of occupational stress among security guard when

they are grouped according to their profile variable?

Hypothesis

The problem 1 and 2 were hypothesis–free while

problem 3 was hypothesized as follows.

Ho1. There is no significant relationship between the

demographic profile of the respondents and the perceived

effects of occupational stress among security guard.

Significance of the Study

The researchers believe that the results of the

study are beneficial to the following:

Security Guard: This study may help security guards

in dealing occupational stress in terms of their

physical, psychological and behavioral well-being. A far

from that, it provides also various strategies,

techniques and interventions in coping occupational

stress.

Community: This study may help community to

understand that occupational stress is risk- free for

8
security guard personnel and will ensure that they are

reliable and defendable in policing activities and

performing their duty to ensure the safety and protection

of the community.

Institution and Organization: This study may help

Institution and Organization to become more aware of and

monitor the stress of psychological and physiological

health of security guard personnel and serves as a basis

for providing and conducting programs regarding stress.

Criminology Students: The results of the study will

serve as a good source of the learning experience for the

future of the first responding officer on they will know

the different effects of occupational stress on the job

performance of security Guard and how they will prevent

this when they are already in the service.

Agencies: The result of the study may serve as a

guide of different agencies to avoid their security

personnel to this kind of threat occupational stress. A

far from that, the study may help also developed coping

mechanism in dealing occupational stress.

Future Researcher: The study’s results may also

serve as a basis for the conduct of the other research in

areas of the present study.

9
Scope and Limitation

The scope of this study was limited in terms of

focus, respondents’ and setting.

Focus: The focus of this study was to determine the

perceived effects of occupational stress among security

guard and to ascertain whether there is a correlation

between the socio-demographic profile of the respondents

and the occupational stress of security guards towards

their physical, psychological and behavioral well-being.

Respondents: The respondents of the study were the

security guards of different establishments in

Municipality of San Jose, Dinagat Islands.

Setting: This study was conducted at the

municipality of San Jose, Dinagat Islands A.Y 2023-2024.

Definition of Terms
The following are included throughout the study

report. The following definitions correlate specifically

to the understanding this study.

Behavioral- relating to the behavior of security

guard personnel which pertains to the reaction of made in

response to social stimuli.

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 Civil Status- refers to the distinct options that

described security guard’s relationship with a

significant other, either him/her marriage, single,

divorced, or widowed.

Occupational Stress- refers to some other factors

and or condition that affect the physical, psychological

and behavioral well-being of the individual security

guard in Municipality of San Jose Dinagat Islands.

Effects- refer to the impact of occupational stress

on the security guard’s job performance.

Establishments- refer to the business organization,

public or private institution, or household where the

security guard assigned to duty.

Fatigue - refers to a feeling of constant tiredness

or weakness and can be physical, or a combination of both

because of work, such being a security guard.

Phenomena- A fact or situation experienced by almost

all individuals relating to their physical,

psychological, and behavioral well-being.

Physical- relating to the body of security guards

and perceived through the senses as opposed to the mind.

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 Psychological- refers to affecting or arising in

mind, related to a security guard personnel mental and

emotional state.

Security Guard- refers to the uniformed guard

personnel employed on the San Jose Municipality Dinagat

Islands to protect a building against intruders or damage

Stress- refers to psychological and physical effects

of the pressures arising out of the individual’s security

guard personnel which decrease their security service.

Stressor- is something that causes a state of strain

or tension. It refers to situations that are experienced

as a perceived threat to one’s well-being or position in

life

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This part presents the related literatures, and

studies which were taken from foreign and local articles,

and online published journals to gain a clearer

perspective of the topic under investigation.

Foreign Literature and Studies

According to Coleman (2012), Smith (2011), and

Olagunju (2010) they assert that stress is a manifest of

12
both male and female individuals defiling basics needs of

life in an environment of competing needs. This implies

that work related stress tends to have deleterious

effects of workers attitude to works as well as their

condition of health.

Niharika and Kiran (2014) revealed that private bank

employees had high occupational stress due to role

ambiguity, role conflict, under participation,

powerlessness, low status, strenuous working condition

than nationalized bank employees. Thus, the nature of job

and working conditions are responsible for level of

stress that employees faced in various sector.

Begani et al. (2013) explored how shift work

affected security guards and found out that health

problem like stress, fatigue, sleeping disorders, and

eating disorders were associated with shift work. They

also found social activities of security guards to be

disturbed as well. In addition, there is a significant

relation between stress and mental health problems in

security guards as stated by Ahmad and Mazlan (2013).

Cole et al. (2010) asserted that he who feel

observed and evaluated tends to perform better on simple

or previously acquired task. The authors contend further

13
that stress in the relationship with individual could

result particularly from anxiety.

Mohan et al. (2010) he asserted that occupational

stress causes anxiety among workers in the USA that

subsequently decreases their job performance. Motowidlo

et al. (2012) also confirmed occupational stress as an

influential factor that affects employee job performance.

A far from that, CIPD, (2017) claims that is stress

is caused due to some other factors, and this factor

interrelated stress in one hand affects organizational

performance by increasing employee absence and turn over,

reducing productivity, instigating conflict at work,

undermining reputation and positive employee relations;

and in another hand subsists at individual level by

affecting physical and mental health, influencing state

of mind, and by dispiriting the motivation of employees.

The factors that cause stress, also affect physical

and psychological conditions. Ozkan and Ozdevecioglu

(2013) conducted a study in turkey and established

significant relationship between occupational stress and

life satisfaction.

According to the study conducted by Ragesh et al.

(2017), entitled “Occupational stress among police

14
personnel in India” police officer undergoes significant

occupational stress. Stress among younger age group,

lower-level rank police personnel, and females. Physical

and mental health issues are higher among them, which use

immediate attention from the concerned authorities.

On the other hand, employees often encounter issues

like long working hours, lack of breaks and paid leaves,

and inadequate holidays, these factor lead to stress at

work ILO, (2012).

Local Literature and Studies

According to Furmeen & Reddy (2019), entitled

Occupational stress and its coping strategies among the

police personnel affirmed that the security guard are

indeed stress because of the demanding nature their job.

The work obligation drained their energy; leaving them

such circumstances in the long run will leave them

deprived of fulfillment in life in spite of the

accomplishment of their career.

A further study conducted by Jonyon (2015) asserted

that, security guard personnel are exposed to high level

of occupational stress, and their work performance was

rated as fair. The study also established that

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occupational stress negatively affects the work

performance of security guard personnel and found out

that security guards are lack welfare support system

despite the stressful nature of their work.

In related study conducted by Falooran et al.

(2021), entitled “A structural Equation Model on

Occupational Stress among Police Officers in Misamis

Occidental, Region X Philippines”, finding revealed that

the level of occupational stress, work environment, and

frustration discomfort was high and moderated for the

perception of barriers. Results also show that there was

a positive correlation between barrier perception and

workplace stress, work environment and work stress and

frustration discomfort. Moreover, perception of barriers,

work environment, and frustration discomfort are

predictors of occupational stress.

In related study conducted by San Pedro et al

(2012), entitled “Occupational Stress PNP personnel in

San Jose City Police Station”, the study found out that

the extent of cause of occupational stress of PNP

personnel was moderately stressful in terms of internal

and external factor. The degree of effect of occupational

stress on the PNP personnel was moderately serious in

terms of official and personal life.

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 According to the study conducted by Gutierrez et al.

(2015,) entitled “Stress Management Among Security

Officers in Batangas City, Philippines”, the study found

out that the work-related stressors are work over load,

demanding and strict superiors, failure to attain set

goals at a given time, the mismatch between the current

position and career aspiration and poor ventilation. The

respondents have different stress management, which is

the cognitive factor that is often done. The relaxation

technique and social support received are sometimes

experienced by the respondents.

Russell et al. (2014) stated that security work is

the most stressful job. Security officers suffer more

burnout and illnesses than other employees do. (Russell

et al., 2014). Private security is as stressful as public

security.

Blom (2012 stated that improving organizational

efficiency and job satisfaction such as stress

management, coaching, counseling, organizational

reorganization, and work redesign is effective way to

decrease the stress of individual police officer.

According to Bano, (2011), political stress, lack of

family time, lack of community assistance and wage

17
dissatisfaction could have an impact on job stress among

police officers.

According to (Scuffham, Vecchio, & Whiteford, 2014)

Maintaining good health conditions among employees is a

primary factor for improving their work performance,

productivity, and profitability.

Nerurkar (2014) stated that work-related stress is a

main concern to both public and private security

agencies. Goswami (2015) added that security officers

work under continuous stressful conditions. The nature of

security work exposes security officers to occupational

stressors more than employees working other jobs

Hence, this study was conducted to determine the

perceived effects of occupational stress among security

guards in terms of their psychological, physiological and

behavioral well-being and to provide coping mechanism to

regulate and minimize this kind of threat.

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 CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents and describe the research

design, research respondents, research setting, research

instruments, data gathering procedure, reliability and

validity, ethical consideration of data, and statistical

treatment of data employed in the course of

investigation.

Research Design

The descriptive research design was used in this

study, as this endeavor seeks to determine the perceived

effects of occupational stress among security guard

personnel as well as ascertain whether these challenges

pose variations on the basis of their profile variables.

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Research Respondents

Agency No. of Respondents

Sherlock 12

Sagittarius 12

AJG 9

Davao Security and

Investigation Agency 5

Incorporated (DASIA)

CIVIL SECURITY DIVISION 88

(CSD)

Total 126

The respondents of the study involve the Security

guard personnel of San Jose Municipality, Dinagat

Islands. The research’s representatives choose the said

respondents since they want to know the Perceive Effects

of Occupational Stress among Security Guard in the

Municipality of San Jose. Table 1 elaborated the

distribution of the respondents.

Table 1

Distribution of Respondents

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Research Setting

The study was conducted at the respective area

assigned of the security guard personnel in the

Municipality of San Jose Dinagat Islands. To illustrate

the research location, a map is provided below

Figure 3: Municipality of San Jose Map

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Research Instrument

A survey questionnaire was utilized in this study to

determine the perceived effects of occupational stress

among security guard personnel. The questionnaire shall

compose of two parts: the first part covers the

respondent’s profile in terms of age, sex, family monthly

income, civil status, number of years of service and

types of establishments posted by the security guard. And

the second part is the questionnaire/checklist regarding

on the perceived effects of occupational stress among

security guard wherein it is composed of fifteen (15)

items statement.

The distribution of the questionnaires was carried

out with utmost ethical considerations where research

participants’ responses shall be kept with

confidentiality.

Data Gathering Procedure

Upon the approval of the thesis committee, the

researchers secured a letter of request from the office

of different agencies of security guard which are the

Sagittarius Security Agency, Sherlock Security Agency,

AJG Security Agency the DASIA security Agency and the

22
Civil Security Division to permit the conduct of the

study.

Once approved, survey questionnaire distribution

will follow by ensuring full and active participation of

the respondents. The researchers gathered the data within

7 days (1 week).

Anent to that, the content of the said tool will be

read and explained clearly to them. Respondents will be

allowed to ask some clarifications and concerns.

Validity and Reliability

In order to achieve the instrument’s content

validity and reliability, the researchers presented the

chosen research tool to the panel members and research

committee for review, corrections, and further

suggestions. The said corrections and suggestions was

reflected on the drafted instrument/s for investigation

or for the conduct of the study before the researchers

shall decide to administer the official data gathering

procedure.

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Ethical Consideration

In this study, the respondents’ voluntary

participation was very significant. Moreover, respondents

had rights to withdraw from this study at any stage if

they wish to do so. The respondents participated on the

basis of informed consent where researchers provide

sufficient information and assurances about taking part

to allow individuals to understand the implications of

participation and to reach a fully informed, considered

and freely given decision about whether or not to do so,

without the exercise of any pressure or coercion. Data

gathered during the conduct of this study will be kept

confidential and only the aggregated data will be

presented.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data gathered were subjected to statistical

treatment to facilitate the analysis and interpretation

of data. The following statistical was used in the

analysis of data.

Frequency Count and Percentage Distribution were used to

identify the respondent’s demographic profile in terms of

24
age, sex, family monthly income, civil status, number of

years of service in security industry and types of

establishments posted by the security guard.

Mean and Standard Deviation were used in the study to

compute the general weighted average, and the perceived

effects of occupational stress among security guards.

Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used in the

study to establish the significant relationship between

the respondents profile variables towards the perceived

effects of occupational stress among security guards.

25