Chapter 3
Research Methodology
What is the purpose of chapter 3
• Chapter 3 shows the reader of the book how
you are going to go about with your study
• It is also a guide for the researchers on how
and where to gather data
What are the contents of the
chapter 3
• Research Design and Method
• Research Environment
• Research Respondents
• Sampling Method
• Research Instruments & tools
• Research Procedure
RESEARCH DESIGN
• There are several research designs, and each
of them has their own characteristics. Most of
the time, a researcher study may cover one or
more of this designs. The mostly used research
designs are listed below.
– Descriptive Design
– Causal – Comparative Design
– Developmental Design
RESEARCH DESIGN
• Descriptive Design
This type of research is the most used research design. This design
includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The
numerical data gathered are through tests, surveys, observations,
and interviews. The variables are not manipulated but are
measured as they occur. Researcher has no control over
the variables and can only report what has happened or
happening. This design of re- search is usually used to determine
the current situation.
RESEARCH DESIGN
• Causal-comparative Design
Causal-comparative research attempts to determine the causes or
differences that already exist between or among groups or
individuals (Fraenkel and Wallen, 1993).
The design compares two or more groups in terms of a difference
variable that cannot be manipulated, i.e., and high performing
group versus low performing group (Performance in the difference
variable).
RESEARCH DESIGN
• Developmental Research Design
Developmental research is defined as the systematic study of
designing, developing and evaluating instructional programs,
processes and products that must meet the criteria of internal
consistency and effectiveness.
The general purpose of this design have been described as
knowledge production, understanding, and prediction. The
developmental research can either be qualitative, quantitative, or
both. Example: A good example of developmental research is the
development of an information system (software) to automate an
existing manual process.
RESEARCH METHOD
• Quantitative
– Involving numerical data and statistical analysis.
• Qualitative
– Involving non-numerical data, such as interviews
and case studies.
• Mixed Methods
– Combining both qualitative and quantitative
techniques.
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
• Most misconception of research environment in
architectural research is that, the research
environment is the location of the site.
• However the research environment is not limited
to the site alone
• Research environment is any location where the
researchers GATHER data. Not limited to the
site.
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
• Sample study :
• A proposed Biophilic hospital in Naga city
Cebu
– The research environment is not limited to the city
of naga
– As a researcher it is also best to document
neighboring hospitals.
– Therefore you may write down the list of
environments where the researcher may gather
data
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
• Sample study :
• A proposed Biophilic hospital in Naga city
Cebu
• City of Naga
• Cities and Municipalities in the south district
• Hospitals in Cebu City
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
• After listing down where you think are the main
environments you shall be gathering data
• Explain each environment and write down why
it is essential that data must be gathered within
that area
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
City of Naga
(introduce first the city of naga)-------------------------------------------------------------------
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (you
can show maps, photos, etc…)
(explain in technical writing the importance of the environment for data gathering)-------
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--
Do this for all the research environment you have
listed
RESEARCH RESPONDENTS
• The research respondents are the proponents
(people involved in your study) who you may
be gathering data
• Ex:
– The mayor of naga city cebu
– DOH officials
– Hospital directors
– Patients in naga city hospital
RESEARCH RESPONDENTS
• Similar to the research environment, explain
each respondents
– Mayor of Naga city
• The mayor of naga city, approves and checks proposals
for the city. The researchers need approval and support
from the mayor to gather data
• The researchers shall ask data such as budget, lot
locaton, etc… to the mayor
– DOH Officials
• ……
• ……
SAMPLING METHOD
• After introducing all the respondents for the data
gathering, indicate their population and assess
how many will participate in the survey/
interview through sampling method
• Sampling method is the selection and
computation of the respondents
• Use sampling method for respondents with big
populations
• Common sampling computation is slovin’s formula
TYPES OF SAMPLING
– There are two general sampling approaches used is
social science research.
– The probability and nonprobability sampling.
With probability sampling, all elements (e.g., persons,
households) in the population have some opportunity of being
included in the sample, and the mathematical probability that
any one of them will be selected can be calculated while on
the other hand, the non- probability sampling, in contrast,
population elements are selected on the basis of their
availability (e.g., because they volunteered) or because of the
researcher's per- sonal judgment that they are representative.
Probability Sampling
Types of Probability Sampling:
– Simple Random Sampling
- is applicable when population is small, homogeneous & readily available. All subsets of
the frame are given an equal probability. Each element of the frame thus has an equal
probability of selection. It provides the greatest number of possible samples. This is
done by assigning a number to each unit in the sampling frame. A table of random
number or lottery system is used to determine which units are to be selected.
– Systematic Sampling
-the researcher create a list of every member of the population. From the list, the researcher
randomly select the first sample element from the first N elements on the population
list. Thereafter, the researcher select every Nth element on the list. This method is different
from simple random sampling since every possible sample of N elements is not likely equal.
Probability Sampling
Types of Probability Sampling:
– Stratified Sampling
- With stratified sampling, the population is divided into groups, based on some
characteristic. Then, within each group, a probability sample (often a simple random
sample) is selected. In stratified sampling, the groups are called strata.
– Cluster Sampling
- With cluster sampling, every member of the population is assigned to one, and only one,
group. Each group is called a cluster. A sample of clusters is chosen, using a probability
method (often simple random sampling). Only individuals within sampled clusters are
surveyed. Note the difference between cluster sampling and stratified sampling is that, with
stratified sampling, the sample includes elements from each stratum while the cluster
sampling, in contrast, the sample includes elements only from sampled clusters.
– Multiphase Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling
Types of Non Probability Sampling:
– Quota Sampling
- In Quota sampling, the population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just
as in stratified sampling. Then the researcher's judgment is used to select respondents or units
from each segment based on a specified proportion.
– Convenience Sampling
- A convenience sampling is made up of people who are easy to reach. Example: A researcher
interviews shoppers at a local mall. If the mall was chosen because it was a convenient site
from which to solicit survey participants and/ or because it was close to the researcher's home
or business, this would be a convenience sample.
– Voluntary Sampling
- A voluntary sampling is made up of people who self- select into the survey.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS & TOOLS
• Research instruments
– These are actions that the researchers will conduct to be able to gather
data
• Survey
• Interviews
• Observations
• Document search
• Research tools
– These are the items needed to achieve the instruments
• Survey – questionnaires, online forms, etc…
• Interviews – video camera, voice recorder
• Observations – mobile camera, DSLR camera
• Document search – PC, laptop, WIFI
WRITE THIS IN PARAGRAPH FORM
RESEARCH PROCEDURE
• For the reader to be fully able to understand
how the researcher shall go about their study.
The researcher shall layout their plan as to how
to step by step ( chronologically) conduct the
research from the very beginning
• Ex.
– The researcher shall visit the office of the mayor to conduct an interview
and ask approval for the research topic
– The researcher shall go to the planning office of the city hall to acquire
technical details of the site
– The researcher shall visit existing hospitals and document the circulation
and operations
– Etc…
