SURVEYING
SURVEYING
DEFINITION:
SURVEYING is the art of determining the positions of points on or near the
earth’s surface by means of measurements in the three elements of space; namely
distance, direction, and elevation. (Rayner and Schmidt)
SURVEYING is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between
objects, of measuring angles between lines, of determining the direction of lines,
and of establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurements.
(Davis, Foote, Anderson and Mikhail)
SURVEYING is the art of making such measurements of the relative positions of
points on the surface of the earth that, on drawing them to scale, natural and
artificial features may be exhibited in their correct horizontal or vertical
relationship. (Clarke)
SURVEYING
DEFINITIONS:
SURVEYING is the science or art of making such measurements as are necessary
to determine the relative position of points above, on, or beneath the surface of
the earth, or to establish such points. (Breed, Hosmer, and Bone)
SURVEYING is the science and art of determining relative positions of points
above, on, or beneath the surface of the earth, or establishing such points.
(Brinker and wolf)
SURVEYING the art and science of determining angular and linear measurements
to establish the form, extent, and relative position of the points, lines, and areas
on or near the surface of the earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies through
applied mathematics and the use of specialized equipment and techniques.(Juny
Pilapil LA PUTT)
SURVEYING
HISTORY:
Archaeological records shows the use of length
Standards earlier than 2000 BC. An Egyptian
wall Painting depicts workmen measuring
SURVEYING
HISTORY:
Archaeological records shows the use of length
Standards earlier than 2000 BC. An Egyptian
wall Painting depicts workmen measuring
SURVEYING
HISTORY:
Greeks : Expanded Egyptian work and developed
geometry and developed one of the earliest survey
instruments (a form of level)
Romans: developed surveying into science to create
Roman roads, aqueduct and land division systems.
Groma – cross instrument used to determine
lines and right angles
Libella – “A” frame with a plumb bob used for
leveling
Chorobarates- 20 ft straight edge with oil in
noth for leveling
SURVEYING
HISTORY:
Middle Ages: land division of Romans continued in Europe.
Quadrans – a square brass frame capable of turning angles up to 90
degrees and has a graduated scale developed by an Italian named Von
Piso
18th and 19th Century in the World: the need for mapping and marking land
claims caused extensive surveying, especially by English
-in 1807: US Geological survey founded to establish an accurate control
network and mapping.
20th Century and Beyond: As technology advanced, population increased and
land value caused development of licensure for surveyors in all states.
SURVEYING
Surveying Development
TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF
SURVEYING
PLANE SURVEYING is that type of
surveying in which the earth is considered
to be a flat surface, and where distances
and areas involved are of limited extent
that the exact shape of the earth is
disregarded.
GEODETIC SURVEYING are surveys of
wide extent which take into account the
spheroidal shape of the earth.
TYPES OF SURVEYING
1.CADASTRAL SURVEYS are usually closed surveys
which are undertaken in urban and rural locations for the
purpose of determining and defining property lines and
boundaries, corners, and areas. These surveys are also
made to fix the boundaries of municipalities, towns, and
provincial jurisdictions.
2.CITY SURVEYS are surveys of the areas in and near
a city for the purpose of planning expansions or
improvements, locating property lines, fixing reference
monuments, determining the physical features and
configuration of the land, and preparing maps.
3.CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS these are surveys which are
undertaken at a construction site to provide data regarding
grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground configuration,
and the location and elevation of structures which are of
concern to engineers, architects, and builders.
TYPES OF SURVEYING
4. FORESTRY SURVEYS a type of survey executed in
connection with forest management and mensuration,
and the production and conservation of forest lands.
5. HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS refer to surveying streams,
lakes, reservoirs, harbors, oceans, and other bodies of
water. These surveys are made to map shore lines, chart
the shape of areas underlying water surfaces, and
measure the flows of the stream. They are of general
importance in connection with navigation, development
of water supply and resources, flood control, irrigation,
production of hydro-electric power, sub aqueous
constructions, and recreations
TYPES OF SURVEYING
6. INDUSTRIAL SURVEY sometimes known as optical
tooling. It refers to the use of surveying techniques in
ship building, construction and assembly of aircraft,
layout and installation of heavy and complex machinery,
and in other industries where very accurate dimensional
layouts are required.
7. MINE SURVEYS are surveys which are performed to
determine the position of all underground excavations
and surface mine structures, to fix surfaces boundaries
of mining claims, determine geological formations, to
calculate excavated volumes, and establish lines and
grades for other related mining work.
TYPES OF SURVEYING
8. PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYS a type of survey which makes use
of photographs taken with specially designed cameras either from
airplanes or ground stations. Measurements are obtained from the
photographs which are used in conjunction with limited ground
surveys.
9. ROUTE SURVEYS involves the determination of alignment, grades,
earthwork quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in
connection with the planning, design, and construction of highways,
railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and other linear
projects.
10.TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS are those surveys made for determining
the shape of the ground, and the location and elevation of natural
and artificial features upon it. The features shown include such
natural objects as hills, mountains, rivers, lakes, relief of the ground
surface, etc; and works of man, such as roads, building, ports,
towns, municipalities, and bridges.
SURVEYING MEASUREMENT
1. Direct Measurement
measuring exactly the thing that you're looking to
measure, while 'indirect measurement' means that
you're measuring something by measuring something
else.
2. Indirect Measurement
a technique that uses to determine an unknown
value based on its proportion or relation to a
known value when direct measurement is not
possible.
UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS
Common System of Measurements
1. International System of Unit (SI)
a system of physical units ( SI Units ) based on the meter, kilogram, second,
ampere, kelvin and others
Proposed by French Scientist sometime in 1789
Originally meter is equal to 1/10,000,000 of the earths meridional quadrant
Also known as “metric” units. (m, kg, ha, m3 and others)
2. English Unit
historical units of measurement used in England up to 1826
Units such as foot, yard, miles, acre, pounds, tons and others
In the Philippines, the use of English was phased out in Jan. 1, 1983 and
adopted the use of metric (under Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos)
UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS
1. Linear
measurements which includes the length, width, thickness, depth and the distance.
The units are meter cm and mm and kilometer (Km, m, cm, ha, m2 , L etc)
2. Angular Measurement
a.)Sexagesimal Units. an angle is measured in degrees, minutes and
seconds. ( right angle = 90 degrees or 900, 1 degree = 60 minute, 1 minute =60
seconds)
b.) Centesimal Units . an angle is measured in grades, minutes and seconds. In this
system, a right angle is divided into 100 (1 right angle = 100 grades (or, 100g) , 1 grade ( or 1g)
= 100 minutes (or, 100 ‵ ) , 1 minute (or 1 ‵ ) = 100 seconds ( or, 100‶).)
c.) Circular System. In this system a radian is considered as the unit for the
measurement of angles. (∏ = 180 degrees)
Why Incorporate Surveying to GIS
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a
computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and
displaying data related to positions on Earth's surface. GIS
can show many different kinds of data on one map. This
enables people to more easily see, analyze, and understand
patterns and relationships.
Surveying has a wide scope and application in interpreting
geospatial
There is a difficulty in understanding spatial analysis
without understanding first the principle of surveying
It is a must to understand field measurement from “paper”
measurements and computer-based measurements.
Surveying is the “heart” of geographic information system
MISTAKE vs ERROR
Mistake – inaccuracies in measurements which occurs because surveying
operation is performed by surveyors with carelessness, inattiveness, poor judgement
and improper execution
Error – the difference between true value and measured value
Types of error:
1. Systematic Errors- Also known as cumulative error.
2. Accidental Errors – These are errors that are purely accidental
Sources of Errors:
3. Instrumental – errors due to imperfection of instruments
4. Natural – errors due to natural phenomenon such as temperature, wind, etc
5. Personal – errors due to human limitation of sight, hearing, touch
ACCURACY vs PRECISION
Accuracy – indicates how close a given measurement is to the absolute
or true value of the quantity measured
Precision – refers to the degree of refinement and consistency with
which any physical measurement is made. This also refers to the
repeatability of measurements
MOST PROBABLE VALUE
Most Probable Value refers to a quantity which based on available data, has
more of being correct than has any other. The measurements are made under similar
conditions that take the arithmetic mean or the average.
Example 1
A = 130o 15’ 20”
B = 87o 07’ 40”
C = 142o 37’ 30”
MOST PROBABLE VALUE
Most Probable Value refers to a quantity which based on available data, has
more of being correct than has any other. The measurements are made under similar
conditions that take the arithmetic mean or the average.
Example 2. Given in Decimal
A = 36.1250
B = 87.6100
C = 56.3790
FIELD NOTES
SURVEYING FIELD NOTES
⚫ This notes constitute the only reliable permanent record of
actual work done in the field
THE FIELD NOTEBOOK
⚫ This constitute all the information during the actual field
survey
Types of Notes:
1. Sketches
2. Tabulations
3. Explanatory Notes
4. Computations
5. Combinations of the Above
FIELD NOTES
INFORMATIONS FOUND
IN FIELD NOTES
1. Title of the Field Work or
Name of the Project
2. Time of the Day and Date
3. Weather Conditions
4. Name of Group Members
5. List of Equipment's
THE FIELD SURVEYING PARTY
1. Chief of the Party 8. Rear tapeman
2. Assistant chief of the Party 9. Flagman
3. Instrument Man 10. Rodman
4. Technician 11. Pacer
5. Computer 12. Axeman/Lineman
6. Recorder 13. Aidman
7. Head Tapeman 14. Utilityman
