Instructional Material for

CIVIL ENGINEERING
ORIENTATION

ENGR. OLIVER S. DIMAILIG

 MODULE 1

INTRODUCTION
TO CIVIL
ENGINEERING
 INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Familiarize with the practices of Civil Engineers in relation to their interaction with society.

Topic Outcomes:

MODULE 1
At the end of this topic, the student is expected to learn
about:
1. Understand the history of Civil Engineering
2. Comprehending ethical and professional responsibilities
3. Recognize the effects of civil engineering in a
sociocultural, economic, and environmental context.
4. Check out the notable structure
5. Learn about the BSCE curriculum
INTRODUCTION
Civil engineering is the most ancient
engineering discipline. It is the
branch of engineering concerned
with the design and maintenance of
roads, bridges, dams, and similar
structures. It can be traced back to
the first time someone put a roof
over his or her head or laid a tree
trunk across a river to make crossing
easier. Civil engineers have a unique
duty to shape the world's future.
They have been empowering the technological
and societal advancement of the world.
Throughout history, civil engineering has been
infiltrating all aspects of development and
construction, from the Great Pyramid of Giza up
to the modern infrastructures. Its goal is to
construct and maintain the infrastructures that
we depend on everyday such as roads, bridges,
water management systems, and flood control
systems while taking into account what is best
for the society and environment. Civil
engineering's objectives for the world's future
are to develop a safe and sustainable society:
from ensuring the availability of potable water,
building resilient infrastructures, and finding
solutions to meet the growing demand of the
ever-growing society.
Civil engineering is a profession that involves planning
and building infrastructure for the general public,
including highways, power plants, sewage systems,
bridges, aqueducts, canals, dams, and other structures.
Designing and building public works like
bridges, dams, and other substantial infrastructure
projects is known as civil engineering.

One of the earliest types of engineering, it dates back to

the time when people first established permanent
settlements and started modifying their surroundings to
fit their requirements. People's daily lives and civil
engineering are inseparable. Skyscrapers that are
visible everywhere, developed road traffic, attractive
bridges, and sturdy water infrastructure that resemble
fortresses represent a valuable component of our
existence when the new century began, the
environment was one of rapid economic progress. It
gives a great wealth but also causes the deterioration of
the ecological environment.
History of Civil
Engineering
HISTORY
It is difficult to determine the history of emergence and beginning of civil engineering,
however, the history of civil engineering is a mirror of the history of human beings on
this earth. Men used the old shelter caves to protect themselves from the weather and
harsh environment, and used a tree trunk to cross the river, which being the
demonstration of ancient age civil engineering.

Civil Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence.
The earliest practices of Civil engineering may have commenced between 4000 and
2000 BC in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq) when humans started to
abandon a nomadic existence, thus causing a need for the construction of shelter.
During this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the
development of the wheel and sailing.
HISTORY

Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and
architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical
variations referring to the same person, often used interchangeably. The
construction of Pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700-2500 BC) might be considered the
first instances of large structure constructions. Around 2550 BC, Imhotep, the first
documented engineer, built a famous stepped pyramid for King Djoser located at
Saqqara Necropolis. With simple tools and mathematic he created a monument
that stands to this day. His greatest contribution to engineering was his discovery
of the art of building with shaped stones. Those who followed him carried
engineering to remarkable heights using skill and imagination.
HISTORY

Ancient historic civil engineering constructions include the Qanat water

management system (the oldest older than 3000 years and longer than
71 km,) the Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447-438 BC), the
Appian Way by Roman engineers (c. 312 BC), the Great Wall of China by
General Meng T'ien under orders from Ch'in Emperor Shih Huang Ti (c.
220 BC) and the stupas constructed in ancient Sri Lanka like the
Jetavanaramaya and the extensive irrigation works in Anuradhapura.
The Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire,
including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbors, bridges, dams and
roads.
HISTORY

Other remarkable historical structures are Sennacherib's Aqueduct at

Jerwan built in 691 BC; Li Ping's irrigation projects in China (around 220 BC);
Julius Caesar's Bridge over the Rhine River built in 55 BC, numerous bridges
built by other Romans in and around Rome(e.g. the pons Fabricius); Pont du
Gard (Roman Aqueduct, Nimes, France) built in 19 BC; the extensive system
of highways the Romans built to facilitate trading and (more importantly)
fast maneuvering of legions; extensive irrigation system constructed by the
Hohokam Indians, Salt River, AZ around 600 AD; first dykes defending against
high water in Friesland, The Netherlands around 1000 AD; El Camino Real -
The Royal Road, Eastern Branch, TX and Western Branch, NM (1500s AD).
HISTORY
Machu Picchu, Peru, built at around 1450, at the height of the Inca Empire is
considered an engineering marvel. It was built in the Andes Mountains assisted
by some of history's most ingenious water resource engineers. The people of
Machu Picchu built a mountain top city with running water, drainage systems,
food production and stone structures so advanced that they endured for over
500 years.

A treatise on Architecture, Book called Vitruvius' De Architectura, was published at

1AD in Rome and survived to give us a look at engineering education in ancient
times. t was probably written around 15 BC by the Roman architect Vitruvius and
dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus, as a guide for building
projects.
HISTORY

Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and

construction was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters,
rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom
supplanted by advances. Structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were
repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental. One of the earliest examples
of a scientific approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to
civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in the 3rd century BC, including
Archimedes Principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and
practical solutions such as Archimedes' screw. Brahmagupta, an Indian
mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic
numerals, for excavation (volume) computations.
 Educational and
Institutional History of
Civil engineering
In the 18th century, the term civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things
civilian as opposed to military engineering. The first engineering school, The
National School of Bridges and Highways, France, was opened in 1747. The first
self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton who constructed the Eddystone
Lighthouse. In 1771, Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian
Society of Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally
over dinner. Though there was evidence of some technical meetings, it was little
more than a social society.

In 1818, the world's first engineering society, the Institution of Civil Engineers was
founded in London, and in 1820 the eminent engineer Thomas Telford became its
first president.
The institution received a Royal Charter in 1828, formally recognizing civil engineering as a
profession. Its charter defined civil engineering as: "Civil engineering is the application of
physical and scientific principles, and its history is intricately linked to advances in
understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history. Because civil
engineering is a wide ranging profession, including several separate specialized sub-
disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of structures, material science, geography,
geology, soil, hydrology, environment, mechanics and other fields."

The first private college to teach Civil Engineering in the United States was Norwich
University founded in 1819 by Captain Alden Partridge. The first degree in Civil Engineering
in the United States was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835. The first such
degree to be awarded to a woman was granted by Cornell University to Nora Stanton
Blatch in 1905.
 Civil Engineering in the Philippines and A Brief History of
Philippine Institute Civil Engineers, Inc. (PICE)

Civil Engineering is a professional discipline that deals with the design constructions,
including works like roads, bridges, pipelines, railways, canals, dams, sewage systems,
airports, etc. Civil Engineering also deals with the maintenance of the physical and natural
build of the environment, durability, and the safety in the field structure. Civil Engineers are
united through the mandate of organization of Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers and is
usually called PICE. This organization aims to build a strong foundation among all Civil
Engineers in the Philippines.

December 11,1973 PICE was issued a certificate of registration to culminate and fulfill the
vision to merge the two separate organizations in the country, Philippine Society of Civil
Engineers (PSCE) and Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE). Philippine Society
of Civil Engineers (PSCE) was the first Civil Engineering organization in the country formed
by a group of Civil Engineers mostly from the government sector and was headed by Engr.
Marcial Kasilag who holds the 1st slot in the PRC Registry of Civil Engineers.
 Civil Engineering in the Philippines and A Brief History of
Philippine Institute Civil Engineers, Inc. (PICE)

PSCE was formed during the late twenties. In 1937, another group of Civil Engineers came
and formed the Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE). They came mostly from
the private sector and Enrique Sto. Tomas Cortes led the said group and was the first
president of the organization. The main objectives of the organization is to ascend the
standards of the profession, inspire research and engineering knowledge and technology
to members, better relationships and foster good fellowship among members, and
promote communication with other technological and scientific societies. PSCE and PACE
as one Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE) proved that they are more active
than Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) resulting in migration of members from
PSCE to PACE. Under the administration of the late PACE president Cesar A. Caliwara
exerted more effort to merge the two organization, calling both panel of representative to
convene and commence a series of conversation to make a new and united organization
that will benefit the entire Civil Engineers and Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE)
came and formed.
 PICE Objectives and Goals

PICE aims to conscientiously advance the interest and

promote the welfare of members, promote prestige and
public awareness of the profession, and enhance social
responsibility and community involvement of Civil Engineers.
PICE also observes integrity, professionalism, excellence,
social responsibility and leadership as their core values that
must be developed and exercised among the members of the
organization.
Introduction to BS Civil
Engineering as a
Bachelor Program and
as a Profession
 Curriculum Description

Civil Engineering is a profession that applies the basic principles of science in

conjunction with mathematical and computational tools to solve problems
associated with developing and sustaining civilized life on our planet. The Civil
Engineering curriculum is designed to prepare graduates to apply knowledge of
mathematics, calculus-based physics, chemistry, and at least one additional
area of basic science, consistent with the Program Educational Objectives;
apply knowledge of technical areas appropriate to civil engineering; conduct
civil engineering experiments and analyze and interpret the resulting data;
design a system component, or process in more than one civil engineering
context; explain basic concepts in management, business, public policy, and
leadership; and explain the importance of professional licensure.
 Curriculum Description

The BSCE Curriculum of Batangas State University - The National

Engineering University (BatStateU, TNEU) has a total of 188 credit units
usually completed with eight (8) semesters and two (2) Midterm classes.
BatStateU-Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering has five (5) options of
tracks/ specializations namely:
1. Structural Engineering
2. Construction Engineering and Management
3. Water Resources Engineering
4. Geotechnical Engineering
5. Transportation Engineering
 Curriculum Description

Program Educational Objectives

The graduates of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering within three

to five years after graduation shall:
1. Successfully participate as partners in nation-building in
engineering projects involving structural, geotechnical, water
resources, transportation and construction
2. Adhere to professional, moral and ethical standards in the
practice of civil engineering.
 MODULE 2

CURRENT FIELDS IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING -
STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING
 INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Familiarize with the practices of Civil Engineers in relation to their interaction with society.

Topic Outcomes:

MODULE 2
At the end of this topic, the student is expected to learn
about:
1. The definition of Structural Engineering.
2. The historical origins of Structural Engineering.
3. The major areas in Structural Engineering.
4. The essential qualities as well as the roles and
responsibilities of Structural Engineers.
5. The common software used by Structural Engineers.
INTRODUCTION
Structural Engineering is a specialty
inside the field of civil engineering which
centers on structural
framework/systems, and on planning
those structures in order to withstand the
pressure and/or stresses from their
environment and to assure the security
and steadiness of the system all
throughout its use. Thus, the structural
engineers are responsible for making
sure of the durability of an infrastructure
- buildings and structures don't fall down
and bridges don't collapse.
This engineering specialization involves the
analysis and formation of different structures
such as buildings, dams, tunnels, towers, and
other infrastructure. Structural engineering serves
as the base foundation for sustaining the built
environment where the structures are durable,
secure and cost-effective.

Structural engineering is based on the concepts

of physics and mathematics. It requires the
application of knowledge of physical laws as well
as scientific studies into the strength of various
materials, as well as the required mathematics
and measurements needed to make the structure
functional. Any key aspects in which structural
engineering influences projects include the
construction of the structure and the study of the
project.
This knowledge and its application are crucial because
it specifically influences the stability and longevity of
buildings and systems. For example, structural
engineering facilitates precise measurement of safe
weight limits on bridges, the storm force winds in a
factory or building can withstand, or the severity of
tremors a skyscraper can endure during an
earthquake.

Structural engineers are also responsible for ensuring

that materials and equipment are used effectively. For
example, they must be able to evaluate the optimum
grade of material that guarantees protection and
functionality without unduly rising costs. Structural
engineering must therefore be able to work within the
architectural aesthetics needed by the project. Thus,
this field of work plays a key role by integrating
aesthetic appeal, functional purpose and financial
capital in a manner that meets both needs.
HISTORY OF STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING

Structural engineering has been

applied since mankind commenced
building of structures. Structures are
designed, with the aim to
accomplish the desired functions of
creation, ensuring the visualization
of all the loads that could be
applied on the structures, and
adequate safety of structures.
Pre-Scientific Revolution (27th Century BC - Early
18th Century A.D.)
27th Century BC: Imhotep, the first-named
architect in history, built the step pyramid for
Pharaoh Djoser.
26th Century BC: The Great Pyramid of Giza was
built.

3rd Century BC: Archimedes invented the sciences of

mechanics and hydrostatics.
17th Century: The foundations of modern structural
engineering were laid by Galileo Galilei, Robert
Hooke and Isaac Newton.
1676: Robert Hooke provides a scientific
understanding of elasticity of materials and their
behavior under load.
1687: Isaac Newton set out his Laws of Motion,
providing for the first time an understanding of the
fundamental laws governing structures.
1750: Euler and Bernoulli developed the Euler-Bernoulli
Beam Equation - the fundamental theory underlying
most structural engineering design.

18TH AND 19TH CENTURY

1804: The first fire-proof building was built in England
(Belper North Mill)
1858: Henry Besseme successfully completed the
conversion of cast iron into cast steel.
1885: Home Insurance Building or the first metal-
framed building in the world was built in Chicago.
1983: The Soviet Union successfully built seven
massive skyscrapers known as the "Seven Sisters of
Moscow"
1956: The paper Stiffness and Deflection of Complex
Structures was published by Journal of the
Aeronautical Sciences.
1965: The United States government developed the
NASA Structure Analysis or NASTRAN in favor of its
aerospace industry - NASA.
1973: The remarkable landmark, Sydney
Opera House was completely
constructed which is considered as the
first milestone for structural engineers to
have saved almost 10 years of work.
1982: The most widely used CAD program
was introduced by Autodesk Co. named
AutoCAD.
2002: The Autodesk Co. released a white
paper entitled, "Building Information
Modeling" that made it popular after a
decade of existence.
MAJOR AREAS IN STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING

Oftentimes, people do think a career in

structural engineering means a life
overseeing aspects of building construction
and while that may be true of many in the
profession; structural engineers can end up
working in a range of varied and exciting
disciplines.

Here are just a handful of the wide-ranging

professional fields a structural engineering
career can bring:
1) BUILDINGS
This is the most obvious, structural
engineers help design and construct
buildings so they stay standing after the
scaffolding has been taken away; but
buildings come in many forms. A new home
might require a structural engineer's input,
but so will a skyscraper, a new opera house
or football stadium.
2) AERONAUTICAL
Aircraft, satellites, and even space vessels need to
be developed. The role of a structural engineer is
fundamental in this process. Not only do they
have to create a structure that can withstand the
rigors of its environment, but also one that
operates consistently under those conditions.
Aeroplanes don't just get you from A to B, they're
also places of comfort and safety, and much of
this is down to how their structures have been
designed.
3) OIL AND GAS
A career in the oil and gas industry can see a
structural engineer work on a range of
projects. Whether it's a pipeline, a rig, or a gas
or oil field, the one thing that's common across
exploration of this kind is that the structures
are vast. So be prepared to work on massive
projects whether you end up designing,
testing, or inspecting the equipment.
4) NAUTICAL
Passenger vessels, cargo ships, and boats
of all other kinds might form the bulk of the
engineering done at sea, but a structural
engineer who works in the nautical field
could as easily develop and maintain
other, non-moving structures - like wind
turbines - or even those to support
oceanography.
5) BRIDGES
Whether it's a footbridge over a stream, a rail
bridge over a gorge, or a road bridge spanning
an expanse of ocean, each project will require a
structural engineer to work on the design so the
bridge both works with its environment. The
engineer's designs will help ensure the bridge
carries its load as safely on days when the
conditions are extraordinary as it does when
things are run-of-the-mill.
ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF A
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER

Structural engineering involves analysis

and design of structures that can
withstand any operating and
environmental loading conditions.
Structural engineers work closely with other
professionals in the construction industry.
They engage in every phase of the project;
from the onset to its completion.

To be a great structural engineer, one must

have these qualities:
1) CREATIVE
Structural engineers use their skills and
knowledge to design structures that are
strong and flexible to withstand
pressures. Their input ensures that
structures do not bend or collapse and
put people at risk. Creativity is a key
quality in creating structures that are
safe, functional and cost-effective.
2) TEAM PLAYER
A structural engineer works alongside a team
of other construction professionals such as
architects, civil engineers and other discipline
engineers. These professionals must work
together and have cordial relations from the
beginning of the project to the end. A great
engineer should be able to blend in the team
to ensure that the project is successful and
completed in time.
3) PROBLEM SOLVER
There are various conditions that an engineer
might come across in the course of any given
project. Some of these conditions, unfavorable
site conditions, constraints from existing
structures and unique design conditions. In some
cases, structural engineers are called upon to
make sure that old buildings can withstand
forces that weren't put into consideration during
their construction. Qualified engineers should be
able to come up with quick solutions to these
problems.
4) METICULOUS
The slightest error in the designing or
construction of a structure may cause it
to collapse. An experienced structural
engineer should pay attention to details.
Key considerations should be observed
especially in designing the framework of
a structure.
In conclusion, with these
qualities and the right
educational qualification, there
is no doubt that structural
engineers will exploit their
talents and endeavor in their
career.

In addition, experience gained in

the initial stages of the
profession will also lead to
growth in the profession.
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
The role of the structural engineer is a key component
within the construction process. It is a part of the
broader discipline of civil engineering, structural
engineering cares with the planning and in physical
integrity of buildings and other large structures, like
tunnels and bridges. Structural engineers have a wide
selection of responsibilities - not least a duty to
guarantee the security and sturdiness of the project on
which they're working. Structural engineers must have a
robust grasp of physics, three-dimensional conceptual
skills and artistic problem solving.

Outside of a capability to use principles of mechanics,

mathematics and physics to construct safe and
sustainable buildings, the roles and responsibilities of
structural engineers include:
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITY a) Design: Many structural engineers
deal primarily within the design of
structures - calculating the loads and
stresses the construction will need to
withstand the pressures brought by the
environment. Structural engineers
should be ready to think about the
various qualities and strengths
delivered by a variety of building
materials, and understand the way to
incorporate support beams, columns
and foundations.

b) Investigation: Before work can

begin, structural engineers are involved
within the investigation and survey of
build sites to work out the suitability of
the world for the wants of the
upcoming projects.
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITY
c) Communication: Structural
engineers are going to be required to
co-ordinate and consult other
associates of their projects, including
engineers, environmental scientists,
architects and landscape architects.
They'll even be required to help and
assist government bodies in their own
inspections concerning the project.

d) Management: Structural engineers

are often liable for the organization
and delivery of materials and
equipment needed in developing a
project. The supervision and
management of on-site labor can also
be a necessity.
 KEY SKILLS FOR
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
1. Creativity and Originality
2. Commercially viable
3. Team Working and
communication skills
4. Excellent mathematical,
information technology and
analytical skills
5. Keen attention to detail
6. Project and budget
management skills
 KEY SKILLS FOR
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS

A good working
knowledge of construction
methods, materials and
legal regulations is vital.
COMMON SOFTWARE USED BY
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS

As structural engineers are

responsible for planning,
designing and constructing
the overall structure, they
have these tools to create,
organize, and utilize their plan,
and design.
1) AUTOCAD
This is the most popular software in the world of civil engineering. Designed by Autodesk, ithelps in
creating 2D and 3D designs, drafting, modeling workflows, architectural drawing, and more. It
allows you to evaluate and understand the project performance, responds quickly to changes, and
maintains data and processes consistently.

Some of the important features it includes are:

A powerful set of intuitive design and documentation tools to explore and visualize 3D concepts
A user-friendly interface that works across a range of integrated devices including desktop,
mobile and cloud.
Eliminates the need of manual drafting to boost accuracy
Provides the ability to share your work through TrustedDWGTM technology
2) STAAD PRO
This is a structural design and analysis tool developed by Research Engineers
which was later acquired by Bentley Systems, a CAD/CAM software company
based in Pennsylvania. STAAD Pro is considered as the best structural analysis
software and adopted by over a million structural engineers around the globe. It
features ease of use and an array of essential tools required for accomplishing
an analytical process on different structures. STAAD Pro further integrates with a
number of other Bentley products. The models created using STAAD Pro can be
imported to OpenSTAAD so as to make the models transferrable to other third-
party tools.
3) SAFE
This software is mostly used in designing foundation slab systems and concrete floors.
SAFE is a comprehensive package that combines all the aspects of the engineering
design process from creating layout to detail drawing production in a single, intuitive
environment. It enables highly advanced local assessment of foundation systems
within larger structures and imports files from CAD, ETABS, and SAP2000.

Some of the other benefits it offers are:

Wide-ranging templates to quickly initiate a model
Post-tensioning
Support conditions and loadings
4) RISA
This is another popular 3D analysis and design tool for creating general
structures such as buildings, bridges, arenas, industrial structures, crane
rails, and more. It is fast, productive and accurate. It has an intuitive
interface that integrates with many other products like RISA Floor and
RISA Foundation. It comes packed with the latest steel, cold- formed
steel, concrete, aluminum, masonry and timber design codes. This, in
turn, provides the tools you need to manage the multi-material projects
with ease.
5) NAVISWORKS
This is a comprehensive project review solution mainly used by design,
engineering and construction management professionals to gain detailed
insight into the project and enhance productivity and quality. It is developed and
marketed by Autodesk and allows users to open, combine, review and share
Detailed 3D Design Models in various file formats. It lets you import all file
formats and merge all the files to create a model. The time when it took several
years to construct a building is long gone. With the help of the structural analysis
software tools, construction firms are now speeding up their design, analysis
and construction processes.
 MODULE 3

CURRENT FIELDS IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING -
CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEERING
MANAGEMENT
 INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Familiarize with the practices of Civil Engineers in relation to their interaction with society.

Topic Outcomes:

MODULE 3
At the end of this topic, the student is expected to learn
about:
1. Define what construction engineering and
management is;
2. Trace the historical periods of construction
engineering and management; and 3. identify the
responsibilities and career path of construction
engineering.
INTRODUCTION
Civil engineering has a variety of
specializations that focus on different
topics and project goals. When
undergraduate students choose this
major, it's important they select an area
of study so they can receive specific
training and better prepare for a future
career. By learning some fundamental
information about civil engineering
specializations, you can determine a
career path that best suits your interests
and long-term goals.
Listed below are the
specializations that will be
mentioned in the latter part of this
report. Herewith are as follows:

Structural Engineering
Construction engineering and
management
Geotechnical Engineering
Environmental Engineering
Transportation Engineering
Water Resources Engineering
According to Burger 2020, Construction engineering
management is the application of scientific and technical
expertise to infrastructure construction projects. Engineering
(which focuses on design) and construction management
(which is concerned with orchestrating the actual
construction) are merged in construction engineering
management.
Construction engineering management, in the same vein, pertains to
the utilization of critical thinking in technical and scientific fields to
enhance a construction project. This frequently entails developing
and implementing innovative solutions and faster processes to help
overcome workplace difficulties and boost efficiency. Construction
engineering management can help improve safety, productivity, and
natural disaster resilience-in fact, construction engineering
management can confront any aspect of the construction industry.
Moreover, it is at the forefront of the development of strategies and
methodologies for building designs of the twenty-first century that include
cost-effective advancements in energy efficiency and sustainability. In
accordance with the Construction Management Association of America
(CMAA), they discuss how sustainable development will soon become the
standard in the construction sector due to its environmental benefits and
cost- effectiveness. And there will be an increase in demand for the skills of
construction managers who engage in sustainable practices and
accurately identify for customers which approaches will produce the highest
return on investment.
HISTORY OF CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT
Every successful project requires planning and
coordination, as well as the proper utilization of
the resources available. The Project Management
Institute offers the following definition, "the art of
directing and coordinating human and material
resources throughout the life of a project by
using modern management techniques to
achieve predetermined objectives of scope, cost,
time, quality, and participating objectives." The
project manager can use a number of tools to
meet these goals while establishing effective
communication with all team members. Since
the inception of this concept, it has been applied
in various fields and disciplines.
HISTORY OF CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT
Every successful project requires planning and
coordination, as well as the proper utilization of
the resources available. The Project Management
Institute offers the following definition, "the art of
directing and coordinating human and material
resources throughout the life of a project by
using modern management techniques to
achieve predetermined objectives of scope, cost,
time, quality, and participating objectives." The
project manager can use a number of tools to
meet these goals while establishing effective
communication with all team members. Since
the inception of this concept, it has been applied
in various fields and disciplines.
A) Early History. The project as a model for making an idea
become a reality has existed for centuries. Whether it was
constructing bridges, building ships or erecting tall structures,
there was always someone overseeing the activities. As
structures became more complex, and with an increasing
focus on design, the role of project manager became even
more important. As early as the 17th century, it was recognized
that a construction project manager needed to have technical
knowledge in areas such as physics and mathematics.

While stakeholders at the time recognized a need for

supervision, the project management process lacks many of
the tasks we routinely see today, such as schedule
optimization. It was in the 19th century that construction
management began to take shape to become the field it is
now. The industrial revolution that began in the late 1700s
acted as the impetus for the development of principles
governing the project management
process. From this point to roughly the 1840s, there was a
boom in the construction of large factories for ironworks,
chemical manufacturing, and the textile industry.
B) The 19th Century. The growing need for mass
transportation gave rise to further refinement of the project
management process. The transcontinental railroad was
seen as the first major challenge for the skills of these
professionals. This was largely responsible for the economic
growth in the country during the period. Much emphasis
was also placed on rebuilding after the Civil War.

Henry Gantt and Frederic Taylor. These men played

prominent roles in the development of the principles of
construction project management. Gantt developed the
Gantt chart, which assisted in managing the project
schedule. Taylor drew upon his experience in the steel
industry to write "The Principle of Scientific Management".
Many ideas he developed are still used in the field of
construction project management today.
Over time, construction project managers have taken
advantage of technological tools to better manage
construction sites. The field has grown to the point where
apps and tools are now created specifically for these
professionals.
IMPORTANCE OF CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT
Construction engineering and
management is vital to the construction
industry because it handles much of the
design work. Construction engineers
implement architects' plans and, in some
cases, design the actual structure.
Maintaining a safe workplace is critical to
running a successful construction
company.

Here are some of the importance of

Construction Engineering and
Management:
1. Effective Project Management - The
Construction Management Association of
America (CMAA) defines construction
management as the effective
management of a construction project's
schedule, cost, quality, safety, scope, and
function. While the term "effective
management" might sound like a tagline to
describe the advantages of construction
management, in reality, it's a good stand-
alone justification for its existence.
Understanding the various skill sets and
fields of knowledge used in construction
management is necessary.
2. Reduces Delays, Improving Efficiency -
A construction project will go through
several stages, starting with planning,
going on to budgeting, then to the actual
on-site construction, along with all of the
steps involved in obtaining materials,
labor, and subcontractors. Any of the
phases of a construction project has the
potential to produce several choke points.
Construction management ensures that
every aspect of the project's scheduling is
coordinated for maximum effectiveness.
As a result of this action, there will be
fewer delays.
3. Ensures a Project Stays on Budget -
Staying within budget is essential for a
construction company's long-term
success in a highly competitive business-
like construction, where the bidding
process frequently ends in working under
very tight margins. By being actively
involved from the project's ideation stage
through to the completion of on-site
construction operations, effective
construction management enables a
construction project to stay within its
budget.
4. Ensures Quality Control - Every building project
attempts to provide an edified structure that satisfies the
client's requirements and complies with all quality and
safety criteria set by regional regulations. Unfortunately,
the path to achieving such a goal can easily become
difficult to travel. Making that path as smooth as feasible
is the responsibility of construction management in
terms of quality control and compliance. This is achieved
through construction management, which establishes
standards and criteria for each project. The preparation
and dissemination of the policies and practices
necessary for inspecting and certifying that the work
being produced has complied with those policies are
part of this quality control process. By having quality
control managed and carried out by a centralized
organization, it is no longer possible for the progress of
trouble-free areas to be slowed down by quality
problems that occur in one area of the building site.
5. Improves Safety at Sites - When
necessary, safety regulations are not in
place or when workers disregard them, a
construction site can be deadly. The
safety of construction sites is actively
promoted by construction management.

6. Promotes a Team-Building Culture -

Construction management can make all
of the other activities under its
jurisdiction more efficient, achievable,
and leverageable by developing a team-
building culture.
 RESPONSIBILITIES OF
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
MANAGERS
Construction engineering managers often
work out of a central office but may make
frequent visits to job sites and sometimes
engage in on-location work with labor.
They also tour sites regularly to inspect the
work being done and to ensure that proper
standards in the construction project are
being maintained. The typical workweek
for a construction engineering manager is
40 hours, but many work longer hours in
an effort to meet deadlines or solve
problems that arise within a project.
A construction engineering manager also has a host of other responsibilities. He or
she is often called upon to survey the job site prior to the beginning of a project,
addressing environmental issues and local laws or codes that must be followed.
Before work commences, an engineering manager typically prepares a report on their
findings and collaborates with others involved with the project, including
governmental agencies, environmental associations, contractors, and
subcontractors.

Listed below are few of the responsibilities and obligations of Construction and
Management Engineers that is needed to be accomplished in order to execute their
function well, as builders of our nation:
a. Organizing and managing a project's construction activities such as:
Conducting site layout
Preparing work schedules
Selecting equipment and supplies
Organizing the work force
Managing resources
Protection of natural resources
Constructing temporary structures
b. Planning and specification amendment to ensure constructability, efficacy, and stability.
c. Checking and modifying plans and specifications for constructability, efficiency, and
safety.
d. Developing cost estimates and preparing bids
e. Supervising subcontractor firms.
f. Presenting construction project progress updates to clients and senior
managers.
g. Documenting processes and keeping detailed construction logs.
h. Resolving issues on the job site, flexibility in moving between the field and
the office.
i. Performing regular tests on materials and procedures to ensure
compliance with industry regulations.
j. Acquisition of new knowledge and skills.
k. Utilizing Building Information Modelling (BIM) software for 3D models
 TECHNICAL AND LEADERSHIP
BACKGROUND
Construction engineering managers are
often called upon to use computers and
construction management software to
produce and analyze designs for their
projects. They are responsible for
assembling teams of qualified engineers
who can ensure completion of a given
project. Construction engineering
managers also need to possess the right
knowledge for controlling estimation and
planning of associated costs for a project.
 Some construction engineers concentrate on the
design aspect of each project, while others concentrate

CAREER PATH
on the actual construction phase.

With a degree in Construction Engineering, you can

pursue a variety of career options, including:
a. General contractors (bridges, roads, buildings,
healthcare, data centers, sports
facilities)
b. Owners and developers
c. Mechanical/electrical contractors
d. Renewable energies
e. Consulting and design firms
f. Oil and gas industry
g. Aviation industry
h. Law firms
i. Historical restoration
j. Additional education may be necessary
 1. Construction Managers - They are responsible for the

MANAGEMENT JOB OUTLOOK

planning, budgeting, overseeing and implementing of
construction projects from start to finish.
2. Construction Estimator - They are responsible for
preparing and updating cost estimates per the

CONSTRUCTION
Construction Specification Institute (CSI) Master Format
framework from pre-project planning through project
completion.
3. Director of Construction - They will typically be
responsible for overseeing, supervising and directing a
construction-related project.
4. Project Engineer for Construction - They work with
engineers and contractors to ensure the successful and
efficient completion of a construction project.
5. Engineering Analyst - They may work in a variety of
professional environments, from information technology
to health care. They play a role in determining how goods
are produced and develop conclusions based on their
analysis.
 6. Engineering Manager - They work in industrial

MANAGEMENT JOB OUTLOOK

production plants or construction sites to direct
and coordinate activities for architectural or
engineering companies.

CONSTRUCTION
7. Construction Engineer - They ensure that
construction projects are built according to plan
and may be responsible for the safety of temporary
structures during construction.
8. LEED Manager - They work in construction
management and are responsible for ensuring that
all construction projects fulfill LEED requirements.
9. Engineering Project Manager - Program
managers for an engineering company are
responsible for a variety of tasks including
providing the vision for repair and replacement of
products and managing infrastructure projects
from beginning to end.
As with other areas of construction, the job of a construction engineering manager is in
demand and experiencing growth. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the
construction industry is expected to see upwards of 20 percent growth over the next 8 to 10
years. That alone will expand the need for qualified managers at every level of the
construction process, making it a good choice when trying to decide on a career in
construction

Important Notes
Construction engineering management involves combining elements of design
engineering, project management, and other technical and scientific aspects of
construction.
Construction engineering management is applied throughout a project's lifespan- from
the initial planning stages to construction labor to project completion.
Job opportunities related to construction engineering management are expected to
grow almost twice as fast as the average across the whole job market.
 MODULE 4

CURRENT FIELDS IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING-
GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING
 INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Familiarize with the practices of Civil Engineers in relation to their interaction with society.

Topic Outcomes:

MODULE 4
At the end of this topic, the student is expected to learn
about:
1. To understand what is Geotechnical Engineering
2. To know the history of Geotechnical Engineering
3. To know the role and responsibilities of a Geotechnical
Engineer
4. Check out the notable structure from Geotechnical
Engineering
INTRODUCTION
Geotechnical engineering is a sub-
discipline of civil engineering and can
be defined as the utilization of earth
material for enhancing and defending
society and life. By definition, it is a
study that focuses on the behavior of
soils influenced by forces and soil-
water interactions. It is the science
that explains the mechanics of rock
and soil and how those mechanics
relate to the development of
humankind.
The analysis, design, and construction of foundations, slopes, retaining walls,
roads, tunnels, levees, wharves, landfills, and other systems formed of or
supported by soil or rock are included but not limited to. Although frequently
disregarded, geotechnical engineering is a crucial component of human
initiatives for advancement. Geotechnical engineering is in charge of the soil or
rock that supports everything around us. All civil engineering projects require this
because all construction is done on or in the ground. It is also crucial for
assessing natural hazard events like earthquakes and landslides and extractive
industries like open cast and underground mining and hydrocarbon extraction. In
terms of soil sampling, examining the qualities of geomaterials, regulating the
level and flow of groundwater, interactions with the environment and the
hydrological system, and geotechnical operations.
Professionals under this field were called geotechnical engineers.
They examine the mechanical, physical and chemical properties
of soil and rock to be able to plan and design the specific
infrastructures. The Foundation of the building may collapse,
shallow or deep depending on the ground condition encountered,
the aforementioned situation can be avoided with the help of
geotechnical engineers. Geotechnical site investigation aims to
assess the geotechnical, geological, and hydrological risks to
humans, property and environment.
History of the
Geotechnical
Engineering
The development of earth pressure theories for retaining wall construction
saw initial advancements. The "natural slope" of various soils was
identified by Henri Gautier, a French Royal Engineer, in 1717; this concept
later became known as the soil's angle of repose. Charles Coulomb
applied mechanics to soil issues for the first time in 1773, which marked the
beginning of classical geotechnical mechanics. Coulomb unintentionally
established a soil failure standard by using the equations of friction and
cohesion to figure out the actual sliding surface behind a retaining wall.
The Mohr-Coulomb theory was created by fusing Coulomb's theory with
Christian Otto Mohr's notion of a 2D stress state.
This graphical graphical model is still in use today and is highly highly
helpful. The first mathematically and theoretically grounded geotechnical
theories were derived during the 18th century for the construction of
retaining walls, usually in response to military requirements. Gautier,
Belidor, and Coulomb were just a few of the notable pioneers in the field
who came out of France at this period and made significant contributions
to the geotechnical body of knowledge. Many people point to Coulomb's
studies of soil friction and lateral earth pressures as early instances of soil
mechanics. Geotechnical engineering continued to develop throughout
the 19th century, especially in the UK and France.
Gregory studied the stabilization of railroad cut slopes in Britain, and Rankine
developed his earth pressure hypothesis. Collin conducted significant studies on slope
stability and shear strength in France, while Darcy carried out his tests on water flow
through sands. In allied fields like structural engineering and materials mechanics, as
the Industrial Revolution got underway, some advancements that would later become
geotechnically significant, such as Mohr's circle and Boussinesq's theory of stress in
elastic bodies, came into existence.

Modern geotechnical engineering underwent a number of coordinated efforts at the

beginning of the 20th century. The most well-known of these initiatives, though they
also took place in Germany and the Panama Canal Zone, were carried out in Sweden,
particularly by Atterberg in 1911 and a commission of the Swedish State Railways from
1914 to 1922.
A number of slope stability failures along Swedish rail lines served as the impetus for
this commission, which was led by Fellenius and established a number of precedents
in geotechnical engineering. Its members devised the word "geotechnical," built the
first geotechnical lab, developed new slope stability assessment techniques, invented
new subsurface investigation methods, researched clay sensitivity and consolidation,
and produced the first geotechnical report of the modern era.

Karl Terzaghi of Austria did the bulk of the effort in creating geotechnical engineering
as a separate field within civil engineering. Terzaghi was trained as a mechanical
engineer, but his passion for geology inspired him to pursue a geological career. He
discovered that the issue with the engineering/geology interaction as it was at the
time was that there were few methods for assessing the engineering qualities of soils.
In these years, he observed the theory of consolidation based on the idea of effective
stress, then mathematically represented it. Geotechnical engineering in the field of civil
engineering only became completely independent under Terzaghi's direction. Karl
Terzaghi's Erdbaumechanik, which was published in 1925, marked the beginning of
modern geotechnical engineering. Terzaghi's studies on the settlement of clays and
failure brought on by piping beneath dams were seen as ground-breaking and he is
widely regarded as the father of modern soil mechanics and geotechnical
engineering.

Based on the geotechnical engineering timeline's documented history, we can

categorize it into four distinct historical periods: Pre-Classical, Classical Soil
Mechanics Phase I, Classical Soil Mechanics Phase II, and Modern Soil Mechanics.
1) The Pre-Classical period (1700-
1776)- Natural slope and the weights of
various soil kinds were the main topics
during this time. Earth pressure
theories were researched by engineers
as well. A French engineer published
the first lab test findings in this field of
study in 1746. Slip planes had been
observed by Francois Gadroy. During
this time, Jean Rodolphe Perronet,
another engineer, described the
distinction between fills and
undamaged ground
2) Classical Soil Mechanics Phase I
(1776-1856) - During this time, France
maintained its position as the industry
leader in geotechnical engineering.
Calculus concepts were first applied
by scientists to retaining walls and
sliding surfaces. Backfill techniques
have improved, and the amount of
pressure on retaining walls has also
been measured. Alexandre Collin
made progress in estimating the
failure of surfaces toward the
conclusion of this time.
3) Classical Soil Mechanics Phase II
(1856-1910) - The publishing of a
study that shed light on the
equilibrium of earth masses and
earth pressure signifies the
conclusion of Phase I and the
beginning of Phase II. Phase II
experiments led to fresh
understandings of sand and sand
filters. During this time, the phrase
"hydraulic conductivity" was also
coined. Even now, this phrase is
crucial to geotechnical engineering.
4) Modern Soil Mechanics (1910-
1927)- Researchers around this
time identified the basic
characteristics of clay. There has
been research done to create
and validate theories on the
pressure, resistance, and bearing
capacity of clay. Clay slopes and
slippery surfaces were addressed
in a 1926 publication.
Between 1700 and 1900, significant theories on soil mechanics and the
movement of water through soil were published by scientists including
Coulomb, Darcy, and Atterberg, which led to the rise of modern geotechnical
engineering. The groundwork for contemporary geotechnics was laid by the
seminal work "Theoretical Soil Mechanics," written by the renowned civil
engineer Karl Terzaghi in 1925. In 1936, Terzaghi founded the International
Society for Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE) with
colleagues from 20 other nations. The ISSMGE is the top professional
organization representing the interests and activities of geotechnical
engineers worldwide, with 19,000 members in 89 countries.
TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING CONCEPT AND
METHODOLOGIES

Geotechnical engineering, a subset of

civil engineering, is the application of
soil and rock mechanics concepts to
infrastructure building. It covers the
study, design, and construction of
foundations, slopes, retaining
structures, embankments, highways,
tunnels, levees, wharves, landfills, and
other soil-or rock-based systems.
There are three (3) branches of
geotechnical engineering namely:
Soil Mechanics, Rock Mechanics
and Foundation Engineering:

• Soil Mechanics - Involves

engineering mechanics and soil
characteristics. It applies basic
mechanical ideas to soils, such as
kinematics, dynamics, fluid
mechanics, and material
mechanics.
Rock Mechanics - Engineering mechanics and
rock properties are involved. It applies
fundamental mechanical concepts such as
kinematics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, and
material mechanics to rocks. The physical
science of mechanics deals with the impact of
forces on bodies. To construct with or on soil
(or rock), the qualities and behaviour of the soil
(or rock) must be understood.

Foundation Engineering - Foundation

engineering is the design and construction of
foundations for civil engineering and other
structures using geology, soil mechanics, rock
mechanics, and structural engineering. Must be
able to forecast the performance or response of
foundation soil or rock to structural loads. The
primary factors for every built facility are
performance, economy, and safety.
1) CREATIVE
Structural engineers use their skills and
knowledge to design structures that are
strong and flexible to withstand
pressures. Their input ensures that
structures do not bend or collapse and
put people at risk. Creativity is a key
quality in creating structures that are
safe, functional and cost-effective.
Application of
Geotechnical
Engineering
Geotechnical engineering, also known as geotechnics, is the branch of concerned
with the of earth materials. It solves problems by applying principles from soil
mechanics and rock mechanics. Every civil engineering structure and construction
is in some way related to soil, and its design is thus determined by the qualities of
the soil or rock. Oil and gas, mining (including lithium mining and lithium extraction
technology), construction, agriculture, water utilities, transportation, landfill, coastal
restoration, dredging, and many other fields can all benefit from geotechnical
engineering. Because earthquakes, slope failures, ground settlements, and poor
earth material properties can severely damage structures, massive destruction can
occur, resulting in significant financial losses and even the loss of human lives.
Geotechnical engineering can be used to prevent or reduce such destructions,
thereby protecting structures, investments, abiotic objects, and living organisms
and avoiding additional economic efforts of renovation.
In the construction industry, a variety of geological applications for protecting structures
from the aforementioned damages can be identified. With these, dominant geotechnical
applications in the construction industry includes earthquake resistant designing, pile
foundations, soil nailing technique, ground improvement and land reclamation.

Earthquake Resistant Designing

Earthquake resistant design of buildings depends upon providing the building with
strength, stiffness and inelastic deformation capacity which are great enough to
withstand a given level of earthquake-generated force. This is generally accomplished
through the selection of an appropriate structural configuration and the careful detailing
of structural members, such as beams and columns, and the connections between them.
But more advanced techniques for earthquake resistance is not to strengthen the
building, but to reduce the earthquake-generated forces acting upon it.
Among the most important advanced techniques of earthquake resistant design and
construction are:
0 Base Isolation Base isolation technique suggests that structures can be
constructed such that it does not move with the ground and additional stresses
caused on elements during earthquakes can be minimized to safe regions. A base
isolated structure is supported by a series of bearing pads which are placed
between the building and the building's foundation.
0 Energy Dissipation Devices - The second of the major new techniques also relies
upon damping and energy dissipation, but it greatly extends the damping and
energy dissipation provided by lead-rubber bearings. A certain amount of vibration
energy is transferred to the building by earthquake ground motion. Buildings
themselves do possess an inherent ability to dissipate, or damp, this energy.
Pile Foundations
Foundation provide support to the structure, transferring the loads from the
structure to the soil. But the layer at which the foundation transfers the load shall
have an adequate bearing capacity and suitable settlement characteristics.
There are several types of foundation depending on various considerations such
as:
Total load from the superstructure.
Soil conditions.
Water level.
Noise and vibrations sensitivity.
Available resources.
Time-frame of the project.
Cost
Broadly speaking, foundations can be classified as shallow foundations and deep
foundation. Shallow footings are usually used when the bearing capacity of the surface
soil is adequate to carry the loads imposed by a structure. On the other hand, deep
foundations are usually used when the bearing capacity of the surface soil is not
sufficient to carry the loads imposed by a structure. So, the loads have to be
transferred to a deeper level where the soil layer has a higher bearing capacity. Pile
foundations are constructed when it is not possible to build the structure on shallow
foundations. It is a type of foundation that is constructed deep into the ground and
mostly circular sections are used in the construction. The shallow foundations rest on
the ground and they transfer the vertical loads directly to the soil. The capacity of the
soil is represented as allowable bearing capacity and if the applied pressure is less
than the allowable bearing pressure, the geotechnical design is ok.
Soil Nailing Technique
Soil nailing is a ground stabilization technique used to reinforce and strengthen
existing ground. It can be used on either natural or excavated slopes. It involves
drilling holes for steel bars to be inserted into a slope face which are then grouted
in place. It is economical and also applicable in seismic zones. Increases shear
strength of overall soil mass and can be used in wide soil types.

Ground Improvement
It is widely utilized in the construction industry wherever satisfactory ground
conditions are not present at the site. It can play a crucial role in ensuring that
the soil and subsoil of a project are safe and secure for the ultimate construction
purposes of the reclamation site.
Land Reclamation
It is compatible with timely conditions because lack of lands compared to rapid increment of
population causing deforestation especially, can be managed through the utilization of this
application. Land reclamation, dominantly proceeded in two ways, can be known as a
procedure of renovation of lands with poor constructional requirements as appropriate lands for
construction of structures. This process can be preceded by separation of water from soil layers
through arrangement of drainage in site at a required manner or increment of ground level by
settling soil layers over the existing ground, appropriate method should be selected based on
the site ground conditions. Geotechnical engineers are involved in all stages of structural design,
from concept through construction. Their job is essential in the design and planning process as
they analyze the soil, clay, silt, sand, and rock integrity prior to construction commencing. Aside
from the applications mentioned above, there are other notable applications in the field of
Geotechnical engineering that focuses on the design of the following: foundation, earth retaining
structures, pavement, Earth dams, and underground Structures.
Design of foundation
The foundations of any piece of infrastructure is important for securely and
efficiently conveying the load of the structure to the soil. There are primary
considerations for the foundation support that includes the bearing capacity,
settlement, and earth movement beneath the foundations. Geotechnical engineers
construct structural foundations based on the structure's load characteristics and
the features of the soils and/or bedrock on the site. They are responsible for
ensuring that the structural foundations are within prescribed engineering
tolerances. To accomplish this, Geotechnical engineers collect soil and rock
samples, analyze them, and then create reports that advise civil and structural
engineers, architects, construction employees, and landscapers on the best
methods and materials to utilize when completing building in a given location.
Design of Earth retaining structure
Structure is necessary to retain soil when there is insufficient space for a mass of soil to
expand and to form a slope. To keep the soil at different levels on either side, an earth
retaining structure is also required. Geotechnical engineers consider the active and
passive earth pressure, density, and moisture content when designing earth retaining
structures.

Pavement design
Geotechnical engineers are often in charge of determining the pavement thickness
required for a structural design based on traffic loads, soil conditions, and local climate
and jurisdictional factors. A pavement is a hard crust placed on soil to provide a smooth
and firm surface for vehicles to move on. The thickness of the pavement is determined
by the subsoil and its constituent sections. Pavement sections are typically made of
asphaltic concrete or Portland cement concrete on top of a highway base aggregate
Design of earth dams
As is generally known, the construction of earth dams stretches back many
centuries, with the primary goal of water storage and flood control. The
construction of new dams has resulted in the operation and protection of
existing structures for a variety of reasons, the most important of which are
social and environmental. Stability of earth dams during earthquakes has been
a major concern for geotechnical engineers in seismic active regions. This fact
has caused geotechnical engineering to be involved in the dam safety
management. Soil is essential in the construction of an earthen dam. As a result,
its design requires a detailed understanding of index properties, plasticity
characteristics, particle size distribution, specific gravity, permeability,
consolidation, compaction, and shear strength.
Design of embankments
The design and construction of embankments necessitates a thorough understanding of
the underlying soils' ability to support the imposed loads, the use of appropriate available
materials, and the assurance of post-construction stability. A common responsibility for a
geotechnical engineer is to determine whether or not a structure is stable.

Pavement design
Geotechnical design is an essential component of underground structural designs across
all project phases, from concept studies to detail design, as well as during construction.
Geotechnical design is defined as the sum of all design efforts and supplemental works
that result in a safe, stable, and economically optimal design that takes advantage of the
geotechnical conditions found "on site." Geotechnical engineers contribute to the design
and evaluation of ground support requirements, initial ground support, lining type selection,
and basic tunnel alignment.
 Common Infrastructures under Geotechnical Engineering

1) Kaybiang Tunnel
Kaybiang Tunnel is the Philippines' largest subterranean road tunnel, measuring
300 meters in length. It connects the cities of Ternate, Cavite, and Nasugbu,
Batangas by a tunnel beneath Mount Palay-Palay, also known as Mt. Pico de
Loro. This is one of many riders' and bikers' weekend road trips from Manila. This
is also thought to be a realistic route for reducing travel time from Manila to
Nasugbu and Calatagan, Batangas.

Furthermore, the tunnel was built in 2009 and inaugurated in July 2013 as an
additional route to Tagaytay and Batangas.
1. The geological and geotechnical conditions, as well as site restrictions, impact
the choice of alignment, cross section, and building methods. A thorough
understanding of the projected geological conditions is required. Tunnel
orientation is occasionally modified depending on geotechnical studies to save
construction costs or dangers.
2. The kind of ground encountered along the alignment would influence the tunnel
type and technique of construction.
3. The effect of geological characteristics on tunnel alignment in the presence of
active or passive faults is investigated. Avoid crossing a fault zone during the
Planning phase. If it is inevitable, suitable procedures for crossing it should be put
In place. During the planning process, the presence of flaws or possibly liquefiable
materials would be of concern.
4. Geotechnical difficulties such as soil or rock characteristics, groundwater regime, and
ground cover above the tunnel should be investigated. The inquiry should look at not just
the soil and rock qualities, but also how they will behave during excavation.
5. Groundwater should be investigated as well. For example, in soft ground SEM tunneling,
the integrity of the excavated face is heavily reliant on groundwater management. To
stabilize the excavation, dewatering, pre-draining, grouting, or freezing are frequently
utilized.
6. Analyzing ground behavior during digging will have an impact on prospective surface
settlements. Measures to reduce settlements would be necessary, such as employing
appropriate tunneling procedures or preconditioning the ground to enhance its features.
7. When choosing a tunnel alignment, risk evaluation is critical. Construction dangers.
Existing constructions that are sensitive. Hard places (for example, rock) beneath tunnel
sections.
 Common Infrastructures under Geotechnical Engineering

2. Four Seasons Hotel & Legg Mason, Baltimore, MD

A new hotel and high rise complex were constructed on Baltimore's Inner
Harbor. The seaside location posed numerous significant engineering obstacles
during the building of the five-level basement. The MRCE team of geotechnical
engineering specialists has extensive knowledge of soil behavior under a variety
of structural demands, as well as the specification of soil material parameters
for design. They also constructed a 30-inch wide slurry wall with weathered rock
closure for temporary excavation support, a permanent basement wall, and a
hydraulic cutoff. The slurry wall was extended to unweathered gneiss bedrock in
some places for load bearing to support the construction tower.
 Common Infrastructures under Geotechnical Engineering

For the $580 million Four Seasons Hotel and Legg Mason Office complex in
Baltimore's Inner Harbor, GTA performed geotechnical, environmental evaluations
and permits, geohydrological, and construction phase testing and advisory services.
This high-rise hotel/condominium and office building complex includes a 22-story
hotel and condominium tower covering 455,000 SF (with development capability of
up to 45 storeys) and a 26-story, 600,000-SF office tower positioned right adjacent to
the port shoreline. This structure also features a five-story below-grade parking
garage that, owing to its closeness to the seaside, necessitates a 24-hour
dewatering system. The structure is supported on mat foundations and necessitated
the installation of a structural slurry wall as well as temporary tie-backs for below-
grade areas.
 Common Infrastructures under Geotechnical Engineering

Borings, monitoring wells, seismic Cone Penetrating Soundings, and packer in-situ
permeability studies were all part of the exploration. GTA conducted geotechnical
studies and analyses, as well as made suggestions for the design and construction
of mat foundations. GTA supported the design team in selecting a solution that
releases hydrostatic pressure beneath the mat, removing the requirement for costly
tie-downs. GTA also created a geohydrologic model for the site and used "ModFlow"
to analyze seepage into the excavations and beneath the foundations after
construction. GTA developed and created plans and specifications for an underdrain
system to regulate and collect groundwater beneath the mat foundation, which is
located about 50 feet below groundwater levels. GTA created construction
dewatering specifications.
 Common Infrastructures under Geotechnical Engineering

During the deep excavation and construction of the subterranean parking garage, GTA
monitors the displacements of surrounding high-rise structures. GTA used instrumented
survey techniques to monitor the structures' settlement and inclination. Inclinometers were
also used to monitor the inclination of the parking structure's slurry walls. During the
project's design phase, GTA performed Phase I and II Environmental Site Assessments. To
give direction and procedures for monitoring and disposal of contaminated items, an
environmental management plan was created. GTA supplied construction phase testing
and observation services for the structural slurry wall, tie-backs, mat foundations, and
underdrain system. Chromium-contaminated groundwater was discovered during the
slurry wall construction. GTA provided coordination and control for the permits, collection,
treatment, and disposal of approximately 1.5 million gallons of polluted water and
sediments.
 Common Infrastructures under Geotechnical Engineering

GTA supplied the design, specification, and installation details for an

instrumentation program to measure slurry wall movement and adjacent
structure movement, as well as pore pressure changes outside the slurry
wall. Groundwater and sediment samples were also collected as part of
the monitoring to determine pollution. The customer was able to develop
and execute cost-effective solutions for geotechnical, environmental, and
groundwater management concerns thanks to GTA's expertise. GTA's quick
response/recommendations to troubleshoot and address concerns during
construction allowed the project to continue on schedule.
 Common Infrastructures under Geotechnical Engineering

3) Leaning Tower of Pisa

Tower of Pisa is a freestanding bell tower of the cathedral of Pisa, Italy which
stands60m tall (conceptual), 15-17m in diameter and weighs around 14,500
metric tons. It is known worldwide as the leaning tower of Pisa because of its
unintended tilt. The person or architect who built this structure is still a mystery.

Construction of Tower
The tower was constructed in three phases. The first phase lasted from 1173 to
1778. In this phase the first four floors were built. After the completion of the first
phase of construction the tower began to settle and lean northwest due to a
mere three meter foundation resting on soft and unstable soil.
 Common Infrastructures under Geotechnical Engineering

Following an almost 100 years halt due to a series of wars in which Pisa
was engaged, in the second phase of construction, three additional
floors were constructed between 1272 and 1278. The final phase of
construction lasted from 1360-1370 over which the bell chamber was
added to the tower top. The tower kept shifting to one side over the
years, around 1.2 millimeters from the vertical every year. In 1990 the tilt
was about 6 arc second per year which is equivalent to a horizontal
movement of about 1.5 mm per year.
CAREER IN GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING
A geotechnical engineer's skills help
amongst varying careers, including
well drilling, construction,
transportation, and marine operations.
Since construction takes place on the
ground, it makes sense that
geotechnical engineers are a crucial
element to projects belonging to civil
engineers. Before any construction
breaking ground, it is essential to carry
out a thorough site investigation.
Neglecting to do so could potentially
result in negative and expensive
consequences for the construction
project. It is the geotechnical
engineer's responsibility to preserve
the earth's physical environment
during development on a site. Through
their extensive knowledge in civil
engineering, design, and construction,
geotechnical engineers can analyze
the site and provide feedback on
maintaining present and future
stability.
 JOB DEMAND FOR
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS
Geotechnical engineering is still an
emerging title. As a result, government
statistics are more generalized to civil
engineering. For this job field, demand for
positions is anticipated to rise two percent
through 2029. These figures may be
conservative, however, since the expertise of
geotechnical engineers is likely to be
needed as the amount of renewable-energy
projects increases. Solar arrays and wind
farms come to mind, and many critical
infrastructures will need an overhaul as
climate change progresses.
Since a geotechnical engineer's role is
more specialized than that of a civil
engineer, it requires a greater
knowledge of the natural world. It is
believed that because of this, the
demand will be higher in developing
and redeveloping areas across the
country.

Traditional geotechnical engineer

falls additional functions, which
include:
a) Geotechnical or Geological Engineers
(General) - A general geotechnical or
geological engineer is responsible for
investigation below the job site's surface to
determine its current properties and potential
risks. They provide a thorough analysis and
general mapping through information gained
from a series of seismic surveys.

b) Geotechnical or Geological Engineers (Oil

Sands Projects) - An oil sands project
geotechnical or geological engineer analyzes
the slope stability, seepage, and hydraulic
separation on specific dam structures. These
engineers will design open-pit walls, dam
structures, and mine waste dumps that are
all a part of oil sand mining.
a) Geotechnical or Geological Engineers
(General) - A general geotechnical or
geological engineer is responsible for
investigation below the job site's surface to
determine its current properties and potential
risks. They provide a thorough analysis and
general mapping through information gained
from a series of seismic surveys.

b) Geotechnical or Geological Engineers (Oil

Sands Projects) - An oil sands project
geotechnical or geological engineer analyzes
the slope stability, seepage, and hydraulic
separation on specific dam structures. These
engineers will design open-pit walls, dam
structures, and mine waste dumps that are
all a part of oil sand mining.
e) Geomechanics Engineers
(Marine Operations) - A
geomechanics engineer focuses on
marine operations and closely
analyzes relationships between
marine geology and physical
structures, sediment erosion, and
anchoring systems. They also are
crucial in determining the
foundations of coastal structures
located offshore.
 Where Does a Geotechnical Engineer Work?

As to be expected by the name, geotechnical engineers primarily work in

the geophysical engineering realm. Usually, they are employed by a
dedicated organization and work full-time on a salary, with a 40-hour
workweek. Geotechnical engineers can take on specific contracts, or the
organization may be contracted, depending on the job. Others can work as
freelance consultants and be self-employed. As a geotechnical engineer,
you will be splitting your time between the office and the job site. While you
will typically be advising and making recommendations, it is unlikely that
you will ultimately be a part of the decision-making process. Often,
geotechnical engineers are thought of as "expert witnesses" to job sites.
 Where Does a Geotechnical Engineer Work?

A geotechnical engineer can anticipate being employed by any of the following entities,
including:
Engineering consulting firms
Colleges or universities
Real estate development companies
Oil and gas exploration, production, and transportation companies
Mining companies
Public and private research organizations
Construction contractors
Electrical utility companies
Petroleum services companies
Municipal, regional, and federal governments
 Where Does a Geotechnical Engineer Work?

25 percent of geotechnical engineers work in the

government, state, federal, or local sector. Representing the
public works and public utility improvement, these
geotechnical engineers may help build new highways, civic
features, or public buildings.
 MODULE 5

CURRENT FIELDS IN CIVIL

ENGINEERING-WATER
RESOURCES
ENGINEERING
 INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Familiarize with the practices of Civil Engineers in relation to their interaction with society.

Topic Outcomes:

MODULE 5
At the end of this topic, the student is expected to learn about:
1. Understand the advancement and development of Water
Resources Engineering and the role and responsibility of water
resource engineer
2. Understand Water Resources Engineering
3. Learn the Major Functions of Water Resources Engineering
4. Recognize notable projects of a water resources
engineering
5. Learn the Importance of Water Resources Engineering
INTRODUCTION
Water is the most abundant,
inexhaustible renewable resource. The
total water available on the planet
amounts to 1,386 million cubic
kilometers. Some of its uses are for
agricultural, industrial, household,
recreational and environmental
activities. However, not all these
resources are potentially usable for
humans because the vast majority are
contained in the oceans, with most of
the freshwater being contained in-
ground and polar ice.
The amount of water stored in the
atmosphere is relatively small,
although the flux of water into and out
of the atmosphere dominates the
hydrologic cycle. Water resources
engineering is the profession that is
responsible for the planning,
development, and management of
water resources. From estimating the
amount of water available to
designing the physical and non-
physical infrastructure needed to
meet the water needs of society and
the environment.
This module aims to introduce the
concept of water resources
engineering, its functions, and its
significance. Also, this paper will
outline the roles and tasks of water
resource engineers to adequately
protect the public at large. It will
also discover water engineering
applications and projects together
with the organizations that are
involved in water resource
management.
 Water Resources Engineering

Water resource engineering is a particular kind of civil engineering that involves the
planning and designing of new systems and equipment that help manage human
water resources. It also covers the study of managing the equipment, facilities, and
techniques that are used to manage and preserve life's most plentiful resource. In
addition to assessing how and the best ways in which to control water as it pertains
to water-related activities, water resource engineers are also frequently involved in
water management to ensure that it's safe to drink both for humans, plants, and
animal usage. As previously referenced, surface water makes up about 71% of the
planet, which is the equivalent of roughly 326 million cubic miles. And of this total,
2.5% of it is out of reach, contained in the soil, polar ice caps, the atmosphere, and
glaciers, and glaciers, or too polluted to use safely.
 Water Resources Engineering

Water resources engineering assesses water for water-related

activities such as irrigation, waste disposal, and canal development.
Part of their job is being tasked with the awesome responsibility of
ensuring that the planning and management of available water
supply are adequately leveraged and remain safe to use for as long as
possible. They may also be involved in water treatment so that the
quality of water is improved for various end uses, whether that's
recreationally, commercially, or industrially.
 Importance of Water Resources Engineering

Resources, by their very nature, are finite. There is only a small handful that is
naturally renewable- such as wind, solar, hydro, and biomass. While water
may be renewable in terms of the many different ways it can be used and
reused, it's not as abundant as it once was, which many earth scientists and
climatologists point to as a function of climate change. Government
agencies provide some perspective as to just how limited this resource is in
terms of usability, despite its vastness. If the world's water supply were
roughly 26 gallons, the amount of freshwater available for safe usage would
be the equivalent of 0.003 liters. That's equal to roughly a half-teaspoon.
 Importance of Water Resources Engineering

Water resource engineers may be charged with developing new systems or

processes for private or government entities that can preserve freshwater
resources and find new ones. This may also require the assistance of civil
engineers, designing water purification methods through desalination, or
creating new equipment for contaminant transport when water is used for
irrigation purposes. Understanding what works and what doesn't when it
comes to water resource management is often a combined effort and may
involve several different analyses, including hydrologic, which is the study of
the water cycle and directions in which it flows, which may be influenced by
weather and other environmental forces.
 Major Functions of Water Resources Engineering

The main responsibility of a water resource engineer is to manage a population's water

use and ensure that the treatment of water is safe for human consumption. The typical
day of a water resource engineer may entail charting out a community's water needs
and frequently analyzing water resources. They are also responsible for designing
treatment plants, supply systems, pipelines, and pump systems to effectively manage
wastewater for both private and public consumption. One of the significant
responsibilities of water resource engineers is "water-resource recoverability," which
requires them to recover reusable elements in wastewater. Engineers can filter out
valuable nutrients from the water that can be used for fertilizer or obtain particles as a
substitute for sand. To conclude, water resource engineers develop new equipment and
systems for water resource management facilities across the world.
 History of Water
Resources Engineering
 History of Water Resources Engineering

The earliest uses of hydraulic engineering were to irrigate crops and date back to the
Middle East and Africa. Controlling the movement and supply of water for growing food
has been used for many thousands of years. One of the earliest hydraulic machines, the
water clock was used in the early 2nd millennium BC. Other early examples of using
gravity to move water include the Qanat system in ancient Persia and the very similar
Turpan water system in ancient China as well as irrigation canals in Peru. In ancient
China, hydraulic engineering was highly developed, and engineers constructed massive
canals with levees and dams to channel the flow of water for irrigation, as well as locks
to allow ships to pass through. Sunshu Ao is considered the first Chinese hydraulic
engineer. Another important Hydraulic Engineer in China, Ximen Bao was credited with
starting the practice of large-scale canal irrigation during the Warring States period
(481 BC-221 BC), even today hydraulic engineers remain in a respectable position in
China.
 History of Water Resources Engineering

Before becoming General Secretary of the Communist Party of China in 2002, Hu Jintao
was a hydraulic engineer and holds an engineering degree from Tsinghua University
Eupalinos of Megara, was an ancient Greek engineer who built the Tunnel of Eupalinos
on Samos in the 6th century BC, an important feat of both civil and hydraulic
engineering. The civil engineering aspect of this tunnel was the fact that it was dug from
both ends which required the diggers to maintain an accurate path so that the two
tunnels met and that the entire effort maintained a sufficient slope to allow the water to
flow. Hydraulic engineering was highly developed in Europe under the aegis of the
Roman Empire where it was especially applied to the construction and maintenance of
aqueducts to supply water to and remove sewage from their cities. In addition to
supplying the needs of their citizens, they used hydraulic mining methods to prospect
and extract alluvial gold deposits in a technique known as hushing and applied the
methods to other ores such as those of tin and lead.
 History of Water Resources Engineering

In the 15th century, the Somali Ajuran Empire was the only hydraulic empire in Africa. As a
hydraulic empire, the Ajuran State monopolized the water resources of the Jubba and
Shebelle Rivers. Through hydraulic engineering, it also constructed many of the limestone
wells and cisterns of the state that are still operative and in use today. The rulers developed
new systems for agriculture and taxation, which continued to be used in parts of the Horn
of Africa as late as the 19th century. Further advances in hydraulic engineering occurred in
the Muslim world between the 8th to 16th centuries, during what is known as the Islamic
Golden Age. Of particular importance was the 'water management technological complex'
which was central to the Islamic Green Revolution and, by extension, a precondition for the
emergence of modern technology. The various components of this 'toolkit' were developed
in different parts of the Afro-Eurasian landmass, both within and beyond the Islamic world.
However, it was in the medieval Islamic lands where the technological complex was
assembled and standardized and subsequently diffused to the rest of the Old World.
 History of Water Resources Engineering

Under the rule of a single Islamic Caliphate, different regional hydraulic technologies
were assembled into "an identifiable water management technological complex that
was to have a global impact." The various components of this complex included
canals, dams, the qanat system from Persia, regional water-lifting devices such as
the noria, shaduf, and screw pump from Egypt, and the windmill from Islamic
Afghanistan. Other original Islamic developments included the saqiya with a flywheel
effect from Islamic Spain, the reciprocating suction pump and crankshaft-
connecting rod mechanism from Iraq, the geared and hydro-powered water supply
system from Syria, and the water purification methods of Islamic chemists. The
Banaue Rice Terraces, are part of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras,
ancient sprawling man-made structures from 2,000 to 6,000 years old, which are a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
 History of Water Resources Engineering

In the Archaic epoch of the Philippines, hydraulic engineering also developed

especially on the Island of Luzon, the Ifugaos of the mountainous region of the
Cordilleras built irrigations, dams, and hydraulic works, and the famous Banaue
Rice Terraces as a way for assisting in growing crops around 1000 BC. These Rice
Terraces are 2,000-year- old terraces that were carved into the mountains of
Ifugao in the Philippines by ancestors of the indigenous people. The Rice Terraces
are commonly referred to as the "Eighth Wonder of the World". It is commonly
thought that the terraces were built with minimal equipment, largely by hand. The
terraces are located approximately 1500 meters (5000 ft) above sea level. They
are fed by an ancient irrigation system from the rainforests above the terraces. It
is said that if the steps were put end to end, it would encircle half the globe.
 Water Resources
Engineering subjects
under Civil Engineering
A) Hydraulics - Hydraulics is a
technology and applied science using
engineering, chemistry, and other
sciences involving the mechanical
properties and use of liquids. At a very
basic level, hydraulics is the liquid
counterpart of pneumatics, which
concerns gasses. Fluid mechanics
provides the theoretical foundation for
hydraulics, which focuses on applied
engineering using the properties of
fluids. In its fluid power applications,
hydraulics is used for the generation,
control, and transmission of power by
the use of pressurized liquids.
B) Hydrology - Hydrology is an
extremely important field of study,
dealing with one of the most valuable
resources on Earth: water. All aspects of
the Earth's available water are studied
by experts from many disciplines, from
geologists to engineers, to obtain the
information needed to manage this
vital resource. Hydrologists rely on their
understanding of how water interacts
with its environment, including how it
moves from the Earth's surface to the
atmosphere, and then back to Earth.
This never-ending movement is called
the hydrologic cycle, or the water cycle.
The field of hydrology consists not
only of studying the natural
distribution and movement of water
but is also concerned with the impact
of human activities on water quality
and with problems in water
management. Hydrologists play a
critical role in determining the impact
of human activities on our available
water. They strive to improve water
quality and increase our access to
water so that we can continue to
make use of it in all the ways that are
necessary to our lives.
C. Professional Courses - Specialized;
Water Resources Engineering
1. Water Resources Engineering
It is the study that is responsible for the
planning, development, and management
of water resources. From estimating the
amount of water available to designing
the physical and non-physical
infrastructure needed to meet the water
needs of society and the environment.
2. Flood Control and Drainage Design
Floods are natural events that have
always been an integral part of the
geologic history of the Earth. The objective
of flood control is to reduce or alleviate
the negative consequences of flooding.
The alternative measures that modify the
flood runoff are usually referred to as flood-
control facilities and consist of engineering
structures or modifications. Construction of
flood-control facilities is referred to as
structural measures, and flood-control
measures that modify the damage
susceptibility of floodplains are usually
referred to as nonstructural measures and
may require minor engineering work.
Moreover, having a drainage design helps to
ensure the safe and clear discharge of
rainwater captured within the development to
public open drains outside the site boundary.
The drainage design system makes sure that
sufficient capacity is maintained in the
primary drainage system's path without
posing a risk of harm or generating a hazard.
3. Irrigation Engineering
Irrigation is the study of how to set up
and plan a water supply system for
agricultural land to protect the
harvests from the devastating
consequences of drought or low
precipitation. It also includes the
investigation and planning of works
associated with river or waterway
control, drainage of waterlogged
zones, hydroelectric power
generation, and research into the
control and harnessing of various
natural water sources.
4. Water Supply Planning and
Development - Although it is a scarce
resource, fresh, potable water is essential
for survival, economic success, and
quality of life. Water resources in the state
are susceptible to overuse, drought, and
pollution. Water consumption needs to be
thoroughly planned for and controlled,
and the quality of the water must be
preserved to guarantee the continuous
availability of potable water. Planning for
water supply entails having to figure out
how water is delivered to households and
businesses, identifying problems with the
supply of potable water, and deciding
how to manage and better protect the
resources of potable water.
5. Coastal Engineering
Coastal engineering projects have been
carried out for hundreds of years to
improve ports, defend against coastal
hazards, and reclaim land from the sea.
They often involve the building of structures
for erosion control or hazard reduction. It
also includes the planning, designing, and
construction of projects that aim at
reclaiming land from the sea, preventing
subsidence, protecting shorelines,
facilitating navigation, and developing
ports. Ideally, coastal engineering should
include not only the supply of appropriate
structures but also forecasts of how these
structures will be impacted by coastal
processes and the environment.
6. River Engineering
River engineering is a branch of civil
engineering dealing with the design
and construction of various structures
to improve and/or restore rivers for
both human and environmental needs,
as the rivers are the backbones of the
vulnerable river deltas that host major
portions of the world population. This
subject also involves the task of
reconciling and optimizing the different
aspects of safety, water supply,
construction aggregates, navigation,
hydropower, and ecosystem
functioning.
7. Groundwater Modeling
Groundwater modeling is an
efficient tool for groundwater
management and remediation.
Models are a simplification of
reality to investigate certain
phenomena or to predict future
behavior. Some of them are to
know the total volume to be drawn
annually from an aquifer, the
pumping location, and artificial
recharge wells and their rates, and
to draw conclusions on
groundwater quality.
 Categories of Water
Resource Engineering
1. Groundwater
Groundwater engineering focuses on
modeling and managing subsurface
water and designing extraction
systems. It is also referred to as
hydrogeology, which focuses on the
movement of groundwater through
wells, drains, pumps, etc. Modeling and
controlling underground water as well
as creating extraction methods are the
main goals of groundwater
engineering. This category under water
resource engineering is important
because its products help in preventing
floods, landslides, and other
destruction.
2. Hydrology
Hydrology is primarily associated
with watershed and river modeling
and understanding interactions
between atmospheric, surface, and
subsurface water. It is also defined
in water resource engineering as
the study of the circulation and
distribution of water on Earth. It is an
important category because it
emphasizes the natural variations
of water flow, patterns of rainfall,
etc. that can be attained by\
hydrology.
3. Hydraulics
Hydraulics (or hydromechanics)
emphasizes the mechanics of water
flow, including pressurized flow,
open channel flow, and flow-
structure interactions. It mainly
focuses on the passageways or the
channel, in which it is controlled by
the mutual influence of the water
and the canal. Under this category
are the designs such as dams,
sewage conduits, and the
management of waterways such as
protection from floods and erosion.
 Roles of Civil Engineers in the Water Resources Sector

Engineers that specialize in water resources perform a wide range of

responsibilities in the planning and administration of water-based systems.
Managing a population's water consumption and ensuring that water
treatment is safe for human consumption are the major duties of a water
resource engineer. Their responsibilities include designing major water
distribution systems that transport water to water users and collection systems
that convey waste and stormwater; designing treatment plants; managing
surface and groundwater resources or supply systems; metering and
quantifying flows in rivers and streams; being responsible for pipelines and
pump systems to effectively manage wastewater for both private and public
consumption, and many other water-related engineering functions.
 Some Application of Water Resources Engineering

A. Hydroelectric-power development
A hydroelectric-power development is a dam system that increases and stores
water in dams by limiting river flow. This is referred to as potential energy. Water is
made to fall from a height, generating kinetic energy. The turbines transform this
kinetic energy into mechanical energy. The generator is in charge of transforming
the turbine's mechanical energy into electrical energy. use. Depending on the
consumption, the flexibility of generating power is typically on a Hydroelectric-power
development creates electricity for residential or commercial large or small scale.
The principle of hydroelectric power development is clear and simple, but its
functioning is highly complicated. The development is normally manufactured to
order based on the facility's priority and capacity. They are often depended on by the
monitor, control system, and improvement conditions to ensure the development's
smooth functioning.
 Some Application of Water Resources Engineering

Complex systems such as monitoring, control, and condition improvement enable the
smooth operation of power development. Moving parts experience intense wear and tear,
which is mitigated by bearings and lubrication systems. The hydraulic systems control the
opening and shutting of the pen-stock gates. To keep temperatures under control, cooling
systems are monitored to prevent overheating of transformers, cables, and other
components.

The applications of hydroelectric-power development include:

a. Unlike other sources of energy, the Hydroelectric Power Plant helps in generate Eco-
Friendly Energy.
b. They help in creating Recreational Facilities.
c. It also helps in Flood Risk Management.
d. The water from the dam is used for the Agricultural Irrigation Facility.
e. It helps in generating revenue as the location of the Plant creates a tourist spot.
 Some Application of Water Resources Engineering

B. Irrigation
The controlled application of water to croplands is known as irrigation. Its primary
goal is to develop an optimal soil moisture regime that maximizes crop production
and quality while minimizing the environmental degradation associated with
agricultural land irrigation. Irrigation is also the application of water to the soil to
supplement natural precipitation and create an ideal environment for crop
production. Crops that are well-irrigated produce more food. Irrigation has two
primary objectives which are (1) to supply the essential moisture for plant growth
and (2) to leach or dilute salts from the soil. Irrigation water management is
concerned with the frequency of irrigation, the depth of water to be applied, and
ways to improve application uniformity. Irrigation management should be defined as
a collection of procedures that aim to optimize efficiency while minimizing labor and
capital costs for a specific irrigation system.
 Some Application of Water Resources Engineering

Some applications of irrigation can be explained in the following points:

a. Insufficient and uncertain rainfall adversely affects agriculture. Droughts and
famines are caused due to low rainfall. Irrigation helps to increase productivity
even in low rainfall.
b. The productivity on irrigated land is higher as compared to unirrigated land.
c. Multiple cropping is not possible in India because the rainy season is specific
in most regions. However, the climate supports cultivation throughout the year.
Irrigation facilities make it possible to grow more than one crop in most areas of
the country.
d. Irrigation increases the availability of water supply, which in turn increases
the income of the farmers.
 Some Application of Water Resources Engineering

C. Water Supply Network

Water supply networks are one of the primary hydraulic systems with
substantial potential for micro-hydropower solution installation.
Although there are some mini-hydropower uses in the water
industry, there is still a significant untapped potential. Water supply
networks are systems with pressure pipes at their borders and nodes
that are either pipe connections, water sources, or end-users. Their
purpose is to deliver drinkable water at a suitable pressure level to
end customers.
 Some Application of Water Resources Engineering

A water supply network is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic

components which provide water supply. Some application of water supply
network typically includes:
a. A drainage basin (see water purification - sources of drinking water);
b. A raw (untreated) water collection point (above or below ground) where the
water accumulates, such as a lake, a river, or groundwater from an
underground aquifer. Untreated drinking water (usually water being transferred
to water purification facilities) may be transferred using uncovered ground-
level aqueducts, covered tunnels, or underground water pipes.
c. Water purification facilities. Treated water is transferred using water pipes
(usually underground).
d. Erosion and flood control
 Some Application of Water Resources Engineering

The process of re-stabilizing river and stream banks after a flood event to
ensure growth in the surrounding region is known as erosion control. To
prevent future erosion, erosion control methods such as retaining walls can
be used. Erosion management strategies may prevent future flood
damage, particularly in metropolitan areas where developments are
located near rivers and streams. Channel bank armoring (riprap, channels,
gabions), vegetative erosion control (soil retention, vegetation, sand-
cement bagging), and tougher control structures such as walls are the
three alternatives for erosion control measures. Each approach employs a
unique method to avoid river bank erosion and damage.
 Water Resources
Engineering Projects
 Local Projects

1. Angat Dam
Angat Dam is a concrete water reservoir embankment hydroelectric dam that
supplies Metro Manila and nearby provinces. The reservoir meets more than
90% of Metro Manila's raw water needs through the Metropolitan Waterworks
and Sewerage System's facilities. It also irrigates about 28, 000 hectares of
farmland in the provinces of Bulacan and Pampanga.
2. Larisip (Lower Agno River Irrigation System Improvement Project)
Larisip (Lower Agno River Irrigation System Improvement Project)'s primary
objectives are to construct new canal systems, rehabilitate existing irrigation
facilities, restore non-functional service areas to improve water delivery and/or
augment irrigation water supply to increase agricultural productivity and
farmers' income and generate employment.
 Local Projects

3. Kaliwa Dam Project

Kaliwa Dam Project or the New Centennial Water Supply Project is a new
water source to be constructed to meet the increasing demand of the
people of Metro Manila, Rizal, and Quezon by constructing another dam
and reducing total dependence on the Angat Dam. This "climate
resilient" project is envisioned to help Angat Dam, based on the
comprehensive studies conducted by Word Bank and JICA. This is also
aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) which is to have
access to a clean water supply.
 International Projects

1. Boondoma Dam
Boondooma Dam was constructed across the Boyne River below its confluence
with the Stuart River. Its primary purpose is to supply water for the Tarong Power
Station which supplies between 50 million and 80 million liters of water each day.
The dam was connected to the Western Corridor Recycled Water Project to
ensure water levels would not interfere with power generation in times of
drought.
2. Three Gorges Dam
Three Gorges Dam was the largest engineering project in China. The dam allows
the navigation of ocean going freighters and generates hydroelectric power. It
was also intended to protect from floods and the capacity to produce a vast
quantity of hydroelectricity and created an immense deepwater reservoir.
 International Projects

3. Thames Barrier
The Thames Barrier is a retractable barrier system that is designed
to prevent the floodplain of most of Greater London from
exceptionally high tides an storm surges moving up from the North
Sea. The barrier is closed under storm surge conditions to protect
London from flooding from the sea. It may also be closed during
periods of high flow over Teddington Weir to reduce the risk of river
flooding in some areas of west London including Richmond and
Twickenham.
 Other Tasks of Water Resources Engineering

1. Updating Wastewater Treatment Facilities

Engineers can treat wastewater so that it can be used for
irrigation, potable water, or even as cooling water for industrial
plants. Moreover, engineers are beginning to implement
treatment facilities in communities with aging infrastructures so
these communities can benefit from the recycling of wastewater.
Upgrading treatment facilities, especially in rural areas, ensure
that communities can benefit from the nutrient reduction, thus
ensuring water-resource sustainability.
 Other Tasks of Water Resources Engineering

2. UV Disinfection Technology
To provide clean drinking water, water resource engineers are integrating
ultraviolet disinfection technology into water treatment plants. UV technology is
an environmentally safe option that provides sanitary water to communities. The
technology can sterilize water without using potentially harmful chemicals such as
chlorine.
3. Cooling Waterways and Oceans
Water resource engineers are helping confront global warming through the
process of cooling waterways and oceans. Cooler water is better equipped to trap
carbon dioxide. CO2 and other greenhouse gases are the main reason for global
warming. Water resource engineers are at the forefront of geoengineering, which
is a field dedicated to reducing the negative effects of global warming
 MODULE 6

CURRENT FIELDS IN CIVIL

ENGINEERING-
TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING
 INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Familiarize with the practices of Civil Engineers in relation to their interaction with society.

Topic Outcomes:

MODULE 6
At the end of this topic, the student is expected to learn
about:
1. To understand what is Transportation Engineering
2. To know the history of Transportation Engineering
3. To know the role and responsibilities of Transportation
Engineer
4. Check out the notable structure from Transportation
Engineering
INTRODUCTION
Civil engineering is a profession that
involves planning and building
infrastructure for the general public,
including highways, power plants,
sewage systems, bridges,
aqueducts, canals, dams, and other
structures. Designing and building
public works like bridges, dams, and
other substantial infrastructure
projects is known as civil
engineering.
One of the earliest types of engineering,
it dates back to the time when people
first established permanent
settlements and started modifying their
surroundings to fit their requirements.
Transportation engineering
(transport) is the planning, functional
design, operation, and management of
facilities for any mode of transportation
in order to provide for the safe, swift,
comfortable, convenient, economical,
and environmentally friendly
movement of people and goods. It
belongs to the field of civil engineering.
Among the many topics and areas covered by
transportation engineering are the design of
streets, highways, and intersections, mass
transit systems, urban planning, traffic control
devices and systems, travel demand, traffic flow,
facility sizing, operations and management for
roadways, visibility of highway signs, traffic
congestion and safety hazards, as well as
management and economics of transportation
systems. Urban planning and technical
forecasting decisions are a part of transportation
engineering planning. Using an urban
transportation planning model, technical
forecasting of passenger travel typically entails
the calculation of trip production (how many trips
are needed for what purpose), trip distribution
(where the traveler is going), mode choice (the
mode being utilized), and route assignment
(which streets or routes are being used).
Other aspects of traveler decisions, such as
vehicle ownership, trip chaining (the option
to combine separate visits into a tour), and
the decision of where to live or conduct
business, can be included in more advanced
forecasting (known as land use forecasting).
Because passenger journeys frequently
represent the peak of demand for any
transportation system, they are the focus of
transport engineering. Aspects of design
include creating the geometry of the route
as well as sizing transportation facilities
(lanes and facility capacity concerns).
Similar to operations, management includes
traffic engineering to ensure smooth vehicle
movement on the track or road.
According to descriptions of the work of various committees, operations planning,
logistics, network analysis, financing, and policy analysis are all important to civil
engineers, especially those working in highway and urban transportation, even
though facility planning and design remain at the center of the transportation
engineering discipline. Planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, operating,
and managing transportation facilities are the main components of
transportation engineering as it is practiced by civil engineers. The infrastructure
enables mobility via air, road, train, pipeline, water, and even space. The size of
transportation facilities (how many lanes or how much capacity the facility has),
choosing the pavement's materials and thickness, and planning the geometry
(vertical and horizontal alignment) of the roadway are all design considerations in
transport engineering (or track).
According to descriptions of the work of various committees, operations planning,
logistics, network analysis, financing, and policy analysis are all important to civil
engineers, especially those working in highway and urban transportation, even
though facility planning and design remain at the center of the transportation
engineering discipline. Planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, operating,
and managing transportation facilities are the main components of
transportation engineering as it is practiced by civil engineers. The infrastructure
enables mobility via air, road, train, pipeline, water, and even space. The size of
transportation facilities (how many lanes or how much capacity the facility has),
choosing the pavement's materials and thickness, and planning the geometry
(vertical and horizontal alignment) of the roadway are all design considerations in
transport engineering (or track).
 EARLY HISTORY
The early history of transportation includes innovation from around the world, with ancient China
contributing the compass and stirrup. The transportation technologies developed before the 19th
century were later built upon and adapted in later eras.
Horses: Horses have been used for several thousand years to pull wagons, send messengers, and
transport soldiers. Horse training and horseback riding technologies like the stirrup (invented in
China 2000 years ago; in use in Europe by 700 A.D, stirrups help riders to more easily control their
horses).
The Compass: First used by Chinese sailors around 1100 A.D., the compass made navigating ships
and traveling long distances much more reliable and safe.
The Caravel: This type of sailing ship was used by Spanish and Portuguese explorers and traders
during their voyages of discovery. From Columbus's first voyage in 1492, the caravel was popular
due to its speed. Caravels have also been used for fishing and war.
Circumnavigation: As better ships and maps were developed, European explorers embarked on
longer voyages. The first known expedition to successfully sail around the world was led by
Ferdinand Magellan (1519-1522). Magellan set out on his journey with five ships but only one ship
returned to Spain; Magellan himself died in a battle during the voyage.
19TH CENTURY

The nineteenth century was a great age of transportation advances that would only be eclipsed by
the achievements of the twentieth century. The development of steam power, ironclad ships, accurate
clocks (needed to determine a ship's longitude accurately at sea), railways and other technologies
defined the century. Socially, transportation became much safer and cheaper than ever before. Large
steam powered ships carried millions of European emigrants to America, Canada, and Australia. Let's
review some of the century's landmark moments in travel technology.
Early 19th Century: Canal building in England and the United States was very popular in the early
19th century. For example, the Erie Canal (completed in 1825) made heavy transportation in New
York State much cheaper. The Erie Canal was widely admired as a feat of engineering and was
expanded throughout the rest of the 19th century.
1825: The Stockton and Darlington Railway opens in England, the world's first passenger railway.
The line covered 26 miles and took more than two hours to complete the journey.
1869: The first transcontinental railway was completed in America. The line was completed at
Promontory Summit, Utah. Thousands of workers worked on building the railway including many
Chinese workers and Irish laborers; many railway builders worked under very difficult conditions.
20TH CENTURY
Aircraft, space ships and cars are just some of the defining technologies of the twentieth century. The
automobile changed the configuration of cities in America and around the world; the modern malls and
suburbs are difficult to imagine without short vacation and return the car. Likewise, safe air travel makes it
possible to visit another country for a luxury that would have been impossible for Magellan and Columbus
to imagine. In contrast to the earlier periods, the 20th century is also noteworthy for making travel more
affordable.
1903: The Wright Brothers conduct the world's very first flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Aircraft did
not become widely available until the First World War when aircraft were used for espionage, attacks
and other military purposes.
1908: The first Model T Ford automobile is built-in Detroit, Michigan. Various automobiles and cars had
been built before 1908, but Ford is generally credited with successfully producing affordable cars in
large numbers.
1927: Pilot Charles A. Lindbergh completes the first nonstop trans-Atlantic flight from America. He
covered a distance of more than 3,600 miles in only 33 hours. Passenger air transportation companies
also came into service in this period.
1961: Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human being to reach space in the Vostok 1
spacecraft. The first American in space, Alan Shepard, went into space later in 1961.
Background of
Transportation
Engineering
Transportation engineering is one of the sub-specializations of civil
engineering that involves the planning, design, operation, and maintenance of
transportation systems to be able to build smart, safe, and livable communities
for the people. These transportation systems are any system that moves people
and goods from one place to another, this includes: Highways and roadways,
railways, oil pipelines, public transport systems, traffic control systems,
automated transport systems, and space transport systems. Furthermore,
transportation engineering is a broad field that can apply to work with
roadways, waterways, railways and more. These engineers develop faster,
safer and more efficient means of transportation.
Major Specialties
Traffic engineering, a branch of transportation engineering focusing on the infrastructure
necessary for transportation
Highway engineering, a branch of engineering that deals with major roadways and
transportation systems involving automobiles. Highway engineering usually involves the
construction and design of highways
Railway systems engineering a branch of engineering which deals with the design,
construction & maintenance of the railway tracks for safe and efficient movement of trains
is called Railway Engineering
Port and harbor engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design,
construction, and operation of ports, harbors, canals, and other maritime facilities.
Airport engineering encompasses the planning, design and construction of terminals,
runways and navigation aids to provide for passenger and freight service.
 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERS CAREER

The need for functional transportation networks has led to an increase in the demand for efficient
transportation systems, and the construction and transportation sectors are constantly on the lookout for
engineers and architects to design and develop these networks. The following are some of the top career
options in this field:
Engineering Manager
Civil Engineer
Architect
Engineering Inspector and Regulatory Officer
Civil Engineering Drafter
Civil Engineering Technologist
Civil Engineering Technician
Land Surveyor
Highway Engineer
Airport Engineer
Port Engineer
Railroad Engineer
 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERS CAREER

Some of the major career profiles are bridge engineer, architectural engineer,
hydrographic engineer, and traffic engineering consultant. The paving of
bridges, sample checking of materials, planning, designing, and maintenance of
information about the samples of bridge architecture are responsibilities of a
bridge engineer. Secondly, the duty of an architectural engineer or specialist is to
assess, check, and test building frameworks and development plans. The third one
in line is being a hydrographic engineer, whose duties revolve around studying the
submerged surfaces and development of the seabed as well as its depth, shape,
and forms. The last one in line is to be a traffic engineering consultant. The latter's
roles as a transportation engineer are to plan and design transport improvements
like traffic control systems and public transport systems for the upkeep of safe
highways and streets.
 SKILLS AND COMPETENCIES

To become a transportation engineer, you must have a specific skill set that will enable you to
handle various situations, construction projects, and other associated responsibilities. The
following are the key competencies needed to succeed in a career in transportation
engineering:
a. Management Skills
b. Mathematical skills
c. Technical skills
d. Critical Thinking
e. Observational Skills
f. Excellent Communication Skills
g. Leadership Qualities
h. Time Management
i. Problem-solving skills
j. Decision-making
 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

The transport engineer includes a very special relationship with the general public at
large. Perhaps quite the other sort of engineer, the transport engineer deals with the
daily safety of an outsized segment of the general public. Therefore, the transport
engineer also incorporates a special obligation to use the available knowledge and
state of the art within existing resources to reinforce public safety. Thereupon being
said, transportation engineers have roles and responsibilities necessary to uphold.
Transport engineers are responsible for planning, designing, and overseeing the
development and maintenance of engineering projects concerning transport
networks, like roads, bridges, mass transit stations, railways, airports, and harbors. In
terms of working conditions, transport engineers work in offices and also are required
to undertake site visits and community consultations. When working on a building
site they will also be required to wear suitable safety equipment.
 JOB DUTIES AND TASKS FOR:
"TRANSPORTATION ENGINEER"

NOTE: The job duties listed are typical examples of the work performed by positions in
this job classification. Not all duties assigned to every position are included, nor is it
expected that all positions will be assigned every duty.
1. Prepare project budgets, agendas, or specifications for labor or materials.
2. Supervise the maintenance or repair of system components or transportation
systems.
3. Participate in contract bidding, negotiation, or administration.
4. Assess construction project materials for compliance with environmental
standards.
5. Investigate traffic difficulties and recommend methods to improve traffic flow or
safety.
6. Direct the surveying, staking, or laying out of construction undertakings.
7. Estimate transportation project costs.
 JOB DUTIES AND TASKS FOR:
"TRANSPORTATION ENGINEER"

8. Evaluate environmental impact statements for transportation projects.

9. Inspect conducted transportation projects to ensure compliance with
environmental regulations.
10. Review development plans to specify potential traffic impact.
11. Present data, maps, or other data at construction-related public hearings or
meetings.
12. Arrange administrative, technical, or statistical reports on traffic-operation
matters, such as accidents, safety measures, or pedestrian volume or practices.
13. Evaluate transportation systems.
14. Analyze traffic control devices or lighting systems to determine need for
modification or expansion.
15. Develop or assist in the development of transportation-related computer software
or computer processes.
 JOB DUTIES AND TASKS FOR:
"TRANSPORTATION ENGINEER"

16. Prepare final project layout drawings that contain details such as stress
calculations.
17. Plan alteration or modification of existing transportation structures to enhance
safety or function.
18. Model transportation scenarios to examine the impacts of activities such as new
development or to identify possible solutions to transportation problems.
19. Investigate or test specific construction project materials to infer compliance to
specifications or standards.
20. Inspect conducted transportation projects to ensure safety or compliance with
applicable standards or regulations.
21. Confer with contractors, utility companies, or government agencies to talk about
plans, specifications, or work schedules.
 JOB DUTIES AND TASKS FOR:
"TRANSPORTATION ENGINEER"

22. Review construction plans, design calculations, or cost estimations to ensure

completeness, accuracy, or conformity to engineering standards or practices.
23. Design or prepare plans for new transportation systems or portions of systems,
such as airports, commuter trains, highways, streets, bridges, drainage structures, or
roadway lighting.
24. Design or engineer drainage, erosion, or sedimentation management systems for
transportation projects.
25. Design transportation systems or structures utilizing sustainable materials or
products, such as porous pavement or bioretention structures.
26. Develop strategies to deconstruct damaged or obsolete roadways or other
transportation structures in a manner that is environmentally sound or prepares the
land for sustainable development.
 JOB DUTIES AND TASKS FOR:
"TRANSPORTATION ENGINEER"

The traffic engineer also contains a responsibility to protect the community from
liability by good practice. There are many aspects in which agencies charged with
traffic and transportation responsibilities may be held liable. These include (but are
not limited to):
1. Placing control devices that do not conform to appropriate standards for their
physical design and placement.
2. Failure to maintain devices in a sense that ensures their effectiveness; the worst
case of this is a "dark" traffic signal in which no indication is given due to a bulb or
another device failure.
3. Failure to apply the most recent standards and guidelines in making decisions on
traffic control, developing a facility plan or design, or conducting an investigation.
4. Implementing traffic regulations (and positioning appropriate devices) without the
proper legal authority to do so.
 JOB DUTIES AND TASKS FOR:
"TRANSPORTATION ENGINEER"

A historic standard has been that "due care" be exercised in

the preparation of plans, and that decisions made in the
process be reasonable and "not arbitrary." It is generally
recognized that professionals must render value judgments,
and the terms "due care" and "not arbitrary" are continually
under legal test.
Job Opportunities for
Transportation
Engineers
Planning, developing, and
building roads, ports, and
railways are among the duties of
a transportation engineer. To
maintain these routes secured
for travel, this position also
entails doing inspections and
maintenance.

You can choose from a variety of

specialized occupations in
transportation engineering:
1. Working as a Highway Engineer
The job of highway engineers is seen
from the numerous interstate and
intrastate roadways in this nation.
Highway engineers are entrusted with
creating and executing pedestrian
transport routes, including such bicycle
lanes, as part of their work, which
encompasses many facets of urban
planning. According to the National
Network for the Transportation
Workforce, major tasks related with
highway engineering include budgeting,
safety review, traffic pattern analysis,
and the use of urban planning design
constraints.
2. Being an Airport Engineer
Jobs in transportation engineering
are also available in the aviation
sector. Airport engineers are in
charge of planning and
constructing airports, hangars, and
airfields. Airport engineers place
utmost priority on the accurate
and thorough research of air traffic
flows, wind direction, and air traffic
safety; an airport facility's design
determines how safe it is.
3. Becoming a Port Engineer
Similar to how highway
engineers construct roads, port
engineers, also referred to as
harbor engineers, develop
commercial waterways. This kind
of transportation engineer must
be able to actually operate on
the water in order to measure,
evaluate, and maintain the port,
harbor, and canal facilities.
4. Working as a Railroad Engineer
Engineers for railroads, sometimes
known as locomotive engineers, can
design railways or operate as drivers
and dispatchers. Instead of
developing new railroads, railroad
engineers typically focus on
redesigning the nation's current
railroads to make them safer and
more effective. It is usually mass
transportation systems like
monorails and light rails that railroad
engineers plan, design, and build
when they work on new railways.
Aside from what is mentioned above,
there are also several job
opportunities available in the field of
transportation engineering, including:
Transportation technician, Transport
manager, Transportation executive,
Transportation modeler,
Transportation innovation analyst,
Mechanical Quantity Survey and Bill
Checking Engineer, Transportation
Planner, Electrical Engineer,
Transportation and Infrastructure
Utilities Engineer, Senior Transportation
Modeller, and Civil Transportation
Designer. Such engineers should have
gone through construction, hazard,
and safety training
Importance of
Transportation
Engineering
Transportation engineering is essentially the application of science and
creative solutions for the planning, management, and control of transportation
systems. Any transportation system's primary goal is to make sure that people
and commodities are moved in a way that is safe, well-organized, quick,
comfortable, relevant, reasonably affordable, and environmentally friendly.
Transportation engineers contribute to the economic, industrial, social and
cultural development of any country. Transport has affected economic
development from the beginning of human civilization and it is a key
infrastructure of a country. A country's economic status depends upon how well
served the country is by its transport system.
The rate at which a country's economy grows is very closely linked to the rate at which
the transport sector grows. Transportation is vital for the economic development of any
region since every commodity produced, whether it is food, clothing, agricultural
products, industrial products or medicine, needs transportation facilities retard the
process of socio-economic development of a nation. The adequacy of the
transportation system of a country indicates its economic and social development.
Transportation plays a major role in the development of human civilization for instance
one could easily observe the strong correlation between the evolution of human
settlement and proximity of transport facilities. Also, there is a strong correlation
between the quality of transport facilities and standard of living. Populations have
always settled along the river shores, road sides and near railway stations.
The field of transportation engineering utilizes the latest developments in transportation and
uses them to create the most efficient and effective systems possible for various locales.
Transportation engineering applies to major terminals as well as the networks that connect
them. Any product or system that moves people and goods from one place to another falls
under the scope of transportation engineering. Those working in the field of transportation
engineering research, assess, design and develop new solutions. Transportation engineering
combines the science of construction with the creativity required to develop innovative new
systems, installations and solutions. This is a broad career field with positions available in
both the public and private sectors. Transportation engineers work for the federal or state
government, vehicle manufacturing companies, airline companies, railroad companies and
trucking businesses. These engineers may also work as consultants for a variety of agencies,
providing keen professional insights that can guide the development of new projects.
 Importance of Transportation Engineering in specific industries:

Summary
1. They play an important role in the economic, social and commercial development of
the country.
2. They help in the cultural development of the country.
3. They help in the political development of the country.
4. It plays a vital role in the development of rural areas of the country.
5. They improve employment opportunities.
6. Improves the contact between two countries.
7. Improves the living standard of the country.
8. It helps to improve science and technology.
9. It helps in industrial development throughout the country.
10. Enhances the import and export of the country.
Transportation Engineering is the planning, functional design, operation, and
management of facilities for any mode of transportation. Urban planning and
technical forecasting decisions are a part of transportation engineering
planning. Aspects of design include creating the geometry of the route as well as
sizing transportation facilities. Transportation Engineering is one of the sub-
specializations of civil engineering that involves the planning, design, operation,
and maintenance of transportation systems. These engineers develop faster,
safer and more efficient means of transportation. Transportation engineering
can apply to work with roadways, waterways, railways and more. Transportation
engineering seeks ways to improve transportation options for safer, faster and
more efficient transportation.
Some of the concerns that a transportation engineer might address are: managing
proper maintenance of the roadways; handling traffic flow to minimize congestion;
preventing transportation accidents; facilitating efficient trade routes, and
determining the fastest way to transport goods. A bachelor's degree in civil
engineering is typically necessary for entry-level positions. Some universities offer a
specialty or concentration in transportation engineering for undergraduate degrees. A
master's or doctoral degree may be necessary for advancement in the field.
Pavement design, municipal infrastructure design, or travel demand forecasts are
examples of professional courses. Transport engineers are responsible for planning,
designing, and overseeing the development and maintenance of engineering projects
concerning transport networks. The transport engineer deals with the daily safety of an
outsized segment of the general public.
When working on a building site they will also be required to wear
suitable safety equipment. Transportation engineering is
essentially the application of science and creative solutions for the
planning, management, and control of transportation systems.
Transportation engineers contribute to the economic, industrial,
social and cultural development of any country. A country's
economic status depends upon how well served the country is by its
transport system.
 MODULE 7

CURRENT FIELDS IN CIVIL

ENGINEERING-
ENVIRONMENTAL AND
ENERGY ENGINEERING
 INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Familiarize with the practices of Civil Engineers in relation to their interaction with society.

Topic Outcomes:

MODULE 7
At the end of this topic, the student is expected to learn
about:
1. The definition of Environmental and Energy Engineering.
2. The history of Environmental and Energy Engineering.
3. The different fields and career of Environmental and
Energy Engineering.
4. The roles and responsibilities of Environmental and Energy
Engineers.
5. The notable engineering projects under the specialization.
INTRODUCTION
The environmental engineering
specialization focuses on supporting the
well-being of people and the
environment in areas where the two
intersect. Civil engineering education
provides the foundation of the
environmental engineering practices of
developing environmental feasible
projects that can enhance people's
quality of life. Over the decades,
environmental engineers have improved
countless lives while protecting the
environment.
Innovative advancements have been
made in sustainability in recent
years, including the use of alternative
energy sources like solar, wind or
water, better insulation to reduce
energy usage, and plumbing fixtures
that use less water, among other
methods. They basically work on
solutions to issues affecting human
existence and that destroy the
quality of our soil, water, air and
nature's beneficial ecosystems.
Environmental engineers use the principle
of engineering together with other
disciplines in being able to reduce and fully
clean up pollution, minimize the effect of
global warming and ozone depletion and
professionally handle energy consumption
and emissions, land erosion, water
treatment and waste management.
Moreover, environmental engineers provide
services to help advance the public health
and sustainability supply of food and
drinkable water. They strive to keep
everyone healthier and happier by helping
us live off the land more efficiently and less
destructively.
HISTORY
STORY History ancient cities developed canals and networks to
deliver water and remove wastewater. Early forms of
HISTORY environmental engineering date back to the ancient world

TORY when More modern forms appeared during the 19th

century when drinking water quality became an
environmental and public health problem as communities
and water needs grew. Colonel De Witt Clinton, an Army
engineer, and son of former Governor of New York George
Clinton developed one of the earliest plans to dam a river
and deliver water to New York City through a 40-mile
aqueduct. Prior to the aqueduct, water was pumped into a
reservoir from a well and distributed through wooden
mains to portions of the city.
HISTORY
STORY By 1830, the water was delivered by 12-inch cast iron
pipes. As the city grew, however, the well water became
HISTORY increasingly polluted and existing supplies could not
TORY meet demand. By 1842, after the aqueduct was
implemented, New York City was receiving up to 95
million gallons of drinking water per day while other
large cities began adopting the same method.
Beginning in 1848, Boston, Massachusetts, installed
combined sewers large enough to carry unsanitary
water and wastes to a nearby river or the ocean, an
approach favored by other large cities due to low
construction costs.
HISTORY
STORY Beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, environmental
engineering developed into a separate academic discipline
HISTORY to address emerging environmental issues such as air and

TORY water pollution and hazardous waste management, which

were related to the continued growth of the heavy industry in
the United States. Since the dawn of civilization, humans
have transformed the environment to accommodate and
satisfy their needs. Advances in agriculture, mining,
manufacturing, transportation, and energy production, for
example, have dramatically improved standards of living
over the centuries. However, this progress has been
achieved at a cost to Earth's natural systems and has yet to
be more equitably distributed to all.
HISTORY
STORY Human impacts on the environment accelerated
HISTORY with the advent of the Industrial Age and the
subsequent rapid growth of the human
TORY population, creating significant areas of friction
between human societies and the environment. At
its worst, the human presence is manifest in
pollution hanging over cities; sprawling
development in place of forests; hazardous
chemicals permeating rivers, lakes, and soil;
vanishing species; and a changing climate.
Current Fields/ Career of Civil
Engineer: Environmental
Engineering
Civil engineers are generalists. Depending on the position, a civil
engineer may plan, research, oversee, maintain, or construct
infrastructure systems and projects. On the other hand, those who
focus on a niche such as environmental engineering follow new and
evolving environmental best practices to help solve environmental
problems and challenges.

Below are some of the current fields/careers that awaits the graduates
of environmental engineering.
1. Environmental engineer
Environmental engineers are expected to utilize the studied
fundamental principles drawn from physics, chemistry, geology and
biology with analytical methods to develop solutions to environmental
problems. Practitioners focus on developing devices, techniques and
solutions to improve recycling, waste disposal, public health, and
water and air pollution control. They also address global issues, such
as unsafe drinking water, climate change, and environmental
sustainability.
2. Water Project Manager
There are specific areas that an engineer can pursue in water management
depending on interests which includes stormwater manager, wastewater
project manager and flood risk manager. In addition, a background in civil
engineering can contribute to these roles, as they are focused closely with the
design, construction and maintenance of the systems and buildings that allow
cities to function properly. Completing a specialization of environmental
engineering allows access to a number of courses that speak directly to
working in water management, such as biological treatment processes,
advanced water treatment technologies and physical and chemical separation
processes, in addition to more general courses.
3. Senior environmental engineer
Senior environmental engineers are typically equipped with a master's on
the resume to show the employers that they are able to handle the
increased responsibility that comes with jobs higher up the chain of
command. As opposed to the more entry-level title of environmental
engineer, the senior position generally includes tasks such as leading
projects, overseeing and mentoring subordinates, working closely with
management and ensuring that budgets and deadlines are met. Because
of the level of responsibilities, hiring managers tend to expect
approximately 10 years of experience in the field.
4. Environmental health and safety director
Environmental health and safety directors are called the
"environmental stewards of the corporate world" by the National
Association for Environmental Management.

In this position, you are responsible for working behind the scenes to
ensure that companies remain in compliance with regulations that
protect the environment and promote new solutions that will
encourage sustainable practices and design include:
The NAEM reported that some initiatives that may be found in the
job description:
a. Explaining the business risks of failing to ensure health, safety
and environmental standards.
b. Reporting sustainability initiatives to the public.
c. Creating and heading a company sustainability program.
d. Developing partnerships to promote sustainable practices
across the business.
5. Environmental engineering consultant
An environmental engineering consultant has expertise in issues
relating to the environment, which could include soil, air, water,
conservation, or pollution among other topics. They usually have a
degree in environmental science or a related field, consulting in
order to solve or understand a problem. Environmental Engineering
consultants also use their expertise to improve practices and
designs of companies and organizations to be able to lessen their
environmental impact.
6. Green building engineer
As the impact of standard construction practices becomes more apparent,
green buildings are a response that allows companies to continue to create
structures while minimizing harm. According to the Environmental Protection
Agency, the goal of green building is to ultimately create more resource-
efficient models that protect people from nature's extremes, while also
shielding the environment from the impact of those very projects. The
organization reported that components of green building include: water
efficiency, toxics reduction, renewable energy, energy efficiency, indoor air
quality, building specifications and materials, sustainable development and
smart growth.
7. Coastal engineer
Involves aspects of civil engineering and focuses on risks and
demands posed by any development along a coastline. A
coastal engineer may work for a public or federal agency or a
private organization, and may be responsible for monitoring
the effects of wave activity, any detriment to coastal flora and
fauna, and anything else related to the shore.
8. Geophysical engineer
Examines the methods involved in extracting various
resources from the earth, including minerals, gases, and
oil. A geophysical engineer may find employment with a
private oil company or mine, and may help develop safer
hand/or more efficient methods of extraction.
9. Ecological engineer
Field of work that deals with the construction, design,
and monitoring of various ecosystems. Ecological
engineers have a career objective to help the human
population better integrate with its surrounding
ecosystems.
Job Responsibilities of
an Environmental
Engineer
1. Conducting research, assessing and
reporting on the environmental impact of
existing and proposed construction, civil
engineering and other activities;
2. Inspecting industrial and municipal
facilities and programs to evaluate
operational effectiveness and ensure
compliance with environmental regulations;
3. Designing and overseeing the
development of systems, processes and
equipment for control, management, or
remediation of water, air, or soil quality;
4. Providing environmental engineering
assistance in network analysis, regulatory
analysis, and planning or reviewing
database development;
5. Obtaining, updating, and maintaining plans,
permits, and standard operating procedures;
6. Providing engineering and technical
support for environmental remediation and
litigation projects, including remediation
system design and determination of
regulatory applicability;
7. Advising corporations and government
agencies of procedures to follow in cleaning
up contaminated sites to protect people and
the environment; and
8. Collaborating with environmental scientists,
planners, hazardous waste technicians,
engineers from other disciplines, and
specialists in law and business to address
environmental problems. Prepare, review, and
update environmental investigation reports.
Civil Engineering:
Energy
 INTRODUCTION

Engineering has been specifically identified as a profession with opportunities to

make substantial contributions to a clean and energy-efficient future. The civil
engineering energy specialization gives the comprehensive knowledge needed
to plan, design, construct and manage the balance of system components
associated with energy infrastructure projects. Energy engineers work across the
full energy lifecycle, including extraction, production, conversion, transmission
and distribution. In addition, they play an integral role in processing energy from
a variety of renewable sources, e.g. solar, wind and geothermal power, nuclear
power, water, oil, gas and biofuels. Civil engineering builds the foundation of the
key area for energy projects, particularly the renewable energy sector which
helps reduce energy consumption that damages the environment.
 INTRODUCTION

Moreover, they make a significant contribution in making structural

buildings consume less energy and emit less greenhouse gasses.
Their work includes the management of space heating, space
cooling, ventilation and lighting by plotting possible smart structural
design choices. Civil engineers specialized in energy offer
implementation of green energy consumption solutions to cut down
its environmental impact and cost mainly through research, design,
and construction
 HISTORY

The presentation of the historical and worldwide overview of energy use

places focus on both the diversity and universality of energy. A
chronology of significant energy-related events, starting with ancient
civilization, is presented. It begins in the prehistoric when humans relied
on their physical strength to era. Later, they discovered how to control
and use fire as well as domesticate and survive, harness the power of
animals, and they gradually transitioned from being hunters and food
gatherers to the creators of early agriculture. Human activity and
mobility were increased using water and wind power (waterwheels and
windmills).
 HISTORY

Additional innovations included the smelting of copper and iron ores,

the use of charcoal, and the creation of new tools, gunpowder, and
sailing ships. Inventions like internal combustion engines, the discovery
and usage of oil, natural gas, and electricity were all sparked using coal
in the mid-1700s and the creation of steam engines. With the
widespread use of fossil fuels and increased electrification during this
time of accelerated growth, known as the Industrial Revolution, it
developed by the end of the 19th century and led to an almost
exponential rise in population and energy consumption.
 HISTORY

A modern period with computerization and the global information revolution has
been underway since the invention of nuclear energy, the understanding that
cheap fossil fuels are no longer abundant, and concern over global
environmental pollution. The post-fossil fuel era, which is still relatively recent in
human history, may bring to nicer times overall. Human beings have been
transferring energy from one form to another since their use of fire. The efficiency
of the transfer of energy is a new field. The oil crisis of 1973 crisis of 1979 brought
to light the need to get more work out of less energy. The United States
government passed several laws in the seventies to promote increased energy
efficiency, such as United States public law 94-413, the Federal Clean Car
Incentive Program.
Current Fields/ Career of Civil
Engineer: Energy Engineering
1. Power engineer
Often analyzed along with the three components of generation,
transmission, and distribution. Power engineers work on
generation to convert other forms of energy into electric power.
These sources of power include fossil fuels such as coal and
natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, solar power, and wind
power.
2. Nuclear engineer
Works to harness the energy released from nuclear reactions.
They mainly deal with the application of nuclear energy in a
variety of settings, including nuclear power plants, submarine
propulsion systems, medical diagnostic equipment such as MRI
machines, food production, nuclear weapons and radioactive-
waste disposal facilities.
3. Hydro engineer (Hydro-electric and Hydro-power
engineers)
Provide design, engineering, project planning and consulting
services to hydro-electric companies to assist with all phases
of hydroelectric power development including hydroelectric
dams, spillways, tunnels, power transmission lines and
electrical substations.
4. Solar energy systems engineer
Works to improve the energy efficiency of residential,
commercial, and industrial buildings using solar energy
systems. These engineers perform site-specific
engineering analysis or evaluation of energy efficiency for
their customers.
5. Wind engineer
Wind Engineers commonly design wind farms and
turbines that can capture the power of the wind for good
use. Moreover, they look at the interaction between the
wind and everything on earth that has been engineered.
 Job Responsibilities of an Energy Engineer

1. Design, develop and build renewable energy technologies

2. Combine renewable energy production with existing power system
3. Converting, transmitting, and supplying useful energy to meet our needs for electricity
4. Researching and developing ways to generate new energy, reduce emissions from fossil
fuels and minimize environmental damage.
5. Carry out site inspections, energy surveys and lab experiments and adapt them to large-
scale industrial processes
6. Use mathematical and computer models to complete design and specification calculations
7. Negotiate service agreements and manage associated costs and revenues
8. Keep up to date with legislation and environmental standards and make sure systems and
prcesses comply
9. Develop technical expertise in all matters to do with energy and environmental
control.
Notable Civil Engineering:
Environmental and Energy
Projects
 Local Projects

Solar-Powered Sewage Treatment Plant

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) unveiled a solar-
powered sewage treatment plant (STP) to help address the problem with
household wastewater discharge that contributes to the pollution in Manila Bay.
The project will ensure that no untreated wastewater from the three major
drainage outfalls flows into the Manila Bay. Treatment of wastewater will be done
through the installation of wastewater interceptors on different drainage outfalls
that lead to Manila Bay to receive and control the untreated wastewater from
households within the community. DENR Secretary Roy Cimatu and Metropolitan
Manila Development Authority (MMDA) chairman Danilo Lim led the unveiling of
the facility, which is capable of treating 500,000 liters of wastewater per day.
 Local Projects

Burgos Wind Farm, Ilocos Norte

The 150 MW Burgos Wind Farm is the largest wind power project in
Southeast Asia and is located within a 600-hectare site. The facility
consists of 50 wind turbines, each with a capacity of 3 MW, generating
electricity to the Luzon Grid. The project also included a substation and a
43 kilometer long 115 kV transmission line. The project won the 2015 Asia
Power Engineering International Best Renewable Energy Project - Burgos
Wind Farm, Philippines (Power Engineering International) Certificate of
Recognition for achieving 5 million safe man-hours with no lost time
incident.
 Local Projects

Calatagan Solar Power Plant, Philippines

TSM-PC14 solar panels are over 200,000 Trina Solar installed over an expansive
160-hectares, generating a substantial amount of clean energy, enough to
power the whole of western Batangas. The solar farm also enjoys optimum
weather conditions - receiving a steady breeze off the South China Sea, the
highest levels of sunshine in Southern Tagalog, and seldom hit by typhoons.As
the Philippines looks to invest further in green technologies, the Calatagan
Solar Farm is making a direct impact in meeting the country's energy needs
and easing environmental pressures. With over three decades of operation,
Calatagan Solar Farm is expected to offset over 1 million tons of carbon
dioxide, equivalent to planting over 5 million trees.
 Local Projects

Zuellig Building
The country's first building located in Makati to get a gold level LEED-CS (Leadership
in Energy and Environmental Design - Core and Shell) certification, which has now
turned Platinum. It is a 33-floor, all-glass building with low-emissivity (Low-E) glass
system that helps lessen solar heat gain while maximizing natural light. This floor-
to-ceiling panel allows daylight to illuminate almost 90% of the building's interior. It
has a dimming system to adjust the intensity of the light; and heat, ventilation, and
air conditioning (HVAC) system to regulate outside air flow ensuring superior indoor
air quality. These control systems help reduce the building's overall energy
consumption by 15 percent. Moreover, the building is installed with a premium
drainage and irrigation system, and also has a rain catchment facility which
recycles water condensation, saving nearly 29 million liters yearly.
 Local Projects

Concrete Material Advancements (Local and International)

One of the basic and fundamental materials used in civil engineering application and/or in
construction projects is concrete. It is made up of three basic components: water, aggregate
(rock, sand, or gravel) and cement. It is basically the key building material of most tower
blocks, car parks, bridges and dams, however, concrete has enabled the emission of one of
the planet's worst enemies - carbon dioxide (CO2), a potent greenhouse gas. Cement is the
key ingredient in mortar and concrete - has indeed shaped much of our built environment
which makes it leave a massive carbon footprint. Concrete being placed second as the
most-consumed resource on the planet next to water makes it possible for cement to be the
source of about 8% of the world's carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, involves quarrying -
causing the production of cement, particularly Portland cement, airborne pollution in the
form of dust. It also requires the use of massive kilns, which require large amounts of energy.
 Local Projects

Environmental engineers as construction professionals are finding ways in able to:

a. Utilizing alternative fuels such as biomass and waste in place of coal for production of
concrete to lower the sector's greenhouse gas emission.
b. AshCrete - a green concrete substitute that is made up of 97% recycled materials that mainly
relies on the use of fly ash -a byproduct of coal-burning power plants and a cement substitute.
c. Plastic Waste - non-biodegradable material based which can replace up to 20% traditional
aggregate material. This provides a new use for landfill-clogging plastic waste and reduces the
overall weight of concrete without affecting strength. There are many other ways the
construction industry is using recycled concrete including roofing tiles, indoor insulation,
structural lumber. PVC windows, bricks, ana fences.
d. Geopolymer Concrete- a green concrete substitute that is made by aluminate and silicate
bearing materials with a caustic activator. Commonly, waste reacting materials such as fly ash
or slag from iron and metal production are used, which helps lead to a cleaner environment.
Moreover, it does not require heat to make it and it does not produce carbon dioxide.
 Local Projects

e. Carbon Concrete - a combination of concrete and carbon fibers that

can be produced in three different processes. The building material can
be made of any other substances that contain carbon. Unlike reinforced
concrete that needs thick concrete layers due to susceptibility to
corrosion which highly contributes to CO2 emission, carbon concrete
does not rust. Moreover, carbon makes the carbon concrete five to six
times stronger compared to reinforced concrete.
 Local Projects

Eco-bricks
Filipino engineers are using plastic waste to build sustainable eco-
bricks. Green Antz Builders, a social enterprise, produces eco-friendly
construction hollow blocks called "eco-bricks", made of plastic sachets
and other non-recyclable wastes. An eco-brick is composed of 100
plastic laminates, shredded and then mixed with wet cement. This
mixture is poured into a brick-pressing machine that the group also
invented. The finished product can be used to build various
infrastructures, from houses to schools, and buildings
 Local Projects

Queensland's University GCI Building

The world's first building to successfully use slag/tly ash-based
geopolymer concrete for structural purposes. The 4 story high
bulding, for general public use, comprises 3 suspended
geopolymer concrete floors involving 33 precast panels. It is
designed by HASSELL in conjunction with Bligh Tanner and
Wagners.
 International Projects

Pixel Building
The first-ever four story building with sustainable infrastructure in the whole of
Australia. The standing pride of Melbourne and the construction group Grocon.
The project achieved a perfect score of 100 through the Green Star rating
system and earned an extra five points for innovation for achieving carbon
neutrality and including a vacuum toilet system, the anaerobic digestion
system and reduced car parking. It is 100% carbon-free which means that
carbon produced annually in running the building was compensated by
renewable energy. The building also boasts of a systematic method called
'carbon neutrality.' This process enables to offset the carbon contained in the
materials used in constructing the building.
 International Projects

Copenhagen International School

Once it's completed in 2017, Copenhagen, in Denmark,
features the world's largest solar facade. Th more than
12,000 colored solar panels, integrated directly into the
building's structure and glass, will produce half the energy
needs of the school.
 International Projects

Hearst Tower
The 46-story Hearst Tower is an energy-efficient, structurally
strong, environmentally sound addition to New York City. The
tower's distinctive framework is a "diagrid" of interlinked triangles,
so structurally efficient that the building uses 20 percent less steel
than conventional designs require. Thanks to dozens of energy-
saving features, from motion sensors to high high-efficiency
ventilation equipment, the total energy consumption of the
building will be 22 percent less than that of a typical.
 MODULE 8
CIVIL ENGINEERING,
SUSTAINABILITY AND
THE FUTURE
 INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Familiarize with the practices of Civil Engineers in relation to their interaction with society.

Topic Outcomes:

MODULE 8
At the end of this topic, the student is expected to learn about:
1. Summarize the civil engineering, sustainability and the future
2. Learn what is sustainable development
3. Assess the roles of civil engineers in sustainable development
4. Provide the principles under American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE)
5. Learn the importance/advancements of sustainable
development
6. Appraise in the future of sustainable development in civil
engineering
INTRODUCTION
The concept of sustainability may be more pervasive now than it has ever been
in society. In every aspect of our daily lives, from renewable energy sources to
curbside recycling programs, we face the practice of sustainability. Our
knowledge that we live in a delicate balance between providing these demands
and doing so in a way that has little negative impact on the environment and
does not threaten our own public health and safety should increase along with
our demand for goods, infrastructure, and lifestyle amenities. (J. Rodgers, 2009).

Civil engineering, one of the earliest engineering specialties, includes a variety

of diverse employment types. It is involved with the design and construction of
large structures like buildings, highways, and bridges. Additionally, it has been
around ever since the first human settlements were made and has grown as a
result of important projects being built. It is clear that it has an unlimited range of
responsibilities.
Engineers' knowledge is useless, nevertheless, if materials from both
natural and artificial sources aren't used in the development of such
infrastructures. Aspects of construction that may have a negative impact
on the environment include the use of machinery, the demolition of
historic structures, the removal of trees, and the utilization of nature
preserves. The civil engineering profession owes society a special duty. It
is our responsibility to create the social infrastructure in a way that
satisfies demand and upholds social and environmental responsibility.
We must develop professionally if we are to meet the demands of a
society that is both expanding and shifting. We must find a method to
innovate and advance in our industry in a way that is always morally
upright and loyal to the ideas of sustainable development.
One of society's best tools for influencing and reshaping the world is
engineering. The basis for our contemporary society is designed,
constructed, and maintained by civil engineers, according to the
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). The sustainable
development goals must be incorporated into civil engineers' work in this
situation. The role of civil engineers in sustainable development is crucial.
They offer many ideas and solutions to improve societal welfare and
safety as well as to reduce any project's negative environmental effects.
The destiny of the globe is uniquely in the hands of civil engineers. They
have contributed to the globalization of society and technology. From the
Great Pyramid of Giza to contemporary infrastructures, civil engineering
has permeated all facets of development and construction throughout
history.
Its objective is to build and maintain the essential
infrastructures-such as roads, bridges, water management
systems, and flood control systems-while taking into account the
needs of society and the environment. The goal of civil
engineering is to create a safe and sustainable society by
ensuring the availability of potable water, creating resilient
infrastructures, and coming up with ways to meet the demands of
an ever-expanding society.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sustainability refers to achieving our goals without affecting the capacity
of coming generations to achieve their goals. We require social and
economic resources in addition to natural resources. Sustainable living
goes beyond environmental activism. Most conceptions of sustainability
also include considerations for economic growth and social equality. It is
described as the desire to carry out activities without causing any resource
depletion or adverse environmental effects. Sustainable construction
practices can assist reduce the negative effects of construction activity. In
order to ensure that we can live our lives without ever having to worry about
not having adequate resources for the future, it confronts issues and looks
for ways to safeguard and conserve our natural environment.
ROLES OF CIVIL ENGINEERS IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The creation of plans for a sustainable future is greatly aided by the

function that civil engineers play as the link between science and society.
Engineers must actively support and take part in interdisciplinary teams
with other professionals, such as ecologists, economists, and sociologists, in
order to effectively solve the issues and challenges of sustainable
development. Collaboration with the impacted and supported communities
is also required. The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Sustainable
development is the utilization of these resources to enhance the welfare,
safety, and standard of living of everyone. There are principles that ASCE
has made for the objectivity of sustainable society and environment. Civil
engineers must adhere to the following ASCE Sustainable Development
Principles:
ROLES OF CIVIL ENGINEERS IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

a. Principle 1 - Do the Right Project. Before a project is decided to move

forward, its economic, environmental, and social implications on each of
the communities served and impacted must be evaluated and understood
by all stakeholders. Take into account both non-structural and built-in
solutions to the issues being addressed; and
b. Principle 2 - Do the Project Right. The civil engineer must actively involve
all relevant parties in order to ensure that the public is aware of a project's
economic, environmental, and social costs and benefits. Instead of simply
adding a few "green" components to a typical project, engineers must
develop and deliver projects that address sustainability holistically (from
inception to demolition or reuse).
ROLES OF CIVIL ENGINEERS IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
This organization also supports the following steps to achieve a sustainable project:
a. Assess the life cycle from planning to reuse. Participants in the project should apply
strict life cycle procedures that quantify the initiative's economic, environmental, and
social benefits;
b. Utilize Resources Caution. Reduce your reliance on nonrenewable resources. Resource
use must gradually be decreased while maintaining a certain level of service and
resilience as part of sustainable development. The civil engineer must assess whether it
is feasible to restore or replenish exhausted resources;
c. Make a resiliency plan. Planning for the effects that natural and man-made disasters,
as well as shifting environmental conditions, may have on economic, environmental, and
social resources, is necessary for sustainability; and
d. Validate the use of the principles. By applying measurements and rating systems like
the EnvisionTM Rating System for sustainable infrastructure, civil engineers must guide
project development and assess the application of these principles.
ROLES OF CIVIL ENGINEERS IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The goal of the work done by this kind of civil engineer organization for
society is to increase public awareness of the opportunities and needs
for sustainable development and to support the creation of wholesome
communities. The development of the environment, the economy,
society, and technology must be viewed as interrelated and
complementary ideas, with economic competitiveness and ecological
sustainability acting as complementary facets of the common
objective of raising standard of living.
IMPORTANCE/ ADVANCEMENTS USE OF
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

Recycled Content
Applications in civil engineering today utilize a variety of recyclable materials.
These materials include crushed glass, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), fly
and bottom ash, blast-furnace slag, steel slag, cement kiln dust, tire shreds,
powdered tire rubber, and ash from rice husks. Applications in civil
engineering that call for vast quantities of materials benefit particularly from
the reuse of these recyclable resources. By substituting these waste products
for other common materials, energy and natural resources are conserved,
and costly and/or possibly dangerous waste disposal is avoided. The use of
recyclable materials in various civil engineering applications with an
emphasis on sustainable development is the subject of this special issue.
IMPORTANCE/ ADVANCEMENTS USE OF
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

Natural and Renewable

There is a need to create new roads and resources as well as maintain
the existing bridges, tunnels, and pavements as the population rises and
the existing infrastructure ages. It makes more sense to develop and
switch to using renewable resources as costs rise and conventional
materials get harder to get. By switching to more accessible and
environmentally friendly materials, sustainable civil engineering methods
can raise industry standards and reduce their negative effects on the
environment. Additionally, renewable resources could last longer, need
less maintenance, and ultimately conserve resources and money.
IMPORTANCE/ ADVANCEMENTS USE OF
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

Locally Available
Customers should be informed that local materials and products are
frequently more affordable, environmentally friendly, aesthetically unique,
and support the local economy. Not to mention, materials and products
from local sources are great for retrofit projects. The usage of these
materials is simple in more conventional construction. Public health is
impacted when transportation causes pollution. Climate change are the
causing emissions that are decreased when energy use and transportation
are reduced. Locally sourced building materials mean fewer hauling trips,
less diesel fuel use, and less greenhouse gas emissions. As a maker of
building products, this offers you a significant marketing opportunity.
IMPORTANCE/ ADVANCEMENTS USE OF
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

Durable
Service life and durability have significant environmental
implications. Durable building translates as sustainable
construction in other languages. Because it is possible to extend
service life during the production phase without raising
environmental pressures, durability is considerably more
knowledge-based than resource-based.
IMPORTANCE/ ADVANCEMENTS USE OF
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

Energy Efficiency
Energy-efficient homes have advantages beyond just saving
money on power. Additionally, energy-efficient homes strive to
make life more cozy, secure, and healthy. When building your
house, take advantage of the chance to make it energy efficient.
To develop a more effective and environmentally friendly home,
employ contemporary eco-friendly building materials.
IMPORTANCE/ ADVANCEMENTS USE OF
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

Ensuring Sustainable Construction

To support sustainability in the field of construction, the building and thus the
designed environment must meet a number of critical criteria. This will consist
of the following:
Biodiversity Enhancement - Construction comes, whether or not
industrial, residential, public sector or infrastructure all have the potential
to break natural habitats, endangering life and plant species. As a result,
the construction industry has a critical role to play in protecting sensitive
sites and minimizing environmental damage. Sustainable construction
must avoid endangering the environment or species whenever possible, so
that the natural habitat is not harmed.
IMPORTANCE/ ADVANCEMENTS USE OF
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

Support to the Community - Communities must be benefitted from

sustainable construction and not harmed by the construction
industry. Sustainable construction must address the real need of the
community and help it to face the challenges that it will encounter. In
supporting the community, the construction industry must not be the
source of the community's problems; instead, they should be the one
who help the community to grow and develop. To help or support the
environment, the construction industry must reduce energy usage,
protect its natural and social environment and provide a healthy
comfortable living environment.
IMPORTANCE/ ADVANCEMENTS USE OF
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

Effective Use of Resources - Given that contractors pay 40-70%

of the project value on building material, managing
construction material is vital to project success. Still, massive
amounts of material don't seem to be uncommon at
construction sites when the project has been finished. With
correct materials demand designing, this might be preventable.
The material management should acquire the right quantity of
materials for the construction to prevent oversupply of material
that can waste money and resources.
IMPORTANCE/ ADVANCEMENTS USE OF
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

Pollution Reduction - Pollution occurs not only in

transportation, factories, coal sectors or power plants but
also in the construction sector. Pollution in construction is
not only harmful for the environment but also for the
employees which can cause them serious health problems.
To reduce pollution, the construction industry should
reduce its reliance on polluting products and materials,
transportation, energy, and power.
IMPORTANCE/ ADVANCEMENTS USE OF
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

Creating Healthy Environment - In 2018, the buildings and construction

sector accounted for 36% of total energy use and 39% of energy and
process-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, with steel, cement, and
glass accounting for 11% of total emissions. With this, the construction
industry is one of the major factors that causes climate change which is
harmful to the environment and specially to the humans. To reduce the
possible harmful outcome of an unhealthy construction environment, it is
efficient to apply the green buildings construction techniques such as
using solar energy, reuse and recycling water and other resources,
pollution and waste reduction, use of non-toxic sustainable materials and
environmental-friendly design, construction.
IMPORTANCE/ ADVANCEMENTS USE OF
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

Process Management - Construction management is the integration of a variety of

services during the project phases of construction planning to the project closure
phase, with the goal of achieving project objectives such as quality, cost, time, and
scope management. Projects are inherently complex, with numerous construction
management processes occurring at various stages of the project. The top
management teams, planners, designers, construction managers, contractors,
suppliers, and site workers all have complex relationships that must be managed
throughout the project's various phases. Thus, the process management or the
people involved in the construction have the power to build sustainable or green
buildings.
FUTURE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The progressive demand in the construction industry nowadays is undeniable. Growth in
the Philippines' construction industry in 2021 was supported by a favorable base,
improvement in global economic conditions, and infrastructural development as part of
the government's launch Build Build Build (BBB) program. The government allocated a
total of PHP 1 trillion ($20.7 billion) for the BBB program in 2021, with PHP 807.5 billion
($16.4 billion) spent in the first nine months of last year (Dublin, 20 2022). In our
environment with limited natural resources and increasing construction projects,
engineers must prioritize the sustainable design on every project they will handle. The
present and future engineers must know about the global environmental impact of
constructing an infrastructure. Without proper knowledge about the possible impact of
construction in our environment can lead to some serious environmental issues such as
increasing greenhouse gas emission, global warming, resource depletion and rising sea
levels.
FUTURE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
However, there are solutions for those challenges such as improving the quality of the
infrastructure, recycling of materials and using alternative materials which can reduce the
consumption of natural resources, pollution, expenses and energy. To continuously solve
the possible challenges on the impact of construction on our environment, engineers must
practice their profession focusing on the sustainability of the infrastructure. Research in the
construction industry is also important to produce more options and generate new ideas to
build and develop the sustainability of the infrastructure. Education is very important in
creating future leaders of the construction industry. Sustainability must be the primary
factor to consider by an engineer on their projects. To gain more information and ideas
regarding the sustainable future, civil engineers must collaborate with environmentalists
and other professionals to properly address the challenges of a sustainable environment.
Each type of construction material has advantages and limitations. Choose the ones that
best suit your needs based on your location and design requirements. Be sure to consider
all the angles when constructing an energy-efficient home.
 MODULE 9

CIVIL ENGINEERING
AND ENVIRONMENTAL
 INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Familiarize with the practices of Civil Engineers in relation to their interaction with society.

Topic Outcomes:

MODULE 9
At the end of this topic, the student is expected to learn
about:
1. Define civil engineering and environmental science;
2. Differentiate civil engineering from environmental
science;
3. Identify the possible careers that are in lined with civil
engineering and environmental science; and
4. Understand the relationship between civil engineering
and environmental science.
INTRODUCTION
Civil engineers change the world. They influence our
lives more than many other professions, because
infrastructural facilities and buildings are an essential
part of every civilization. How we will live tomorrow is
inspired by their imagination and knowledge. Civil
engineers analyze, model and realize. They create safe
airports, network settlements, design water supply
concepts and sewer systems, restore rivers or set up
wind power plants on the open sea. Our modern
society would not exist without the assistance and
knowledge of civil engineers and environmental
scientists, who are now creatively and innovatively
mastering the rapidly expanding demands of business,
culture, environmental influences, and new materials.
 Civil Engineering

What is Civil Engineering?

• Civil engineering is the oldest of the modern engineering disciplines, with
historical roots dating back to the 1700s. Civil engineers design and build
society's infrastructure, including buildings, highways, bridges, mass transit
systems, pipelines, dams and locks, and municipal water and sewage treatment
systems. They are frequently in charge of planning, managing, operating, and
maintaining these facilities.
• Civil engineering is concerned with applying mathematics and scientific
knowledge (particularly physics) to real-life situations and problems that arise
from the construction and maintenance of structures, while taking
environmental, financial, legal, and ethical considerations into account.
 Different fields of Specializations in Civil Engineering

1. Structural Engineering
This field encompasses all structural analysis and design. They are in charge of
analyzing and designing structures that can withstand stress and force while safely
bearing loads. Their designs must meet all project specifications and safety
standards. To ensure public safety, their structures must be able to withstand natural
disasters and environmental conditions, as well as meet design criteria and codes.

2. Construction Engineering Management

This type of Civil Engineering includes the construction of structures as well as the
management of all construction engineering tasks. This field has a higher business risk
than others because civil engineers take on large contracts that can result in both
rewards and losses on the extreme end. This field also includes the management of
moving materials from one location to another.
 Different fields of Specializations in Civil Engineering

3. Geotechnical Engineering
Type of Civil Engineering that is concerned with investigating the ground properties
that will be used for a construction project. Checking the soil quality, the stone
quality, and whether the construction will be able to support the project safely. A
geotechnical engineer's job is to detect any weaknesses. A Geotechnical Engineer
evaluates the feasibility of a project after considering all of these factors.

4. Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering

Hydraulics and Water Resources Engineering is concerned with the application of
hydrologic and hydraulic principles to the design of irrigation and drainage
systems, reservoirs, navigable waterways, and flood control levees, dams, lakes,
and water distribution systems, among other things.
 Different fields of Specializations in Civil Engineering

5. Transportation Engineering Energy

This field is concerned with the design of efficient and sustainable transportation
systems. Transportation systems can be either public or private. It includes street
transportation structures, air transportation structures, tunnels, overpasses,
railways, and so on. It includes disciplines such as transportation planning,
pavement engineering, and infrastructure management.

6. Environmental Engineering
Energy and environmental engineering is a branch of energy engineering that
aims to use energy efficiently while also protecting the environment. Energy
engineers must be knowledgeable in a variety of fields. Jobs in the built
environment, renewable and traditional energy industries are available.
 Main Goal of Civil Engineers

Civil engineers design and build society's infrastructure, including

buildings, highways, bridges, mass transit systems, dams and locks,
and municipal water and sewage treatment systems. Their main goal
is:

1. To design safe and durable airports, bridges, dams, harbors, and

highways that
millions of people will use for many years.
2. To bring excellence and sustainability to whatever projects he or she
chooses to work on.
 Roles of Civil Engineers

1. In General
a. Measure and map the earth's surface.
b. Design and supervise the construction of bridges, tunnels, large
buildings, dams, and coastal structures.
c. Plan, layout, construct, and maintain railroads, highways, and
airports.
d. Devise systems for the control and efficient flow of traffic.
e. Plan and build river navigation and flood control projects.
f. Provide plants and systems for water supply and sewage and refuse
disposal.
 Roles of Civil Engineers

2. By Profession
a. Consulting Engineers
Consultants are responsible for the design work of projects and work
predominantly in an office.
b. Contracting Engineers

Contractors then take the designs and implement them during

construction. Contractors work on site, managing the construction of
the structure. Depending on whether you are a contractor or a
consultant, work activities can include:
 Roles of Civil Engineers

Undertaking technical and feasibility studies, including site investigations:

Using a range of computer software for developing detailed designs.
Undertaking complex calculations
Liaising with clients and a variety of professionals, including architects and
subcontractors.
Compiling job specs and supervising tendering procedures.
Resolving design and development problems.
Managing budgets and project resources
Scheduling material and equipment purchases and deliveries
Making sure the project complies with legal requirements, especially health and safety.
Assessing the sustainability and environmental impact of projects.
Ensuring projects run smoothly and structures are completed within budget and on
time.
 Importance of Civil Engineering

Civil engineers have a big role in building every part of our

transportation infrastructure, from roads, tunnels, train stations,
bridges, and airports. Their knowledge is also necessary in order
to develop different utilities such as electricity, water, and phone
and internet services. They are responsible for the structures,
buildings, and public works projects that make our modern life
possible.

Civil engineering is important in many ways, including in:

 Importance of Civil Engineering

1. Construction
The construction engineer includes the site development using environmental, structural,
hydraulic, and geotechnical engineering as well as in planning and carrying out the
project. Without civil engineering, structures like airports, skyscrapers, dams, utilities,
telecommunication lines, tunnels, and many more would not be possible. Complex civil
engineering principles are used by civil engineers to ensure the stability of certain
structures that they have built.

2. Urban Development
Public infrastructures in urban areas are well known. Civil engineers are in charge of
everything from roads to water supply, street lighting, drainage, and waste management
systems. As well as the distribution of electricity and telecommunication networks,
underground utility network construction, bus service networks, and other projects all
depend greatly on civil engineering.
 Importance of Civil Engineering

3. Water Resources Management Resource

The collection and utilization of water resources are the focus of water engineering,
which is also a branch of civil engineering. Both the quantity and quality of groundwater
and surface water like rivers, lakes, and so on must also have management and
prediction. Constructing dams and water pipeline networks is only one of a few
examples of how this branch of civil engineering is put to good use.

4. Environment Preservation
Some of our actions have severely polluted our environment. Environmental
engineering is a branch of civil engineering that deals with the purification of the water
and air as well as the removal of chemical, thermal, or biological waste. Environmental
engineers monitor industrial ecology, green engineering, and reduction of pollution.
They help us to understand the effects of our own actions on the environment.
 Importance of Civil Engineering

5. Transportation Network
Transportation engineering is a branch of civil engineering that deals with the effective,
convenient, and secure transportation of people and products from one place or location to
another. This involves the planning, designing, building and maintenance of highways,
railways, airports, public transportation, canals, and other infrastructure.

6. Coastal Protection
The management of coastal areas cannot be done without the principles of civil engineering.
It helps in designing and constructing the defense mechanisms against erosion and flooding.

7. Material Science
Material science is closely related to civil engineering and attempts to understand the
fundamental properties of important materials such as ceramics, concrete, asphalt, strong
metals like steel and aluminum, and thermosetting polymers.
 Advantages and
Disadvantages in Civil
Engineering
 Advantages in Civil Engineering

1. Civil engineers play critical roles in community development. Communities

would prosper without their unique talents. Buildings and roads serve as the
foundation of city infrastructure. It does not just provide them; they also use their
skills to improve the performance and efficiency of community systems. They
also design water and sewer systems that balance safety standards with water
delivery and sewer processing, both of which are critical functions in city
operations as well as residents' health and comfort.
2. There are numerous advantages to working in civil engineering. Civil
engineers, first and foremost, will always be in high demand. Society will continue
to grow, and the demand for dams, bridges, and other structures will be
insatiable. As a result, civil engineers typically find it easy to find work after
graduating from college.
 Advantages in Civil Engineering

3. Due to the wide range of civil engineering fields, there are numerous specialized areas in
which one can specialize based on personal interests. Civil engineers are primarily
concerned with structural engineering, construction, geotechnical engineering, water
resources, and transportation. Civil engineers frequently hold supervisory and administrative
positions, and others may work in design, education, or research.
4. Work in the macroscopic view is possible in the civil engineering field. Civil engineers
work with large structures and apply physical laws, whereas many other engineering fields
work only on nearly invisible, microscopic scales.
5. You will have the opportunity to work on various sites and travel to new places. They
spend a lot of time outside at work sites, where they monitor buildings and projects and
solve problems. The nature of the work requires civil engineers to be active and mobile. It is
also dynamic, which means that each project presents unique design and operational
challenges. Engineers also have the opportunity to collaborate closely with contractors,
architects, and workers.
 Disadvantages in Civil Engineering

1. Extreme Pressure: With great responsibility comes great job pressure. As a civil engineer, you
may be in charge of buildings and projects with enormous scope and budget. Significant
failures can result in significant losses for your company or an increase in insurance premiums.
Faulty engineering can also cause disasters in communities due to building deterioration, road
and bridge issues, and water system malfunctions. Problems with your work can harm your
employer's or your own reputation. There are many costs and risks associated with the job. As a
result, there is a lot of pressure because the liability for errors can be high.
2. Work Environment and Hours: This will not be a tie-and-suit job in a well-appointed office.
Unless and until you are a designer, you will most likely be seen in the field wearing a helmet.
Civil engineers occasionally work a typical full-time week. One-fourth of all civil engineers,
however, work more than 40 hours per week. Furthermore, you will most likely spend a significant
amount of time on the road or in remote areas. You work in your office for part of the week. Other
work hours are spent on-site communicating with construction workers, supervising projects,
and tracking progress.
 Disadvantages in Civil Engineering

3. Stressing: Because a large number of projects are government-funded or run by

the government, civil engineers must work under the scrutiny of reviewers and
auditors who oversee government spending. This type of review can increase job
stress because an engineer must explain his thinking and decision-making to a
regulatory third party on a regular basis.
4. Civil engineers bear a great deal of responsibility. When working as a civil
engineer, you must be able to manage your time and prioritize your tasks. You're
under time constraints to meet contractual obligations and deadlines.
5. Civil engineers have very little leeway. In this field, mistakes can be costly, so
you must maintain a keen eye for detail at all times.
6. Civil engineers frequently work outside in adverse weather conditions. If
nothing beats curling up with a book in a warm room, this may not be the job for
you.
Possible Careers in the Future
for Civil Engineering
 The future possible and top careers

1. Structural Engineer. Working closely with the construction industry, structural

engineers play a key role in the development of new infrastructures. From buildings
and bridges to dams and pipelines, engineers in this field are involved in all stages of
a project's life cycle, including preliminary design and final inspections.
2. Geotechnical Engineer. Geotechnical engineers specialize in the science of soil
and rock and its application to new developments. Engineers specializing in this field
typically work on the design, analysis, and construction of retaining walls, tunnels,
roadways, embankments, and building foundations.
3. Environmental Engineer. Environmental engineers help solve environmental
problems and challenges. These engineers apply biology and chemistry theory as
well as soil science to the areas of waste disposal, pollution control, recycling, and
public health.
 The future possible and top careers

4. Marine Engineer. Marine engineers apply their civil engineering skills to the
design, construction, and maintenance of marine facilities such as ships,
submarines, sailboats, and aircraft carriers.
5. Engineering Manager. Civil engineers with significant experience and
knowledge can move into leadership roles, particularly engineering managers,
that include senior-level accountabilities such as leading and managing
engineering activities, reviewing projects for technical accuracy, and ensuring
projects proceed on schedule and align with the organizational goals and
strategy.
6. Design Engineer. Design engineers are responsible for developing
schematics, blueprints, and prototypes for the creation of products, equipment
and structures.
 The future possible and top careers

7. Water Resource Engineer. Water resource engineers focus on

the development and maintenance of water resource
management facilities that include wastewater treatment plants,
drainage canals, irrigation systems, and hydraulic structures such
as reservoirs, dams, and floodways.
Civil engineer Instead of focusing on a niche such as
environmental engineering, civil engineers can become
generalists. Depending on the position, a civil engineer may plan,
research, oversee, maintain, or construct infrastructure systems
and projects such as buildings, bridges, and roads. Their
responsibilities for these projects may include managing the initial
design and planning phase, handling the permitting process,
conducting material tests and analysis, overseeing construction
operations, and ensuring the completion of r repairs and
maintenance.
 Environmental Science

What is Environmental Science?

Environmental Science explains how science affects our environment.
We are interested in the interactions between the solid Earth, its
water, air, and living organisms, as well as the dynamic,
interdependent relationships between these four components.
Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that
combines physical, biological, and information sciences to study the
environment and solve environmental problems (including ecology,
biology, physics, chemistry, plant science, zoology, mineralogy,
oceanography, limnology, , soil science, geology and physical
geography, and atmospheric science).
 Five major fields of Environmental Science

1. Atmospheric sciences
Atmospheric sciences investigate the Earth's atmosphere and how it
interacts with other systems, particularly the environment. Because the
atmosphere and all of the processes that occur within it have such a large
impact on the environment, it is critical that we learn everything we can
about it.
2. Ecology
It is defined as the study of how living organisms interact with one another on
our planet. This includes humans, animals, plants, and the environment in
which they live. Ecologists study a wide range of topics, including how a
specific species or group of living creatures is influenced by their
environment or certain aspects of it.
 Five major fields of Environmental Science

3. Environmental chemistry
Environmental chemistry investigates chemical processes and the effect
they have on the environment. This field is primarily concerned with water
pollution and soil contamination. It makes sense because chemical
processes and different chemicals can play a significant role in these
processes.
4. Geosciences
It is also known as earth sciences, a field that deals with and connects all
scientific disciplines that directly investigate our planet. It is frequently
regarded as a branch of planetary sciences, and it investigates the chemical
and physical composition of our planet, as well as its atmosphere. lt also
incorporates viewpoints from other sciences, such as physics and biology.
 Five major fields of Environmental Science

5. Social sciences
It is an academic discipline that studies human behavior, specifically
how people interact with one another, behave, develop as a culture,
and influence the world. This scientific field is vast and diverse,
encompassing disciplines such as anthropology, economics, political
science, psychology, and sociology.
 Main Goal of Environmental Science

To learn how the natural world works

To understand how humans interact with the
environment.
To find ways to deal with environmental
problems and live more sustainably.
 Roles of Environmental Scientist

1. In General
a. Collecting and scientifically analyzing soil, air and water samples
to determine the level and cause of environmental contamination.
b. Developing solutions to control, fix or prevent environmental
problems.
c. Conducting environmental research projects and preparing
reports and presentations on their findings.
d. Advising governmental organizations, businesses and the public
on potential environmental hazards and health risks.
 Roles of Environmental Scientist

2. By Profession
a. Environmental Scientist
Environmental scientists conduct tests and analyze data to
determine the effects of human activities on the environment in
order to prevent and solve environmental problems.
b. Environmental Specialist
Environmental specialists are experts who monitor the environmental
impact of a population, identifying environmental issues and
recommending solutions.
 Roles of Environmental Scientist

Environmental scientists and specialists typically do the following:

Determine data collection methods for research projects, investigations, and
surveys
Collect and compile environmental data from samples of air, soil, water, food, and
other materials for scientific analysis
Analyze samples, surveys, and other information to identify and assess threats to
the environment
Develop plans to prevent, control, or fix environmental problems, such as and or
water pollution
Provide information and guidance to government officials, businesses, and the
general public on possible environmental hazards and health risks
Prepare technical reports and presentations that explain their research and
findings
 Importance of Environmental Science

Environmental science is important in creating mass awareness and

teaching individuals about the needs of recycling, the need for
sustainability, the use of models for climate change awareness and
creating a better world for future generations. These are a few of the
implications of environmental science:

1. To realize that environmental problems are global

Environmental science allows us to recognize various environmental
problems, including climate change, ozone layer depletion, global
warming, and acid rain. The impacts on biodiversity and marine life are not
just national problems but also considered global problems.
 Importance of Environmental Science

2. To Understand the Impacts of Development

The impact of development on urbanization, industrial growth, high-tech
the environment agriculture, growth on telecommunication and
transportation infrastructure, and housing expansion is widely documented
and quantified. Environmental science aims to educate the general
population on the necessity for industry decentralization to ease traffic in
large cities. In order to reduce the pollution brought on by overpopulation,
decentralization will result in a large number of individuals leaving urban
areas. The goal is to accomplish all of this in a sustainable manner without
compromising the capacity of the next generation to meet their own
needs.
 Importance of Environmental Science

3. To Sustainable Ways of Discover Living

Finding ways to live more sustainably is the focus of environmental
science. This means utilizing resources that we currently have while
preserving their supply for the near future. Environmental sustainability
sustainably promotes raising awareness about resource consumption
and reducing unnecessary waste, but it does not have to prohibit
enjoying a wealthy lifestyle. This comprises minimizing the amount of
energy used in home, using disposals to dispose of waste, eating in
your area, recycling more, growing your own food, drinking from the
tap, saving water in the home and using your car less.
 Importance of Environmental Science

4. To Utilize Natural Resources Efficiently

A country benefits greatly from its natural resources. Natural resources might not be
used effectively as a result of inadequate management training at a low level.
Environmental science teaches us how to effectively utilize natural resources by:
a. Implementing and putting into practice the different environmental conservation
techniques as necessary.
b. Utilizing the proper tools to explore resources.
c. Making our resources more valuable.
d. Making sure that the equipment is properly maintained.
e. Comprehensive human resource training.
f. Provision of effective and efficient supervision.
g. Use the appropriate methods to reduce exploitation.
h. To comprehend how organisms behave in their natural environment.
 Importance of Environmental Science

5. To Shed Light on Contemporary Concepts Such as How to Conserve Biodiversity

The diversity of life on earth is known as biodiversity. The percentage of species extinction is
currently at an all-time high. The goal of environmental science is to instruct individuals on how
to stop this phenomenon by;
a. Using sustainable wood products
b. Using organic foods
c. Adopting the 3 R's: reduce, reuse, and recycle
d. Purchasing sustainable seafood
e. Supporting conservation campaigns at local levels
f. Conserving power
g. Minimizing the consumption of meat
h. Utilizing eco-friendly cleaning products
i. Recognizing the interrelationship among species in populations and communities
j. Both organisms and humans rely on one another to survive. The study of the environment is
crucial because it helps us to comprehend how these interactions function.
 Importance of Environmental Science

6. To Learn and Create Awareness About Environmental Problems at

Local, National and International Levels
Due to a lack of awareness, environmental problems at the local,
national, and international levels exist. Environmental science aims to
teach and prepare learners with the necessary environmental skills to
pass on to the community in order to create awareness. Environmental
awareness can be created through social media, creating a blog
dedicated to creating awareness, community-centered green clubs,
women's forums, and religious podiums.
Environmental Science:
Pros and Cons
 Environmental Science Pros

a. Studies under environmental science focuses on the importance of

sustainable developments. These studies offer a rare chance to gain a better
understanding of our planet and how we can best take care of it. Natural
resources are in areas such as soil, air, water, and minerals. This has created a
heavy burden on the inhabitants of this planet. That is why it has become
essential to analyze how we can use these resources more responsibly. By
preserving our environment, we might be able to save ourselves from further
damage.
b. Environmental science and understanding of natural and human-caused
processes in our natural environment. By researching and investigating
complex environmental issues, students develop and enhance essential skills
such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and creative thinking.
 Environmental Science Pros

c. The information that is given in environmental science courses to

help improve the health and well-being of countless children today
where it encourages a healthy lifestyle.
d. Environmental science discoveries have led to a better
understanding of our natural environment. These discoveries have
been implemented into everyday life, and with continued
improvement and following nature-related rules and regulations,
we are directly conserve and protect our natural for our next
generations.
 Environmental Science Cons

a. Working in this field requires extensive skills, knowledge, and

experience.
b. It also has longer working hours than any other field.
c. Complex environmental problems like climate change
including global warming.
d. Photochemical smog and other forms of pollution.
e. Displacement/extinction of wildlife resources including the
depletion of forests, water, and food.
 Possible Careers for
Environmental Science
 The future possible and top careers

1. Environmental Scientist. They are responsible for informing and supporting

businesses, governments and the general public on health risks and
environmental hazards, analyze samples of soil, water, air, food and other
materials to collect environmental data, assess threats to the environment
through scientific analysis, limit or fix environmental problems such as land or
water pollution, etc.
2. Environmental Lawyer. Their task is to analyze and interpret data obtained from
case law, literature reviews, research, and sample findings, convince judges and
juries of legal culpability through carefully constructed arguments which are
evidenced persuasively, determine if there is sufficient evidence to proceed with
prosecution, and interpret data through interviews with scientists, often as part of
the court- enabling them to give expert opinions, testify and inform.
 The future possible and top careers

3. Environmental Engineer. Their job is to design projects that contribute to

environmental protection, inspect government and private factories and facilities
to ensure that they comply with environmental standards, advise governments
and businesses on managing and cleaning contaminated sites, evaluate the
significance of an environmental hazard and advise of treating or containing it,
and search the environmental impact of construction projects.
4. Zoologist. Their task is to develop and carry out experimental studies with
animals, collect specimens and data for scientific analysis, utilize geographic
information systems and modeling software to analyze animal behavior, analyze
the impact of human activity on wildlife and habitats, and develop conservation
plans and recommend courses of action on wildlife conservation and
management issues to stakeholders.
 The future possible and top careers

5. Conservation Scientist. Their job is to support governments and landowners to

decide the most ecological and prudent use of land, help manage parks, forests,
natural areas and private land, monitor forestry and conservation activities to ensure
they are complying with government regulations, create and implement plans to
manage lands and resources.
6. Hydrologist. They are tasked to measure volume, stream flow, pH and pollution
levels of bodies of water and water samples, analyze data on how pollution, erosion,
drought and other problems impact the environment.
7. Teacher. They are responsible for planning and teaching lessons, assessing
students to identify weaknesses and strengths, inspiring students to develop their
interests and abilities, adapt lessons to any changes in class size, ability or attitude,
and supervise e students outside the classroom – for instance in clubs or trips.
Difference Between Civil
Engineering and
Environmental Science
 Civil Engineering Environmental Science

Civil engineering is the profession of designing and Environmental engineering is the

executing structural works that serve the general
application of science and engineering
public, such as dams, bridges, aqueducts, canals,
highways, etc. while environmental science brings
principles to improve the environment (air,
together the fields of ecology, biology, zoology, water, and/or land resources), to provide
oceanography, atmospheric science, soil science, healthful water, air, and land for human
geology, chemistry and more in an interdisciplinary habitation and for other organisms, and to
study or h0w natural and man-made processes
remediate polluted sites. Utimately,
interact with one another affect the various biomes.
Civil engineers are of Earth, especially involved in environmental scientists play an integral
activities such as water supply and sewerage, surface role in preserving the quality of the natural
water and groundwater quality management, surroundings that we share.
contaminated site remediation, and solid waste
management. However, civil engineers typically focus
on design and construction, whereas environmental
engineers develop systems for cleaning water and
reducing waste.
 Relationship of Civil Engineering and
Environmental Science

Civil engineering and environmental sciences both influence how the

world operates. These two branches of engineering collaborate to improve
the environment by creating structures or systems that clean and improve
our natural environment. Environmental engineers collect and analyze air,
water, and soil samples, monitor. Compliance with environmental laws and
regulations, assist industrial companies in Complying with environmental
regulations, and speak at public meetings about local. Environmental
challenges. While civil engineers design and build society's infrastructure
such as highways, bridges. mass transit systems, dams, and municipal
water and sewage deament systems. Environmental and civil engineering
projects may overlap.
 Relationship of Civil Engineering and
Environmental Science

Example, when developing a water supply system, civil engineers will focus on
the structure's construction and design, while environmental engineers will
develop the system for cleaning the water and reducing waste. Because
many. environmental issues are traditionally associated with civil engineers,
environmental engineering is frequently linked with civil engineering
programs. To devise and implement sołutions to a variety of both
environmental scientists and engineers rely on data gathered from the
natural environment, particularly data on the past and future effects of
human activity and its issues, both environmental scientists and engineers
rely on data gathered from the natural environment, particularly data on the
past and future effects of human activity and its impact. By doing this, society
improves the state of living while maintaining the beauty of nature.
 MODULE 10

RESPONSIBILITIES OF
CIVIL ENGINEER
 INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Familiarize with the practices of Civil Engineers in relation to their interaction with society.

Topic Outcomes:

MODULE 10
At the end of this topic, the student is expected to learn
about:
1. The general responsibilities of a civil engineer
2. Specific duties of a civil engineer
3. Job titles of civil engineering and their corresponding
responsibilities
4. Civil engineers' responsibility timeline
5. The most important skills for a civil engineer
INTRODUCTION
Civil engineers' decisions impact society.
They influence the world, and life on it,
via the use of material, energy and water
resources, the development of
infrastructure, the design of new
products and so on (Dodds and
Venables 2005, 8). The construction and
operation of engineered buildings,
networks, and systems directly affect
energy use, carbon missions, and
climate at local and global levels.
Although civil engineering improves
quality of life via clean water,
effective sanitation, public transport,
et cetera, it carries many negative
consequences as well. Engineers-
designers, managers, leaders, and
decision-makers-with a sense of
global responsibility are needed to
achieve holistic solutions to the
problems facing us all.
What is responsibility?
According to the business dictionary, a
responsibility is a duty obligation to
satisfactorily perform or accomplish a task,
which is either assigned by someone or
created one's own promise or circumstances
that we must fulfill, and which has
consequent penalty for failure. Based on
Collins dictionary, if someone is given
responsibility, they are even with the right or
opportunity to make important decisions or
to take action without having to get
permission from anyone else.
In parting concepts of their responsibilities are
indeed wide and differentiated to the means of
their specialization and sanctioned major in
studying. Civil Engineers do not limit themselves
to the possibilities of making a change and
being the promoters of change that could make
society safer, more economical, and most
importantly more sustainable to live in. From the
excellence of its design, proper construction
management, and maintaining the physical and
naturally built environment. As civil engineering
students, it is necessary to know how many
people in our chosen profession work in the
actual workplace or their specific fields of
specialization.
Having knowledge about their roles and
responsibilities would greatly contribute to
our quest of being one of these engineers in
the future. The lecture will dwell on the
general responsibilities of a Civil Engineer
with the direct applications of their works
and ideas such responsibilities are initially
assigned their duties before, during, and
after they are idealized up until they
construct any project they have.
 General Responsibility of a Civil Engineer

The responsibility of civil engineering goes wide from construction of infrastructures to the
tunnels and water distribution system. One general responsibility of the civil engineer is to
analyze various factors concerning a construction job.
1. Analyzing the proposed site location as well as the entire construction job that will be
completed at such a location. Every step of the way, they will analyze the process of completing
the construction job.
2. The civil engineer must also plan the construction project that will take place based on the
results of their analysis of the proposed project.
3. The civil engineer must inspect the product both during and after the process to ensure that
all rules and guidelines have been followed explicitly.

A civil engineer's role and responsibilities are determined by the nature of the construction work
in a project and include a variety of activities such as quality control and poring. This means the
roles and responsibilities of a civil engineer are not specific for every construction project.
 Specific Duties of a Civil Engineer

1. Carrying out building planning in accordance with the functional requirementss

suggested by the client or user. They must plan the structure in accordance with the
bylaws.
2. Communicate with team members, customers, and vendors to ensure project cohesion
and fluidity.
3. Prior to starting the project, they will write detailed reports outlining what is acceptable
and what needs to be changed.
4. Once the proposed changes have been implemented, the civil engineer will go over the
plans and project sites again to ensure that all necessary changes have been made.
5. They will examine photographs, drawings, and maps to inform project direction as well
as overall budget constraints.
6. Civil engineers regulate the project from beginning to end and make any necessary
changes along the way. They will ensure that the procedure is followed and will check on
the project's safety features as it is completed.
 Specific Duties of a Civil Engineer

In many cases, the civil engineer is also the primary point of contact
for the construction project. They will respond to questions posed to
them by construction project participants as well as the general
public. They will be responsible for baking up their statement with
reports, graphs, charts, and surveys while answering questions. A side
from that, civil engineers should have a fundamental understanding of
practical construction techniques on site, as well as the specifics of
how they are planned. This will help them execute the actions correctly
and create the necessary design.
Civil Engineering Job Titles
and Their Corresponding
Responsibilities
Structural Engineering
A structural engineer is a civil engineer who specializes in the design
aspect and technical details of a project. Structural Engineering is a
discipline under Civil Engineering that involves the application of a wide
array of theories and practices and is continuously making progress in
these areas. Structural Engineers are further categorized according to the
type of work that they do.
a. Design and assess major projects, such as buildings, bridges, or dams,
to ensure their strength and durability.
b. Must consider many factors like construction materials, expected loads
and special issues such as wind considerations.
A Structural Operation Engineer is responsible for the following:
preparing reports, designs and drawings
making calculations about loads and stresses
selecting appropriate construction materials
providing technical advice
obtaining planning and/or building regulations approval
liaising with relevant professional staff such as architects
monitoring and inspecting work undertaken by contractors
administering contracts

A Junior Structural Engineer is responsible for the following:

building system concepts and documentation process from schematics through construction.
functioning as team leader on small structural projects
the interface and coordination with other disciplines on smaller projects.
prepare and document required code research for projects
Construction Engineering
Engineers in this field manage construction projects, ensuring that
they are scheduled and built following plans and specifications.
Construction engineering managers are answerable for managing the
workings of varied different entities concerned within the project.
Manage construction projects, ensuring that they are scheduled and
built in accordance with plans and specifications. Responsible for the
design and safety of temporary structures used during construction.
Oversee budgetary, time-management, and communications aspects
of a project.
A Surveyor Engineer is responsible for the following:
conduct physical site surveys using a variety of equipment and tools
prepare sketches and notes, and perform electronic data collection
coordinate field staff and process field data
interface with civil engineers, landscape architects, cartographers, or urban planners
verify the accuracy of survey data, including measurements and calculations conducted
at survey sites
calculate areas of land parcels and easements using mathematics and computer
software

A Field Engineer is responsible for the following:

maintaining the equipment and infrastructure of the site
conduct extensive research to diagnose the problems that the client is facing
installation of new, complex technology
safety testing of machinery
building inspector
review plans to ensure they meet building codes, local ordinances, zoning
regulations, and contract specifications
approve building plans that are satisfactory
monitor construction sites periodically to ensure overall compliance
use survey instruments, metering devices, and test equipment to perform
inspections
inspect plumbing, electrical, and other systems to ensure that they meet code
verify alignment, level, and elevation of structures to ensure building meets
specifications
issue violation notices and stop-work orders until building is compliant
keep daily logs, including photographs taken during inspections
provide written documentation of findings
Geotechnical Engineering
Geotechnical Engineers are professionals that examine numerous
geological elements and features using the principles of soil and rock
mechanics, primarily to determine whether the site location and its
land mass are suitable for construction operations.
a. Work to make sure that foundations for built objects ranging from
streets and buildings to runways and dams, are solid.
b. Focus on how structures built by civil engineers, such as buildings
and tunnels, interact with the earth (including soil and rock).
c. Design and plan for slopes, retaining walls, and tunnels.
A Geotechnical Staff Engineer is responsible for the following:
with Senior review
works independently when on specific assignments of limited
works with other engineers and clients to ensure that client
specifications are followed
prepare proposals for moderately complex projects
identify business development opportunities
prepare engineering reports that gives professional opinions and
practical geotechnical solutions
A Senior Geotechnical Engineer is responsible for the following:
Assist in creating and updating engineered drawings using AutoCAD
Perform calculations using a variety of design software
Assist in preparing geotechnical recommendation letters and reports
Prepare and submit daily reports for any work performed on a job site
Provide revenue/billing projections for ongoing jobs
Contact clients via phone and email to discuss potential and ongoing
projects
Prepare and submit written proposals for new work
Work collaboratively with other CS departments for design-build projects
Interpret and explain contracts, scopes, plans, and technical details to
internal and external contacts
Water Resources Engineering
A water resource engineer's primary duty is to oversee how much water is used by a population
and make sure that the water has been treated to be safe for consumption. They also help in
managing coastal areas to defend against floods and erosion. To be more specific, here are
some of the responsibilities that a water resource engineer should observe in the field.
a. Responsible for handling all of the engineering on water resources and preparing services
and analyses on behalf of their organization.
b. In charge of performing water resources calculation and suggesting changes to the current
resources model.
c. Design documents and plans with detailed specifications for water resources projects.
d. Responsible for limiting scope of work, as well as creating budgets and schedules....
e. Follow strict safety protocols to prevent accidents during construction.
f. Overseeing drainage system repairs, as well as conducting hydrologic modeling to increase
accuracy during engineering activities.
A Senior Water Resource Engineer is responsible for the following:
regularly evaluate designs for water detention systems, storm drains, flood control or
other hydraulic driven water conveyances systems and facilities
assist in the development or implementation of storm water monitoring
oversee and develop watershed master plans and flood mitigation studies
analyze storm water or floodplain drainage systems to control erosion, stabilize river
banks, and repair stream channels
prepare environmental documentation for water resources and regulatory program
compliance
design programs and strategies related to water resource issues such as quality,
quantity, and regulatory compliance issues for client review and approval
perform pre-design services, such as feasibility, preliminary engineering reports or
environmental impact studies and assessments
A Project Engineer is responsible for the following:
serve as project manager for large complex projects
maintain effective communications with client, client's staff, and regulatory
agencies
evaluate and analyze design decisions to ensure objectivity, soundness of design,
and impact of those decisions on schedule, budget, and needs
responsible for collecting, correlating, and preparing recommendations and
conclusions reports
participate in the preparation and implementation of design contracts
remain up to date on applicable regulations and related technological
advancements
investigate new areas of technology or new applications of existing design and
construction techniques
A Design Engineer is responsible for the following:
develop drawings by modifying or replicating prior
projects
ability to create drawings from sketches
ability to ensure designs are in accordance with company
and client production and design standards
a team player and be able to work independently
Transportation Engineering
Engineers who work on the design and construction of highways, airports, railways,
knowledge, transportation engineering provides societal needs for economical and
efficient buses, and trains are referred to as transportation engineers. Using scientific
and technical transportation service that meets the needs of society at the same time
as maintaining compatibility with environmental, energy, and safety goals in the
process.
a. Ensure that all transportation projects are completed on time and stay within budget.
b. Responsible for all aspects of transportation project scheduling, planning, and
pricing.
c. Monitor design and planning phases for highways, bridges, traffic controls, and
lighting.
d. Responsible for delegating tasks for transportation projects.
A Senior Civil Engineer is responsible for the following:
serve as senior project manager, program manager, or client
manager for high profile projects and clients
work directly with clients
determine project scope, schedule, and fees
mentor, train, and oversee some individuals
prepare master plans and designs for public and private
infrastructure systems
perform design computations and plan detailing for compliance
with codes, manuals, and design consideration for clients
A Project Manager is responsible for the following:
deliver quality transportation projects on-time, within budget and to the
satisfaction of the client
manage and be accountable for project management performance, including
meeting or exceeding performance metrics
assigns project tasks to designers and engineers and coordinates a team
effort to support the project
review designs, studies, investigations performed by other engineers for
conformance to municipal standards and requirements
participate in construction support activities including responses to requests
for information (RFIs), submittal reviews, construction site visits, and design
revisions / management of change
attend I design review meetings and interact with clients
A Project Design Engineer is responsible for the following:
assist with planning and design for roadways
perform analysis and design calculations in accordance
with applicable design codes
prepare 3D models of proposed designs
prepare contract specifications and special provisions
perform & organize quantity calculations
Environment & Energy Engineering
The wide range of issues that environmental engineers deal with best describes the field.
Environmental engineers provide systems and remedies for the interface where people and the
environment meet. Their main responsibility within the company is to supply clean, efficient
energy while causing the least amount of environmental harm possible. In addition to this, energy
engineers are in charge of designing, developing, and improving both new and existing energy-
generating processes to increase the efficiency of existing energy resources.
Help with the growing challenges of land use, pollution, resource regulation and environmental
laws.
Vital to helping form public policy to regulate the land, air and water resources for generations
to come.
Design, evaluate, or manage control systems for erosion and water as well as waste
processing facilities.
Monitor for pollution by testing air and water quality and coming up with model projections. In
some cases, they may work on animal housing and care.
A Senior Civil Engineer is responsible for the following:
coordinating and overseeing complex projects and provide liaison functions with
licensing and permitting group, system planners, system protection engineers, asset
experts, vendors, project managers, construction and operating personnel,
consultants and contractors
reviewing complex civil design drawings for conformance to client standards an
applicable federal state and local ordinances
providing technical support during permitting and construction of projects
resolving complex technical problems and provide solutions
evaluating and review drawings and documents used for construction and bid
purposes
maintaining and applying working knowledge of client's standards for business
controls and meet management's expectations for effective internal business
controls
A Senior Civil Design Engineer is responsible for the following:
prepare and oversee detailed civil engineering design that includes
civil/site, roadway, drainage, stormwater management, utility design and
coordination
generate professional plans, specifications, technical calculations, exhibits,
and reports
mentor junior staff and assist project managers with project staff resourcing
attend and lead project team and client meetings
support the development and management of project scopes, budgets and
schedules
conduct site observations, existing conditions backchecking, and written
field reports
A Project Engineer is responsible for the following:
collaborate with management and stakeholders and keep them
informed on all issues affecting project timeline and budget
manage change orders, ensuring they are completed accurately
and tracked as required, expedite material as needed, and estimate
the impact of project changes
provide interpretation of plans and specifications
assemble complete submittal packages and other required project
documentation information
analyze and resolve more complex questions and problems as
needed
 Civil Engineers' Responsibility Timeline

1. Analyze the site location and the surrounding area - This includes a
search and investigation, verifying its feasibility for construction
purposes.
2. Design plan - Civil Engineers must design a plan, outlining the key
variables and what needs to be changed prior to the construction.
3. Develop a detailed design layout - Civil engineer must develop a
detailed design layout, keeping the requirements of the client in mind.
The design and any subsequent reports need to be reviewed and
approved, and any potential risks and challenges of the project
identified.
 Civil Engineers' Responsibility Timeline

4. Follow laws and code of ethics - Civil engineers must also be certain to
follow land use laws and regulations every step of the way. Following the
completion of the proposal it will need to be submitted to
those officials that supervise the tendering process, ensuring that all rules,
regulations and guidelines are fulfilled. It's paramount that all safety measures
are met whilst the project is being undertaken.
5. Monitor staffs and employees - Whilst the project is underway it is the
responsibility of the civil engineer to monitor the staff onsite. They must keep an
open dialogue with architects, consultants and out contractors. Should any
issues arise, they have the responsibility of resolving them. Their input, and
leadership where necessary is essential to secure the smooth execution of a
vast selection of projects.
 Civil Engineers' Responsibility Timeline

6. Preparation of reports and schedule - One must ensure that the site has
adequate resources to complete the tasks.
7. Ensure health and safety - For highly dangerous work sites, civil engineers
will take up the role of safety engineer. He has to ensure that the work carried
out by the workers and other related activities are as per the safety
regulation of the site. Civil engineers must observe and implement safe
working practices.
8. Quality assurance - As we know, quality is a parameter that has to be kept
in practice from the initial stage of planning to the end of the project. Civil
Engineer assures that the work is completed and delivered without any
defect and delay.
 The Most Important Skills for Civil Engineer

Civil Engineering is arguably one of the world's oldest professions. From bridge design
to water treatment, the work of Civil Engineers has a daily impact on the lives of most
people in the world. We can therefore see how important it is for Civil Engineers to
possess certain qualities and skills.

Here are the 5 most important:

1. Technical Skills. A good Civil Engineer should have a level of Mathematics and Physics
that allows for the identification and solving of engineering problems. Let's put it this
way, if a Structural Engineer wasn't able to accurately work out how much weight is
being distributed throughout a bridge, I for one wouldn't like to be driving anywhere
near that bridge. Civil Engineers also need to be skilled in design techniques and
working with maps, drawings and models, as well as CAD software. They need to be
able to predict any possible future problems and find solutions for them.
 The Most Important Skills for Civil Engineer

4. Creativity. It could be said broadly that the role of Civil Engineers is applying
engineering principles to develop solutions within the built environment. More
often than not, this requires a certain level of creativity. Engineers need to be
able to innovate and improve on solutions. From finding ways to reduce CO2
emissions or making a trampoline bridge, creativity is the key.
5. Critical Thinking. Civil Engineers often face complex problems and need to
find efficient solutions for them. They need to be able to assess the pros and
cons of all possible solutions, and they need to be decisive in order to choose
the best one. Civil Engineers generally require a very broad skill set and this list
is in no way exhaustive but these 5 were what we saw to be the most important
skills for a Civil Engineer.
 Summary

Civil engineers hold a responsibility in ensuring the quality of a project, may it be in any
specialization under it. From the excellence of its design, proper construction
management, and maintaining the physical and naturally built environment. Civil
engineers do not focus only on the preeminence during the time of planning, designing,
and construction, they foresee projects that could withstand future endeavors and could
refine resilience overtime. Civil engineers may have different responsibilities depending on
the specialization they are in, however, they must share the same life goals, which are to
serve their purpose as responsible innovators and integrators of ideas and technology
across the public, private, and academic sectors. The work of a civil engineer is undeniably
difficult. Now and then, problems will arise for which the civil engineer will be responsible, so
they must be as firm as the infrastructures they built. Civil engineers are important
considering that they build the gateway to oversee a better future. They play an important
role in the development of society, making it safer and function better, they create
constructions that benefit everyone.
 MODULE 11

CIVIL ENGINEERING
LAWS AND CODE OF
ETHICS
 INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Familiarize with the practices of Civil Engineers in relation to their interaction with society.

Topic Outcomes:

MODULE 11
At the end of this topic, the student is expected to learn about:
1. Understand the entirety of the Civil Engineering Law, its
articles, and respective sections;
2. Gain an understanding of the civil engineer's professional
code of ethics, fundamental principles, and its fundamental
canons, as well as situations and issues
in the field where this could be seen and applied, and;
3. Determine the important roles that the code of ethics plays
in a professional engineer.
INTRODUCTION
A civil engineer's role is to address some of
the world's most difficult challenges, saving
people's lives and ensuring efficient new
technology developments that can improve
our way of life which makes everything we
see, a marvel of civil engineering. The
bridges, tunnels, skyscrapers or railways,
and buildings such as shelters, hospitals,
and schools, are some of those feats that
make us stare in awe and wonder at the
process as to how they happen to exist and
make a huge difference in the long run to
individuals and the world.
From that alone, we can deem that civil
engineering, being responsible for the
structural design, construction, and
maintenance of various important
infrastructures both or public and private
use, is an incredibly rewarding and at the
same time a tough and challenging career.
As such, it is indeed necessary for a civil
engineer to be well-composed and enforce
quality and efficient work at all times, thus,
leading the passageway of official
laws and rules, and ethically-and morally-
considerate practices. In relation to that, this
module will provide a discussion of the civil
engineering laws, and code of ethics.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)

An Act to Regulate the Practice of Civil Engineering in the Philippines

which was approved on the 17th of July, 1950. It was amended by RA 1582,
which was also approved on the 16th of June 1956. The Act has been re-
introduced by Senator Panfilo M. Lacson as Senate Bill no. 2770. The
Senator brought to life the Act as he explained that civil engineers are
currently confronted with broader issues and they have to integrate the
socio-economic and environmental issues with the technical aspects of
the construction projects.

"The Civil Engineer is constantly challenged to design and build

developments in a manner that is environmentally sound, socially
acceptable, and globally competitive."
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)
Objectives of Republic Act 544:
1. To attune the law to the needs for national development.
2. To strengthen the profession and enable the civil engineers to cope with the
formidable challenges brought about by globalization and cross-border
practice.
3. To continually upgrade the level of competence of the civil engineers
through:
peer recognition
continuing professional development
strengthening the accredited professional organization
4. To define more clearly the practice of civil engineering in the Philippines by
foreign Nationals.
5. To promote the growth of the consulting sector by making it cognizant of
the international philosophy of multi-disciplinary consultancy services.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)
6. To remove a provision that makes contracting of multi-disciplinary
consultancy services unnecessarily difficult, complicated and
impracticable and which now adversely affect the infrastructure of the
government to the extent that work and payment to contracted parties
on projects are suspended.
7. To make the law better serve and safeguard public interest by
establishing a clear, precise and practicable delineation of professional
and corporal contractual accountability in the civil engineering
practice.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)
Article I - Title of the Act and Definition of Terms
Section 1. Title of Act." This Act shall be known as the "Civil Engineering Law."
Section 2. Definition of Terms.

(a) The practice of civil engineering within the meaning and intent of this act shall
embrace services in the form of consultation, design, preparation of plans,
specifications, estimates, erection, installation and supervision of the construction of
streets, bridges, highways, railroads, airports and hangars, port works, canals, river
and shore improvements, lighthouses, and dry docks; buildings, fixed structures for
irrigation, flood protection, drainage, water supply and sewerage works; demolition of
permanent structures; and tunnels. The enumeration of any work in this section shall
not be construed as excluding any other work requiring civil engineering knowledge
and application.
(b) The term "civil engineer" as used in this act shall mean a person duly registered
with the Board for Civil Engineers in the manner as hereinafter provided.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)

Article II - Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers

Section 3. Composition of Board." Within thirty days after the approval of this Act
there shall be created a Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers, hereinafter
referred to as the Board, to be composed of a chairman and two members who
shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines, upon recommendation of
the Commissioner of PRC. The members of the Board shall hold office for a term
of three years after appointment or until their successors shall have been
appointed and shall have qualified. The first members of the Board appointed
under this Act shall hold office for the following terms: One member for one year;
one member for two years; and one member for three years. Each member of
the Board shall qualify by taking the proper oath of office before entering upon
the performance of his duties.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)

Any member of the Board may be removed by the President of the

Philippines, upon recommendation by the Professional Regulation
Commission for neglect of duty, incompetency, malpractice,
unprofessional, unethical, immoral, or dishonorable conduct, after having
been given opportunity to defend himself in a proper administrative
investigation: Provided, That during the process of investigation, the
President of the Philippines, upon the recommendation of the PRC, shall
have the power to suspend such member under investigation and shall
appoint a temporary member in his place. Vacancies in the Board shall
be filled for the unexpired term only.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)

Section 4. Powers and Duties of the Board." The Board for Civil Engineers
is vested with authority, conformable with the provisions of this Act, to
administer oaths, issue, suspend and revoke certificates of registration for
the practice of civil engineering, issue certificates of recognition to civil
engineers already registered under this Act for advanced studies,
research, and/or highly specialized training in any branch of civil
engineering subject to the approval of the PRC, to investigate such
violations of this Act and the regulations, there under as may come to the
knowledge of the Board and, for this purpose, issue subpoena and
subpoena duces tecum to secure appearance of witnesses in connection
with the charges presented to the Board, to inspect at least once a year,
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)

educational institutions offering courses in civil engineering, civil engineering

works, projects or corporations, established in the Philippines and, for
safeguarding of life, health and property, to discharges such other powers
and duties as may affect ethical and technological standards of the civil
engineering profession in the Philippines. For the purpose of this Act, the
Director of Public Works and/or his authorized representative in the provinces
and chartered cities shall be ex-officio agents of the Board and as such it
shall be their duty to help in the enforcement of the provisions of this Act. The
Board may, with the approval of the Professional Regulation Commission,
issue such rules and regulations as may be deemed necessary to carry out
the provisions of this Act. The board shall also adopt a code of ethics in the
practice of civil engineering and have an official seal to authenticate its
official documents.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)

Section 5. Qualifications of Board Members." Each member of the Board shall, at

the time of his appointment:
A. Be a citizen and resident of the Philippines;
B. Be at least thirty years of age and of good moral character;
C. Be a graduate of civil engineering from a recognized and legally constituted school,
institute, college or university.
D. Be a registered civil engineer duly qualified to practice civil engineering in the
Philippines;
E. Have practiced civil engineering, with a certificate as such, for a period of not less than
ten years prior to his appointment.
F. Not be a member of the faculty of any school, institute, college, or university where Civil
engineering course is taught, nor have a pecuniary interest in such institutions;
G. No former member of the faculty of any school, institute or university where civil
engineering is taught can become a member of the Board unless he had stopped eching
for at least three consecutive years.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)

Section 6. Fees and Compensation of the Board." The Board for Civil
Engineers shall charge for each application for examination the sum ofP100
(one hundred) payable to the collecting and disbursing officer of the PRC
upon filing of said application, and for certIficate of registration. fifty pesos.
Each member of the Board shall receive a compensation of fifteen pesos for
each applicant examined. A civil engineer in the service of the Government
of the Republic of the Philippines appointed as member of the Board shall
receive the compensation as herein provided, in addition to his salary in the
Government. All authorized expenses of the Board, including the
compensation provided for herein, shall be paid by the collecting and
disbursing officer of the PRC out of such appropriation as may be made for
the purpose. (See RA 6511 & PD 223)
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)

Section 7. Annual Report." The Board shall at the end of

each fiscal year, submit to the PRC a detailed report of its
activities and proceedings during the period covered by
the fiscal year ended.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)

Article III - Examination and Registration

Section 8. Examination Requirement." All applicants for registration for

the practice of civil engineering shall be required to pass a technical
examination as here in after provided.

Section 9. Holding Examination." Examination of candidates desiring to

practice civil engineering in the Philippines shall be given in the City of
Manila of each year, provided that such days do not fall on official
holidays, otherwise the examinations shall be held on the days
following.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)

Section 10. Subjects of Examination." Applicants for certificate of

registration as civil engineer shall be examined, in the discretion of the
Board, on the following subjects: mathematics, including algebra, plane
and spherical trigonometry, analytics, descriptive and solid geometry,
differential and integral calculus, and rational and applied mechanics;
hydraulics; surveying, including highway and railroad surveying; plane,
topographic and hydrographic surveying, and advance surveying;
design and construction of highways and railroads, masonry structures,
wooden and reinforced concrete buildings, bridges, towers, walls,
foundations, piers, ports, wharves, aqueducts, sanitary engineering
works, water supply systems, dikes, dams and irrigation and drainage
canals.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)
Section 11. Executive Officer of the Board." The Commissioner of Professional Regulation
Commission shall be the executive officer of the Board and shall conduct the
examinations given by the said Board. He shall designate any subordinate officer of the
Professional Regulation Commission to act as the Secretary and custodian of all records
including examination papers and minutes of the deliberation of the Board.

Section 12. Qualifications for Examination." Any person applying for admission to the
civil engineering examination as herein provided shall, prior to the date of the
examination, establish to the satisfaction of the Board that he has the following
qualifications:
A. Be at least twenty-one years of age;
B. Be a citizen of the Philippines;
C. Be of good reputation and moral character; and
D. Be a graduate of a four-year course in civil engineering from a school, institute,
college or university recognized by the Government or the State wherein it is established.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)
Section 13. Oath of Civil Engineers." All successful candidates in the examination
shall be required to take a professional oath before the Board of Civil Engineers or
other government officials authorized to administer oaths, prior to entering upon
the practice of the civil engineering profession.

Section 14. Seal and Use of Seal." All registered civil engineers shall obtain a seal of
such design as the Board shall authorize and direct: Provided, however, That the
serial the number of the certificate issued by the Board shall be included in the
design of the seal. Plans and specifications prepared by, or under the direct
supervision of a registered civil engineer shall be stamped with said seal during the
life of the registrant's certificate, and it shall be unlawful for anyone to stamp or
seal any documents with said seal after the certificate of registrant named thereon
has expired or has been revoked, unless said certificate shall have been renewed
or re-issued.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)
Section 15. Exemption from Registration.
1. Registration shall not be required of the following persons:
a. Officers or enlisted men of the United States and Philippine Armed Forces, and
civilian employees of the Government of the United States stationed in the
Philippines while rendering civil engineering services for the United States and/or
Philippines.
b. Civil engineers or experts called in by the Philippine Government for consultation,
or specific design and construction of fixed structures as defined under this Act,
provided that their practice shall be limited to such work.
2. Any person residing in the Philippines may make plans on specifications for any
of the following:
a. Any building in chartered cities or in towns with building ordinances, not
exceeding the space requirement specified therein, requires the services of a civil
engineer.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)

b. Any wooden building enlargement or alteration which is to be used for

farm purposes only and costing not more than ten thousand pesos.
c. Provided, however. That there shall be nothing in this Act that will prevent
any person from constructing his own (wooden or light material) residential
house, utilizing the services of a person or persons required for the purpose,
without the use of a civil engineer, as long as he does not violate local
ordinances of the place where the building is to be constructed.

3. Nor shall anything in this Act prevent draftsmen, student clerk-or-work,

superintendents, and other employees of those lawfully engaged in the
practice of civil engineering under the provisions of this Act, from acting
under the instruction, control or supervision of their employer.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)

4. Nor shall anything in this Act prevent any person who prior to the
approval of this act have been lawfully engaged in the practice of "maestro
de obras" to continue as such, provided they shall not undertake the
making of plans supervision for the following classes of work:
a. Building of concrete whether reinforced or not.
b. Building of more than two stories.
c. Building with frames of structural steel.
d. Building of structures intended for public gathering or assemblies such as
theaters, cinemagraphs, stadia, churches, or structures of like nature.

5. Nor shall anything in this Act prevent professional architects and

engineers from practicing their professions.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)

Section 16. Refusal to Issue Certificate." The Board for Civil

Engineers shall not issue a certificate to any person convicted by
a court of competent jurisdiction of any criminal offense involving
moral turpitude, or to any person guilty of immoral or
dishonorable conduct, or to any person guilty of immoral or
dishonorable conduct, or to any persOn of unsound mind. In the
event of a refusal to issue a certificate to any person, the Board
shall give to the applicant a written statement setting forth its
reason for such action, which statement shall be incorporated in
the records of the Board.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)

Section 17. Suspension and Revocation of Certificates. "The Board shall

have the power, after due notice and hearings, to suspend or revoke
the certificate of registration for any cause mentioned in the preceding
section.

Section 18. Re-issue and Replacement of Certificates. The Board may,

after the expiration of one year from the date the certificate of
registration is revoked and for reasons may deem sufficIent, entertain
an application for a new certificate of registration from a registrant
concerned. Such application shall be accomplished in the same form
prescribed for examination, but the Board may, in its discretion, exempt
the applicant from taking the requisite examination.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)
Section 19. Transitory Provisions. As soon as this Act takes effect, any
person desiring to practice the profession of civil engineering shall be
required to obtain a certificate of registration in the manner and under the
conditions hereinafter provided. All civil engineers duly licensed under the
provisions of Act Numbered Twenty-nine hundred and eighty-five, as
amended, at the time this Act takes effect, shall be automatically registered
under the provisions hereof. Certificates of registration held by such
persons in good standing shall have the same force and effect as though
the same have been issued under the provisions of this Act. All graduates in
civil engineering from a school, institute, college, or university recognized by
the Government who have passed the civil service examination for senior
civil engineer and have been practicing or employed in the governments as
such during five years are exempted from taking the examination.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)
Article IV - Enforcement of Act and Penal Provisions

Section 20. Enforcement of the Act by officers of the law. It shall be the
duty of all duly constituted law officers of the national, provincial, city
and municipal governments, or any political subdivisions thereof, to
enforce the provisions of this Act and to prosecute any person violating
the same.

Section 21. Registration required. Unless exempt from registration, no

person or offer to practice civil engineering in the Philippines without
having shall practice obtained the proper certificate of registration
from the Board for Civil Engineers.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)
Section 22. Penal provisions. Any person who shall practice or offer to practice civil
engineering in the Philippines without being registered in accordance with the
provisions of this Act or any person presenting or attempting to use as his own the
certificate of registration of a registered civil engineer, or any person who shall give
any false or forged evidence of any kind to the Board, or any person who shall
impersonate any registrant civil engineer of different name or any person who shall
attempt to use a revoked or suspended certificate of registration, or any person who
shall use in connection with his name or otherwise assume, use or advertise any title
or description tending to convey theimpression that he is a civil engineer, without
holding a valid certificate of registration, or any person who shall violate any of the
provision of this Act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall, upon conviction, be
sentenced to a fine of not less than five hundred pesos nor more than two thousand
pesos, or to suffer imprisonment for a period of not less than six months not more
than one year, or both, in the discretion of the court.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)
Article V - Miscellaneous Provisions

Section 23. Preparation of plans and supervisions of construction by registered

civil engineer. It shall be unlawful for any person to order or otherwise cause the
construction, reconstruction, or alteration of any building or structure intended for
public gathering or assembly such as theaters, cinemagraphs, stadia, churches or
structures of like nature, and any other engineering structures mentioned in section
two of this Act unless the designs, plans, and specifications of same have been
prepared under the responsible charge of, and signed and sealed by a registered
civil engineer, and unless the construction, reconstruction and/or alteration thereof
are executed under the responsible charge and direct supervision of a civil
engineer. Plans and designs of structures must be approved as provided by law or
ordinance of a city or province or municipality where the said structure is to be
constructed.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)
Section 24. The practice of civil engineering is a professional service, admission
to which must be determined upon individual, personal qualifications. Hence, no
firm, partnership, corporation or association may be registered or licensed as such
for the practice of civil engineering: Provided, however, That persons properly
registered and licensed as civil engineers may, among themselves or with a person
or persons properly registered and licensed as architects, form, and obtain
registration of, a firm, partnership or association using the term "Engineers" or
"Engineers and Architects." but, nobody shall be a member or partner of such firm,
partnership or association unless he is duly licensed civil engineer or architect, and
the members who are civil engineers shall only render work and services proper for
a civil engineer, as defined in this Act, and the members who are architects shall
also only render work and services proper for an architect, as defined in the law
regulating the practice of architecture; individual members of such firms,
partnership or association shall be responsible for their own respective acts.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)
Section 25. Reciprocity requirements. No person who is not a citizen of the Philippines at
the time he applies to take the examination shall be allowed to take it unless he can prove
the manner provided by the Rules of Court that, by specific provision of law, the country of
which he is a citizen, subject, or national either admits citizens of the Philippines to the
practice of the same profession without restriction or allows them to practice it after an
examination on terms of strict and absolute equality with citizens, subjects, or nationals of
the country concerned, including the unconditional recognition of decrees issued by
institutions of learning duly recognized for the purpose by the Government of the
Philippines: Provided, That if he is not a citizen of the Philippines, and was admitted to the
practice of a profession in the Philippines after December 8, 1941, his actíve practice in that
profession, either in the Philippines or in the state or country where he was practicing his
profession, shall not have been interrupted for a period of two years or more prior to July 4,
1946, and that the country or state from which he comes allows the citizens of the
Philippines by specific provision of law, to practice the same profession without restriction
or on terms of strict and absolute equality with citizens, subjects or ationals of the country
or state concerned.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)
Section 26. Roster of civil engineers. A roster showing the names and places of
business of all registered civil engineers shall be prepared by the Commissioner of
PRC periodically but at least once a year. Copies of this roster shall be placed on file
with the TRC and furnished to all department heads, mayors of all chartered cities, to
the Director of Public Works, to such other Bureaus, government entities or agencies
and municipal and provincial authorities as may be deemed necessary and to the
public upon request.

Section 27. Repeal. All laws. parts of laws, orders, ordinances, or regulations in conflict
with the provisions hereof; including parts of Act Numbered Twenty-nine hundred
and eighty- five, as amended, as pertains to the practice of civil engineering, are
hereby repealed, except the provisions of Act Numbered Thirty One hundred and fifty
nine amending Act Numbered Twenty- nine hundred and eighty-five, pertaining to
the practice of "maestro de obras."
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 (AS AMENDED BY R.A. 1582)

Section 28. Construction of Act. If any part or section of this Act

shall be declared unconstitutional, such declarations shall not
invalidate the other provisions hereof.

Section 29. Effectivity. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
Approved, June 17, 1950 (As amended by R.A. No. 1582, approved on
June 16, 1956).
CODE OF ETHICS OF ENGINEERS
The Fundamental Principles
Engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity of the
engineering profession by:

using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human

welfare;
being honest and impartial, and servicing with fidelity the public,
their employers and clients;
striving to increase the competence and prestige of the
engineering profession; and
supporting the professional and technical societies of their
disciplines.
CODE OF ETHICS OF ENGINEERS
The Fundamental Canons
1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional duties.
2. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence.
3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
4. Engineers shall act in professional masters for each empłoyer or client as faithful
agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest.
5. Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merit of their services and
shall not compete unfairly with others.
6. Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honor, integrity
and the dignity of the profession.
7. Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers and shall
provide opportunities for the professional development of those engineers under their
supervision.

Approved by the Board of Directors, October 5, 1977.

CODE OF ETHICS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS
Basic Perceptions:
1. From the dawn of human history till the present day, civil engineering has contributed to
ensuring human beings' safety and enriching their quality of life through constructing,
maintaining, and managing social overhead capital. The current industrial civilization has
especially been supported by great technological achievements, which has remarkably
improved the lives of mankind. However, along with the expansion and diversification of
technological advancement, the influence caused by these phenomena upon nature
and societies has drastically increased in its complexity and magnitude. Civil engineers
should deeply recognize these facts and adhere to the ethical principles of self-
disciplined moral obligation when applying advanced technology.

2. The present generation is responsible for ensuring the sustainability of life-supporting

conditions for generations to come. It is an honorable mission for the present civil
engineers to create and preserve the environment that enhances the coexistence of
nature and mankind.
CODE OF ETHICS
A Civil Engineer Shall
1. Apply his/her technical skills to create, improve, and maintain "beautiful national
land," "safe and comfortable livelihood," and "prosperous society", thus contributing to
society through his/her knowledge and virtue with an emphasis upon his/her dignity
and honor.

2. Respect nature while giving the highest priority to the safety, welfare, and health of
generations today and in the future, and shall endeavor to preserve and work with
nature and the global environment for the sustainable development of mankind.

3. Value traditional technology rooted in indigenous cultures, engage in research and

development of advanced technology, promote international cooperation, deepen
mutual understanding of other cultures, and enhance welfare and safety of human
beings.
CODE OF ETHICS
A Civil Engineer Shall
4. Perform civil engineering work from a broad perspective based on his/her
specialized expertise and experience regardless of his/her organizational affiliation.

5. Publish reports and express opinions based on his/her accumulated expertise

and experience, and live up to his/her own beliefs and conscience.

6. Disclose all relevant information concerning public safety, health, welfare, and
sustainable global development, in an effort to carry out irreversible civil
engineering work that is of long-term and large-scale in nature.

7. Keep a fair and impartial attitude to the public, clients of civil engineering work,
and himself/herself while performing work sincerely.
CODE OF ETHICS
A Civil Engineer Shall
8. Act as an honest agent or trustee of the employer or client in regard to technical
work.

9. Treat everyone fairly without any discrimination against race, religion, sex, or age.

10. Perform work in compliance with applicable laws, ordinances, rules & regulations,
contracts, and other standards, and shall not give, ask, nor receive directly or indirectly
any undue compensation.

11. Understand the function, forms, and structural characteristics of civil engineering
facilities and structures. In their planning, design, construction, maintenance, and
disposal, apply not only advanced technology but traditional technology as well while
preserving the ecosystem and the beauty it contains, while staying mindful to
preserve historical heritage.
CODE OF ETHICS
A Civil Engineer Shall
12. Strive to enhance his/her own expertise, study diligently concepts and engineering methods, and
contribute to technological development through informing academic societies of the results of these
efforts.

13. Endeavor to cultivate human resources by effectively utilizing his/her own personality, knowledge,
and experience while providing support for others to enhance their professional proficiency.

14. Actively explain the significance and role of his/her own work and respond sincerely to any criticism
of such explanation. Further, evaluate objectively the work completed by himself/herself and by others,
and express positively individual opinions.

15. Live up to the Code of Ethics stipulated by the Society while continuously seeking to enhance the
social status of civil engineers. In particular, members of the Society shall take the initiative of
professional dignity by observing this Code of Ethics.

(Promulgated Engineers on May 7, 1999, by the Board of Directors, the Japan Society of Civil Engineers)
SUMMARY
Civil Engineering, known as being the umbrella of all engineering branches,
professionals in the said field is responsible for the structural design, construction,
and maintenance of various important infrastructures in society. The inclusion of
any work in this area, still, does not exclude the inclusion of any other work requiring
civil engineering knowledge and application. With a broad field and a wide variety
of opportunities, the the number of registered civil engineers has risen to over
130,000 today. Seeing the increasing numbers of them also implies the importance
and the impact of the guiding laws and rules that are enforced to assure their
quality and efficient work at all times.

It was Republic Act No. 544, which governs civil engineering practice in the
Philippines. The law was officially signed on the 17th of July 1950 and was amended
by RA 1582 which was approved on June 16, 1956, making it last updated over 50
years ago.
SUMMARY
The Republic Act seeks to strengthen and clearly define the duties and
responsibilities of Civil Engineers are an important aspect of society. It also gives
significance to flourishing the competence and professionalism of engineers by
precisely identifying the legal and contractual accountabilities the title brings. The
act encompasses every aspect related to Civil Engineers, their job, their
responsibilities, and more importantly their purpose in the world's development as a
result of globalization and cross-border practice, a newly emerged role for civil
engineers.

On a side note, there is also the engineering guide or code of ethics that ensures that
engineers prioritize the safety, health, and welfare of society's members as well as
promote a sustainable environment when performing their duties. As civil engineers,
they must ensure that projects are delivered in line with the principles and practices
of sustainable development, and in such a way as to have the least negative effects
on the environment.
SUMMARY
Therefore, an engineer with a sense of social responsibility will strive to ensure a
project leaves a positive legacy to its environment. This is crucial for engineers to
follow to manage and maintain their behavior towards their profession, employer,
employee, society, clients, and the environment. It gives them a clear outline of their
responsibilities in terms of how they are expected to behave and interact
professionally. It means that an engineer will deal with standard and approved
materials and will adhere to established engineering practices throughout their
career.

Engineers show advanced integrity, honor, and dignity in the engineering profession
by working with their abilities for the betterment of human welfare. They live with
honesty and equality, giving service to people with faithfulness, especially to the
clients and employers. It is much needed in an engineer to have the striving heart to
improve competence and respect in the engineering profession and wholeheartedly
support the professional and technical societies of their disciplines.
SUMMARY

An engineer must work for the safety of fellow men and not just for
contracts, engineers must be competent in performing service and
must have an objective way of issuing public statements truthfully to
people. An engineer must gain his own identity and increase the
integrity, honor, and dignity of the engineering profession; engineers
must build respect in work fields and provide opportunities to others
that are under their supervision.

The aforementioned Civil Engineering Laws and Code of ethics

above are expected to be met and be practiced by all aspiring Civil
Engineers at Batangas State University-Alangilan someday.
THANK YOU
for listening!

Engr. Oliver S. Dimailig