EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF RADIO PROGRAMMES ON FAMILY

PLANNING (A CASE STUDY OF DIAMOND FM)

 TABLE OF CONTENT
Front page Page
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objective of the study
1.4 Research questions
1.5 Significance of the study
1.6 Scope of the study
1.7 Operational definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Conceptual review
2.1.1 Concept of broadcast media
2.2 Empirical review
2.3 Theoretical Framework
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Research Method
3.3 Population of the Study
3.4 Sampling Size and Sampling Techniques
3.5 Data collection Instrument
3.6 Validity and Reliability of the Instruments
3.7 Data Analysis Method
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Data Presentation and Analysis
4.2 Analysis of research questions
4.3 Discussion of findings
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary
5.2 Limitation of the study
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendations
APPENDIX
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Family planning is an essential component of global public health, enabling individuals

and couples to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing, and timing of their children. It
is critical for improving maternal and child health, reducing poverty, and achieving gender
equality. According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), access to family planning
empowers women and families, reduces maternal mortality by up to 30%, and lowers infant
deaths significantly by enabling appropriate spacing between births (UNFPA, 2022). Despite
these benefits, an estimated 218 million women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)
still have an unmet need for modern contraception, leading to unintended pregnancies, unsafe
abortions, and preventable maternal deaths (World Health Organization [WHO], 2021).

Family planning is defined as; “the control of reckless breeding of children” by Planned
Parenthood Federation of Nigeria (PPFN). The questions that are still begging for answer is, has
the adequate awareness of family planning been made? If yes, to what extent and how has this
awareness affected the life of the public in view? Consequently, the above question cannot be
adequately addressed without looking into how this awareness is done. This invites us to stand
out and cast a look on how Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria Enugu as our study carries out
this awareness task and how effective has been this task? Since the past is always very important
in addressing any problem for a better promising future, it is important to trace how the above
named institution came into existence. For this would give us a better stand to address the issue
at hand.

In recognition of the urgent need for family planning and the increasingly important role
of communication in family planning programmes, television promotion of family planning
began between 1985 and 1988 in Ilorin, Ibadan and Enugu and it successfully helped increase
the numbers of new and continuing contraceptive users (Piotrow, Kincaid, Rimon, inehart,
1997). Sequel to the stated campaign, the number of new clients had almost quintupled in
Ilorin, tripled in Ibadan, and more than doubled in Enugu. Since then, a number of family
planning campaign messages run on radio and television at different times to serve as
cues for action in family planning uptake (Kiragu, Galiwango, Mulira, & Sekatewa,
1996). Although Asekere (2021) states: Recently though, the frequency of family planning
campaign messages on radio and television has reduced drastically. There are black
periods during which for months, family planning campaign messages are off.

Mass media campaigns have been widely recognized as effective tools for addressing
public health issues, particularly in raising awareness and promoting behavior change. Radio, in
particular, is a powerful medium for disseminating information because of its extensive reach,
affordability, and ability to overcome literacy barriers. Unlike print or digital media, radio is
accessible even in regions with limited infrastructure, making it an ideal platform for health
communication campaigns targeting vulnerable populations. In sub-Saharan Africa, for instance,
radio reaches more than 80% of the population, making it an invaluable tool for public health
education in rural and underserved communities (BBC Media Action, 2020).
 Series of programmes on family planning are disseminated across the federation on
traditional media and online. One of such is “Se’rigbo”, a weekly talk programme aired on
Bond F.M on Mondays by 4-5p.m and Radio Lagos 107.5 F.M on Mondays by 3-4p.m.
Not many of such programmes exist where listeners could call- in and get information or
ask questions on family planning via the mass media in Lagos State. (Akinfeleye, 2016)

This project evaluates the effectiveness of a family planning radio program that
broadcasts weekly episodes addressing topics such as contraceptive methods, myths about family
planning, testimonials, and discussions on reproductive health rights. The program employs
storytelling, expert interviews, and interactive listener feedback segments to engage audiences
and promote positive behavior change. By addressing common misconceptions and encouraging
community dialogue, the program seeks to reduce stigma and foster greater acceptance of family
planning practices. (Uyeh, 2017)

The rationale for such interventions is grounded in the critical need to address persistent
barriers to family planning adoption. Cultural and religious norms, misinformation, and gender
inequality often hinder the use of modern contraceptives, particularly in rural areas where family
planning services are limited or non-existent. Studies have shown that mass media campaigns
can effectively overcome such barriers by normalizing family planning discussions and
providing accurate, relatable information (Gupta et al., 2018). For instance, a radio campaign in
Kenya increased contraceptive uptake by 9% in regions exposed to the program (Obare et al.,
2016).

This evaluation aims to assess the impact of the radio program on knowledge, attitudes,
and behaviors related to family planning among its listeners. Specifically, it will measure
changes in awareness of contraceptive methods, shifts in attitudes toward family planning, and
increased use of family planning services. Additionally, it will explore the program's ability to
reach underserved groups, such as women in rural areas and men who often play key roles in
reproductive health decisions. (World Health Organization [WHO], 2021).

The findings of this evaluation are expected to provide valuable insights into the
program's effectiveness and identify best practices for designing and implementing similar
interventions in other settings. Furthermore, the study contributes to the global evidence base on
the role of media in promoting reproductive health and supports efforts to achieve Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and Goal 5
(Gender Equality). By demonstrating the potential of radio as a transformative tool for public
health, this project underscores the importance of inclusive, community-centered approaches in
achieving universal access to family planning. (World Health Organization [WHO], 2021).

On the other hand, the historical development of man’s desire to control his reproduction
is as old as humanity. The WHO (World Health Organization) definition of family planning
states that it is a way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily based on the knowledge,
attitudes and responsible decisions by individuals and couples in order to promotes health and
welfare of the family group and thus; contribute effectively to the social development of the
country. Egyptians as early as 1850 BC described various methods of birth control in scrolls.
 The subsidiary stations broadcast local interest programs during part of the days and then
relayed programming from their regional stations during the rest of the broadcast day. National
programs were broadcast from two short wave transmitters and one medium wave transmitter
located in Sogunle, near Lagos.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
For a very long time, Nigerians have been indifferent to family planning. In some cultures,
people’s dignity, prestige and power were reflected on the number of wives and children they
had. Nigerian government in the past was also unconcerned about family planning as their basic
amenities for their citizenry.
According to Chidul (2020, P.15). The major factor resulting in rapid population growth
is the fact that many couples who would have wanted to limit the size of their family were
discouraged by religious or cultural constraints. There are some religious beliefs that discourage
any physical or material interference with the laws of nature or God, as children are believed to
be gift from God.
Furthermore, culturally Nigerians often say that “it is only God that knows the child that
will succeed one”. This saying was as a result of the precarious nature of the health facilities in
the past. Then infant mortality rate was high so, in order not to lose the few children one has to
measles, cholera, kwashiorkor and other health hazards prevalent then they resulted to having
many children thereby throwing the social and economic implication over board. This belief is
still in existence till now.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main purpose of this study is:
1. to identify the effectiveness of radio programme on family planning among couples.
2. to assess the challenges faced by the radio programme on family planning
The decision to use the radio is as result of the fact that it is a strong and effective medium
employed to make people be aware of innovations and the programmes aired and it does not
attract any unit cost to the consumer. Once you posses a portable radio, you can tune into any
programme at anytime at extra charge.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This research study is set to find answers to the following research questions.
i. How do radio programs influence the awareness and knowledge of family planning
methods in rural communities?
ii. What is the relationship between the frequency of family planning-related radio programs
and the adoption rate of family planning methods in urban areas?
iii. To what extent do radio programs impact the attitudes and beliefs about family planning
among young adults?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this study lies in its potential contributions to various stakeholders, including
policymakers, health practitioners, media professionals, and society at large. Specifically, the
study will be beneficial in the following ways:

Policy Development and Improvement: By evaluating the effectiveness of radio programmes

on family planning, the study will provide data-driven insights for policymakers to design and
implement more impactful family planning strategies. It will highlight the role of media,
particularly radio, in disseminating critical health information, and how this medium can be
optimized for public health campaigns.

Enhancement of Media Strategies: For Diamond FM and other radio stations, the findings will
serve as a guide for improving the structure, content, and delivery of family planning
programmes. It will offer practical recommendations for creating more engaging and culturally
relevant content that resonates with the target audience.

Public Awareness and Education: The study will shed light on the effectiveness of using radio
as a tool for raising awareness about family planning. This will encourage other media platforms
to adopt similar strategies to educate and inform the public about family planning and
reproductive health.

Contribution to Academic Knowledge: This research will contribute to the body of literature
on the role of media in public health communication. It will serve as a reference for future
studies exploring the impact of various communication channels on health-related behaviours.

Empowering Communities: By assessing the reception and impact of family planning

programmes, the study will help identify gaps and barriers faced by communities in accessing
reliable information. This can empower families to make informed decisions about their
reproductive health, ultimately improving their quality of life.

Support for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The study aligns with the SDG targets
related to good health and well-being (Goal 3) and gender equality (Goal 5). Promoting effective
family planning contributes to reducing maternal mortality, preventing unintended pregnancies,
and fostering gender equity.

1.6. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study will assesses the program’s content, engagement strategies, and cultural
relevance, focusing on improvements in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding family
planning. It employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys, qualitative
focus group discussions, and media metrics analysis to evaluate audience reach, engagement, and
impact.
 Spanning 12 months, the study includes baseline and endline surveys alongside ongoing
program monitoring. While it is comprehensive, the study is limited to the program's direct
audience and does not assess concurrent media influences. Findings will guide future
interventions and contribute to family planning promotion strategies.
1.7. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
i. Evaluation: refers to the systematic process of assessing the extent to which a program,
intervention, or activity achieves its intended objectives.
ii. Effectiveness: The degree to which the radio program achieves its intended objectives,
including increasing knowledge, improving attitudes, and promoting behavior change
regarding family planning. It is measured by pre- and post-program changes in these
areas.
iii. Radio Program: A series of audio broadcasts aired through radio stations, designed to
educate, inform, and engage listeners. In this study, it refers specifically to the family
planning radio campaign that provides information about contraceptive methods,
reproductive health, and related topics.
iv. Family Planning: The voluntary practice of regulating the number, timing, and spacing
of children through the use of contraceptive methods and reproductive health services. It
includes modern contraceptives, traditional methods, and fertility-awareness techniques.
References

Adewuyi, S. A., & Adebisi, Y. A. (2017). The impact of media on family planning
awareness in Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 21(3), 26-35.

This article discusses the role of different media channels, including radio, in
enhancing family planning awareness in Nigeria.

Akinyele, O. (2014). Media and communication strategies for promoting family planning in
Nigeria. Journal of Communication and Media Research, 6(2), 18-28.

This study examines the role of media, including radio, in influencing family
planning practices in Nigeria.

Barker, G., Moraes, M. R., & Santos, A. R. (2012). The effectiveness of radio-based health
communication campaigns: Lessons from family planning programs in Brazil. International
Journal of Health Communication, 16(2), 92-107.

This article evaluates the effectiveness of radio-based campaigns in family planning

and compares them with other media formats.

Chacham, A. P., & Ojiambo, L. (2020). Radio as a tool for health education in rural
communities: A case study of family planning in rural Kenya. Journal of Rural Health,
36(1), 56-65.

Focuses on how radio programs have been used in rural settings for health education,
particularly on family planning, and the effectiveness in changing behavior.

Family Planning 2020. (2019). The role of media in family planning programs: A review of
communication strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa. FP2020 Annual Report, 19, 47-55.

An overview of communication strategies used in Sub-Saharan Africa to promote

family planning, with a particular focus on radio broadcasts.

Government of Nigeria. (2022). National Family Planning Blueprint 2022-2026. Federal

Ministry of Health, Abuja.

The document outlines Nigeria's strategy for improving family planning uptake and
the role of mass media in achieving this goal.

Moe, J. C., & Kimo, M. (2016). Radio broadcasts as a means of reaching rural communities
in Sub-Saharan Africa with family planning messages. African Health Monitor, 28(1), 88-95.

This study discusses the specific challenges and successes of using radio for family
planning education in Sub-Saharan Africa, with an emphasis on rural areas.
National Population Commission (NPC). (2018). Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey.
NPC and ICF International.

Provides data on family planning practices and the role of communication channels,
including radio, in influencing family planning uptake in Nigeria.
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0. INTRODUCTION
The literature reviewed in this chapter came from journals, text books, seminar papers, and
previous works on this topic, speeches, term papers, newspapers, internet and so on.
This chapter examines the existing literature on the evaluation of the effectiveness of radio
programmes on family planning, with a particular focus on Ilorin West residents. The review
highlights relevant theories, empirical studies, and conceptual frameworks that underpin the
study, providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject. Various subsections explore key
aspects of family planning, the role of radio as a medium, and its impact on behavioral change
communication (BCC).
2.1. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The study adopts the Communication for Development (C4D) approach, which emphasizes
participatory communication to address social and behavioral challenges (UNICEF, 2020). The
framework integrates elements of BCC , mass media theories, and audience segmentation to
evaluate the impact of radio programmes on family planning.
2.1.1. Concept of Family Planning
Family planning refers to the practices that help individuals or couples control the timing and
spacing of childbirths, using contraceptive methods and informed decision-making processes
(World Health Organization [WHO], 2022). It plays a vital role in reducing maternal and child
mortality, improving women's health, and fostering sustainable development (UNICEF, 2021).
In Nigeria, family planning is crucial due to the high fertility rate and increasing population
growth (National Population Commission [NPC], 2019).

Studies have shown that knowledge and attitudes toward family planning vary significantly
across regions and cultures (Akinyemi et al., 2020). Factors such as education, religion, and
socioeconomic status influence family planning adoption (Olorunfemi et al., 2021). For instance,
a study by Ezeh et al. (2017) revealed that women with secondary education were more likely to
use contraceptives compared to those without formal education.
2.1.2. Importance of Family Planning in Public Health
Family planning contributes to improved public health by preventing unintended pregnancies,
unsafe abortions, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (Darroch et al., 2020). It also
empowers women and promotes gender equality by allowing them to pursue educational and
career opportunities (United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA], 2021).

In sub-Saharan Africa, family planning interventions have been linked to a reduction in fertility
rates and an improvement in economic growth (Bongaarts & Casterline, 2018). According to
Cleland et al. (2021), the use of modern contraceptives in Nigeria remains low, despite
awareness campaigns. Barriers such as cultural norms, myths, and misconceptions hinder
effective utilization (Adebowale et al., 2019).
2.1.3. The Role of Radio in Health Communication
Radio is one of the most accessible and affordable means of communication in developing
countries, including Nigeria (McKay et al., 2018). It reaches a wide audience, including rural and
marginalized communities, making it an effective tool for disseminating health information (Naz
et al., 2019).

Radio programmes on family planning are designed to raise awareness, address misconceptions,
and promote positive attitudes toward contraceptive use (Obaid et al., 2020). Research by
Ojebode et al. (2017) indicated that community radio stations are particularly effective in
engaging listeners due to their use of local languages and culturally relevant content.
2.1.4. Behavioral Change Communication (BCC) and Radio
Behavioral change communication (BCC) is a strategic approach that uses communication tools
to influence knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to health behaviors (Rimal &
Lapinski, 2019). BCC theories, such as the Health Belief Model and Social Cognitive Theory,
provide a framework for understanding how radio programmes impact audience behavior (Glanz
et al., 2020).

For instance, the "Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health Initiative" used radio dramas to promote
family planning in urban areas. An evaluation showed significant improvement in contraceptive
knowledge and usage among listeners (Krenn et al., 2018). Similarly, a study by Gupta et al.
(2019) found that interactive radio sessions increased community engagement and reduced
stigma associated with family planning.
2.2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The theoretical framework forms the foundation for understanding and evaluating the
effectiveness of radio programmes on family planning among Ilorin West residents. It situates
the study within existing theories and concepts that inform the role of mass media in health
communication, behavior change, and public awareness campaigns. This framework draws on
theories of communication, behavior change, and public health to explore the interaction
between radio programmes and family planning adoption.
2.2.1. Communication for Development Theory
Communication for Development (C4D) theory emphasizes the strategic use of communication
tools, such as radio, to promote social change and improve public health outcomes (Servaes &
Malikhao, 2008). According to this theory, radio programmes can bridge knowledge gaps, foster
dialogue, and encourage informed decision-making about family planning (McKee et al., 2014).
In Ilorin West, where radio remains a widely accessible medium, the theory underscores how
tailored messaging can influence community attitudes and practices related to family planning
(Adedokun et al., 2016).

The C4D theory is particularly relevant in culturally diverse communities, where radio can serve
as a unifying platform to address sensitive issues such as family planning. Studies have shown
that participatory communication approaches, such as interactive radio shows, increase audience
engagement and effectiveness (Tufte, 2017). In the context of Ilorin West, incorporating local
languages and cultural narratives enhances the relatability and impact of these programmes
(Ojebode, 2011).
2.2.2. Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
Social Cognitive Theory posits that individuals learn and adopt behaviors through observation,
imitation, and modeling (Bandura, 1986). SCT highlights the role of media in providing
vicarious experiences that shape audience perceptions and behaviors. Radio programmes on
family planning often feature dramatizations, testimonials, and expert discussions that model
positive attitudes and practices (Wakefield et al., 2010).
In Ilorin West, SCT suggests that residents exposed to radio content demonstrating the benefits
of family planning are more likely to adopt these practices. Bandura (2004) argues that self-
efficacy, or belief in one’s ability to act, is a critical determinant of behavior change. Radio
programmes that address misconceptions and empower listeners with actionable information
contribute to increased self-efficacy among the audience (Smith et al., 2020).
2.2.3. Health Belief Model (HBM)
The Health Belief Model explains health-related behavior based on perceived susceptibility,
severity, benefits, and barriers (Rosenstock, 1974). This model provides a framework for
understanding how radio programmes influence family planning adoption by addressing these
perceptions. For instance, radio messages highlighting the risks of unplanned pregnancies and
the benefits of contraception can shift public attitudes (Glanz et al., 2008).

In the Ilorin West context, the HBM emphasizes the importance of culturally sensitive messaging
that resonates with local values and beliefs. Research indicates that perceived barriers, such as
fear of side effects or social stigma, are significant obstacles to family planning adoption
(Adanikin et al., 2017). Effective radio programmes mitigate these barriers through accurate
information and testimonials from trusted community members (Adebowale et al., 2014).
2.2.4. Diffusion of Innovations Theory
Diffusion of Innovations Theory explores how new ideas and practices spread within a
community (Rogers, 2003). This theory is particularly applicable to family planning, as it
involves the adoption of new behaviors and technologies. Radio serves as a critical channel for
disseminating information about family planning methods and addressing misconceptions (Kreps
et al., 2007).

Rogers (2003) identifies five key factors influencing adoption: relative advantage, compatibility,
complexity, trialability, and observability. Radio programmes that emphasize the relative
advantage of family planning, such as improved maternal health and economic benefits, can
accelerate adoption among Ilorin West residents (Obinna, 2011). Additionally, featuring
relatable early adopters in radio content can inspire wider community acceptance (Valente &
Pumpuang, 2007).
2.2.5. Agenda-Setting Theory
Agenda-setting theory posits that media influence public perception by highlighting specific
issues and shaping the discourse around them (McCombs & Shaw, 1972). Radio programmes on
family planning can set the agenda by framing family planning as a critical health and social
issue. This framing encourages policymakers, health workers, and residents to prioritize family
planning in their actions and decisions (Chong & Druckman, 2007).

In Ilorin West, the agenda-setting function of radio is amplified by its role as a primary source of
information for many residents. Studies have shown that consistent exposure to media campaigns
increases public awareness and shifts societal norms (Noar, 2006). Radio content that frames
family planning as a pathway to community development can galvanize collective action and
support (Okonofua et al., 2018).
2.2.6. Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT)
Uses and Gratifications Theory focuses on why and how individuals engage with media based on
their needs and preferences (Katz et al., 1973). UGT provides insights into audience motivations
for listening to radio programmes on family planning, such as acquiring knowledge, seeking
entertainment, or resolving doubts (Rubin, 2009).

Research indicates that interactive radio formats, such as call-in shows and question-and-answer
sessions, enhance audience satisfaction and retention (Mefalopulos, 2008). In Ilorin West,
understanding audience needs and preferences is crucial for designing effective family planning
programmes. Tailored content that addresses specific concerns and aspirations is more likely to
resonate with listeners (Adebayo et al., 2015).
2.2.7. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
The Theory of Planned Behavior emphasizes the role of attitudes, subjective norms, and
perceived behavioral control in shaping intentions and actions (Ajzen, 1991). Radio programmes
on family planning can influence these factors by providing persuasive messages, testimonials,
and expert advice. TPB suggests that positive attitudes toward family planning, coupled with
supportive social norms, increase the likelihood of adoption (Albarracín et al., 2005).

In the Ilorin West context, TPB highlights the importance of addressing social and cultural
norms that impact family planning decisions. Radio programmes featuring community leaders
and influencers who endorse family planning can shift normative beliefs and encourage wider
acceptance (Akinyemi et al., 2018).

2.2.8. Framing Theory

Framing theory examines how media shape audience perceptions by emphasizing specific
aspects of an issue (Entman, 2023). Radio programmes on family planning can use framing to
highlight the benefits of contraception, dispel myths, and present family planning as a tool for
empowerment. Positive framing has been shown to increase audience receptivity and motivation
to act (Tversky & Kahneman, 2011).

In Ilorin West, framing family planning within broader themes of health, economic stability, and
gender equity can enhance its appeal. Studies suggest that culturally appropriate framing that
aligns with community values is more effective in driving behavior change (Owolabi et al.,
2019).
2.3. EMPIRICAL REVIEW
The empirical review examines past studies and evidence on the effectiveness of radio
programmes in promoting family planning. It provides a critical analysis of findings from global,
regional, and local contexts to contextualize the case study of Ilorin West residents. This section
evaluates methodological approaches, key outcomes, and challenges reported in existing
literature.
2.3.1. Global Evidence of Radio Programmes on Family Planning
Globally, radio has been a central tool for health communication due to its accessibility and cost-
effectiveness. For example, a study in Nepal found that radio programmes significantly increased
contraceptive use and knowledge among rural populations (Sharan & Valente, 2002). Similarly,
in Tanzania, a longitudinal study reported that listeners of a family planning radio drama were
more likely to adopt contraceptive methods compared to non-listeners (Vaughan et al., 2000).

The use of interactive formats, such as call-in shows, was identified as a key factor in promoting
engagement and addressing audience questions (Smith et al., 2007). However, challenges such as
limited reach in remote areas and resistance due to cultural norms were noted. These findings
emphasize the importance of tailoring radio content to audience needs and integrating
community input into programme design.
2.3.2. Regional Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
In Sub-Saharan Africa, radio has been instrumental in advancing family planning awareness. A
study in Nigeria demonstrated that women exposed to family planning radio campaigns were
twice as likely to discuss contraception with their spouses (Bankole et al., 2012). In Uganda,
radio messages featuring testimonials from local women increased trust and adoption of modern
contraceptive methods (Kabir et al., 2013).

Several studies have evaluated the effectiveness of radio programmes in promoting family
planning. In Kenya, the "Tupange" project utilized radio to enhance contraceptive uptake,
resulting in a 15% increase in modern contraceptive prevalence (Jain et al., 2020). In Ghana, the
"Happy Family" campaign demonstrated the power of radio in challenging cultural barriers and
encouraging male involvement in family planning decisions (Aboagye et al., 2019).

In Nigeria, radio programmes such as "Flava" and "Public Health Perspectives" have been
instrumental in educating the public about family planning (Okechukwu et al., 2021). An
evaluation by Adebayo et al. (2020) revealed that listeners were more likely to discuss family
planning with their partners and health providers compared to non-listeners.
2.3.3. Challenges in Evaluating Radio Programmes
Evaluating the effectiveness of radio programmes on family planning involves various
challenges, such as measuring behavioral change and attributing outcomes to specific
interventions (Patton, 2019). Methodological issues, including recall bias and self-reported data,
often limit the accuracy of findings (Kirkpatrick et al., 2021).

Moreover, cultural and contextual factors influence audience reception and engagement with
radio content. For example, a study by Ekpenyong et al. (2021) found that patriarchal norms in
Northern Nigeria hindered the adoption of family planning messages, despite high exposure to
radio campaigns.
REFERENCES

Adewuyi, S. A., & Adebisi, Y. A. (2017). The impact of media on family planning awareness in
Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 21(3), 26-35.

This article discusses the role of different media channels, including radio, in enhancing family
planning awareness in Nigeria.

Akinyele, O. (2014). Media and communication strategies for promoting family planning in
Nigeria. Journal of Communication and Media Research, 6(2), 18-28.

This study examines the role of media, including radio, in influencing family planning practices
in Nigeria.

Barker, G., Moraes, M. R., & Santos, A. R. (2012). The effectiveness of radio-based health
communication campaigns: Lessons from family planning programs in Brazil.
International Journal of Health Communication, 16(2), 92-107.

This article evaluates the effectiveness of radio-based campaigns in family planning and
compares them with other media formats.

Chacham, A. P., & Ojiambo, L. (2020). Radio as a tool for health education in rural
communities: A case study of family planning in rural Kenya. Journal of Rural Health,
36(1), 56-65.

Focuses on how radio programs have been used in rural settings for health education, particularly
on family planning, and the effectiveness in changing behavior.

Family Planning 2020. (2019). The role of media in family planning programs: A review of
communication strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa. FP2020 Annual Report, 19, 47-55.

An overview of communication strategies used in Sub-Saharan Africa to promote family

planning, with a particular focus on radio broadcasts.
Government of Nigeria. (2022). National Family Planning Blueprint 2022-2026. Federal
Ministry of Health, Abuja.
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1. RESEARCH DESIGN
The research design used in this research work was survey method. This involved the study of
the sampled population in their natural habitat without inducing any artificial conditions.
The kind of study involves the selection of a scientific sample from the population, construction
and administration of a well-structured questionnaire, to the sample to measure what the study
intends to measure, that is “usually the audience in Ilorin metropolis to evaluate the effectiveness
of radio advertisement of family planning programs. The sample used was a full representation
of the larger population.
Jones (2012) observed that surveys provide an important means of gathering information
especially when the necessary data cannot be found in statistical records”.
Osuala (2006) states that “survey research method a suitable scientific method for ascertaining
the views of the public on any contemporary issue”.
Sanford and Rebert (2009) states that “A research design is essentially a set of plans for
collecting information”. It is also a very important empirical method of establishing and
validating facts based on observations and data collected.
3.2. AREA OF STUDY
For the purpose of this study, the researcher used the audience who reside in Ilorin Metropolis to
EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF RADIO PROGRAMMES ON FAMILY
PLANNING (A CASE STUDY OF DIAMOND FM). The population in Ilorin was too much,
that the researcher has to choose a sample of 100 people.
From these samples, the researcher will be able to get the view of the whole population.
3.3. POPULATION OF THE STUDY
Population as the name implies, simply refers to the totality of items or persons from whom data
necessary to study are collected. Though the researcher found it difficult to state the current
overall population of both male and female, but as projected by National Population Commission
in 2006, this population of the study which is Ilorin town was 717,291 and the annual growth
rate was put at 2.8%.
3.4. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE AND SAMPLE SIZE
A total of 150 sampled respondents were used in this study involving randomly selected area in
Ilorin, and those that are fan of diamond fm dwellers and the sample again was divided into three
sections.
In the selection of the sample, the researcher was sensitive to the two important qualities of
research information, validity and reliability. To ensure that valid and reliable information was
got, the sample size generalized the result to get to the larger population.
The sampling technique used was the simple random sampling. However while sampling, the
researcher considered the personal differences such as age, sex, marital status, occupation and
academic qualification.
3.5. INSTRUMENT USED FOR DATA COLLECTION
The measuring instrument employed in the study was the questionnaire which was constructed
and structured. The questionnaire was administered by the researcher. It contained about 18
questions. The questionnaire was divided into two sections. Section A dealt with demographic
variables such as age, sex, marital status, occupation and academic qualification. While the
second section dealt specifically with their opinions with all the questions relating to the
hypothesis.
Some major reasons why the researcher chooses the questionnaire are as follows:
1. It standardizes the researcher’s questions.
2. It guarantees as much as practicable, uniformity of answers from the respondents. 50
3. It makes the questions to relate to one another, since one question leads to the next; and
4. It facilitates data processing through easy coding.
According to Uzoagulu (1998), a questionnaire is a carefully designed instrument for collecting
data in accordance with the specification of the research questions and hypothesis. The
questionnaire approaches is considered a very reliable way of getting primary data from
respondents because respondents are allowed to answer the questions contained in the
questionnaire out of their own perusal experience and knowledge.
3.6. VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENT
The instrument used which is the questionnaire was distributed carefully. To ensure maximum
accuracy, the researcher administered the questionnaire personally to the respondents and
collected it back without any external help. With this careful exercise, the researcher believes
strongly that the views of the respondents were not manipulated by anybody.
3.7. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
Apart from secondary data which was collected through books, it was evident from the nature of
this study that primary data was predominantly required. Hence, the use of questionnaire as the
method of collecting primary data was adopted. To this effect, the researcher distributed 150 well
constructed 18 itemed questionnaires to the 150 randomly selected respondents.
3.8. METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
For easy credibility and accuracy, the researcher used the simple percentage statistical method of
data analysis in the interpretation of the variables in the questionnaires while chi-square for
analyzing the hypothesis.
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