C URRICULUM

FOR
B.S ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
(RADIOLOGY TECHNOLOGY)

BASHIR INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES ISLAMABAD

Affiliated with

Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University

Sr. No. Content Page
1. Introduction 3

2. Aims & Objective 3

3. General & Specific learning outcomes 3-6

4. Study Scheme 7-9

5. 1st Semester syllabus

10-20
6. 2nd Semester syllabus
21-28
7. 3rd Semester syllabus
29-31
8. 4th Semester syllabus
32-35
9. 5th Semester syllabus
36-38
10. 6th Semester syllabus
39-42
11. 7th Semester syllabus
43-45
12. 8th Semester syllabus
46-47
13. Research Project
47
 INTRODUCTION:
A university is the zenith of knowledge that imparts quality education and awards degrees for extensive
educational attainments in various disciplines. Protection of traditional knowledge, making exploration about it
and obtaining deep understanding about modern technology and research techniques are some of
responsibilities of the university.
Medical technology is used to diagnose and treat diseases within the living bodies. A variety of imaging
techniques such as radiation-based modalities i.e. plain radiography, fluoroscopy, computed tomography
(CT), nuclear medicine including positron emission tomography (PET), magnetism-based modality i.e.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound, are used to diagnose or treat diseases. Interventional
radiology is the performance of usually minimally invasive medical procedures with the guidance of imaging
technologies.

AIMS:
The aim of the 4 years degree program in Radiology Technology is to equip the students with
relevant professional knowledge, skills, techniques, and ethical values to enable them to apply their
acquired expertise at level between the doctors and the patient for efficient health service delivery.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the BS Radiology Technology, the graduates will be able to:

1. Work with Radiologist as a part of their team member in primary, secondary and tertiary health care
settings, managing and diagnosing different diseases.

2. Pursuit their career in different research settings in an effective way.

3. Assess, apply, and assimilate investigative knowledge to improve patient care.

4. Demonstrate understanding of ethical principles of autonomy beneficence, informed consent, and

confidentiality.

5. Recognize the role of the Radiologist as a member and coordinator of the healthcare delivery team.

6. Practice quality cost-effective healthcare.

GENERAL LEARNING OUTCOMES

Medical Imaging Technology education and training should enable the student to:
 Develop accuracy and meticulousness to attain high levels of ethics and
technical proficiency.
 Assess the technical and nontechnical skills in a standardized and
reproducible environment.
 Strengthen the decision power and exercise appropriate judgment skills,
 to be applied especially during crisis.
 Develop good leadership, problem solving and administrative skills.
 Develop and analyze innovative strategies for effective communication with
the patients and the healthcare personnel.
 Demonstrate interdisciplinary team building strategies for effective co-
ordination between various Allied Health Disciplines.
 Demonstrate understanding of the basic concepts of professional
behavior and legal implications of the work environment.
 Demonstrate the knowledge of his / her role in health care delivery system.
 Establish and maintain continuing education as a function of
growth and maintenance of professional competence.

SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

The MIT is the expert in integrating seven areas of key importance in the imaging
departments. The seven areas include patient care, use of technology, optimization of dose,
clinical responsibility, organization, quality assurance and education and training
The student should be proficient to:
Competency statements:

1. Patient Care
a) Perform proper identification of the patient
b) Ensure that the patient gives or has given informed constant having
first given the patient a clear explanation of the procedure to ensure
his cooperation.
c) Meet ethical/moral considerations
d) Ensure that no previously performed imaging procedure has already
provided the information requested.
e) Ensure that a relevant clinical history has been obtained
f) Ensure that no concurrent treatment or investigation will prevent a
good result
g) Ensure that any preparatory instructions, pre medications or contrast
media have been administered correctly
h) Ensure that an appropriate check regarding pregnancy has been
performed and that appropriate action has been taken
i) Consider the radiation protection status of the patient
j) Perform appropriate after-care
k) Use appropriate facilities and methods to prevent cross infection with
particular emphasis on precaution standards for blood born
pathogens, specifically HIV and hepatitis.
l) Evaluate the patient’s condition prior to the examination in order
to make judgment as to the best method to use.
m) Initiate basic life-support methods if necessary.
 n) React appropriately to other emergency situations
o) Give intravenous injections for the purpose of imaging provided that
the appropriate training and authorization has been give.

2. Use of Imaging Technology

a) Make a judgment as to the purpose of the request and take the

correct action.
b) Position the patient, source of radiation, image recording device
and any ancillary equipment such that the final image is optimum.
c) Make a judgment as to necessary adaptations to departmental
protocols and take appropriate action.
d) Use the equipment safely and correctly
e) Ensure that any error in the final image is not due to incorrect usage
of equipment.
f) Select suitable combinations of exposure factors and image
recording materials to produce optimum images allowing for the
patient’s conditions.
g) Maintain and control all the steps involved in the production and
storage of a permanent of visible image.
h) Assess the resultant image for suitability for its purpose.

Where digital imaging is involved, in addition to the previously stated elements,

the MRT must be competent to:
i) Apply a detailed knowledge of anatomy in different sectional planes
in order to be able to correlate the position of the patient with the
require three-dimensional information.
j) Select programmes.
k) Use appropriate facilities and methods to prevent cross infection with particular
emphasis on precaution standards for blood born pathogens, specifically HIV and
hepatitis.
l) Evaluate the patient’s condition prior to the examination in order to
make judgment as to the best method to use.
m) Initiate basic life support methods if necessary
n) Give advice as to the likely quality of the image using the parameters
selected e.g. use of compensating filters, timing of injection,
selection of exposure factors etc.
o) Record, adapt and reconstruct data to obtain optimum image quality.
p) Store and retrieve information.
q) Assess the resultant images for suitability for interpretation and
diagnosis.
 3. Optimization of dose
a) Select and manipulate the exposure factors and image recording
materials such that the dose to the patient is minimized whilst giving
the optimum image.
b) Ensure that all equipment to be used us fully fit for its purpose.
c) Use all equipment and methods in order to ensure minimization of
dose to patient, staff and public and to ensure that no person receives
unnecessary irradiation.
d) Ensure that any protocols relating to the imaging of patients of child-
bearing capability are applied.
e) Fulfill any requirements for the recording of dose.
f) Take appropriate action in radiological emergency situations.

4. Clinical Responsibility
a) Be professionally accountable for his actions.
b) Make judgments as to his professional limitations and take
appropriate action.
c) Maintain confidentiality of information.

5. Organization
a) Efficiently organize the performance of an individual examination.
b) Efficiently organize work within the area for which he is responsible.
c) Ensure compliance with all applicable legislation relating to his work.

6. Quality Assurance
The MIT must be competent in assessing the quality of his
work. Regard should be given to each of the headings above
(1 - 6)

7. Education and Training

The MIT must be competent to share his knowledge and clinical
experience with the students of MIT program in a professional manner.

NOMENCLATURE:

The name of the degree programme shall be BS Allied Health Sciences (Radiology
Technology). The duration of the course shall be 4 years with structured training in a recognized
department under an approved supervisor.

COURSE TITLE:

BS Allied Health Sciences (Radiology Technology)

COURSE DURATION:
Four years structured training in a recognized department.
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA:

1) [Link] Pre-Medical with 50% marks

2) MD-CAT or SZAMBU entrance test

MERIT CRITERIA:
Admission criteria with following formula weightage:

Matric= 10%
[Link] = 40%
Entry test = 35%
Interview = 15%

Course Duration 8 semesters

Total credit hours 135

HEC Recommended credit hours 124-136

1ST SEMESTER

COURSE CODE Name of Subject Credit

Hours
RT-101 ANATOMY-I 3+1
RT-102 PHYSIOLOGY-I 3+1
RT-103 BIOCHEMISTRY-I 3+1
RT-104 COMPUTER SKILLS 2+0
RT-105 ENGLISH-I 2+0
RT-106 PAKISTAN STUDIES 2+0
Total Credit Hour 18

2ND SEMESTER

RT-107 ANATOMY-II 3+1

RT-108 PHYSIOLOGY-II 3+1

RT-109 BIOCHEMISTRY-II 3+1
RT-110 ISLAMIYAT 2+0
RT-111 HISTOLOGY 2+0
RT-112 ENGLISH-II 2+0
Total Credit Hour 18

3rdSEMESTER

RT-113 Regional imaging & anatomy I 3+1

RT-114 MEDICINE-I 3+1
RT-115 PATHOLOGY I 2+1
RT-116 PHARMACOLOGY -I 2+1
RT-117 Radiation sciences & Technology I 2+1
Total Credit Hour 17

4Th SEMESTER

RT-118 Regional imaging & anatomy II 3+1

RT-119 Pathology II 2+1
RT-120 Pharmacology II 2+1
RT-121 MEDICINE-II 3+1
RT-122 Radiation sciences & Technology II 3+1
Total Credit Hour 18

8
5Th SEMESTER

RT-123 Computed Tomography 3+1

RT-124 Mammography and special radiological techniques 3+1
RT-125 Magnetic Resonance Imaging I 3+1
RT-126 General Surgery I 3+0

RT-127 Radiographic Positioning I 2+1

Total Credit Hour 18

6ThSEMESTER

RT-128 Fluoroscopy I 2+1

RT-129 Cardiac catheterization and angiography 2+1

RT-130 Magnetic resonance imaging II 3+1

RT-131 Behavior sciences 2+0
RT-132 General surgery II 3+0
RT-133 Radiographic Positioning II 2+1
Total Credit Hour 18

7Th SEMESTER

RT-134 Ultrasonography 3+1

RT-135 Fluoroscopy II 2+1
RT-136 Nuclear medicine 3+1
RT-137 Community medicine I 3+0
RT-138 Biostatistics and Research Methodology I 3+0
Total credit Hour 17

8Th SEMESTER

RT-139 Research Project 3+1

RT-140 Community medicine II 3+0
RT-141 Radiation protection 2+1
Total credit Hour 10

9
 1st SEMESTER
Subject
 Anatomy-I
 Physiology-I
 Biochemistry-I
 Pak-Studies
 Computer Skills
 English-I

ANATOMY-I
Course Objectives
 To understand the basic concepts of general anatomy including skeleton and musculoskeletal.
 To understand the anatomy of Thorax, Abdomen and Pelvis.

Course Detail:
 Musculoskeletal system (Axial and appendicular), Axial Skeleton, Different bones of human body,
Axial and appendicular skeleton, Classification on the basis of development, region and function,
General concept of ossification of bones, parts, young bones, blood supply of long bones,
Joints, Structural, regional and functional classification of joints. Characteristics of synovial joints,
classification of synovial joints, movements of synovial joints.
Muscular system, parts of muscle, classification of muscles (cardiac, skeletal, smooth).
 Thoracic wall: Muscles of thorax, Surface anatomy, Bones of thorax, diaphragm.
 Thoracic cavity: mediastinum, trachea, lungs, bronchi, blood supply and lymphatic’s, heart and thoracic
vessels, thoracic duct, esophageal part of thorax, thymus.
 Abdominal wall: skin, nerve and blood supply, Muscles of anterior abdominal wall and posterior wall.
 Abdominal cavity: General arrangement of the abdominal viscera, peritoneum, Omenta, mesenteries,
stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen, gall bladder, intestines, kidneys, arteries and veins of abdomen,
lymphatic’s and nerve supply.
 The pelvic wall: Anterior and posterior wall.
 Pelvic cavity: viscera’s, ureters, urinary bladder, Male genital organs, female genital organs, muscles of
pelvic region, blood supply, nerve supply.

Practicals:

10
  Study Axial and Appendicular skeleton on human skeletal model.
 Study musculoskeletal system on human musculoskeletal model.
 Study and understand anatomy of Thorax, Abdomen and Pelvis through:
 Human models.
 Video demonstration.

Recommended Books
I. Essentials of anatomy and physiology by Seely, Stephens, and Tate (4thed)
II. Anatomy & physiology by Ross & Wilson
III. General Anatomy by Ghulam Ahmed/ LaeeqHussain.
IV. Anatomy by D.R Johnson & K.L. Moore.
V. Regional Anatomy by Snells.

PHYSIOLOGY-I
1) INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN PHYSYOLOGY
 Relation between structure and function of human body
2) Homeostasis
 Negative and positive feedback mechanism
 Nervous and hormonal control
 Body temperature and its regulation
3) Integumentary system
 Function of skin, hair, glands and nails
4) Muscle physiology
 Function of bone and muscle
 Functional characteristics of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles
 Muscles contraction and relaxation to action potential of motor neurons
 Aerobic and anaerobic muscle contraction
 Muscle hypertrophy
5) Endocrinology
 Introduction/types of glands and hormones
 Function of endocrine system and all hormones
 Chemical signals and their receptors/hormones
11
 6) Digestive system
 Different parts of digestive system
 Accessory organs and their functions
 Function of G.I.T. all organs and their secretions
 Saliva, properties, glands, functions, physiological and pathological conditions
 Stomach and its wall, function, and gastric glands
 Absorption, transport, and physiology of digestion
7) Physiology of respiration
 Different parts and functions of respiratory system
 Lungs volumes and capacities
 Respiratory capacity and its types
 Transport of gases and their exchange
 Control on rhythmic ventilation
8) Genitourinary system
 Urine production, movements and regulation
 Body fluid compartments
 Regulation of extracellular fluids
 Regulation of acid base balance
9) Reproduction system
 Male reproduction system, spermatogenesis
 Functions of hormones, glands, and regulation
 Female reproductive system
 Effects of progesterone and estrogen.

Practicals:

1. Introduction to microscope
2. Bleeding time
3. Clotting time
4. WBC’s count
5. RBC’s count
6. Platelets count
7. Reticulocytes count
12
Recommended Books

I. Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology by Seely, Stephens and Tate. 4th edition
II. Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology
III. Human Physiology. Stuart Ira Fox 7th edition
IV. Textbook of Medical Physiology Guyton.
V. Essential of Medical Physiology Vol I & II by Mushtaq Ahmed.
VI. Lecture notes on human physiology by Bray JJ, Cragg, PA MacKnight

BIOCHEMISTRY-I
1. Cell
 Introduction to Biochemistry
 Cell: (Biochemical Aspects)
 Cell Membrane Structure
 Membrane Proteins
2. Body Fluids
 Structure and properties of Water
 Weak Acids & Bases
 Concept of pH & pK
 Buffers, their mechanism of action
 Body buffers
3. Amino Acids, Peptides & Proteins
 Amino acids: Classification
 Functions & Significance
 Acid-Base Properties
 Identification techniques (electrophoresis)
 Isomerism in proteins
 Amphoteric properties
 Classification of Proteins
 Protein Structure, Primary, Secondary & Super secondary. &, Structural Motifs
 Tertiary & Quaternary Structures of Proteins
 Fibrous proteins (collagens and elastins ) & Globular proteins
 Classification of proteins based on physiochemical properties

13
4. Enzymes
 Introduction
 Mechanisms of Action
 Classification & Properties of Enzymes
 Coenzymes
 Isozymes & Proenzymes
 Factors affecting enzyme activity
 Regulation & Inhibition of Enzyme activity & enzymes inhibitors
 Clinical Diagnostic Enzymology
5. Carbohydrates
 Definition
 Classification
 Biochemical Functions & Significance of Carbohydrates
 Isomers of monosaccharides
 Structure & Properties of Monosaccharides & Oligosaccharides
 Structure & Properties of Polysaccharides
6. Lipids
 Classification of Lipids
 Fatty Acids: Chemistry
 Classification occurrence & Functions
 Structure & Properties of Triacylglycerols and Compound lipids
 Cholesterol: Chemistry, Functions & Clinical Significance
 Bile acids/salts
7. Nucleic Acids
 Structure, Functions & Biochemical Role of Nucleotides
 Structure of nucleotide
 Structure & Functions of DNA
 Structure & Functions of RNA
8. Minerals & Trace Elements
 Sources
 RDA
 Biochemical Functions & Clinical Significance of Calcium & Phosphorus

14
  Sources
 RDA
 Biochemical Functions & Clinical Significance of Sodium Potassium& Chloride
 Metabolism of Iron, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Se, I,F
9. Vitamins
 Sources
 RDA
 Biochemical Functions & Clinical Significance of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
 Sources
 RDA
 Biochemical Functions & Clinical Significance of Water Soluble
 Vitamins
10. Nutrition
 Dietary Importance of Carbohydrates, Lipids & Proteins
 Balanced Diet
 Calorie requirements of body
Lab Work
1- Good lab practices
2- Preparation of solutions
3- Principles of Biochemistry analyzers (spectrophotometer, flame photometer)
4- SOP of Centrifuge, Water Bath, and Microscope
5- Lab Hazards and safety

COMPUTER SKILLS
1. INTRODUTION OF COMPUTER
 Definition
 Hardware
 Software
2. MICROSOFT WINDOW
 Arranging and moving an resizing window
 Identify the computer of desktop
 Moving ,changing and closing window
 Creating, opening and deleting items form windows

15
  Working with my computer
 Deleting and resume print jobs
 Using control panel
 Working with accessories

3. MICROSOFT OFFICE 2007, WIN XP/7 WORD, EXCEL POWER POINT

[Link]
5. INETRNET AND E. MAIL
 Introduction to outlook express using internet explorer

ENGLISH-I
COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course covers the all aspects of English Grammar like The Basics of Grammar, Analysis of Phrases,
Clauses and Sentences and their lot of practice, Parts of Speech, Active and Passive Voice, Punctuation,
Spelling, Practice in Unified sentences ,Comprehension ,Discussion ,Listening Skills, Paragraph Writing Skills,
Translation skills, and Presentation skills.

BASICS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR

 Definition of Grammar
 Parts of Speech in detail
 Noun, its kinds and usage
 Pronoun and its kinds
 Adjective and its kinds
 Verb and its kinds
 Adverb and its kinds
 Conjunction and its kinds
 Interjection and its kinds
 Determiners (Articles) and its kinds and usage
 Sentence correction in the use of noun and articles
 Analysis of phrases, clauses, and sentence structure

16
  Practice in unified sentence: A sentence having the quality of oneness that results when all the words
and sentences contribute to a single main idea. It must have a single focus and it must contain no
irrelevant facts
 Tenses (present, past and future)
 Change the Voices
 Active Voice
 Passive Voice
 Punctuation rules and it usages
 Spelling rules
 Comprehension: Answers to the questions on a given text.
 Vocabulary building skills
 Antonyms
 Synonyms
 Homonyms
 One word substitute
 Prefixes and suffixes and phrasal verbs
 Idioms and phrasal verbs
 Logical connectors
 Check spellings
IMPORTANT SKILLS
 Discussion Skills: General topics and every-day conversation.
 Listening Skills
 Translation Skills: From Urdu to English.
 Paragraph writing skills: topics to be chosen at the discretion of the teacher.
 Four Essential Elements of Paragraph Writing
 Unity
 Order
 Coherence
 Completeness
 Presentation Skills: Introduction
 Extensive Reading
RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS:

17
 1. Practical English Grammar by A. J. Thomson and A. V. Martinet. Exercise 1, Exercise 2, Exercise 30,
Exercise 37 Third edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN 0194313492
2. Study skills for the students of English by Richard C. Yorkey. Chapter 3 Learning the vocabulary of
English pg. 47 to 76, Chapter 5, Improving your Reading pg. 95 to 138.

PAKISTAN STUDIES

Historical perspective:
 Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Iqbal & Quaid e Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
 Factors leading to Muslims separation, People and land, Indus Civilization, Muslims Advent,
Location & Geo physical Features.

Governments & Politics in Pakistan

 Politics and constitutional phases:

1947-58, 1958-71, 1971-77, 1977-88, 1988-99, 1999 to onwards
Contemporary Pakistan
 Economics institutions and issues
 Society and social structure
 Ethnicity
 Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges
 Futuristic outlook of Pakistan

Pakistan and Islamic Word

‫مطالعہپاکستان‬
‫٭نظریہپاکستان‬
‫تعریفوتوضیح‬
‫قیامپاکستانکےاغراضومقاصد‬
‫نظریہپاکستانعلامہاقبالاورقائداعظمکیارشاداتکیروشنیمیں‬

‫٭نظریہپاکستانکاتاریخیپہلو‬
‫حضرتمجدالفثانی‬
‫حضرتشاہولیاللہ‬
)‫سیداحمدشہید(تحریکمجاہدین‬
18
 ‫(تحریکعلیگڑھ)‬ ‫سرسیداحمدخان‬
‫فرائضیتحریک‬
‫تیتومیرکیتحریک‬
‫تحریکریشمیرومال‬
‫دارالعلومدیوبند‬
‫ندوتہالعلماء‬
‫انجمنجماعتاسلام‬
‫سندھمدرسہالاسلام‬
‫اسلامیہکالجپشاور‬
‫تحریکخلافت‬
‫سودیشیتحریک‬

‫٭تقسیمبنگال ‪/‬تنسیحبنگال‬
‫شملہوفد‬
‫مسلملیگکےقیاماورمقاصد‬
‫منٹومارےاصلاحات‬
‫میثاقلکھنو‬
‫رولٹایکٹاورحادثہجلیانوالہباغ‬
‫دہلیتجاویز‬
‫سائمنکمیشن‬
‫نہرورپورٹ‬
‫قائداعظممحمدعلیجناحکےچودہنکات‬
‫علامہاقبالکاخطبہ ٓالہبادی(تصورپاکستان)‬
‫گولمیزکانفرنس(پہلی‪،‬دوسری‪،‬تیسری)‬
‫قرادادلاہور‬
‫کرپسمشناورکابینہمشن‬
‫شملہکانفرنس‬
‫تقسیمہندکامنصوبہ‬
‫حدبندیکمیشن‬

‫٭پاکستانکےابتدائیمشکلاتکاجائزہ‬
‫انتظامیامورکامسئلہ‬
‫مہاجرینکامسئلہ‬
‫اثاثوںکیتقسیم‬
‫افواجاورفوجیسازوسامانکیتقسیم‬
‫نہریپانیکامسئلہ‬
‫ریاستوںکےالحاقکامسئلہ‬
‫( حیدر ٓاباد‪،‬جوناگڑھ‪،‬جموںوکشمیر)‬

‫٭پاکستانمیںنفاداسلامکیلئےکیگئیکوششیں‬
‫ٓ ٓائینسازیکیمختصرتاریخ((‪1947-1956‬‬
‫قراردادمقاصد‪12 ( 1949،‬مارچ)‬
‫علماءکرامکےبائیسنکات(جنوری‪)1951‬‬
‫‪1956‬کے ٓائینکےاسلامیدفعات(‪23‬مارچ‪)1956‬‬
‫‪1962‬کے ٓائینکےاسلامیدفعات(‪8‬جون‪)1962‬‬
‫‪1973‬کے ٓائینکےاسلامیدفعات(‪14‬اگست‪)1973‬‬
‫نفاذشریعتکےلئےموجودہاقداماتمابعد(‪)1977‬‬

‫‪19‬‬
 :‫ب‬
‫تجویزکردکت‬
)II‫پارٹ‬B.A(‫اسلامیہپبلشرزمطالعہپاکستان‬
)[Link](‫قریشیپبلشرزمطالہپاکستان‬

2nd SEMESTER
Subjects:
 Anatomy II
 Physiology II
 Biochemistry II
 English II
 Histology
 Islamiyat

ANATOMY - II
Course Objectives
 To understand the anatomy of upper limb, lower limb and head and neck

Course Detail:
1. The upper limb: Bones of shoulder girdle and arm, Muscles, Axilla, Brachial plexus, Cubital fossa, The
fore arm, hand bones, muscles, Blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatics, Hand bones, muscles, blood
supply, nerve supply.
2. The lower limb: Fascia’s, bones, muscles, femoral triangle, gluteal region, thigh bones, muscles, blood
and nerve supply, knee joint, limb bones, muscles, blood supply and nerves, foot bones, muscles nerve
and blood supply, lymphatic supply of lower limb.
3. Head and neck: skull, Mandible, Cranial nerves, Brain, meanings, cranial cavity, orbit, neck, endocrine
system: classification of endocrine glands, pituitary glands, thyroid glands, adrenal gland, differences
between the cortex and medulla.

Practicals:
 Study and understand anatomy of upper limb, lower limb, head and neck through:
 Human models
20
  video demonstration
 study radiographs

Recommended Books
i. Essentials of anatomy and physiology by Seely, Stephens, and Tate (4thed)
ii. Anatomy & physiology by Ross & Wilson
iii. General Anatomy by Ghulam Ahmed/ LaeeqHussain.
iv. Anatomy by D.R Johnson & K.L. Moore.
v. Regional Anatomy by Snells.

PHYSIOLOGY-II
1. Nervous System physiology
 Functions of cerebral cortex, brainstem, basal muscles, limbic system, cerebellum
 Functions of cranial nerves, somatic and motor neurons
 Autonomic nervous system
 Neuroglia: functions and types
 Synapse; functions and Classification
 Action potential and Reflex Arch
2. Functions of specialized sense organs:
 Eye: physiology of site
 Ear: physiology of hearing and balance
 Smell: physiology of olfactory nerve
 Taste: physiology of taste buds and speech
3. Physiology of Blood
 Composition/Properties and count of blood cells
 Stages of development
 Blood Coagulation in presence of blood clotting factors
 ABO blood group system

4. Cardiac physiology
 Functions of heart, propagation of cardiac impulse,
 Cardiac cycle, heart sounds and regulation of functions
 Intrinsic and extrinsic functions of peripheral circulation

21
  Pulmonary circulation
 Systemic circulation:
 Local/ nervous control of blood vessels
 Regulation of arterial pressure
 Functions of lymphatic system
 Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils

5. Immunity
 Innate/adoptive immunity
 Antigens (Types of antigen and functions) Antibodies
 Primary and secondary response
 Cell mediated/humoral immunity
 Lymphocytes in immunity

Practicals:
1. Spirometery
2. Electrocardiography
3. Blood Pressure Measurement
4. Normal and abnormal ECG interpretation
5. Pulse rate measurement
6. Heart sounds

Recommended Books

I. Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology by Seely, Stephens and Tate. 4th edition
II. Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology
III. Human Physiology. Stuart Ira Fox 7th edition
IV. Textbook of Medical Physiology Guyton.
V. Essential of Medical Physiology Vol I & II by Mushtaq Ahmed.
VI. Lecture notes on human physiology by Bray JJ, Cragg, PA MacKnight

BIOCHEMISTRY- II
22
 1. Amino Acids, Peptides & Proteins
 Digestion of Proteins & Absorption of Amino Acids
 Transamination & Deamination of Amino Acids, deamidation, methylation, decarboxylation,
interconversion of amino acids
 Urea cycle
 Specialized products formed from Amino Acids
 Metabolic disorders
Molecular Biology
 Replication of DNA
 Transcription in Prokaryotes
 Transcription in Eukaryotes
 Translation: (Genetic Code) Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes
 Translation: (Genetic Code) Protein Synthesis in Eukaryotes
 Structural organization of chromosomes, DNA & gene
 Polymerase Chain Reaction
2. Carbohydrates
Metabolism of Carbohydrates
 Digestion & Absorption of Carbohydrates
 Glycolysis & its Regulation
 Fate of pyruvate
 Factors affecting tissue content of glycogen
 Citric Acid Cycle
 Interconversion of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
 Calculation of ATP moles formed in glucose utilization
 Gluconeogenesis and regulation of blood glucose
 Pentose Phosphate Pathway & its Significance
 Glycogenolysis
3. Lipids
 Digestion & Absorption of Lipids
 Metabolism & Clinical Significance of Lipoproteins
 Fatty acid oxidation biosynthesis and metabolism of Triacylglycerols
 Metabolism & clinical Significance of Cholesterol

23
  Ketone bodies
4. Hormones
 Classification & Mechanism of Action of Hormones
 Steroid Hormones: Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids
 Insulin & Glucagon
5. Nucleic acids
 Metabolism of Nucleic acids
 Gout
6. Bioenergetics
 Law of thermodynamics
 Energy rich compounds
 Electron transport chain
 Oxidative phosphorylation
Practicals:
 Determination of enzymes
 Urine examination (chemical examination)
 CSF examination
 Examination of pleural, pericardial, synovial fluids

Recommended Books
I. Review of Biochemistry by Lippincott.
II. Essentials of Medical Biochemistry Vol I & II by Mushtaq Ahmed
III. Fundamentals of Biochemistry by D. Voet, J.G. Voet (1999)
IV. Text Book of biochemistry with Clinical correlations by T.M Devlin.
V. Modern Experimental Biochemistry by [Link].
VI. Harper’s Biochemistry.

ENGLISH II
COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course covers practical aspects of English Usage like Essay writing skills, Presentation Skills, Academic
Writing Skills, Proposal Writing Skills for research, Research Paper, writing Skills, Technical Report writing

24
Skills and Progress Report Writing skill
 Essay Writing
 Process of writing (pre writing, first draft, final draft, editing )
 Format of traditional essay
 Different ways: how to introduce , how to explain detail in body paragraph and how to conclude
 Types of Essay
 How to make an outline
 Descriptive Essay
 Narrative Essay
 Argumentative Essay.
 Cause and effect Essay
 Presentation Skills
 Introduction
 Body of the Presentation
 Conclusion
Technical Writing skills
 Technical Report Writing
 Key features of reports
 Title page
 Summary
 Table of Contents
 Introduction
 Middle sections with numbered headings (i.e., the body of the report)
 Conclusions
 References
 Appendices
 Progress Report Writing review of all targets
 Target
 Outline of Activities
 Accomplishment during the time
 Output
 Academic Writing Skills

25
  What is a proposal?
 Types of proposals
 Parts of a proposal
 How to write a proposal for research
 How to write a research paper
 Introduction
 Methodology
 Conclusion and suggestion
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
Grammar [Link] English Grammar by A. J. Thomson and A. V. [Link] [Link] University
Press [Link] 0 19 431350 6.
Writing [Link] Writing Skills by John [Link]-Graw-Hill Higher Education. 2004.
2. Patterns of College Writing (4th edition) by Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen [Link]. St. Martin‘s Pres

ISLAMIC STUDIES
 Fundamental beliefs of Islam, Belief of Tawheed, Belief in Prophet Hood, Belief in the day of judgment
 Salaat/ Prayer, Zakaat/Obligatory Charity, Saum/Fating, Hajj/Pilgrimage,Jihaad
 Importance of Paramedics in Islam, Ethics, Religion & Ethics, Higher Intents/Objectives of Islamic sharia &
Human health
 Importance & virtues of medical profession, contribution & Achievements of Muslim doctors.
 Knowledge of the Rights, Wisdom & Prudence, Sympathy/ Empathy, Responsible life, Patience,
Humbleness, Self-respect, Forgiveness, Kindhearted, Beneficence, self-confidence, Observing Promise,
Equality, Relation among the Doctors, Jealousy, Backbiting, Envy, Etiquettes of Gathering, Relation
between a Doctor & a patient, Gentle speaking, Mercy & affection, Counseling the patient, to ensure the
patient, character building of the patient, responsibilities of doctor.

‫اسلامیات‬
‫٭اسلامکےبنیادیعقائد‬
‫ ٓاخرت‬،‫رسالت‬،‫توحید‬
‫٭نماز‬
‫روزہ‬
‫حج‬
26
 ‫جہاد‬
‫حالتجنگمیںاورقدرتی ٓافاتمیںمعالجکیزمہداریاں‬
‫اسلاممیںنرسنگکیاہمیت‬
‫زک ٰوت‬
‫٭علمالاخلاقیکیتعریفواہمیت‬
‫انسانکیصفاتوخواص‬
‫مذہباوراخلاقکاتعلق‬
‫٭پیشہطلبکیاہمیتوفضیلت‬
‫پیغمبربحثیتطبیب‬
‫مسلماطباءکیخدماتاورانکےاہمکارنامے‬
‫٭معالجکیصفات‬
‫حقوقاللہاورحقوقالعبادکاعلم‬
‫حکمتودانائی‬
‫ایثاروہمداردی‬
‫ذمہدارانہزندگی‬
‫صبر‬
‫نرمگفتاری‬
‫تواضع‬
‫رازکیحفاظت‬
‫عزتنفس‬

‫عفوودرگزر‬
‫رحمدلی‬
‫احسان‬
‫خوداعتمادی‬
‫عہدوپیمان‬
‫مساوات‬
‫٭معالجکامعالجسےتعلق‬
‫نیکیکےکاموںمیںتعاون‬
‫حسد‬
‫غیبت‬
‫بغضوکینہ‬
‫امرنالمروفوہنیعنالمنکر‬
‫ٓادابمجلس‬
‫٭معالجاورمریضکاتعلق‬
‫خوشکالمی‬
‫عیبیوشی‬
‫رحموشفقت‬
‫مریضکوتسلیدینا‬
‫مریضکیعیادت‬
‫مریضکیٓخالقیتربیتاوردعا‬
‫حرامدواوئںسےپرہیز‬
‫مریضکی ٓاجازت‬

‫تجویزکردہکتاب‪:‬۔‬
‫اسلامیات(لازمی)‬
‫(برائےمیڈیکلکالجزوملحقہادارہجات)‬

‫‪27‬‬
HISTOLOGY
Course Objective:
 Learn about the basic techniques of Histology

Course Contents
Structure of Animal Cell: Cytoplasmic Inclusion & Organelles. Appearance of nucleus in resting & dividing
cells, Tissues of body, Concept of tissues, Organs & System, Structure of cell as anatomical & functional
[Link] four basic types of Tissues, Specialized morphological & functional characteristics of each
[Link] Epithelial Tissue: Classification of Epithelial. Location of Epithelia with examples, Microscopic
appearance of different epitheliaThe Connective Tissue: Classification of connective tissue, Connective
tissue proper, Cellular and fibrous elements of [Link], Cartilage, its types and microscopic structures.
Microscopic structure of [Link] Muscular Tissue: Microscopic feature of muscle tissue, Differences
between the microscopic structure of smooth, skeletal & cardiac [Link] nervous Tissue: Microscopic
structure of Nerve Cells and fibrous tissue.
Practicals:
 Related with theory course
 Microscopic Study of Human Tissue.

3RD SEMESTER

SUBJECTS:
 Regional imaging & anatomy I
 MEDICINE-I
 PATHOLOGY I
 PHARMACOLOGY -I
 Radiation sciences & Technology I

REGIONAL IMAGING & ANATOMY I

28
Describe the structure of organs & the anatomical relations of the following contents.
1. Upper limb
2. Thoracic wall
3. Thoracic cavity
4. Abdominal wall
5. Abdominal cavity

Recommended books:
 Clinical and regional Anatomy by Snell’s

MEDICINE I
1. Diseases of cardiovascular system
 Investigations of CVS disease
 ECG
 Heart failure
 Cardiac arrest
 Myocardial ischemia & infarction
 Mitral, aortic, pulmonary, & tricuspid valve disease
 Persistent ductus arteriousus
 Coaraction of aorta
 Atrial & ventricular septal defect
 Tetralogy of fallot
 Cardiac tumors
2. Diseases of the respiratory system
 Investigations of the respiratory disease
 The solitary radiographic pulmonary lesion
 Tuberculosis
 X-ray finding of common disease caused by organic & inorganic dust
 Primary &secondary tumors of the lungs
 Tumors of mediastinum
 Diseases of the pleura
 Deformities of the chest wall
3. Diseases of the kidney ureter, baldder
 Investigation of the renal disease
 Cystic kidney disease
 Obstruction of the urinary tract
 Urinary tract calculi & nephrocalcinosis
 Tumors of the renal pelvis, kidney, ureter & bladder
 Prostatic disease
 Testicular tumors
4. Diseases of the liver & billiary system
 Investigation
29
  Portal hypertension, Ascetics
 Hepatomegaly
 Spleenomegaly
 Tumors of the liver, gallbladder, & bile duct
 Liver abscess, hepatic nodules
 Gall stones & cholecystitis

PATHOLOGY - I
Course contents:

1) Cell injury & adaptation

 Cell injury
 Cellular adaptation
2) Inflammation
 Acute inflammation
 Chronic inflammation
3) Cell repair & wound healing
 Regeneration & repair
 Healing
 Factors affecting healing
4) Hemodynamic disorders
 Define & classify term Edema, Hemorrhage, Thrombosis
 Embolism, infarction & hyperemia with two examples
 Define & classify Shock
 Describe compensatory mechanism of shock
 Describe the possible consequences of thrombosis & difference b/w arterial & venousemboli
5) Neoplasia
 Define the terms dysplasia &neoplasia
 Difference b/w benign & malignant neoplasia
 Enlist the common etiological factors for neoplasia,Define& discuss different modes of
metastasis.
Practical

I. Components and setting of the Compound microscope.

II. Focusing of object.
III. Use of low and high-power objectives of microscope.
IV. Use of oil immersion lens.
V. Care and maintenance of the microscope.
VI. Different types of microscopes.
i. Dark filed microscopy
ii. Fluorescence microscopy.
VII. Electronic Microscope in brief.

Recommended Books:
30
 a. Pocket companion to Robbins. Pathologic basis of Disease Cotran, Kumar, Collins.

PHARMACOLOGY- I
Course contents:
1. General pharmacology
2. Pharmacology of Autonomic Nervous System
3. Cardiovascular system
4. Respiratory system
5. Drugs related blood disorders

Recommended Books:
 Pharmacology by Lippincott.
 General pharmacology by Multi author.
 Review of pharmacology by Katz Ung.

RADIATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY I

1. Essential concept of radiation science
2. X Ray imaging system
3. X Ray tube
4. X Ray production
5. X Ray emission
6. X-ray interaction with matter

Recommended books:
 Radiation sciences and technology by Stewart Carlyle Bushong

4th SEMESTER
SUBJECTS:
 Regional imaging & anatomy II
 Pathology II
 Pharmacology II
 MEDICINE-II
 Radiation sciences & Technology II

REGIONAL IMAGING & ANATOMY II

1. The lower limb
2. Head & Neck
3. The Back

31
 4. Pelvic wall
5. Pelvic cavity

Recommended books:
 Clinical and regional Anatomy by Snell’s

PATHOLOGY -II
Course Contents

1. Respiratory System
 Obstructive lung diseases
 Asthma.
 Chronic Bronchitis.
 Bronchiectasis.
 Emphysema.
 Pneumonia.
 ASRD
 Pleural effusion
 Tumors
2. Cardiovascular System
a. Ischemic Heart Diseases.
b. Heart Failure
c. Hypertensive Heart Disease.
d. Infective Endocarditis.
e. Rheumatic Heart Disease.
f. Atherosclerosis
3. Lesions of thyroid gland
a. Nodular goiter
b. Thyroiditis and its types
4. Lesion of GIT
a. Oral cavity (Aphthous ulcers, HSV infection, oral candidiasis, pyogenic granuloma,
fibroma, submucosal fibrosis, hemangioma, peripheral giant cell granuloma, mucocele
and ranula, leukoplakia, keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma)
b. Esophagus (esophageal stenosis, diverticulum, achalasia, hiatal hernia, esophageal varices,
esophagitis, Barrett esophagus)
c. Stomach (Gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric carcinoma, adenocarcinoma)
d. diarrhea, Crohn’s diseases, IBD, appendicitis)
e. Liver, gall bladder and Biliary tract(hepatitis, fatty liver, inherited metabolic diseases ,
cholylithiasis, jaundice)
5. Renal system:
a. Glomerular diseases
b. Nephrotic /Nephritic syndrome
c. Tubular diseases
32
 d. UTI
e. Renal stones
f. Tumors of kidney and urinary bladder
6. Skin
a. Acute chronic inflammatory dermatoses
b. Infections of skin
c. Tumors of skin,
7. Nervous system:
a. Meningitis
b. Neurodegenerative disorders
c. Tumors

Practicals

1. Components and setting of the Compound microscope.

a. Focusing of object.
b. Use of low and high power objectives of microscope.
c. Use of oil immersion lens.
d. Care and maintenance of the microscope.
e. Different types of microscope.
2. Dark filed microscopy
3. Fluorescence microscopy.

4. Electronic Microscope
5. Slides/Photomicrographs of lesions taught in Theory

PHARMACOLOGY II
Course contents:
1. Pharmacology of GIT
2. Drugs affecting endocrine system
3. Pharmacology of CNS
4. Anesthetics and analgesics
5. Chemotherapeutics

33
 Recommended Book:
Pharmacology by Lippincott.
General Pharmacology by Multi authors.
Review of pharmacology by Katzung.

MEDICINE II
1. Endocrine diseases
 Imaging investigation of endocrine disease
 Hypothyroidism & Hyperthyroidism
 Simple Goiter
 Solitary thyroid nodule
 Malignant tumors
2. Diseases of the Alimentary Tract
 Abdominal examination
 Investigation of gastrointestinal disease
 GERD
 Tumors & perforations of the esophagus
 Peptic ulcer disease
 Tumors of the stomach, pancreas &small intestine
3. Diseases of joints & bones
 Investigation
 Low back pain
 Neck pain
 Joint pain
 Osteoarthritis
 Rheumatoid arthritis & juvenile idiopathic arthritis
 Infective arthritis
 Osteoporosis
 Osteogenisin imperfect
 Osteomalacia & rickets
 Paget’s disease
 Cancer associated bone disease
4. Diseases of the nervous system
 Investigation
 Disturbance of the visual system
 CVA
 Disorders of the spine &spinal cord
 Meningitis
 Intracranial neoplasm
 Para neoplastic neurological disease
 Hydrocephalus
34
RADIATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY II
1. Control of scattered radiation
2. Screen film radiography
 Radiographic film,
 Latent image
 Radiographic intensifying screen
 Automatic processing
3. Screen film radiographic artifacts
4. Computed Radiology (CR)
5. Digital Radiology (DR)

Recommended books:
 Radiation sciences and technology by Stewart Carlyle Bushong

5th SEMESTER
SUBJECTS:
 Computed Tomography
 Mammography and special radiological techniques
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging I
 General Surgery I
 Radiographic Positioning I

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT):

 Physics of CT
 Contrast media
 Procedures of CT scan
1. Procedures of Gastrointestinal Tract

35
 a) Computed Tomography Colonography
2. Procedure of Abdomen and Pelvis
a) Computed Tomography of the Liver
b) Computed Tomography of the Biliary Tree
c) Computed Tomography of the pancreas
3. Procedures of Urinary Tract
a) Standard diagnostic CT
b) Renal and Adrenal lesion characterization
c) CT KUB
d) CT Urogram
e) CT Angiography
4. Procedures of Respiratory system
a) CT thorax/chest
b) HRCT
5. CT Brain

Recommended books:
 Radiation sciences and technology by Stewart Carlyle Bushong
 Radiological procedure by Chapman and Nakielny’s
 Physics for medical imaging by FARR’S

MAMMOGRAPHY AND SPECIAL RADIOLOGIC TECHNIQUES:

 Breast Anatomy
 Physics of mammography
 Indication and contraindication of mammography (overall)
 Positioning and technique of mammography
 BIRADs
 Special x-ray imaging
 DEXA scan

Recommended books:
 Radiation sciences and technology by Stewart CarlyleBushong
 Radiological procedure by Chapman and Nakielny’s
 Positioning in Radiology by Clark’s

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING I:

 Mechanism of MRI
 Magnetism/Electromagnetism
 MRI active nuclei
 Alignment and precession of proton
 Resonance and signal generation
 Contrast mechanism
 Relaxation mechanism i.e. T1 recovery, T2 decay
36
  T1, T2, and PD weighted images
 Physics of MRI
 Types of MR Magnets
 Types of MRI coils and working i.e. Gradient coils, RF coils, Shim coils
 Functions of gradient i.e. Slice selection, Phase encoding, Frequency Encoding
 Pulse sequence i.e. CSE, FSE, GRE and IR

Recommended books:
 MRI physics by Stewart Carlyle Bushong
 MRI at a glance by Catherine westbrook
 MRI made easy by Govind B Chauhan

GENERAL SURGERY I
1. Introduction to surgery
 Importance of imaging in surgical conditions
 Interventional radiology
2. Surgical process
 Diagnostic process
3. Arterial disorders
 Arterial stenosis or occlusion
 Acute arterial occlusion
 Arterial dilatation
 Aortic aneurysm
4. Venous disorders
 Venous incompetence
 Varicose veins
 Venous thrombosis
5. Musculoskeletal disorders
 Fractures of bones
 Dislocation of joints
 Simple & compound fracture
 Describing a dislocation or fracture
 Complications of dislocation or fracture
6. Diseases of GIT
 Congenital abnormalities of the esophagus
 Foreign bodies in the esophagus
 Corrosive injury of esophagus
 Rupture of spleen
 Aneurysm & infarction
 Spleenomegaly & spleenectomy
 Malformations & functional abnormalities of small & large intestine
 Vermiform appendices & Appendectomy.

37
Recommended books:
 Belly & love’s surgery
 Systemic surgery by Dogars.
 General sugery by Dogars.

RADIOGRAPHIC POSITIONING I
1. Terminology, Planes & positions
2. The respiratory system & heart/ Thorax
3. The shoulder
4. The upper limb
5. Vertebral column

Recommended books:
 Positioning in Radiology by Clark’s

6th SEMESTER
SUBJECTS:
 Fluoroscopy I
 Cardiac catheterization and angiography
 Magnetic resonance imaging II
 General surgery II
 Behavior sciences

FLUOROSCOPY I:
1. Physics of Fluoroscopy
2. Contrast media
3. Fluoroscopic studies of GITs
 Contrast sallow
 Barium meal
 Barium follow-through
 Barium enema

Recommended books:
 Radiation sciences and technology by Stewart Carlyle Bushong

38
  Radiological procedure by Chapman and Nakielny’s

CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION AND ANGIOGRAPHY:

1. Equipment and technique of Vascular access
2. Different vascular access routes i.e. Femoral, Radial and brachial approach
3. Complications of catheter technique
4. Types of guidewires and angioplasty balloons
5. Types of stents
6. Intervention radiology (IR) physics
7. Procedures:
 Arterial systems
 Catheter directed arterial thrombolysis.
 Vascular embolization
 Venous system
 Peripheral venography (lower limb, upper limb)
 Central Venography interventions (venous angiography and stents, thrombolysis)
 Pulmonary embolism
 Cerebral angiography
 Heart
 Angiocardiography
 Coronary arteriography

Recommended books:
 Radiation sciences and technology by Stewart CarlyleBushong
 Radiological procedure by Chapman and Nakielny’s
 Physics for medical imaging by FARR’S

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING II:

1. MR Contrast media
2. Applications of MRI
 Flow phenomenon
 TOF MR Angiography
 Phase contrast MR Angiography
 Contrast enhanced MR Angiography
 Diffusion and perfusion imaging
 Functional MR imaging techniques
3. MRI safety and Emergencies in MR
4. Artifact in MR Imaging
5. MRI procedures
 MR Brain protocol
 MR Spine
 MR abdomen, MR Enterography, MR liver, MRCP, MR Pancreas
 Cardiac MR
39
  Breast MR
 MR pelvis, MR prostate, MRU, MR adrenals, MR scrotum

Recommended books:
 MRI physics by Stewart Carlyle Bushong
 MRI at a glance by Catherine westbrook
 MRI made easy by Govind B Chauhan

BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES
1. Introduction to behavioral sciences & its importance
2. Understanding behavior
3. Normality vs. abnormality
 Sensation and sense organs
 Perception
 Attention and concentration
 Memory
 Thinking
 Communication
4. Individual differences
 Personality
 Intelligence
 Emotions
 Motivation
 History taking
5. Learning
6. Stress & stressors
7. Life events
8. Stress management
9. Interviewing
10. Allied health ethics-hippocrate oath
11. Culture & allied health
12. Psychological reactions
13. Breaking bad news
14. Pain, Sleep, Consciousness

GENERAL SURGERY II:

1. The Cranium
 Head & brain injury
 Hydrocephalus
40
  Intracranial tumors
 SAH & aneurysms
2. The Breast
 Investigations
 Benign breast disease
 Malignant tumors of the breast
3. Diseases of bones & joints
 Acute osteomyelitis
 Tuberculosis arthritis & tenosynovitis
 Tumors of the bones & joints
 Spinal deformity
 Congenital disorders
4. Diseases of the genitourinary system
 Imaging investigations of genital tract
 Congenital abnormalities of the kidneys & renal tract
 Hydronephrosis
 Renal & ureteric & bladder calculi
 Rupture of the bladder
 Stones & strictures in the bile duct
 Urethral stricture
 Anorectal disorders
 Varicocele & hydrocele
 Neoplasm of the genito Urinary system

Recommended books:
 Belly & love’s surgery
 Systemic surgery by Dogars.
 General sugery by Dogars.

RADIOGRAPHIC POSITIONING II
1. Cranial bones and Paranasal sinuses
2. The pelvis & hip joint
3. The Lower limb
4. The abdomen & pelvic cavity.

Recommended books:
 Positioning in Radiology by Clark’s

41
 7th SEMESTER
SUBJECTS:
 Ultrasonography
 Fluoroscopy II
 Nuclear medicine
 Community medicine I
 Biostatistics and Research Methodology I

ULTRASONOGRAPHY
 Physics of Ultrasonography (USG) and Instrumentation
 Modes of Ultrasound
 Biological effect of USG
 Ultrasound Doppler & Doppler effects
 Echocardiography Physics, Windows and Techniques
 Artifacts

Recommended books:
 Clinical sonography by Roger C. Sanders
 Physics for medical imaging by FARR’S

FLUOROSCOPY II:
 Urinary fluoroscopic studies
 Execration urography (IVU)
42
  Micturating cystouretherography (MCUG)
 Ascending uretherography
 Retrograde pyeloureterography (RUG)
 Liver, billary tract and pancreas
 ERCP (Endoscopic RetrogradeCholengioPancreatography)
 Intra operative cholengiography
 Post operative cholengiography (Tube cholengiography)
 Reproductive system
 HSG
 Venous system
 Contrast venography
 Central
 Peripheral

Recommended books:
 Radiological procedure by Chapman and Nakielny’s

NUCLEAR MEDICINE:
1. Physics of Nuclear Medicine
2. Nuclides & Radioactive processes
3. Radioactivity, laws of decay, Half-life & Statistics
4. Production of radionuclides
5. Methods of safe handling of radionuclide & pertaining rules & regulations
1. Radiopharmaceuticals
2. Procedures
 Radionuclide studies of GIT
 Radionuclide imaging of liver, billary tract and pancreas
 Radionuclide imaging of urinary tract
 Heart Ventriculography
 Myocardial perfusion imaging
 Bone scan
 Brain Imaging

Recommended books:
 Radiological procedure by Chapman and Nakielny’s
 Physics for medical imaging by FARR’S
 Nuclear Medicine Physics by Ramesh Chandra

COMMUNITY MEDICINE I:
Introduction
 History of Community Medicine
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  Definition, concept of Health & illness of diseases
 Natural History of diseases, levels & prevention.
Epidemiology
 Epidemiology
 Epidemiological approach
 Basic measurements in epidemiology
 Tools of measurement
 Measurement of mortality, morbidity
 Epidemiological methods
 Epidemic investigation
 Surveillance
 Screening for diseases

Environmental Sanitation & Medical Entomology

 Environment
 Water
 Air
 Soil
 Noise
 waste disposal
 Environmental problems & pollution.
Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases
 Respiratory infections
 Vector borne diseases
 Water borne diseases
 Air born diseases
 Contact diseases
 Diseases of major public health and its importance alongwith national health programmes wherever
Applicable.
 Hospital acquired infections

Non-Communicable Diseases
 Diabetes
 Hypertension
 Heart diseases
 Blindness
 Mental health

BIOSTATISTICS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY I:

 Introduction to biostatistics
 Sampling Techniques
 Management of data
 Measure of location
 Measure of variation
 Probability & distribution
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 o Definition of probability
o Laws of probability
o Normal distribution
 Measure of relationship
o Scatter diagram
o Correlation analysis
o Measurement of correlation
o Interpretation of “r”
o Regression analysis
o Regression coefficient
o Fitting of simple linear regression line
o Properties of regression line
o Rank correlation
o Degree o freedom
o CHI-Square test & types
o Sensitivity & specificity
o Contingency table.

8th SEMESTER
SUBJECTS:
 Research Project
 Community medicine II
 Radiation protection

RESEARCH PROJECT:

COMMUNITY MEDICINE II:

Health Education
 Principles of Health Promotion
 Methods, approaches and media for
 I. E. C (Information, Education & Communication)
 Medical and Health/Information system
 Role of health care providers in health education
 Principles of health education
Reproductive Health, Family Planning and child health
 Introduction
 Maternal mortality and morbidity
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  MCHC Services
 Care( antenatal, intra and post natal care)
 Safe motherhood
 Family planning intro
 Fertility regulation
 Methods of family planning
 Neonatal care
 Child health problems
 National policy for children
 IMNCI
Nutrition And Health
 Nutrition, nutrients
 Balanced diet
 Micro and macro nutrients
 Dangerous foods
 Assessment of nutritional status
 Food related diseases
 Malnutrition
 PEM
 Nutritional anemia
 Investigation a case of food poisoning
Hospital waste management and radiations
 Types of hospital waste
 Risks from wastes
 Waste management team
 Waste management plan
 Steps in waste management
 Treatment and disposal technologies for health care waste
 Radiation and its hazards

RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS:

 Textbooks of Community Medicine, by Prof. H. A. Siddique (2nd Edition).
 Parks text book of preventive & social medicine –K Park.
 Excel community medicine by dr M. NaveedAlam

RADIATION PROTECTION:
1. Fundamental principles of radiobiology
2. Cellular and molecular biology
3. Deterministic effect of radiation
4. Stochastic effect of radiation
5. Health physics
6. Designing for radiation protection
7. Patient radiation dose management
8. Occupational radiation dose

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Recommended books:
 Radiation sciences and technology by Stewart Carlyle Bushong

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