Scientific Research Journal,

Vol 18, No 2 (2021) 177-213

[Link]

Modified Zeolite as Purification Material in

Wastewater Treatment: A Review
Mohd Khairul Nizam1, Syaza Azhari2, Muhammad Azan Bin Tamar Jaya1*
1
Kolej Genius Insan, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai,
71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
2
Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800
Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.

1
Corresponding author’s e-mail: azan@[Link]

Received: 3 February 2021

Accepted: 7 August 2021
Online First: 31 August 2021

ABSTRACT

Natural zeolite is a hydrated aluminosilicate substance that has excellent

ion exchange and adsorption properties and is environmentally and
economically friendly. This review describes the current application and
modification of zeolite in wastewater treatment using acid and surfactants,
zeolite composites (such as zeolite membranes), permeable reactive barriers
and photocatalysts. The properties of zeolite as well as the regeneration
and desorption of cast-off zeolite are briefly reviewed. Modifications are
made to improve the capability of zeolite in wastewater treatment facilities.
Furthermore, this review proposes the integration of zeolite and other
available technologies to treat emerging pollutants in wastewater. Different
types of zeolite (natural and synthetic zeolite of different origins) are
compared, and their properties are evaluated. Different type of pollutants
and treatment methods involving zeolite are also discussed. Zeolite is
enhanced to solve the problem of various pollutants in wastewater.

Keywords: zeolite properties; wastewater treatment; zeolite composite,

modification; regeneration

Copyright© 2020 UiTM Press.

This is an open access article
under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Scientific Research Journal

INTRODUCTION

Growing population, shrinking water resources, and increasing pollution

from industrial and household effluent activities have rendered polluted
water resources even more critical. Water purification of wastewater from
industries and household has gained favourable attention for many years
[1,2]. Wastewater treatment aims to extract pollutants from water resources.
Water pollutants, such as soluble and insoluble heavy metals and organic
matter may be highly toxic and carcinogenic to humans and the aquatic
environment [3]. Methods currently available to limit pollutants and
dissolved toxins include ultrafiltration [4], advanced separation of oil–water
[5], use of hydrocyclones [6], chemical clarification [7] and gas flotation [8].

Natural and synthetic zeolite is widely used as adsorption and filtering

material to purify water and wastewater. Zeolite is used in decolourisation,
detoxification, disinfection, separation, and concentration of water and gas
mixture to remove harmful constituents [1,9]. Zeolite is also used to treat
various types of pollutants in wastewater, especially metal ions, ammonia,
nitrates, phosphates, hydrocarbons, oils and organic matter [10] as well as
pathogenic bacteria [11,12] odour compounds [13,14] and colour pigment
dye waste from the textile industry [15,16].

Zeolite mainly consists of hydrous alumino-silicate minerals with

aluminium and silicon in the form of oxides (AlO4 and SiO4). The three-
dimensional tetrahedral crystalline porous material with cage-like structure
(Figure 1) has substantial cation exchange capacity (CEC), large internal
and outer surface areas and pore size ranging from 3.0 Å to 10 Å [17]. The
two categories of zeolite are naturally occurring zeolites and synthetically
manufactured (synthetic) zeolites, which have a regular and microporous
arrangement for industrial use. Synthetic zeolite is produced using various
substances, such as natural clay minerals and agricultural wastes, including
corn cob or rice husk [18,19].

178
Vol 18, No 1 (2021)
Vol. 18, No. 2, Sept 2021
[Link]

Figure
Figure 1:
1: Crystal
Crystal Structures
StructuresofofZeolites:
Zeolites:(a)(a)Primary
PrimaryBuilding
BuildingUnits
Units(PBUs)
(PBUs) and
Secondary
and Building
Secondary Units ofUnits
Building Zeolite;
of(b) Chemical
Zeolite; (b)Model of a Complex
Chemical Zeolite
Model of Structure
a Complex
(Source by Moshoeshoe et al.) (Source by Moshoeshoe et al. [20])
Zeolite Structure

In nature, several types of zeolite exist and clinoptilolite is among the most common. Other
naturalInzeolites
nature, areseveral types
mordenite, of zeolite
phillipsite exist and(Table
and chabazite clinoptilolite is among
1). The properties the
of natural
most
zeolitecommon. Otheronnatural
vary depending zeolites
their origin; aresize
particle mordenite, phillipsite
affects their andadsorption,
potential for chabaziteand
(Table 1).varies
selectivity The according
properties of natural
to zeolite zeolite vary depending on their origin;
types [21].
particle size affects their potential for adsorption, and selectivity varies
Table 1. Different Varieties of Natural Zeolite's Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
according to zeolite types(Source
[21]. by Moshoeshoe et al.)
Zeolite type Ratio of SI/Al Primary cation CEC (meq/g)
Analcime 1.5 - 2.8 Na 3.6 - 5.3
3

179
Scientific Research Journal

Table 1: Different Varieties of Natural Zeolite's Cation Exchange Capacity

(CEC) (Source by Moshoeshoe et al. [20])
Zeolite type Ratio of SI/Al Primary cation CEC (meq/g)
Analcime 1.5 - 2.8 Na 3.6 - 5.3
Chabazite 1.4 - 4.0 Na, K, Ca 2.5 - 4.7
Clinoptilolite 4.0 - 5.7 Na, K, Ca 2.0 - 2.6
Heulandite 4.0 - 6.2 Na, K, Ca, Sr 2.2 - 2.5
Mordenite 4.0 - 5.7 Na, K, Ca 2.0 - 2.4
Philipsite 1.1 - 3.3 Na, K, Ca 2.9 - 5.6
Laumontite 1.9 - 2.4 Na, K, Mg 3.8 - 4.3
Natrolite 1.2 - 1.7 Na 2.9 - 3.2
Erionite 2.6 - 3.8 Na, K, Ca 2.7 - 3.4
Faujasite 2.1 - 2.8 Na, K, Mg 3.0 - 3.4
Ferrierite 4.9 - 5.7 Ca 2.1 - 2.3

Synthetic and natural zeolites are efficient adsorbents and ion

exchangers due to their simplicity and low cost [22]. Ion exchange capacity
CEC confers zeolite with a wide range of selectivity and capacity to isolate
substances based on differences in molecular sizes and shapes [23–25].

A high CEC value enables zeolite to be used in wastewater treatment.

Adsorption of heavy metals by ion exchange in minerals could occur within
the interlayer or in the pores of zeolite. Zeolite can absorb a high amount of
heavy metals due to their skeleton and lamellar structure, which provides
numerous sites for adsorption [26].

The CEC of natural zeolite (Table 1) occurs owing to an imbalance in

surface charges caused by the zeolite's partial replacement of Si4+ by Al3+.The
sites and negative charges are exchangeable by H+ or alkali and/or alkaline-
earth cations, which are often neutralised for acidic zeolite [17, 21, 27].

Higher substitution of Si4+ by Al3+ in the crystal lattice reduces the Si/
Al ratio and raises the negative charge of the zeolite, altering the CEC and
selectivity. The low ratio of Si/Al generates high CEC because significant
number of cations are needed for balancing the negative charge of zeolite [17,
21, 28, 29]. For example, the ratio Si/Al for natural zeolite or clinoptilolite
generally ranges from 4 to 5.5 [29, 30]. Moreover, differences in granule
size and zeolite type influences the chemical and physical features of zeolite.

180
 Vol. 18, No. 2, Sept 2021

Water pollutants require a wide range of treatment methods because

of their complexity. Traditional approaches, such as biological and
physical techniques, are still helpful for wastewater treatment but are not
economically attractive and require complex processes [31, 32]. Many
new pollutants, such as emerging pharmaceutical contaminants, persistent
organic pollutants and engineered nanomaterials, have been identified as a
waste product in aquatic systems. Conventional techniques in wastewater
treatments include physical, chemical and biological methods have certain
limitations [33–35].

Stringent disposal regulations have reduced allowable contaminants

in waste streams. For economic and technological reasons, only a few
wastewater management techniques (Figure2) are widely employed in
the industrial sector [36–38]. This phenomenon has encouraged industry
players to seek alternative treatments that have minimal investment and
Vol 18, No 1 (2021)
higher efficiency and are cheaper to operate, easy to maintain and sustainable
[Link]
[35]. However, innovative and economically viable wastewater treatment
innovative and economically viable wastewater treatment technologies with high efficiency
technologies
remain with[1,high
to be developed efficiency remain to be developed [1, 39,40].
39,40].

Figure 2: Pollutant-Removal Technologies (Source by Vasilachi et al.)

Figure 2: Pollutant-Removal Technologies (Source by Vasilachi et al. [41])
Pollutants should be classified and treated based on their type and properties. A substantial
amount of these pollutants are found in industrial wastewater; the industrial sector uses large
amountsPollutants
of water andshould
producesbesubstantial
classified and treated
wastewater based
containing on their
minerals type and
and organic
properties.
pollutants A substantial
[1]. This paper reviews amount of these
different methods for pollutants are found
purifying wastewater in industrial
by using zeolite
and modified zeolite.
wastewater; This review sector
the industrial will alsouses
discuss current
large trends on
amounts ofmodification
water andand the
produces
advantage of modified materials compared with other adsorbents. A brief overview of the
regeneration of zeolite for reusing is also presented.

ZEOLITE ADSORPTION
181
Adsorption allows easy, simple and minimal design of wastewater treatment process and has a
broader application to provide highly effective water pollution control even at trace level
compared with other traditional wastewater treatments [1,39,42]. Adsorption is economically
Scientific Research Journal

substantial wastewater containing minerals and organic pollutants [1].

This paper reviews different methods for purifying wastewater by using
zeolite and modified zeolite. This review will also discuss current trends
on modification and the advantage of modified materials compared with
other adsorbents. A brief overview of the regeneration of zeolite for reusing
is also presented.

ZEOLITE ADSORPTION

Adsorption allows easy, simple and minimal design of wastewater treatment

process and has a broader application to provide highly effective water
pollution control even at trace level compared with other traditional
wastewater treatments [1,39,42]. Adsorption is economically practical
because it employs relatively low-cost materials, such as natural zeolite,
whereas synthetic ion-exchange resins are costly for large-scale systems.
Removing pollutants by using zeolite is a more economical technique
compared with electrochemical treatments, such as chemical precipitation
and reverse osmosis [3].

In the United States, one tonne of natural zeolite costs between $ 50 and
$ 300 [43], or $0.03 and $ 0.12 per kilogramme [44]. The ease of operation,
high performance and relatively low cost make natural zeolite economical
and enticing in water treatment applications. In contrast to clays, natural
zeolites are particles with size of millimetres or larger and does not exhibit
shrink-swell behaviour. Zeolite has superior hydraulic properties and is thus
suitable for filtration systems. Zeolite also has higher mechanical strength
and thermal stability than the other adsorbents [45].

NATURAL ZEOLITE MODIFICATION

The low adsorption of natural zeolite limits its widespread use as an

absorbent [46, 47]. Natural zeolite is typically modified to improve its
adsorption efficiency in wastewater through various chemical and physical
treatments and by incorporation into various composite materials and
membranes. Researchers have explored the enhancement of natural zeolite
via surface modification to improve its ability and effectiveness for treatment
of water effluent [48].

182
 Vol. 18, No. 2, Sept 2021

Chemical modification includes the use of acids, salts and cationic

surfactants [25, 49, 50]. The properties of zeolite vary due to differences
in the elements of natural and synthetic zeolites. Clinoptilolite zeolite is
hydrophilic in nature because of its high aluminium content [51].

ACID TREATMENT

Acid treatment by acid leaching or dealumination is often used for treatment

of zeolite and an effective form of modification to surface treatment
and surfactant alteration [52]. Exposure to certain acids, for example
hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfosalicylic acid, and acetic acid would
cause the decationisation of ions and dealumination without compromising
the integrity of zeolite structure [53].

Acid leaching is also used for post-synthesis alteration of synthetic

zeolites to expel Al from the structure and increase the Si /Al molar ratio.
Acid leaching also helps increase the mesoporosity of zeolite necessary
for the passage of large molecules [54]. Acid pretreatment increase the
affinity to neutral compounds such as surface-active amines. In adsorption
sites on the external surface of H+ of natural clinoptilolite, the protonated
amine molecules are stronger anions than the quaternary ammonium salt
cations [55, 56]. The treated zeolites would be more receptive to anions and
nonpolar organic pollutants than the untreated zeolites. [57].

SURFACTANT-MODIFIED ZEOLITE

Surfactants are frequently employed to alter the surface characteristics

of zeolite depending on its use and type of contamination. Saturation
of natural zeolite using quaternary ammonium surfactants, for example
dodecyltrimethylammonium (DDTMA), didodecyldimethyl ammonium
bromide (DDAB), tetradecyltrimethylammonium (TDTMA), and
hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA), generates a surfactant-
modified zeolite [58]. This method modifies the surface properties of
hydrophilic zeolite to bind to hydrophobic organic compounds [59].

183
Scientific Research Journal

Surfactant tail groups attached to zeolite may change its natural

hydrophilic properties to hydrophobic and retain a broad spectrum of
pollutants. Surfactant-modified zeolite is commonly utilised for heavy
metal extraction and removal, as well as Surfactant-modified zeolite is
commonly utilised for heavy metal extraction and removal, dyes; phenol and
4-chlorophenol, volatile organic compounds (benzene, ethylene, toluene)
and xylene natural organic compound (tannic, humic, and fulvic acids) and
pharmaceutical products, such as ibuprofen, antibiotics (norfloxacin and
moxifloxacin), diethylamine, diclofenac and diclofenac sodium as well as
aromatic hydrocarbons (anthracene, fluoranthene, fluorene, phenanthrene,
pyrene)[10, 25 ,28, 51, 52, 58, 60, 61].

However, using surfactant for zeolite modification has some

disadvantages. Certain ions that interchange on the surface of zeolites bind
tightly; as a result, removing the ions for zeolite regeneration is challenging
owing to high surfactant adhesion on the zeolite surface and repulsion of
surfactant head groups and incoming metallic cations [61]. Zeolite’s surface
characteristics influence its interaction and effectiveness in removing
contaminants from wastewater. Negatively charged non-modified zeolites
exhibit a high affinity for cationic surfactants and exchangeable cations,
but unable to perform anion exchange. By exposing zeolite to cationic
surfactants, its exterior surface charge could be altered from negative to
positive. The surfactant would provide a functional group to the zeolite
surface, increasing the adsorbent's efficiency. This process substantially
changes the surface and allows zeolite to execute anion exchange and
increase organic compound adsorption through the formation of hydrophobic
and electrostatic forces [62–64]. This interaction produces a high organic
carbon content on the exterior surface while preserving a large portion of
the inner-surface cation exchangeability. Large organic cations can easily
interchange with native counter ions on the zeolite's outer shell [61].

The interaction between zeolite and surfactant is based mostly on

sorption on the outer surface of the three-dimensional zeolite framework.
Nevertheless due to the large surfactant molecules, ECEC is employed as
base for preparation of surfactant-modified zeolite [36]. The hydrophobic
tails of the surfactant molecules unite to form a double sheet if the surfactant
concentration in the solution exceeds the ECEC, (Figure 3) [36, 65].

184
zeolite's outer shell [61].

The interaction between zeolite and surfactant is based mostly on sorption on the outer surface
of the three-dimensional zeolite framework. Nevertheless due to the large surfactant molecules,
ECEC is employed as base for preparation of surfactant-modified zeolite [36]. The
hydrophobic tails of the surfactant molecules unite to form a double
Vol. sheet if the
18, No. surfactant
2, Sept 2021
concentration in the solution exceeds the ECEC, (Figure 3) [36, 65].

Figure 3: Double-Layer Formation and Anion Adsorption on the Zeolite Surface

Figure 3: Double-Layer Formation and Anion Adsorption on the Zeolite Surface
(Source by de Gennaro et al.)
(Source by de Gennaro et al. [66])
7
Treatment and modification greatly increase the average pore diameter,
total pore volume and surface area of the original zeolite due to increasing
Si/Al ratio [67, 68]. Ion exchange occurs when the ion is withdrawn
from an aqueous solution and substituted by another cation or anion [69].
Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis conducted by various research
group to access the change in surface area, total pore volume, pore size. The
modification of natural zeolite has shown to increase the surface area up to
10 times, total pore volume, pore size via thermal, acid (HCI) or alkaline
(NaOH) treatment [70].

ZEOLITE COMPOSITES

An emerging technology of using zeolite for wastewater treatment involves

the incorporation of a nanomaterial to form zeolite composites to improve
the adsorption aptitude and capability. Zeolite, chitosan and biochar are
utilised for nutrient removal [45]. The synergy between zeolites and other
materials has been investigated for the eradication of pollutants from
wastewater. For example, zeolites modified with nanomaterials, such as
magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) and chitosan, would improve the relinquishment
of mercury in liquid hydrocarbon. The modified zeolites with iron oxide
nanoparticles and chitosan effectively removed mercury with 63%–66%
effectiveness [71]. Badeenezhad [44] and his group proved that natural

185
 Scientific Research Journal

zeolite (clinoptilolite) can effectively remove methylene blue dye from

aqueous solutions. Moreover, natural zeolite can effectively and rapidly
remove ions of heavy metal such as Mn2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Pb2+ from
polluted water [72, 73]. Synthetic and natural zeolites doped by metal ions
are gaining popularity as effective catalysts for the hydrogen peroxide
oxidation of pigments and textile effluent [such as methylene blue (MB)][74,
75]. Methylene blue oxidation is catalysed by natural zeolite-based silver and
magnetite nanocomposites; in the study, zeolite was impregnated with 5.5
wt. percent Fe and 6.4 wt. percent Ag in the form of magnetite nanoparticles
and in the form of silver oxide and metallic silver nanoparticles with a size
of 32, 42, and 20 nm respectively. Physical adsorption was found to play a
role in the elimination of methylene blue [75]. Figure 4 shows the scanning
electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM)
micrographs of natural zeolite-based silver and magnetite nanocomposites
Vol
for18,
theNomethylene
1 (2021) blue catalytic oxidation in water [75].
[Link]

Figure
Figure [Link]Micrograph
Micrograph (SEM
(SEM andand TEM)
TEM) of Natural
of Natural Zeolite-Based
Zeolite-Based Silver andSilver and
Magnetite
Magnetite Nanocomposites
Nanocomposites (Source
(Source by Kuntubek
by Kuntubek et al.) et al. [75])

Surface-modified zeolite and zeolite-based composites have increased performance than non-
Surface-modified zeolite and zeolite-based composites have increased
modified zeolite. For example, polyethene glycol is used for zeolite surface alteration [76], and
performance
zeolite is used inthan
the non-modified zeolite.
composite to obtain For example,
biopolymer-based polyethene
biosorbent glycol is
(polysaccharide).
used for zeolite
Composite products surface alteration
are primarily formed[76],
basedand zeolite
on the is used
concept in the composite
of combining two or more
components
to obtain that display adjusted properties
biopolymer-based compared
biosorbent with individual features
(polysaccharide). [77]. This
Composite
synergistic mixture retains all the intriguing qualities of specific components and overcomes
the significant disadvantages of each part. Different modified zeolite-based composites have
been manufactured to improve the adsorption performance of zeolite. Various methods, such
as photocatalytic degradation, membrane separation and synthetic polymeric material
application, are used in synergy with zeolite 186for wastewater treatment. Table 2 lists some
examples of the use of different types of zeolite for different types of wastewater and their
efficiency for treatment.
 Vol. 18, No. 2, Sept 2021

products are primarily formed based on the concept of combining two or

more components that display adjusted properties compared with individual
features [77]. This synergistic mixture retains all the intriguing qualities of
specific components and overcomes the significant disadvantages of each
part. Different modified zeolite-based composites have been manufactured
to improve the adsorption performance of zeolite. Various methods, such as
photocatalytic degradation, membrane separation and synthetic polymeric
material application, are used in synergy with zeolite for wastewater
treatment. Table 2 lists some examples of the use of different types of
zeolite for different types of wastewater and their efficiency for treatment.

Table 2: Type of Zeolite and Pollutants in Wastewater

Zeolite type Type of pollutant Removal % References
Natural zeolite, Polycyclic aromatic >93% [58]
pre-treated with hydrocarbons
1 mol/L of NaCl, (anthracene,
and separately fluoranthene,
modified with fluorene,
surfactants phenanthrene,
Synthetic zeolites Pb ion 100% [11]
(Zeolite1-6) Cd ion 98.4%
Cr ion 100%
Natural Ammonium 84–88% [78]
clinoptilolite
ZnO/zeolite pellets Caffeine ( in dark) 60% [79]
(concurrent
photocatalysis and
adsorption)

Caffeine (under 100%

UV)
Turkish zeolite F ion 85% [80]
altered with
quaternary
ammonium
Acid-activated Ammonium 100% [81]
zeolite samples nitrogen
and conditioning
with NaCl
Natural zeolite palm oil mill 69.72% [82]
effluent residue

187
Scientific Research Journal

Fe(III)-modified Pb ion 80% [84]

zeolite-alginate
beads (FeA)
Natural zeolite - Residual 30 %-70 % [52]
clinoptilolite and antibiotics pollution
its acid-modified (moxifloxacin and
counterpart norfloxacin)
Acid-modified Gd(III) ion 70% [85]
(1 M H2SO4)
clinoptilolite
Faujasite modified Methylene blue 93% - 99% [86]
with graphene (MB)
oxide (GO)
Australian natural Cd ion 71% - 78% [87]
clinoptilolite
zeolite treated
with concentrated
H2SO4 and coated
with graphene
oxide
Synthetic nano- Ca ion 98% [88]
zeolites with
graphene oxide
(GO)
Modified zeolite Pb ion >98% [89]
with magnesium Cd ion >98%
(Mg-zeolite) Cu ion >98%

Zeolite modified Ammonia 73.4% [90]

by integrating
calcinations with
MgO
NaCl-modified NH4+-N 92.13% [91]
zeolite PO43−-P 90.3%

INTEGRATION OF ZEOLITE WITH OTHER

ADSORBENTS

Natural zeolite particles are loaded with graphene oxide to improve the
adsorption properties. The zeolite performance can be enhanced by the
integration of the material with other adsorbents, such as graphene oxide.

188
 Vol. 18, No. 2, Sept 2021

A composite composed of faujasite zeolite and graphene oxide composite

disks was investigated as a regenerable pollutant adsorber that maintains
its properties upon rejuvenation. Faujasite zeolite with well-dispersed
reduced graphene oxide (GO) comprised of micropores from the crystalline
framework of faujasite and meso/macropores from the accumulated
graphene sheets and faujasite particles exhibits increased adsorption capacity
compared with the individual materials [86]. Zeolite and graphene could
also find synergy in other wastewater application with zeolite modified
with magnetic graphene oxide. Electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic
interactions and hydrogen bonding are responsible for GO and its synergistic
relationship to zeolite. Dealumination of zeolite, which involves cleaning
followed by acid therapy as well as partial thermal deoxygenation of GO,
can improve hydrophobic interactions. This method resulted in a tenfold
increase in surface area (from 10.55 m2 g1 to 117.96 m2) and a threefold
reduction in pore diameter (from 30.68 Å to 81.91 Å) [87].

Wastewater treatment using composite biosorbents commonly

comprise biopolymer made of polysaccharides, such as cellulose (cell) and
its derivatives, chitosan (CS) and alginate (Alg). The integration of small
quantities of zeolites into the polysaccharide matrix contributes to a major
increase in the mechanical efficiency and thermal and chemical stability
of the composite biosorbents. Composite biosorbents have additional
characteristics, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, antibacterial
behaviour and chelating property, due to the nature of the biopolymer
matrix. Chitosan (CS) modified using zeolites such as clinoptilolite and
synthetic zeolite (zeolite Na-A synthesised from fly ash) Na-A was examined
for its practical use in removing heavy metal ions from polluted water
and wastewater [92, 93]. Zeolite acts as inorganic fillers into biosorbent
(polysaccharides) composites, which are more effective in treating
wastewater [92, 94, 95]. The sorption properties of the chitosan composite
modified with clinoptilolite show 9 wt.% to 20 wt.% improved loaded
capacity for Cu2+ ion removal compared with cross-linked chitosan because
clinoptilolite microparticles enhance the approachability of the ion to the
chitosan functional group network [92]. Additionally, the ions adsorbed
onto the composite could be readily desorbed by a low concentration of
hydrochloric acid (HCl) without affecting the integrity of the biosorbents
[92, 96, 97].

189
Scientific Research Journal

In another study, zeolite synthesised from fly ash was modified with
monolayer chitosan on the external surface for treatment of humic acid,
phosphate and ammonium. The chitosan layer developed on the surface of
the zeolite and non-zeolite oxide fraction (Fe2O3, Al2O3 and CaO) provide
necessary forms for the retention of organic humic acid, anionic phosphate
and cationic ammonium. The experimental works showed enhanced affinity
towards humic acid and improved adsorption for phosphate compared with
non-modified zeolite, with highest adsorption abilities of 31.6 and 4.05
mg/g, respectively [98].

Zeolite is integrated into several variety of membrane, for-instance

such as reverse osmosis (RO), membrane bio-reactor, high-performance
ceramic microfiltration (MF) membranes utilising natural zeolite powder and
permeable reactive barriers [59, 99, 100] Composite films fabricated using
zeolite as a filler could act as an active layer for reverse osmosis membrane.
Zeolites are capable of delivering critical desalination characteristics
while also being possibly tolerant of incoming water, which can easily
clog polymer membranes and resist relatively economical cleaning
techniques. Two kinds of zeolite, hydrophilic FAU and hydrophobic MFI,
were employed, each with variable wetting characteristics. Salt ions were
completely rejected by both zeolite membranes.

Recent advances in polymer-based membrane research have centred

on examining various types of nanocomposite membranes including
nanofillers, such as zeolite, to improve membrane efficacy [101]. Reverse
osmosis (RO) utilises a semipermeable membrane is used to remove ions,
pollutants, and bigger particles. Inorganic membranes, which primarily
consist of zeolites, have higher resistance to a mixture of feed water and
rough cleaning methods.

MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR (MBR) TECHNOLOGIES

The effectiveness of zeolite for controlling the fouling of membrane for

wastewater treatment in fixed-bed membrane bioreactor was also studied
[102]. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technologies integrate biological
wastewater treatment with micro/ultrafiltration. Membrane fouling is
the principal downside of operating MBR systems because soluble and

190
 Vol. 18, No. 2, Sept 2021

tiny particles infiltrate the membrane and, along with other organic and
inorganic matter, are absorbed into the membrane pores, thereby decreasing
the permeate volume [103]. Zeolite could minimise membrane fouling by
incorporating additional processes, such as adsorption or coagulation with
MBR, to improve permeability and reduce membrane resistance. Zeolite
serves as an absorber for soluble organic compounds, enabling sludge to
be added to the substance to reduce the possibility of direct contact with
colloids/soluble matter and membrane. Zeolite membrane bioreactor creates
considerably low trans-membrane pressure and less soluble microbial
products due to adsorption and bio-layer adherence to the membrane
surface [102].

CERAMIC MICROFILTRATION

The hybrid process of ceramic microfiltration with natural zeolite powder

offers other methods, such as adsorption and ion exchange, to improve
permeation flux and total organic carbon rejection for the remediation of
oily wastewater to 99.9%. The use of natural zeolite powder as an adsorbent
and in the framework of mullite and mullite–aluminium membranes in
freshly produced membranes can lower the cost of manufacturing. The
performance of this membrane is better than the microfiltration standard
for all membranes, except for mullite-aluminium membranes. The hybrid
approach improves the quality of output water, decreases membrane fouling,
is more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly, and needs lower
capital and operational costs [104].

PERMEABLE REACTIVE BARRIERS (PRBS)

The most efficient and potential remediation technology is permeable

reactive barriers (PRBs) packed with adsorption materials; however,
refining reactive materials remains a significant obstacle in the production
of successful PRB technology. Recent research reveals that composite
adsorbent construct of zeolite-supported nanoscale/microscale zero-valent
iron is an functional and favourable reactive substance for obliteration of
Cd(II), Pb(II) and As(III) from aqueous solution in permeable reactive
barriers [105, 106]. Using zeolite as a reinforcing agent for the framework

191
Scientific Research Journal

improves the dispersibility of zero-valent iron particles and synthetic zeolite

[106].

Nano-/micro-scale zero-valent iron with a large specific surface and a

micro-porous structure is an effective adsorbent of metal irons. Altering the
zeolite surface by coating with iron or iron oxides can improve the adsorption
potential of zeolite for metals, and the zeolite-iron mixed framework has
synergistic effects on improving the adsorption ability of composites for
heavy metals. Moreover, modifying the zeolite surface by coating with
iron or iron oxides can improve the adsorption potential of the zeolite for
metals; the zeolite-iron mixed solution has synergistic effects on enhancing
the adsorption sensitivity of the composite for heavy metals.

ZEOLITE PHOTOCATALYSTS

Adsorption or coagulation does not eradicate or remove contaminants

entirely. These contaminants are simply concentrated [40]. Photocatalysis
is an interesting approach to eradicate emerging pollutants by oxidation
at ambient temperature and pressure. Photocatalytic processes could be
performed for wastewater remediation with adsorbent by doping the
adsorbent material with metal semiconductor. Integrating these materials
would help achieve the adsorption and decomposition of toxic compounds
by irradiation from ultra-violet (UV) and visible light [35, 40]. Adsorbents
and photocatalysts must be compatible in order for the nanocomposite to
be highly reusable and stable. A hybrid UV system with the semiconductor
material and zeolite for wastewater treatment was investigated [107]. The
unique properties of zeolite, which is biocompatible, mechanically resistant,
inert and capable of lower recombination of the electron–hole process, would
significantly contribute to pollutant adsorption and swift recombination of
photogenerated electrons in a hybrid adsorbent–photocatalyst application
[40]. The adsorption capability of the hybrid adsorbent-photocatalyst of
zeolite and semiconductor materials could be further enhanced by increasing
the surface area and incorporating nanomaterial adsorbents, such as
graphene and graphene oxide. This process would increase the pollutant’s
concentration on the photocatalytic surface and promote the active sites for
photocatalytic activity.

192
 Vol. 18, No. 2, Sept 2021

Semiconducting materials, such as zinc oxide and titanium oxide, are

employed in photocatalyst techniques because of their capacity to absorb
light and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are essential for
pollutant degradation [108]. Adsorption and photocatalysis are two different
processes used to treat various types of wastes, such as heavy metals and
pharmaceutical wastes. The most frequently investigated compound for
photocatalyst application is titanium dioxide (TiO2), a non-toxic, biologically
safe, readily usable and inexpensive metal oxide [109–111]. With its unique
framework of Al-O units, zeolite could be integrated as an adsorbent into
the photocatalytic composite.

DESORPTION AND REGENERATION OF ZEOLITE

Zeolite offers a formidable advantage compared with other adsorbents

because of its tunable physicochemical properties and the possibility of
being regenerated without significant loss of performance at relatively low
temperatures [112]. Once the potential for the adsorption of zeolite has
been depleted and reach the saturation point, zeolite could be disposed or
reused. Potential reuse options of saturated zeolite are considerable options
for viable use of zeolite in the industry for wastewater treatment. Disposal
of zeolite into a landfill site depends on the material adsorbed, which may
contain nutrients, and zeolite could be exploited for agricultural purposes,
such as fertilizer or soil conditioner [113]. However, when estimating the
benefits of using zeolite in other sectors, such as agriculture, the possible
accumulation of unwanted pollutants, e.g. heavy metals, should be
considered [114, 115]. Moreover, heavy metals and organic waste inside
wastewater could be recovered through the regeneration of the used zeolite
to prevent hazardous chemicals from being released into the environment
[116].

Regeneration of zeolite by chemical processing is an option. However,

pollutant desorption is required to make the process more cost-effective and
environmentally acceptable. Several regeneration methods, including wet
air oxidation as well as chemical and thermal regeneration, are applicable
[117]. Zeolite exchangeable ionic sites could be regenerated simply by
washing it with another strong cation solution because the ions exchanged
on the zeolites are loosely held [118, 119]. Chemical regeneration can be

193
Scientific Research Journal

conducted using chemical saturation of brine and salts, such as alkali sodium
chloride solution (NaCl) [120] and potassium chloride (KCl) [85] and
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) [121] and via saturation of mineral acids by using
sulfuric, hydrochloric [85], nitric, acetic and ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acids, which are chelating agents [122]. The use of NaCl solution has been
carried out to regenerate and replace contaminants, such as ammonium
ion, from exhausted zeolite, so the vacant sites can be used for another
ammonium ion exchange [123]. The process is essential for the recovery
and removal of nitrogen from wastewater. Optimal NaCl should be used
under neutral pH [124]. The combination of 1 M KCl and 1 M HCl acidified
to pH 4.0 was used to desorb Gd(III) from zeolite [85]. Organic desorption
from the zeolite surface by using stearyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride
(SDBAC) was investigated under different pH levels of aqueous solutions
and ionic strengths over certain periods [65].

Nevertheless, no quantitative data on the renewability of zeolite is

available in the literature. In this regard, more research is needed to address
the principal shortcomings of zeolite in alkaline chemical regeneration as
well as the sustainability of zeolite.

Zeolite regeneration by ozone has been explored for ammoniacal

nitrogen removal. However, ozone did not fully recover the adsorption
ability of saturated zeolite given that the zeolite performance efficiency
decreased by approximately 18%. For phosphate or phosphorus contaminant,
ozone shows promising potential for zeolite regeneration methods that
allow the use of zeolite for few adsorption cycles [125]. Physiochemical
and mechanical regeneration can also be used to regenerate exhausted
zeolite by the evolution of Fenton-like reaction, thermal treatments, solvent
extraction, photolysis, mechanical shaking and air stripping [123, 126].
All these methods, however, are costly. Another alternative is to use the
combination of adsorbent and photocatalyst materials, a new technology
that can eliminate contaminants’ complete mineralisation of adsorbed
species. [127]. For example, a study by Fanourakis et al. [35] showed
that the combination of clay-based adsorbent (made of zeolite) could be
utilised to treat emerging pharmaceutical contaminants by photocatalysis
with the combination of nanomaterials (graphene or carbon nanotube) and
adsorbent materials.

194
 Vol. 18, No. 2, Sept 2021

CONCLUSION

The review reports the capability of zeolite in wastewater treatment.

The efficacy of wastewater treatment methods is determined by the final
discharge requirement and the type of pollutant to be treated. A variety of
approaches and techniques are being investigated by industry and academe
to discover a new way to handle wastewater more directly and safely.
Natural zeolite has the ability to absorb pollutants, and its properties and
capability could be further improved with further modification such as via
modification such as acid and surfactant as well as hybrid system. Many
studies were conducted on the use of zeolites as adsorbents in water and
wastewater treatment, their properties and potential alteration of natural
zeolites. Research and application of zeolites are still active and critical
areas that merit consideration and deliver exciting prospects. The review has
shown that specific modification on zeolite improved the adsorption as well
as the treatment strategies that would cover larger spectrum of pollutants in
waste-water. Various technologies and methods are still being investigated
by companies and academe to find a novel solution towards a more simple
and efficient wastewater treatment.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors wish to express their gratitude and appreciation for the
financial support from Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia for the Internal
Grant (Reference Number: (PPPI/KGI/0119/051000/16519). The support
from Kolej Genius Insan and Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia is
also acknowledged.

REFERENCES

[1] Crini, G., Lichtfouse, E., Wilson, L.D., and Morin, N., 2019.
Conventional and non‑conventional adsorbents for wastewater
treatment. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 17 (1), pp. 195–213,
[Link]

195
Scientific Research Journal

[2] Calabrò, P.S., Bilardi, S., and Moraci, N., 2021. Advancements in
the use of filtration materials for the removal of heavy metals from
multicontaminated solutions. Current Opinion in Environmental
Science & Health, 20, pp. 100241, [Link]
coesh.2021.100241

[3] Chen, X., Yu, L., Zou, S., Xiao, L., and Fan, J., 2020. Zeolite Cotton
in Tube : A Simple Robust Household Water Treatment Filter for
Heavy Metal Removal. Scientific Reports, 10, pp. 4719, [Link]
org/10.1038/s41598-020-61776-8

[4] Hembach, N., Alexander, J., Hiller, C., Wieland, A., and Schwartz, T.,
2019. Dissemination prevention of antibiotic resistant and facultative
pathogenic bacteria by ultrafiltration and ozone treatment at an urban
wastewater treatment plant. Scientific Reports, 9(1), pp. 12843, https://
[Link]/10.1038/s41598-019-49263-1

[5] Gupta, R.K., Dunderdale, G.J., England, M.W., and Hozumi, A.,
2017. Oil/water separation techniques: a review of recent progresses
and future directions. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 5(31), pp.
16025–16058, [Link]

[6] Pećarević, M., Mikuš, J., Prusina, I., Juretić, H., Bratoš Cetinić, A.,
and Brailo, M., 2018. New role of hydrocyclone in ballast water
treatment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 188, pp. 339–346, https://
[Link]/10.1016/[Link].2018.03.299

[7] Pérez-Calderón, J., Santos, M. V, and Zaritzky, N., 2018. Optimal

clarification of emulsified oily wastewater using a surfactant/chitosan
biopolymer. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 6(4),
pp. 3808–3818, [Link]

[8] Kyzas, G.Z. and Matis, K.A., 2018. Flotation in water and wastewater
treatment. Processes, 6(8), p.116, [Link]

[9] Margeta, K., Logar, N.Z., Šiljeg, M. and Farkaš, A., 2013. Natural
zeolites in water treatment–how effective is their use. Water Treatment,
5, pp.81-112. DOI: 10.5772/50738

196
 Vol. 18, No. 2, Sept 2021

[10] Hosseini Hashemi, M.S., Eslami, F., and Karimzadeh, R., 2019.
Organic contaminants removal from industrial wastewater by CTAB
treated synthetic zeolite Y. Journal of Environmental Management,
233, pp. 785–792, [Link]

[11] Fanta, F.T., Dubale, A.A., Bebizuh, D.F., and Atlabachew, M., 2019.
Copper doped zeolite composite for antimicrobial activity and heavy
metal removal from waste water. BMC Chemistry, 13(1), pp 44, https://
[Link]/10.1186/s13065-019-0563-1

[12] Ivankovic, T., Dikic, J., du Roscoat, S.R., Dekic, S., Hrenovic, J.,
and Ganjto, M., 2019. Removal of emerging pathogenic bacteria
using metal-exchanged natural zeolite bead filter. Water Science
and Technology, 80(6), pp. 1085–1098, [Link]
wst.2019.348

[13] Söylemez, C., Türkmen, İ., and Özen, İ., 2020. Achieving Dual-
Functionality by Surface Coating of Zeolite with Stearic Acid:
Combining Breathability and Odor Control Properties in Polyethylene/
Zeolite Composite Films. Macromolecular Research, 28(12), pp.
1149–1159, [Link]

[14] Keshavarzi, N., Mashayekhy Rad, F., Mace, A., Ansari, F., Akhtar, F.,
Nilsson, U., Berglund, L. and Bergström, L., 2015. Nanocellulose–
zeolite composite films for odor elimination. ACS Applied Materials
& Interfaces, 7(26), pp.14254-14262, [Link]
acsami.5b02252

[15] Chowdhury, S. and Bhattacharyya, K.G., 2018. Use of Cu(II)-

incorporated zeolite Y for decolourization of dyes in water: a case study
with aqueous methylene blue and Congo red. SN Applied Sciences,
1(1), pp. 87, [Link]

[16] Xing, X., Chang, P.H., Lv, G., Jiang, W.T., Jean, J.S., Liao, L. and Li,
Z., 2016. Ionic-liquid-crafted zeolite for the removal of anionic dye
methyl orange. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers,
59, pp.237-243, [Link]

197
Scientific Research Journal

[17] Ratios, A., 2019. Sorption of Pb (II) from Aqueous Solutions by Acid-
Modified Clinoptilolite-Rich Tuffs with Different Si/Al Ratios. Applied
Sciences, 9(12), pp. 2415, [Link]

[18] Król, M., 2020. Natural vs. Synthetic Zeolites. Crystals, 10(7), pp.
662, [Link]

[19] Solihat, I., Sulistiawaty, L., Syaifie, P.H., and Taufiq, A., 2020.
Removal of Cu metals from wastewater by adsorption using synthetic
zeolites from rice husk and corncob. Molekul, 15(2), pp. 105–113,
[Link]

[20] Moshoeshoe, M., Silas Nadiye-Tabbiruka, M., and Obuseng, V., 2017.
A Review of the Chemistry, Structure, Properties and Applications
of Zeolites. American Journal of Materials Science, 2017(5), pp.
196–221, [Link]

[21] Rocha, L.C.C. and Zuquette, L.V., 2020. Evaluation of zeolite as a

potential reactive medium in a permeable reactive barrier (PRB):
batch and column studies. Geosciences, 10(2), pp.59, [Link]
org/10.3390/geosciences10020059

[22] Mahmoodi, N.M. and Saffar-Dastgerdi, M.H., 2019, Zeolite

nanoparticle as a superior adsorbent with high capacity: Synthesis,
surface modification and pollutant adsorption ability from wastewater.
Microchemical Journal, 145, pp. 74–83, [Link]
microc.2018.10.018

[23] Borji, H., Ayoub, G.M., Bilbeisi, R., Nassar, N., and Malaeb, L., 2020.
How Effective Are Nanomaterials for the Removal of Heavy Metals
from Water and Wastewater? Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 231(7), pp.
330, [Link]

[24] Munthali, M.W., Elsheikh, M.A., Johan, E., and Matsue, N., 2014.
Proton adsorption selectivity of zeolites in aqueous media: Effect of
Si/Al ratio of zeolites. Molecules, 19(12), pp. 20468–20481, https://
[Link]/10.3390/molecules191220468

198
 Vol. 18, No. 2, Sept 2021

[25] Elsheikh, A.F., Kalthom, U., and Zainab, A., 2017. Investigations
on humic acid removal from water using surfactant-modified zeolite
as adsorbent in a fixed-bed reactor. Applied Water Science, 7(6), pp.
2843–2856, [Link]

[26] Takuya, M., Norifumi, T., Koki, T., Atsushi, S., and Masatoshi, E.,
2018. Adsorption/Desorption Characteristics of Cesium Ions on
Natural and Synthetic Minerals. Journal of Ion Exchange, 29(1), pp.
9–15, [Link]

[27] Nguyen, M.L. and Tanner, C.C., 1998. Ammonium removal from
wastewaters using natural New Zealand zeolites. New Zealand Journal
of Agricultural Research, 41, pp. 427–446, [Link]
0288233.1998.9513328

[28] Alvarez-garcía, S., Ramírez-garcía, J.J., Granados-, F., Sánchez-

meza, J.C., Ramírez-garcía, J.J., and Granados-, F., 2020. Structural
and textural influences of surfactant-modified zeolitic materials over
the methamidophos adsorption behavior. Separation Science and
Technology, 55(4), pp. 619–634, [Link]
019.1568476

[29] Wu, Y., Chang, C., Guan, C., Chang, C., and Li, J., 2019. Enhanced
removal of ammonium from the aqueous solution using a high-
gravity rotating packed bed loaded with clinoptilolite. Separation and
Purification Technology, 221, pp. 378–384, [Link]
seppur.2019.04.015

[30] Inglezakis, V.J. and Grigoropoulou, H., 2004. Effects of operating

conditions on the removal of heavy metals by zeolite in fixed bed
reactors. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 112(1-2), pp.37-43, https://
[Link]/10.1016/[Link].2004.02.052

[31] Azhar, M., Hamid, A., Aziz, H.A., Su, M., and Rezan, S.A., 2020.
Optimization and Analysis of Zeolite Augmented Electrocoagulation
Process in the Reduction of High-Strength Ammonia in Saline Landfill
Leachate. Water, 12, pp. 247, [Link]

199
Scientific Research Journal

[32] Ranck, J.M., Bowman, R.S., Weeber, J.L., Katz, L.E., and Sullivan,
E.J., 2003. BTEX Removal from Produced Water Using Surfactant-
Modified Zeolite. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 131(3), pp.
434-442.

[33] Crini, G., Lichtfouse, E., Crini, G., and Advantages, E.L., 2019.
Advantages and disadvantages of techniques used for wastewater
treatment. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 17(1), pp. 145–155,
[Link]

[34] Thanekar, P. and Gogate, P., 2018. Application of hydrodynamic

cavitation reactors for treatment of wastewater containing organic
pollutants: Intensification using hybrid approaches. Fluids, 3(4), pP.98,
[Link]

[35] Fanourakis, S.K., Peña-Bahamonde, J., Bandara, P.C., and Rodrigues,

D.F., 2020. Nano-based adsorbent and photocatalyst use for
pharmaceutical contaminant removal during indirect potable water
reuse. NPJ Clean Water, 3(1), PP1, [Link]
019-0048-8

[36] Guzel, P., Aydın, Y.A. and Aksoy, N.D., 2016. Removal of chromate
from wastewater using amine-based-surfactant-modified clinoptilolite.
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,
13(5), pp.1277-1288, [Link]

[37] Sayed, M.A.A. and Khater, M.S., 2013. Removing Cadmium and lead
From Wastewater Using Natural Zeolite Isotherm models. Middle East
Journal of Applied Sciences, 3(3), pp. 98–104.

[38] Camacho, L.M., Parra, R.R., and Deng, S., 2011. Arsenic removal from
groundwater by MnO2-modified natural clinoptilolite zeolite: Effects
of pH and initial feed concentration. Journal of Hazardous Materials,
189(1–2), pp. 286–293, [Link]

200
 Vol. 18, No. 2, Sept 2021

[39] Gisi, S. De, Lofrano, G., Grassi, M., and Notarnicola, M., 2016.
Characteristics and adsorption capacities of low-cost sorbents
for wastewater treatment : A review. Sustainable Materials
and Technologies, 9, pp.10–40, [Link]
susmat.2016.06.002

[40] Yahya, N., Aziz, F., Jamaludin, N.A., Mutalib, M.A., Ismail, A.F.,
Salleh, W.N.W., Jaafar, J., Yusof, N. and Ludin, N.A., 2018. A review
of integrated photocatalyst adsorbents for wastewater treatment.
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 6(6), pp.7411-7425,
[Link]

[41] Vasilachi, I.C., Asiminicesei, D.M., Fertu, D.I. and Gavrilescu, M.,
2021. Occurrence and fate of emerging pollutants in water environment
and options for their removal. Water, 13(2), pp.181, [Link]
org/10.3390/w13020181

[42] Rashed, M.N., 2013. Adsorption technique for the removal of organic
pollutants from water and wastewater. Organic Pollutants-Monitoring,
Risk and Treatment, 7, pp.167-194, DOI: 10.5772/54048

[43] Szerement, J., Szatanik-Kloc, A., Jarosz, R., Bajda, T., and Mierzwa-
Hersztek, M., 2021). Contemporary applications of natural and
synthetic zeolites from fly ash in agriculture and environmental
protection. Journal of Cleaner Production, pp. 127461, [Link]
org/10.1016/[Link].2021.127461

[44] Badeenezhad, A., Azhdarpoor, A., and Bahrami, S., 2019. Removal of
methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions by natural clinoptilolite
and clinoptilolite modified by iron oxide nanoparticles. Molecular
Simulation, 45(7), pp. 564–571, [Link]
018.1564077

[45] Safie, N.N. and Zahrim, A.Y., 2021. Recovery of nutrients from
sewage using zeolite-chitosan-biochar adsorbent: Current practices
and perspectives. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 40, pp.
101845, [Link]

201
Scientific Research Journal

[46] Emami Moghaddam, S.A., Harun, R., Mokhtar, M.N., and

Zakaria, R., 2018. Potential of Zeolite and Algae in Biomass
Immobilization. BioMed Research International, 2018, [Link]
org/10.1155/2018/6563196

[47] Huang, T., Yan, M., He, K., Huang, Z., Zeng, G., Chen, A., Peng, M.,
Li, H., Yuan, L. and Chen, G., 2019. Efficient removal of methylene
blue from aqueous solutions using magnetic graphene oxide modified
zeolite. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 543, pp.43-51,
[Link]

[48] Wahono, S.K., Prasetyo, D.J., Jatmiko, T.H., Suwanto, A., Pratiwi,
D. and Vasilev, K., 2019, March. Transformation of mordenite-
clinoptilolite natural zeolite at different calcination temperatures. In
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 251(1),
pp. 012009, [Link]

[49] Huang, Z.H., Ji, Z.Y., Zhao, Y.Y., Liu, J., Li, F., Wang, S.Z. and
Yuan, J.S., 2020. Efficient degradation of 2-methoxyphenol using
heterogeneous-homogeneous synergistic activated persulfate with
modified clinoptilolite + heat. Chemical Engineering Journal, 400,
pp.125863, [Link]

[50] Shi, J., Yang, Z., Dai, H., Lu, X., Peng, L., Tan, X., Shi, L. and
Fahim, R., 2018. Preparation and application of modified zeolites as
adsorbents in wastewater treatment. Water Science and Technology,
2017(3), pp.621-635, [Link]

[51] Abd Aziz, M.S., Malek, N.A.N.N., Ishak, S.N., Hariz, M., Asraf,
A.A.H. and Awaluddin, M.Z.A., 2018. Simultaneous action of
surfactant modified clinoptilolite: Adsorbent of dyes and antibacterial
agent. Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 14(0),
pp.477-481, [Link]

202
 Vol. 18, No. 2, Sept 2021

[52] Rubashvili, I., Eprikashvili, L., Kordzakhia, T., Zautashvili, M.,

and Pirtskhalava, N., 2019. Adsorptive Removal Study of the
Frequently Used Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics -Moxifloxacin and
Norfloxacin from Wastewaters using Natural Zeolites. Mediterranean
Journal of Chemistry, 9(2), pp. 142–154, [Link]
mjc92190921700ar

[53] Kadirbekov, K., Zhambakin, D., Kadirbekov, A. and Imanbekov,

K., 2017. Acid activation of natural zeolite with high content
of iron oxides in creation of selective sorbents and catalysts. In
MATEC Web of Conferences, 96, pp. 00002, [Link]
matecconf/20179600002

[54] Tišler, Z., Hrachovcová, K., Svobodová, E., Šafář, J. and Pelíšková,
L., 2019. Acid and thermal treatment of alkali-activated zeolite foams.
Minerals, 9(12), pp.719, [Link]

[55] Aleksandra, V., Aleksandra, D., Jovan, L., Ana, R.-M., and Magdalena,
T.-Č., 2003. Adsorption of inorganic anionic contaminants on
surfactant modified minerals. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society,
68(11), pp. 833–841, [Link]

[56] Sadat, M., Hashemi, H., Eslami, F., and Karimzadeh, R., 2019. Organic
contaminants removal from industrial wastewater by CTAB treated
synthetic zeolite Y. Journal of Environmental Management, 233, pp.
785–792, [Link]

[57] Ibrahim, K.M., Khoury, H.N., and Tuffaha, R., 2016. Mo and Ni
removal from drinking water using zeolitic tuff from Jordan. Minerals,
6, pp. 116, [Link]

[58] Hedayati, M.S. and Li, L.Y., 2020. Removal of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons from aqueous media using modified clinoptilolite.
Journal of Environmental Management, 273, pp. 111113, [Link]
org/10.1016/[Link].2020.111113

203
Scientific Research Journal

[59] Tran, H.N., Viet, P. Van, and Chao, H.-P., 2018. Surfactant modified
zeolite as amphiphilic and dual-electronic adsorbent for removal
of cationic and oxyanionic metal ions and organic compounds.
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 147, pp. 55–63, [Link]
org/10.1016/[Link].2017.08.027

[60] Krajišnik, D., Milojević, M., Malenović, A., Daković, A., Ibrić, S.,
Savić, S., Dondur, V., Matijašević, S., Radulović, A., Daniels, R.
and Milić, J., 2010. Cationic surfactants-modified natural zeolites:
Improvement of the excipients functionality. Drug Development
and Industrial Pharmacy, 36(10), pp.1215-1224, [Link]
org/10.3109/03639041003695121

[61] Katz, L.E., Kinney, K.A., Bowman, R.S., Sullivan, E.J., Kwon, S.,
Darby, E.B., Chen, L.J. and Altare, C.R., 2006. Treatment of Produced
Water Using a Surfactant Modified Zeolite/Vapor Phase Bioreactor
System. Final Technical Report, University of Texas,

[62] Nezamzadeh-ejhieh, A. and Raja, G., 2013. Modification of

Nanoclinoptilolite Zeolite With Hexadecyltrimethylammonium
Surfactant as an Active Ingredient of Chromate-Selective
Membrane Electrode. Journal of Chemistry, 2013, [Link]
org/10.1155/2013/685290

[63] Jim, M.E. and Medina, D.I., 2017. Use of Surfactant-Modified Zeolites
and Clays for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Water. Water, 9(4),
pp. 235, [Link]

[64] Nezamzadeh-ejhieh, A. and Tavakoli-ghinani, S., 2014. Effect of a

nano-sized natural clinoptilolite modified by the hexadecyltrimethyl
ammonium surfactant on cephalexin drug delivery. Comptes Rendus
- Chimie, 17(1), pp. 49–61, [Link]

[65] Lemic, J., Milošević, S., Vukašinovic, M., Radosavljević-Mihajlović,

A., and Kovačević, D., 2006. Surface modification of a zeolite and
the influence of pH and ionic strength on the desorption of an amine.
Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 71(11), pp. 1161–1172,
[Link]

204
 Vol. 18, No. 2, Sept 2021

[66] de Gennaro, B., Aprea, P., Liguori, B., Galzerano, B., Peluso, A. and
Caputo, D., 2020. Zeolite-rich composite materials for environmental
remediation: arsenic removal from water. Applied Sciences, 10(19),
pp.6939, [Link]

[67] Elysabeth, T., Zulnovri, Ramayanti, G., Setiadi, and Slamet., 2019.
Modification of Lampung and Bayah natural zeolite to enhance the
efficiency of removal of ammonia from wastewater. Asian Journal of
Chemistry, 31(4), pp. 873–878, 10.14233/ajchem.2019.21810

[68] Liang, Z. and Ni, J., 2009. Improving the ammonium ion uptake onto
natural zeolite by using an integrated modification process. Journal
of Hazardous Materials, 166(1), pp. 52–60, [Link]
jhazmat.2008.11.002

[69] Kumar, S. and Jain, S., 2013. History, Introduction, and Kinetics of
Ion Exchange Materials. Journal of Chemistry, 2013, pp. 957647,
[Link]

[70] Hor, K.Y., Chee, J.M.C., Chong, M.N., Jin, B., Saint, C., Poh, P.E. and
Aryal, R., 2016. Evaluation of physicochemical methods in enhancing
the adsorption performance of natural zeolite as low-cost adsorbent of
methylene blue dye from wastewater. Journal of Cleaner Production,
118, pp.197-209, [Link]

[71] Kusrini, E., Susanto, B.H., Nasution, D.A., Jonathan, R. and Khairul,
W.M., 2017, July. Removal of mercury in liquid hydrocarbons using
zeolites modified with chitosan and magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 75 (1), pp.
012010, [Link]

[72] He, K., Chen, Y., Tang, Z., and Hu, Y., 2016. Removal of heavy
metal ions from aqueous solution by zeolite synthesized from fly ash.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(3), pp. 2778–2788,
[Link]

205
Scientific Research Journal

[73] Khodadadi, M., Malekpour, A., and Ansaritabar, M., 2017. Removal
of Pb ( II ) and Cu ( II ) from aqueous solutions by NaA zeolite coated
magnetic nanoparticles and optimization of method using experimental
design. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 248, pp. 256–265,
[Link]

[74] Buthiyappan, A., Abdul Aziz, A.R., and Wan Daud, W.M.A., 2016.
Recent advances and prospects of catalytic advanced oxidation process
in treating textile effluents. Reviews in Chemical Engineering, 32(1),
pp. 1–47, [Link]

[75] Kuntubek, A., Kinayat, N., Meiramkulova, K., Poulopoulos, S.G., Bear,
J.C. and Inglezakis, V.J., 2020. Catalytic oxidation of methylene blue
by use of natural zeolite-based silver and magnetite nanocomposites.
Processes, 8(4), pp.471, [Link]

[76] Toommee, S. and Pratumpong, P., 2018. PEG-template for surface

modification of zeolite: A convenient material to the design of
polypropylene based composite for packaging films. Results in
Physics, 9, pp. 71–77, [Link]

[77] Javed, I., Al-Sabahi, J.N., Nadeem, F., and Jilani, M.I., 2018.
Adsorption of Dyes through Bentonite and Zeolite Based Composite
Materials – A Comprehensive Review. International Journal of
Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, 13, pp. 58–69

[78] Wasielewski, S., Rott, E., Minke, R., and Steinmetz, H., 2018.
Evaluation of different clinoptilolite zeolites as adsorbent for
ammonium removal from highly concentrated synthetic wastewater.
Water (Switzerland), 10(5), pp.1–17, [Link]
w10050584

[79] Sacco, O., Vaiano, V., and Matarangolo, M., 2018. ZnO supported
on zeolite pellets as efficient catalytic system for the removal
of caffeine by adsorption and photocatalysis. Separation and
Purification Technology, 193, pp. 303–310, [Link]
seppur.2017.10.056

206
 Vol. 18, No. 2, Sept 2021

[80] Aloulou, H., Ghorbel, A., Aloulou, W., Ben Amar, R., and Khemakhem,
S., 2021. Removal of fluoride ions (F−) from aqueous solutions using
modified Turkish zeolite with quaternary ammonium. Environmental
Technology, 42(9), pp. 1353–1365, [Link]
.2019.1668863

[81] Sarioglu, M., 2005. Removal of ammonium from municipal

wastewater using natural Turkish (Dogantepe) zeolite. Separation and
Purification Technology, 41(1), pp. 1–11, [Link]
seppur.2004.03.008

[82] Shavandi, M.A., Haddadian, Z., Ismail, M.H.S., Abdullah, N., and
Abidin, Z.Z., 2012. Removal of Residual Oils from Palm Oil Mill
Effluent by Adsorption on Natural Zeolite. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution,
223(7), pp. 4017–4027, [Link]

[83] Guaya, D., Valderrama, C., Farran, A., Armijos, C., and Luis,
J., 2015. Simultaneous phosphate and ammonium removal from
aqueous solution by a hydrated aluminum oxide modified natural
zeolite. Chemical Engineering Journal, 271, pp. 204–213, [Link]
org/10.1016/[Link].2015.03.003

[84] Kragović, M., Pašalić, S., Marković, M., Petrović, M., Nedeljković,
B., Momčilović, M. and Stojmenović, M., 2018. Natural and modified
zeolite—alginate composites. Application for removal of heavy metal
cations from contaminated water solutions. Minerals, 8(1), p.11,
[Link]

[85] Stashkiv, O., Vasylechko, V., and Gryshchouk, G., 2019. Sorption
of Gadolinium on Acid-Modified Clinoptilolite. Voprosy Khimii i
Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, 6, pp. 197–204, DOI: 10.32434/0321-
4095-2019-127-6-197-204

[86] Kim, D.W., Han, H., Kim, H., Guo, X., and Tsapatsis, M., 2018.
Preparation of a graphene oxide/faujasite composite adsorbent.
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 268, pp. 243–250, https://
[Link]/10.1016/[Link].2018.04.034

207
Scientific Research Journal

[87] Silva, M.R., Lecus, A., Gajdardziska-Josifovska, M., Schofield, M.,

Virnoche, M., Chang, J., Chen, J. and Garman, D., 2020. Graphene-
oxide loading on natural zeolite particles for enhancement of
adsorption properties. RSC Advances, 10(8), pp.4589-4597, DOI:
10.1039/C9RA00572B

[88] Konale, R.A., Mahale, N.K., and Ingle, S.T., 2020. Nano-zeolite-
graphene oxide composite for calcium hardness removal: isotherm and
kinetic study. Water Practice and Technology, 15(4), pp. 1011–1031,
[Link]

[89] Choi, H.-J., Yu, S.-W., and Kim, K.H., 2016. Efficient use of Mg-
modified zeolite in the treatment of aqueous solution contaminated
with heavy metal toxic ions. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of
Chemical Engineers, 63, pp. 482–489, [Link]
jtice.2016.03.005

[90] Guo, J., Du, J., Chen, P., Huang, X., and Chen, Q., 2018. Enhanced
efficiency of swine wastewater treatment by the composite of
modified zeolite and a bioflocculant enriched from biological sludge.
Environmental Technology, 39(23), pp. 3096–3103, [Link]
0.1080/09593330.2017.1375017

[91] Cheng, Q., Li, H., Xu, Y., Chen, S., Liao, Y., Deng, F. and Li, J., 2017.
Study on the adsorption of nitrogen and phosphorus from biogas slurry
by NaCl-modified zeolite. PloS One, 12(5), pp.e0176109, [Link]
org/10.1371/[Link].0176109

[92] Stela, D.E., Valentina, D.M., and Shankar, G., 2015. Recent
Developments in Composite Biosorbents and their Applications
for Wastewater Treatment. Research Journal of Chemistry and
Environment, 19(11), pp. 42–58

[93] Płaza, A., Kołodyńska, D., Hałas, P., Gęca, M., Franus, M., and
Hubicki, Z., 2017. The zeolite modified by chitosan as an adsorbent
for environmental applications. Adsorption Science & Technology,
35(9–10), pp. 834–844, [Link]

208
 Vol. 18, No. 2, Sept 2021

[94] Khatamian, M., Khodakarampoor, N., and Saket-Oskoui, M., 2017.

Efficient removal of arsenic using graphene-zeolite based composites.
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 498, pp. 433—441, https://
[Link]/10.1016/[Link].2017.03.052

[95] Abu-Nada, A., McKay, G., and Abdala, A., 2020. Recent Advances in
Applications of Hybrid Graphene Materials for Metals Removal from
Wastewater. Nanomaterials, 10(3), pp. 595, [Link]
nano10030595

[96] Chen, D., Wang, L., Ma, Y., and Yang, W., 2016. Super-adsorbent
material based on functional polymer particles with a multilevel
porous structure. NPG Asia Materials, 8(8), e301–e301, [Link]
org/10.1038/am.2016.117

[97] Gu, S., Kang, X., Wang, L., Lichtfouse, E., and Wang, C., 2019. Clay
mineral adsorbents for heavy metal removal from wastewater: A
review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 17(2), pp. 629–654, https://
[Link]/10.1007/s10311-018-0813-9

[98] Xie, J., Li, C., Chi, L., and Wu, D., 2013. Chitosan modified zeolite as
a versatile adsorbent for the removal of different pollutants from water.
Fuel, 103, pp. 480–485, [Link]

[99] Dharupaneedi, S.P., Nataraj, S.K., Nadagouda, M., Reddy, K.R., Shukla,
S.S., and Aminabhavi, T.M., 2019. Membrane-based separation of
potential emerging pollutants. Separation and Purification Technology,
210, 850–866, [Link]

[100]Adam, M.R., Salleh, N.M., Othman, M.H.D., Matsuura, T., Ali,

M.H., Puteh, M.H., Ismail, A.F., Rahman, M.A. and Jaafar, J., 2018.
The adsorptive removal of chromium (VI) in aqueous solution by
novel natural zeolite based hollow fibre ceramic membrane. Journal
of Environmental Management, 224, pp.252-262, [Link]
org/10.1016/[Link].2018.07.043

[101]Khulbe, K.C. and Matsuura, T., 2017. Recent Progresses in Preparation

and Characterization of RO Membranes. Journal of Membrane Science
and Research, 3(3), pp. 174–186, DOI: 10.22079/JMSR.2016.22147

209
Scientific Research Journal

[102]Hossein, S., Mehrnia, M.R., Tashauoei, H.R., and Rezaei, M. (2017)

Role of zeolite in reducing membrane fouling in a hybrid membrane
bioreactor system applied for wastewater treatment. Desalination and
Water Treatment, 98, 52–58, DOI: 10.5004/dwt.2017.21673

[103]Izadi, A., Hosseini, M., Darzi, G.N., Bidhendi, G.N., and Shariati, F.P.,
2019. Performance of an integrated fixed bed membrane bioreactor
(FBMBR) applied to pollutant removal from paper-recycling
wastewater. Water Resources and Industry, 21, pp. 100111, https://
[Link]/10.1016/[Link].2019.100111

[104]Yaser Rasouli, Abbasi, M., and Hashemifard, S.A., 2017. Oily

wastewater treatment by adsorption–membrane filtration hybrid
process using powdered activated carbon, natural zeolite powder and
low cost ceramic membranes. Water Science and Technology, 76(4),
pp. 895–908, [Link]

[105]Li, Z., Wang, L., Meng, J., Liu, X., Xu, J., Wang, F., et al., 2018.
Zeolite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron: New findings on
simultaneous adsorption of Cd(II), Pb(II), and As(III) in aqueous
solution and soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials. pp. 344 1–11,
[Link]

[106]Kong, X., Huang, G., Han, Z., Xu, Y., Zhu, M., and Zhang, Z., 2017.
Evaluation of zeolite-supported microscale zero-valent iron as a
potential adsorbent for Cd2+ and Pb2+ removal in permeable reactive
barriers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(15), pp.
13837–13844, [Link]

[107]Apollo, S., Onyongo, M.S., and Ochieng, A., 2014. UV/H2O2/TiO2/

Zeolite Hybrid System for Treatment of Molasses Wastewater. Iranian
Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 33(2), pp.
107–117, DOI: 10.30492/IJCCE.2014.10794

[108]Raizada, P., Sudhaik, A., and Singh, P., 2019. Photocatalytic water
decontamination using graphene and ZnO coupled photocatalysts: A
review. Materials Science for Energy Technologies, 2(3), pp. 509–525,
[Link]

210
 Vol. 18, No. 2, Sept 2021

[109]Moma, J. and Baloyi, J., 2019. Modified titanium dioxide for

photocatalytic applications. Photocatalysts-Applications and
Attributes, 18, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.79374

[110] Nasr, M., Eid, C., Habchi, R., Miele, P., and Bechelany, M., 2018.
Recent Progress on Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic
Applications. ChemSusChem, 11(18), pp. 3023–3047, DOI : 10.1002/
cssc.201800874

[111]Meriam Suhaimy, S.H., Lai, C.W., Tajuddin, H.A., Samsudin, E.M.

and Johan, M.R., 2018. Impact of TiO2 nanotubes’ morphology on the
photocatalytic degradation of simazine pollutant. Materials, 11(11),
pp..2066, [Link]

[112]Ezzeddine, Z., Batonneau-Gener, I., Pouilloux, Y., Hamad, H. and

Saad, Z., 2018. Synthetic nax zeolite as a very efficient heavy metals
sorbent in batch and dynamic conditions. Colloids and Interfaces,
2(2), pp.22, [Link]

[113]Cieśla, J., Franus, W., Franus, M., Kedziora, K., Gluszczyk, J.,
Szerement, J. and Jozefaciuk, G., 2019. Environmental-friendly
modifications of zeolite to increase its sorption and anion exchange
properties, physicochemical studies of the modified materials.
Materials, 12(19), pp.3213, [Link]

[114]Singh, J., Kalamdhad, A.S. and Lee, B.K., 2016. Effects of Natural
Zeolites on Bioavailability and Leachability of Heavy Metals in
the Composting Process of Biodegradable Wastes. Zeolites: Useful
Minerals, pp.185, [Link]

[115]Stefanakis, A.I. and Tsihrintzis, V.A., 2012. Use of zeolite and bauxite
as filter media treating the effluent of Vertical Flow Constructed
Wetlands. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 155, pp.106–116,
[Link]

[116] Huang, X., Guida, S., Jefferson, B., and Soares, A., 2020. Economic
evaluation of ion-exchange processes for nutrient removal and
recovery from municipal wastewater. NPJ Clean Water, 3(1), p. 7.
[Link]

211
Scientific Research Journal

[117]Shah, I.K., Pre, P., and Alappat, B.J. (2013) Steam regeneration of
adsorbents: an experimental and technical review. Chem. Sci. Trans,
2(4), pp. 1078–1088, DOI:10.7598/cst2013.545

[118]Sukor, A., Azira, A.Z.A., and Husni, M.H.A., 2017. Determination

of cation exchange capacity of natural zeolite: A revisit. Malaysian
Journal of Soil Science, 21, pp. 105–112

[119]Pabalan, R.T. and Bertetti, F.P., 2001. Cation-exchange properties of

natural zeolites. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 45(1),
pp.453-518. [Link]

[120]Langwaldt, J., 2007. Ammonium Removal From Water by Eight Natural

Zeolites: A Comparative Study. Separation Science and Technology,
43(8), pp. 2166–2182. [Link]

[121]Liu, S., Zhang, W., Tan, X., Zhao, F., Huang, W., Du, H., Goodman,
B.A., Lei, F. and Diao, K., 2018. Performance of a zeolite modified
with N, N-dimethyl dehydroabietylamine oxide (DAAO) for
adsorption of humic acid assessed in batch and fixed bed columns.
RSC Advances, 8(16), pp.9006-9016. DOI: 10.1039/C8RA00166A

[122]Lata, S., Singh, P.K. and Samadder, S.R., 2015. Regeneration of

adsorbents and recovery of heavy metals: A review. International
Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12(4), pp.1461-
1478. [Link]

[123]Deng, Q., Elbeshbishy, E., and Lee, H.-S., 2016. Simultaneous

regeneration of exhausted zeolite and nitrogen recovery using an air
stripping method at alkaline pH. Water Quality Research Journal of
Canada, 51(4), p 321. [Link]

[124] Qiaosi, D., 2014. Ammonia Removal and Recovery from Wastewater
Using Natural Zeolite: An Integrated System for Regeneration by
Air Stripping Followed Ion Exchange, "Master Thesis", University
of Waterloo

212
 Vol. 18, No. 2, Sept 2021

[125] Urminská, B., Derco, J., Zakhar, R., and Korpicsová, A., 2019. Use
of zeolites for macronutrients removal from wastewater. Acta Chimica
Slovaca. 12(1), pp. 150–161. DOI:10.2478/acs-2019-0021

[126]Braschi, I., Blasioli, S., Buscaroli, E., Montecchio, D., and Martucci,
A., 2016. Physicochemical regeneration of high silica zeolite Y used
to clean-up water polluted with sulfonamide antibiotics. Journal of
Environmental Sciences, 43, pp. 302–312. [Link]
jes.2015.07.017

[127]Sacco, O., Vaiano, V. and Matarangolo, M., 2018. ZnO supported

on zeolite pellets as efficient catalytic system for the removal
of caffeine by adsorption and photocatalysis. Separation and
Purification Technology, 193, pp. 303-310. [Link]
seppur.2017.10.056

213