Definition: Let P be an
order set and GeP
a
down-set (altenative terms include
dee reasing set and or der
ideal) if, whenever
XEQ, yep an d
y<X, we have yeQ
a
up-set (alterna tive terms
inereasing set and or der
arle
fil ter) if.
whenevert yEP and
y7X,we tave
9EPI
3yePI (9xe a)
The ordered set
OP) of down- sets
The family of al
denoted by op)
down-sets of P
Example&
Thie sets e, fa,b, e,d,ey, ia,b, d.
"The
are all down-sets.
be " The
Set b,d.e is not down
we
have down-set;
" Ihe Set
Jjb.d,ey fa, b,e,d,ey
fe. P.3} is an up- Set
but fa,b, d, fy is not .
Sublattiee Let L be a laice and #MeL.
Then M is a Subla tice of L if
a,beM implies avbeM
and anb e M
Example-: Any one-element subset of a la tiee
IS a
Subla tiee.
Example 2:
Gi)
In the
diaqram, the shaded elements in
latices i) and (i) form Subla tiees but (ii) dongt
Sdeali Let L be a
la ttiee, AA
T of L is called and ideal
nonempty
if
subset
æ) a,be o implies avbeJ
() ael, béJ
beJ and acb
imply aeJ
Example:
Shaded elements Shaded elements shaded elements
an ideal
not an ideal mot an ideal.
Filter A non-empty subset G of L is called
a
filter ef if
d) a,be G
mplies anbE G
aEL, beG and azb imply aeG
An ideal
filter 1s called Proper if
it does not eoincide with L.
For eaeh ael, then Set J a is an
jdea), t is known as the
prineipal ideal
gene nated
Dually, a is principad filter
a
Simply CaJ -fxeL |* sat is called the
prcineipal ideal generatod by a
Examples
Here
a =fa,o, so (a] -fa,oy cohich
is a
by a.
Prineipal ideal gensra ted
Jd-fd,a, b, oy, so
1s
(d] jd,4, b,o
by
a
.
prineipal ideal ge nepated
Theorem: theAny Jdeal J of L iss a
Sublattice but
ConveSe not t Ue
Let 1 be an jdeal of a
Also La tice L.
let a, beI. Then by deinition
defini tion.
avbeI and ae I, beJ and
anb <a ’ anbe ]
Henee 1 is a subla ttiee of the La
ttice L.
To PROve the Becond pant
counter example -s
we
considen a
4
Let 1- b,1t.Then JCL.
Moreoven, I is a
Sublatice Since
bA1= bei
and bv1 = 161
But J is not an Sdeal of T, Sinee beI,
and o41.
Przime 1deal and Prime Flters
A
ProPeR ideal P of L is Baid to be
prime ideal f
a,b EL and an b EP
implies that either aep bep
A
Proper Filter P of L is
prime said to be
flten if a,beL and avb e P
implies that either ae P beP
In fiqure, I is an Jdeal and P is a
prime ldea! Note that I not prime
Hormomor phism: Let L and k be laices. A
map ':LK is said to be a homomor phism
f is jon and meet preser ving i,e.
i,e. for all a,beL
f (avb)= f(a) v f(b)
f (aab)- f(a) n f(b)
Jso mor phism: Let <L i A, V> and <L,iA, V>
v> be
two latices. Then +he map
P:Ly ’Le is called
an
isomorphism if
is homomorr phism .
one-to-One and onto.
that is, adieetive
homomorphism is an
isomonph'sm
Automorphism: An isomon phism of a latice
with
itself i caled auto morphism.
Endomonphism: An homo mor phism of a lattiee into
tself is called endomorphism.
Example; 1 Here f (avb) f(a) - 1
and fa) vf(b) =1VO= 1
aa
Also f(anb) = f0) = 0
and f(a) Af(b)= 1A0 =0
Henee f of figure-1 is homomorghin
fiqune-1
Proe that if f is a latHice homomorphism
then,
f(o)= 0 and f(1)-1
Proof of fo)= o8
4n a laHice, he least ele ment satisties
for al a
Hene
f(aao)-f(o)
and
f (a ao) = f(a) a
fo) Sinee f is a
Thus f(o) -f () homomor phism.
this implies that, Af(b)
this holds fo all fo) <f(a), for all a. a Sinee
m
must be the
f.f, that is
elements of a. so fo)
least element in the
f(o)- o Range of
To Show fu)= 1 8
The greatest element
sa tisfles
avi-1, for all a
Applying homomor, phism
f(avi) - f(1) property,
and f (av): fa) v fa)
f()= f(a) v f()
This implies f()>fa)
Sinee this holds for all
elements of a. So f() must be he grea
grreatest
element in the image of f that is fu)=1
Let t:L’K be a
homomor phism . Then prove that
f" (o)=eLI fo) -q is a ideal
and
BxeLI f)= 1 is a frlter
Proof: 1st part
Lef f: Lk be a homom orphism and I- f")
4f f(o) =0, then J is an Ide al.
Since f(o)= o, We have
Again Jet a, be ]=f(0),hen
fa)= 0
f(b)= 0
Now, O= 0VO
’0-fla) vf(b)
’0= fla vb) [By homomonphis m propenty ]
.". avb EI= f(o)
Also, if ae l- f(o), xel with Xsa, then
»f()- f(ana)
’ f ) f ) af(a)
’ f(x) = f() O= 0
.".XEI f(0)
Henee is an 3deal.
2nd pant:
let f: LK be a homomon phism and J- f )
4 P(1)=1, then J is a prime
Sinee f(u)= 1, we have 1e3- f1)
Again let a, beg f(1), then
f(a)= 1
and fb)= 1
Now
1- 1^1 = f(a) A f (b) = f(anb)
So anbeJ=f' (1)
Als0 if ac J=f(), xeL with xza
then X=X Va
’ f() = f(x va )= f)v fa) =f)V-1
Hence TiS a f:lter.
Iheore m: Eveny tdel of a latice L is prtime
iff L s a chain. a
Proof: Let 1 be prime ideal of a Jattice
L. Consider
J- (zAY]
So, J x,4eL so AyEL
We have
(xAY is prime.
o show hat.in L for two eleme nt
KyeL is eitherK y%.
Sinee I is prime and
OR YE 1. But
ZAY is the angest element in 1.I.
Thenefore X = XAy
i,e. eithor
y<x
Let L
be a ehain i.e X<y
xsy or
be y<x and
an ideal of L.
We
have to prove that I is prime
Let
XAye1
Thenefore
But L'is a ehain
So, tor any two
eithen elemnts XyeL
This im plies that,
eithere
Hence by lefini hon.. J is prime
1 is a
Proper ideal of L if therce is
homomorphi
that is sm of L onto k
such that qoj-1L
a join
Proof: Let be
Proper
ideal and define
and
Let
9(«)=1
a,bEI
So that then
(a) v and p(b)= o
Since I is a
(b)= oVO = 0
Proper ideal
asbe I ’ So ay ideal then
avbEI
(avb) =o
therefore
Henee q(avb) q(a) vq(b)
a
join- homomorphism.
Convesely. if is a
join-homomorphism of L
a
onto k
and I= (o), +hen for
have as beI,
la)- (b)= 0
Thws 9(avb)= p(a) v
that is o(b) =0vo ==0
|Now if avbeJ
then
tha t is
Ihws
Finally , q is on to thero ferre
1 15 a
prime deal of L f there is a
|homomor phism Pp of LL onto kk wth J= po)
that is -fxeLI )-oy
Prroo': Let J be a przime
ideal and defined
by x) o if
P() =1 if x41
a,b ¬J then
avbEJ
avbeI TSince 1 is also an
Also (a) = ideal]
Now (b)=
a)v P (b) =
0 and
q (avb)= o
Thus oavb) = ovo= 0
i.e. o is a a
q(a) v 9(b)
Again. Jet
join-komo morphism
Since 1 is a,b4I, thon 4(a)= q(b)= 1
PRine anb I
Conseauent(anb)y»
thus
9(anb)= 4
(a) a(b
and oa) nb) =
A9(b) 1A1 - 1
And So is a
meet homomonphism.
There fore is
homomorphis m
Convergaby
L onto k
and Let
be a
homomonphism of
a,b¢1,then
Ihus g(anb)=
q(a)= 1 and lb) =1
Q(a) A9(b) =1A1 =1 and tharefore
anb¢ I
That is, Jis prima.
Prove that a
Sub-laice geneated by two distinct
elements has tw0 o foure elements.
Proof: Lel L be a la Hice and a,b ane two
distinet element of6P L. Then the sublattie e
Jene tated by a,b wil con tain.
the te elements
a,b, anb, avb
Case i! if anb=a anbb ten tha meet
Opena tion does not eontain difenent ele ment
tom a and b ie. anba o b
if
avb=a o avb=b then the jojn opera hon
does not con tain
and b ie, d:ffenent element from a
this avbea or b
ACase
the subla Hice
contain two elements generate d bu
ie. fo, b
by a, b
Case ii: if anb a
b ie meet of a and b
contains aa
diferent ele
element
ment
avb¢ a a
b
and also if
Con tains a ie, goin of a' and
afenent elemant from a & b
Hence, Subla Hice
generta ted by a, b
con ains foue di ffenent ele ments
{o, b, avb, anby
Show that a lafice
latfice L isis a chain
chain iff every
non- void Subset of Lis a Subla tice of L
roof: et L i aa chafn. we want to show
that eveny
non- voíd (non-empty) Subset LL is a
Sublattice of L.
Let us consider, S be oa non-empty Subset
of L i,e,
SCL. Since L is chain So a
for
Oc anA a,be s CL
either asb
if asb then
a= anbes and b= avbeS
or if b<a
then b= anbes and Q= avbes
So, S is
subla tice of L.
Convense ly. Let eveny non-void Subset of L is
a subla iee. We want to
chain. show that
Then for any two
eleynents X,yeL and
sub la tice or LI By
So, XAyES and AYE S
assunpton
Therefore ether
either implies
y<x
Also ether. XVy= inplies
eithe
So, L is a
ehain
Find a meet homo monphism and a jo in
homomorphism which is not a homomonphism.
Soluion ß) A meet homomorphism which is not
homomorphism 1
f: a
L1
L
Here f(anb)= fo) = 0
and
f(avb) = f(u) = 1
f(a) y f(b) = 0v d =d
Ihus f (avb) + f(a) vf)
Thosefore is not homomerphis m,
(ii) A join homomor.phism whieh is not a
homamenphism
. homo
a
not Therforu
flanb)# Thus
1Ae= f(b)= a)
(A f
flo)=0 (aab)- f Now
phism. homomor Join a is f rafore The
f() vfa) f(avb)= :
=1 Vef(b)=
1 f(a)
v
1f(-1) vb) (a fHere
it.
ofideal L\P or
prime
filb prime
ideal. Thun Filer)
xvyP.
a x,ye pzime
yEP.
is xE1P filer. LProv
d]
Let LIP.Then a
L\P X,
an
flter,
ideal.
Prime yePP is
y
Prime
lual
ideal a
Then LIP
be iff ether primeP
is
jdeal.
an (as
xv4e 4eP.
P ideal
prime L\P id eal
and tx implies a that x,
with
is y¢ or yEP
lattice
Prime up with
set. prove pRim
P
be
a and is that Z,yeL
This
implies
ejtherwhich ais
LIp on
p x,4eL
implies
x¢L\P
ftlter. is as an let SuppOse
which L\P
a ais L\P ’
eL\P
t eal. -to n4 pis
a
be Proof:
Let ’¢P ..
LIP
js t, L\P , x,yd\Plet
let fd Convensel
meed
P prove le ’eithe
r
| Pime Now, Next, PItime Henee
yEL\P First NextThen>eithe
r
So
Let Then To We
