CHAPTER 8

Population, Society and culture of Pakistan

SLO Based Notes

Q.1 Four options are given for every question. Mark (*) on the correct option.
1. The Population of Pakistan in 1947 was:
(a) 1.25crore * (b) 2.25 crore (c) 3.25 crore (d) 4.25 crore
2. Higher secondary education courses it:
(a) 2 year * (b) 3 year (c) 4 year (d) 5 year
3. The medical commission in Pakistan was established.
(a) 1951* (b) 1955 (c) 1963 (d) 1965
4. The literacy rate in Pakistan is:
(a) 43% (b) 45% (c) 55% (d) 58%*
5. In the rural areas in Pakistan, the people are:
(a) 50%* (b) 55% (c) 60% (d) 58%
6. The first diwan in Urdu Ghazal was complied by:
(a) Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda
(b) Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutab Shah*
(c) Mir Taqi Mir
(d) Khawaja a Mir Dared
7. In Pakistan the average age is:
(a) 57 Years* (b) 60 Years (c) 65 Years (d)66 Years
8. In Balochistan and its surrounding areas, which local language is spoken?
(a) Balochi* (b) Brahvi (c) Hindko (d) Seraiki

Short questions
Give the short answers
Q.1. Write the names of three major folk tales in the Punjabi language.
Ans. The names of three major folk tales in the Punjabi language are Qissa Heer Ranjha (Waris Shah),
Qissa Sassi Punnu (Hashim Shah), Qissa Mirza Sahiban (Hafiz Barkhurdar), Qissa Sohni Manhiwaal (Fazal
SHah) etc.
Q. 2. What is meant by university education?
Ans. An education which is o/ acquird after the secondary school level is called university education.
In Pakistan after Higher Secondary the University education commences. Many universities in the
country have been established for education at this level. There are many types of university education.
this education includes the degrees of B.A,B.S.C, M.A and M.S.c.
Q.3 What is meant by rural and urban distribution of population?
Ans. If the people live in villages this population is called rural population. If the people live in towns
or cities this population is called urban population.
Q.4. Which problems arise because of overpopulation?
Ans. Problems arise because of overpopulation are:
i. Unemployment ii. Educational problems. iii. Law standard of living
iv. Health issues v. Environmental Hazards vi. Decrease in energy resources.
Q.5. What is the role of Rehman Baba in the development of the Pashto language?
Ans. The second great poet of Pashto Literature was Rehman Baba. He was a poet of religious
nature. He was deeply involved in love and mysticism of world’s creation.
Q.6. Who was Hiba Khatoon?
Ans. Hiba Khatoon (1554-1609) was a 16th century Kashmiri Muslim poetess.she is known as
“Nightingale of Kashmir”. She was born in the small village of Chandhara. Her songs are popular in the
Kashmir and she is almost a legendary figure in Kashmiri literature history. She learnt Arabic and Persian
from the religious teachers in her village.
Q.7. Which are the major games of Pakistan?
Ans. The Pakistani teams of cricket, hockey and squash are world famous. The tournaments of
different sports are held at district, divisional, provincial and national level. Polo is extremely popular in
Gilgit and the Northern areas.
Q.8. Explain any five measures adopted by the government to solve academic issues.
Ans. i. Education Facilities: To take certain steps to improve the standard of education,
curriculum should be standardized and examination system should also be raised.
ii. Provision of Standardized Books: To take certain steps to improve the standard of education.
curriculum should be standardized and examination system should also be raised.
iii. Provision of standardized Books: The government should provide the standardized books to the
students and encourage the people to write standard book.
iv. Extra Curricular Activities: Provide extra curricular activities, and ban group politics among the
students in their institutions.
v. Guidance of Subject Selection: Provide the facility of subject selection and guide the students
about their future.

Q.9. What is meant by Density of Population?

Ans: Density of population means the average number of people living in a square kilometer. The
latest facts show that it is in excess of 226 persons per square kilometer.
Q.10. What is the average density population of Pakistan’s provinces?
Ans. In Punjab there is an average of 354 persons per square kilometer, in Baluchistan there is an
average of there is an average of 19 persons per squatter kilometer. In Sindh, the average number of
persons per square kilometer is 213. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, there are on average 236 persons per
square kilometer.
Q.11. What is meant by census?
Ans. Different facts of Population, such as total population and its regional distributions, ratio of rural
and urban population, growth rate, and population per kilometer, education and educational ability and
significant professions of the people etc., are on top. The process of obtaining these facts is called a
census.
Q. 12. What is primary education?
Ans. The education from class one to five is called primary education. Efforts are being made to make
education compulsory so that all children of the required age group can be admitted in schools.
Q. 13. What is middle standard education?
Ans. The education from class IV to VIII is called Middle Standard. Educational Facilities for this level
are being increased so that the children who acquire education up to the primary level can also get the
education up to middle standards.
Q. 14. What is secondary education?
Ans. The education of 9th and 10th class is called secondary education. to increase the educational
facilities at this level, new secondary schools are being opened, some middle schools are upgraded to
secondary school.
Q. 15. What is the main problem of Education department?
Ans. The main problem of education department is that a major part of the population of Pakistan is
not formally educated. The literacy rate is very low. Whereas it is necessary for the progress of the
country that the majority of the population should be technically and formally educated.
Q. 16. How can we overcome the problems of the education department in Pakistan?
Ans. i. Increase to literacy rate by improving the educational facilities.
ii. Necessary steps to raise the standard of education.
iii. Special attention to remove the short comings of the examination system.
iv. Simplification of administrative procedures.
Q. 17. What are the problems that are faced by the Health Sector?
Ans. There is an abundance of diseases and the facilities for treatment are limited and standard.
Another important reason for medical problems in Pakistan is overpopulation, which is much more
comparison in comparison with developed countries.
Q.18. What are the fatal diseases in Pakistan?
Ans. Polio, chicken pox, malaria, tuberculosis, cholera, caner, leprosy, AIDS dengue and other are
those fatal diseases in Pakistan.
Q. 19 Define culture. What are Salient features of Pakistani Culture?
Ans. The customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of racial, religious, or social group are
called culture. Salient features of Pakistani Culture are: -
i. Mixed Culture ii. Religious Uniformity iii. Dress according to Islamic point of view
iv. Social Values v. Food
Q. 20. Write about the social values of Pakistan society:
Ans. In all of the province and areas of Pakistan, excellent and individual social values are found.
Respect for elders, love for the youth and sowing respect for women are our values. People share each
other’s grief and joy.
Q. 21. Which type of the foods is liked in Pakistan?
Ans. Different areas of Pakistan have different foods choices. In the Punjab and Sindh vegetables,
pulses, meat and rice are favorite. In Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa people eat meat, dry and
fresh fruits, wheat, barley and rice.
Q.22. Write down the famous sports of the Pakistan.
Ans. Sports and games are very popular in Pakistan Cricket, hockey and squash teams of Pakistan re
knows as one of the best teams of the world. Tournaments of the games are arranged at district,
divisional, provincial and national level every year.
Q.23. Which Islamic festivals are celebrated in Pakistan?
Ans.
a. Eid-ul-Fitar b. Eid-ul-Azha c. Eid-ul-Milad-ul-Nabi d. Shab-e-Barat e. Shab-e-Miraj
Q. 24. Name five famous Urses and Festivals of Pakistan.
Ans.
a. Annual Festival of Sibbi b. Urs Hazrat Mian Mir Lahore
c. Both re the names of one festival. d. Urs Hazrat Madu Lal Hussain Lahore
e. Horse & Cattle Show Lahore.
Q.25 Write down the names of poets of Punjabi language.
Ans. The names Punjabi poets are given below.
i. Bab Farid Gunj Shakar ii. Baba Nanak iii. Shah Hussain iv. Sultan Bahu
v. Bulley Shah vi. Waris Shah vii. Khwaja Farid viii. Fazal Shah
Q.26. What is meant by National Integration?
Ans. National integration also means to integrate all the social and political groups of a society to
form a nation. For example, many nationalities units were merged in Pakistan nation.
Q. 27. What are the major social problems of Pakistan?
Ans. Inflation, disorderly state of health and cleanliness, illiteracy and ignorance, weak economy and
poverty are the major problems of Pakistan.
Q.28. Write the name of five poets who were prominent in Urdu language.
Ans. Five prominent poets of Urdu Language are:
 i. Mirza Ghalib ii. Allama Iqbal iii. Bahadur Shah Zafar
iv. Amir Khusro v. Mir Taqi Mir vi. Khawaja Mir Dard
Q.29. What message Allama Muhammad Iqbal the poet of the East gives the Muslims through his
poetry?
Ans. Allama Iqbal tried to make the Muslims of South Asia realize that they possessed great cultural
and social heritage. The only solution to their misery (pressure on Islamic values) is that they
faced new situations and difficulties by making themselves weaker. He advised the Muslim to be united.
After Allama Iqbal, progressive movement was started in Urdu Literature, under the influence of
Modern literature.
Q.30. Write down the four prominent poets of the Balochi Language.
Ans. The names of some prominent poets of Balochi language are given below.
i. Gul Khan Naseer ii. Mir Chakar Khan Rind iii. Mast Tawakali
iv. Mulla Zuhair Dashti v. Zahoor Shah Hashmi Vi. Hassan Zindu Mehad

Q. 31. Write the name of five poets of Sindhi language.

Ans. i. Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai ii. Hazrat Suchal Sarmast iii. Mirza Kaleech Baig
iv. Molvi Mallah v. Abu-ul-Hassan Sindhi vi. Makhdum M. Hashim
vii. Sheikh Ayaz
Q. 32 Write down the Topics (Themes) of the Pashto Language.
Ans. The important topics of Pashto Language are:
i. Ishaq-e-Hadiai ii. Ishaq-e-Majazi iii. War iv. Spirituality
v. Nature vi. Prestige vii. Bravery viii.Wahdat-ul-Wajood
Q.33. Write down the work of the five poets of Punjabi Language.
Ans.
i. Main theme of Poetry of Hazrat Baba Fareed Gunj Shakar is love, spirituality and
patriotism.
ii. Sultan Bahu and Madhoo Lal Hussain are Wandat-ul-Wajood, Spirituality and Isha – e-Haqiai
iii. Bulley Shah & Khawaja Fareed wrote about Ishq-e-Hiqiai, Wandat-ul-Wajood & Spirituality
iv. Fazal Shah wrote the folk tale of Sohni Manhiwaal.
v. Waris Shah wrote the folk tale the Heer Ranjha.
Q 34. Write down the topic of the epics of the Balochi Poetry.
Ans. Balochi poetry is of three types epical, love and folk tales. Epics in Balochi have the following
topics:
i. Courage ii. Honour iii. Patience iv. Bravery
Q.35. Write down the famous accents (Dialects) of the Punjabi Language.
Ans. Punjabi has four main accents due to historical and geographical backgrounds. It is called by
different names such as Majhi, Potohari, Chachi, Saraiki, Dhanni and Shah Puri. Majhi is considered to be
the quality accent and is spoken in Lahore, Kasur and its surroundings.
Q.36. What is the role of means of communications in the promotion of national language?
Ans. National and provincial languages make it easy to communicate. It increases the chances of
union and integrity. The mass media and press (radio and TV) also pay pivotal roles. The publicity of
common cultural heritage strengthens the national culture and refines the language. It brings the people
of different areas closer and creates uniformity.
Q.37. What do you know about rights of minorities in Pakistan?
Ans The rights of the minorities have been fully protected in the 1973 constitution of Pakistan.
According to the constitution to the constitution, they have full rights. They have complete liberty to
worship according to their religion, perform customs, transmit and publish their religious principle and
set up their own religious organizations.
Q.38. What did Quaid-e-Azam say about minorities?
Ans. After the partition of India, for minorities to be in once state or the other was inevitable. Every
one of you whether the first, second or last citizen of this state has equal rights, privileges and
obligations. No matter what relation he had with you in, the past, no matter what is his colour, caste
and creed, no matter to what community he belongs share will be no end to the progress you make. In
this state of Pakistan, you are free. Go to your temples, mosques or other places of worship. The running
of the state had nothing to do with the religion, caste, creed or faith you belong to.

Long questions
Growth and Distribution of Population in Pakistan
Q. 1 Write a briefly note on the growth and distribution of population in Pakistan,
Ans. Densely Populated Country: Density of population means the average number of people living
in a square kilometer. Pakistan is a density populated country. According to its population, it is the sixth
largest country in the world with respect to its population.
i. Population of Pakistan: According to the economic Survey of Pakistan 2011-12, the population
of Pakistan is 18 crore, seven lacks. It increases at the rate of 2.03% per annum.
ii. Growth in Population: The growth of population is much higher than its resources, during 2011-
12, the annual rate of population growth was 2.3%, which is much higher than other Asian co8untries
like China, India, Bangladesh and Siri Lanka etc.
iii. Density in Pakistan: In 1998 Pakistan’s population was 13 crore, 23 lakh, and 52 thousand. This
increased to more than 18 crores in 2012.
According to census of 1998 the density of population was 164 persons per square kilometer.
At present is in excess of 226 persons per square kilometer.
iv. 13th largest country in population: According to population survey of Pakistan it is increasing
rapidly. So, it is a densely populated country. In 1950 Pakistan was the 13th largest country in the world if
the rate of growth in population remains the same, by 2050 Pakistan will become the 5th largest country
of the world according to population.
v. Distribution of Population: According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2011-12, important
information about Pakistan’s population is given below.
Population 180.71 million
Urban population 67.55 million
Rural population 113.16 million
Average age of females 66.1 years
Average age of males 64.4 years

vi. Density Different areas of Pakistan: In Pakistan the density of Population is not equal.
According to population the Punjab is the largest province of Pakistan 54% of Pakistan’s population live
in the Punjab. Density in Different areas of Pakistan is given below:
a. Average density of Population in Pakistan is 185 persons per square kilometer.
a. Average density of population in Punjab is 354 persons per square kilometer.
b. Average density of population in Sindh is 213 persons per square kilometer.
c. Average density of population in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is 236 persons per square kilometer.
d. Average density of Population in Baluchistan is 19 persons per square kilometer.
e. Average density of Population in Tribal areas is 125 persons per square kilometer.
f. Average density of population in Islamabad 1137 persons per square kilometer.
Census: To develop a meaningful and successful plan for any country, facts of population should be
available, population growth factor should be kept in mind such as total population and its regional
distribution, ratio of rural and urban population, growth rate, population per kilometer, education and
educational ability and significant professions of the people etc. are on top. The process of knowing
should be top priority these facts is called a census.
The Factors Affecting the Distribution and Density of Population
Q.2. What are the factors affecting the distribution and density of population?
Ans. The factors that affecting the Distribution and Density of Population: All countries have
different distribution and density of population. Some areas are heavily populated; some slightly
populated have average population. Many factors affect the distribution and density of population.
Some factors are natural and some are human. Their details are given below:
i. Geographical factors: Geographical factors always play important effects on density of
population. An area, which has level, soft and fertile land is easy to populate. Here resources and means
of living can be easily obtained by farming and gardening. In such areas, living building houses and
obtaining procuring densely populated the necessities of life is easy. On the other end difficult terrain,
mountains forests, barren and wasteland areas are not suitable for living the plain areas of Pakistan
where the soil is very fertile and cultivable, such as the River Indus Plain, the valleys of Peshawar and
Mardan etc.
ii. Climate: Climate factors also play great effects on density of population. The health of people
living in a suitable climate is goods timely rainfall leads to high agricultural production and ready
availability of food. That is why such areas usually are heavily populated. Large cities in ancient times
grew up near riverbanks.
iii. Density populated areas: Temperate and semi hot climates where there is a lot of rainfall
become densely populated. The climate of our northern mountain ranges is very areas is extremely hot.
That is why these areas are less populated.
iv. Low densely populated areas: The northern areas of the Punjab and Karachi have a temperate
climate so they are densely populated.
v. Mineral Sources: In the, which have costly mineral reserves e.g. coal, iron, oil, gas or costly
stones etc., where there many people earn a livelihood. In such areas there are means of transportation
as well. Near such areas, factories are also entrusted. Large industrial cities came into being therefore
the population increased, like the Potohar Plateau in Pakistan.
vi. Water reserves: Most of the population of the world is living around water reserves, for
example, the largest and most densely populated city, Karachi is located along the coast of the Arabian
Sea. In Punjab and Sindh, cities have sprung up near the rivers. Shortage of water in areas distant form
water reserves leads to less population.
viii. Political and social conditions: The areas, which are heavily populated, have peaceful political
conditions to the people. Social freedom and economic facilities are available. Sometimes for religious,
political or social reasons people are forced to move from one area to another. Like the migration of
millions of Muslims from India to Pakistan at the time of partition who settled in different area of
Pakistan.
Q. 3. Write a note on the rural and urban distribution of Population.
Ans. The Rural and Urban Distribution of Population: According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan
2011-12 one third of the total population of Pakistan lived in cities. Approximately 67-55 million
populations of Pakistan live in cities, while the rest lives in village.
i. Urban Population: Urban population where the average density per square km is 5ooo or more
are enjoying the facilities of civic life. Facilities like electricity, gas, telephone, roads etc. are more but
better in cities than in villages. At present, the population of cities is increasing rapidly. People move to
cities for better facilities of education, medical and livelihood but also for raising their standard of living.
The population of Lahore, Karachi, Faisalabad, Hyderabad, Nawab shah, Rawalpindi and Gujranwala etc.
has increased quickly in the past few years.
ii. Rural population: Rural population can define as the people who live in small villages and far
from areas where civic scarce amenities are scarce. Two- thirds of the population of Pakistan of Pakistan
lives in villages, and depends on agriculture for their livelihood. There is a scarcity of facilities like water,
electricity, schools, colleges, hospitals, and trade centers in villages.

Difference Between Urban & Rural Population

1) The civic facilities in villages are scarce as 1) 1. The civic amenities in the cities are more as
compared to the urban. compared to Villages.
2) Educational facilities are scarce in rural areas. 2) 2. Educational facilities are good in the urban
areas.
3) Health facilities are also scarce in the rural 3) 3. Health facilities are more in the urban areas.
areas.
4) There is no proper sewerage system in the 4) 4. There is proper and better facilities of
rural areas. sewerage system in the cities.
5) There is a lack of recreational facilities in the 5) 5. Parks. Large grounds and other recreational
villages. facilities are available in the cities.
6) There is lack of trade in the villages 6) 6. All the big markets and the other trade
centers are only in the big cities.
7) Living Standard of people in the villages is 7) 7. Living Standard of the people living in the
very low. cities is very high
8) Living Standard of people in the villages is 8) 8. Living Standard of the people living in the
very low cities is very high.
9) There are very less problems in the villages 9) 9. There are a lot of problems in the cities as it
due to simplicity is densely populated.
10) There is no problems of traffic or pollution in 10) 11. Major problems of traffic and pollution in
the rural life. the cities.
11) In the rural areas prices are very reasonable 11) 11. In the urban areas prices price are very
and affordable. exorbitant and unaffordable for masses.

Gender-Wise Distribution of Population

i. Male Ratio in the Population Pakistan: Census report of 1998, the males constitute 45% of the
total population while according to the survey report of 2011 – 12 male ratios is 51%.
ii. Female Ratio in the population of Pakistan: As per Census of 1998, the females constituted 55%
of the total population while according to the survey report 2011-12 female ratio was 49%.
iii. We have a larger number of males in the urban areas from rural areas in search of work. They
get settled in urban areas for their livelihoods and education.
iv. Growth ratio of males: The rate of birth of males in Pakistan is much more than female. By this
factor, male population was 58%. This increase is still small as compared to each of the undeveloped
countries each of the under developed countries.
Educational Structure of Pakistan
Q.4 What of Pakistan, do you know about the educational structure of Pakistan?
Ans. Educational structure of Pakistan: The government of Pakistan considers education to the
education sector. The experiences of the developed countries show that the development of the
educational sector depends on collective educational income. To progress economically and socially it is
important to invest in the education sector. Education, economic and social development are mutually
interdependent. Despite the fact that for a long period of time attention was not paid to this sector, now
better planning is being down for the promotion of education.
The educational structure of Pakistan is divided into the following stages.
i. Prep and Primary education: The education before Class One is called Prep. This usually
includes children aged between 3 and 4 years. From Class 1 o Class 5 is called Primary education which is
imparted in primary schools and masjid schools. The federal and provincial government are trying to
establish primary schools in every village so that all citizens are given similar educational opportunities.
ii. Primary Education: In Pakistan, the Primary education is imparted from class-to-class V. federal
and provincial governments are trying to establish primary schools in every village so that all children
are given similar educational opportunities. The government is taking necessary steps to enhance the
financial investment for building facilities and to employ more teachers. Private sector is being
encouraged to establish new educational institutions.
iii. Education up to Middle Standards: The education form VI to class VIII is called Middle Standard.
Government is producing more facilities for this level. At this leave, the technical educations is also
provided along with the general education.
iv. Secondary Education: The education of 9th and 10th class is called secondary education. To
increase the educational facilities at this level, new secondary schools are being opened.
v. Higher Secondary Education: In colleges, the education, which is given in 1st year and 2nd year classes,
is called intermediate education. Education has been divided into many groups at this level. For
example, medical, engineering, arts, general science group etc.
vi. Procedure of Exams: The Class 5 and Class 8 exams are held under the supervision of the
Ministry of Education. The exams of class 9 to Class 12 are held under the supervision of the Board o
Intermediate and Secondary Education.
vii. University Education: After Higher Secondary the University education commences. Many
universities in the country have been established for education of this level. There are many types of
university education. This education includes the degrees of B.A.B.S.C, M.A and M.Sc. Many colleges
provide higher education as well. For professional studies students have to get admission to professional
colleges. For subjects like Commerce, Agriculture and other arts related branches of knowledge, there
are colleges and universities established for this purpose.
Educational Problems of Pakistan.
Q. 5: What are the problems of education and give their solutions?
Ans. Although Pakistan has made a considerable progress in the field of /education, yet it is not free
of problems that require an earliest possible solution. They are as under:
1. Low Literacy Rate: The problem is that a major part of population of Pakistan is illiterate. The
literacy rate is very low as compared to other neighboring countries.
2. Low Standard of Education: The second problem is low standard of education. There are many
reasons for it. Some of them are as under
a) Political appointed un-trained teachers with average abilities against polities quotas.
b) Shortage of training institutes to develop better teaching skills.
c) Shortage of good teachers,
d) Insufficient facilities of Laboratories and libraries.
e) Defective examination system.
f) The sole purpose of getting a degree by passing an examination has become an important
object of education. Many students use unfair means to pass an examination.
3. Lack of Quality Textbooks: Third problem is the non-availability of quality books and necessary
reference material; the curriculum is changed to make necessary changes in the courses to meet the
challenges of changing times. Mostly books are written in English languages and the students remain
deprived of the quality books in Urdu.
4. Limited Extra Curricular Activities:
Fourth problem is the limited facilities of healthy extra-curricular poetry competitions, parts, debates,
speech and study help in the up brining of the personalities of students. Moreover, the students,
sometimes, indulge in group polities and non-constructive activities, which produce negative effects on
their education and training.
5. Lack of Guidance in the Selection of Subjects: (aptitude test) for students: There is a lack of
student counseling facility. Aptitude test should be ensured for every student. The majority of parents in
Pakistan want to make their children either engineer of doctors. The student’s aptitude and mental
capacity is not considered. Students are forced to study science subjects which place a psychological
pressure on them.
6. Limited Economical Resources: Pakistan is a developing country where the economic resources
are very limited. Population is very high due to this reason. Due to the lack of economic resources;
education department faces a lot of problems.
7. Over population: Pakistan is facing the problem of overpopulation. More educational institution
Should be aluminates illiteracy constructed. Students are not getting appropriate opportunities to study.
The majority of students in Pakistan belong to poor and middle-class families. Poor people are unable to
send their children to school due to bad economic and financial conditions. This results in a low literacy
rate.
8. Lack of Educational Institution: Pakistan the educational institutions in government sectors are
very les in number, especially in the rural area. Due to this reason, students cannot acquire proper
education.
9. Faults in examination system: There are some faults in our examination system. This includes
rote-learning done by students, trends towards cheating, question papers being leaked prior to the
exams, the attitude of the examination staff, shortage of time and the method of assessing papers. To
increase the mental aptitude and performance of students, the system of exams should be made
transparent and effective.
10. Political interventions: Political interventions also create problems in the education system of
Pakistan. Students become directly involved in polities which affects their educational future.
11. Different Courses and Institutions: Different courses are taught in Pakistan in government and
private educational institutes. This dual system of education also takes the form of an educational
problem. This lack of a uniform system of education is harmful for Pakistan’s integration and cohesion.
12. Lack of Science laboratories and good teachers: In Pakistan, there is a lack of science
laboratories, research centers and related equipment’s to science and technology. Due to this reason,
after getting education we fail to develop skills in the students. There is lack of experienced and highly
qualified tutorial staff in Pakistan, particularly in schools of rural areas.
13. Contradiction in Government Policies: In Pakistan, Governments change frequently due to the
weak democratic system. Due to this reason, the policies of the Government’s also change and there is
no continuity in the policies of the education.
14. Contract based Teacher: Government, has employed teachers on contract basis who do not
work hard to impart knowledge but just pass the time period of their contract.
15. Respects to the Teacher in Society:
Respect of teacher has not been maintained by Government, which is spoiling ethical values and
oriented students.
Solution or Suggestions
i. Education Facilities: To take certain steps to increase the literacy rate in the country and
provide the facilities of education throughout the country without any discrimination.
ii. Improved Standard of Education: To take certain steps to improve the standard of education,
curriculum should be standardized and examination system should also be raised.
iii. Provision of Standardized Books: The government should provide the standardized books to the
students and encourage the people to write standard books.
iv. Extra-Curricular Activities: Provide extracurricular activities, and social hobbies should be
provided and ban group political among the students in their institutions.
v. Subject Selection Facility: Provide the facility of subject selection and guide the students about
their future.
vi. Education Budget: Increase the annual budget of education and provide maximum educational
facilities to the students in Pakistan.
vii. Educational Institutions: Government should increase the number of educational institutions in
the country, so that everyone can get education.
viii. Maximum Opportunities of Jobs: Government should provide the maximum opportunities of
jobs in the country to eliminate the unemployment in the country.
ix. Science Laboratories: Government should provide the equipment related to the science
laboratories and technical education to the institutions.
x. Qualified Teachers and stability: Government should appoint qualified teachers in schools,
colleges and universities. Government should make the policies to enhance the education in the country
on permanent basis.
xi Facilities to Teachers: Respect of teachers should be restored in the society.
Governmental measures to be adopted: To hasten the pace of educational development, the following
are the measures taken by the government:
i. Provision of free educational and scholarships: Provision of free education and textbooks form
Prep to Secondary level. Provision of scholarships for student for their elementary education.
ii. Restructuring of the curriculum: Restructuring of the curriculum keep in view the future needs
and on scientific basis.
iii. Cooperation with government and private sector’s: Cooperation with governmental and
private sector and their wholehearted encouragement for the promotion of technical, vocational and
scientific education.
iv. Higher Educational Standard: To improve the standard of higher education for socio-economic
development, establishment of more and more universities for higher education, at governmental and
private levels should be constructed.
v. Educational Foundation and Information Technology: Establishment of “Educational
Foundation” for the solution of educational problems at national and provincial levels. Revolutionary
efforts in the field of information technology
Eradication of diseases: There are efforts underway in Pakistan (with the cooperation of the United
Nations and other countries) for the eradication of polio, chicken pox, malaria, tuberculosis, cholera,
cancer, leprosy, AIDS, dengue and other fatal diseases. For the eradication of polio, a drive was started
in 1985, which is still being implemented.
vii. Problems Faced by the Health Sector
i. Abundance of diseases: There is an abundance of diseases and the facilities for treatment are
limited and sub standards.
ii. Overpopulation in Pakistan: Another important reason for medical problems in Pakistan is
overpopulation, which is much more as compared to developed countries. This over population has
paralyzed the medical structure of the country and we are faced with countless medical problems.
iii. Contagious a fatal disease: In Pakistan due to different contagious and fatal diseases, countless
people die each year. Besides malaria, cholera and tuberculosis, illnesses like heart diseases, cancer, and
blood pressure are also becoming common.
iv. Imbalanced food: Nutritional imbalance and poor health are creating a lack of immunity in the
citizens of Pakistan
v. Adulteration of food item: One important cause for diseases in Pakistan is the adulteration of
food items. This leads to lower health standards in people.
vi. Health Safety: Due to illiteracy, people are not familiar with the rules of health safety; there are
countless heaps of dirt and garbage everywhere. Houses are not properly ventilated.
Solutions to Problems Faced by the Health Sector
i. Government Measures for public Health: Presently, the government of Pakistan is taking keen
interest for provision of health facilities to general public. Important measures taken in this regard are
as follows.
ii. Establishing Health Centers: To provide basic facilities of health many health centers are being
established. A larger budget should be allocated for the health sector. Hospitals should be provided with
medical facilities. The problems of shortage of doctors and other staff should be overcome. Over
population should be controlled.
iii. Establishment of Maternity Centers: Many maternity centers are being established to take
better care of maternity problem.
iv. Efforts of NGOs: Efforts are being made with mutual co-operation of Government and Non-
Government Organization to provide better diseases.
v. Services of UN and other International Organization: Many public health are programmes are
being launched with the help of UN and other international organization e.g. control Malarias, Small pix,
T.B, Cholera, Aids and many other diseases.
vi. Health Policies and Plans: Health policies and plans are being started by the government of
Pakistan at national and provincial level. It includes provision of clean water for drinking, improvement
in sewerage system control of environmental pollution, provision of medicines at cheap prices etc.
Major Feature of Pakistani Society and Cultures
Q. 7. What are Major features of Pakistan society and culture?
Ans. Meanings of cultures: The identity of a country is due to its culture. When the people of a
nation live together for a long period of time then they have the following similar points: mutual values,
traditions and customs, local laws, entertainments, sports, arts and rules of community life. These
special aspects make a nation different and distinct from other nations.
i. Edward Tyler’s Definition: Edward Tyler has given this definition of culture:
“Culture is related to all types of knowledge and arts, laws and beliefs, traditions and customs. It is also
related to the thoughts and actions of humans”.
Culture is a whole and it thrives due to the intentional or unintentional actions of people living in an
area. In this way their beliefs, customs and traditions, knowledge and arts, lawsuit social.in this way
their beliefs, customs and traditions, knowledge and arts, Lawsuit social behaviors are included in it. The
Prominent characteristics of Pakistani culture and society are given below.
ii. Main Features of Pakistan culture: Main Features of Pakistani Culture. The reflection of Islamic
Civilization can be seen in the food, dress, customs, arts and religious interests of Pakistani people.
Despite this, Pakistani Culture is a beautiful mixture of East and West. Its main features are given below:
iii. Religious Solidarity and Human Freedom: The Majority of population is Muslim. Religion is that
strong that gives strength to national unity, solidarity and religious feelings. All the Pakistanis are tied up
with the everlasting relation of brotherhood, love and friendship.
iv. social values: In all of the provinces, and areas of Pakistan, excellent and individual social values
are found. Respect for elders, love for the youth and showing respect for women are our values. People
share each other’s grief and joy. In rural areas, Panchayats (comprise of elders of the village) who solve
many disputes at the local level.
v. Foods: Different kinds of foods are more popular in various areas of Pakistan than the others.
Normally people use simple foods. However, in wedding ceremonies and other functions, very formal
meals are served. In the Punjab and Sindh vegetables, pluses, meat and rice are favoured. In Baluchistan
and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa people eat meat, dry and fresh fruits, wheat, barley and rice. For drinking
people prefer milk and butter milk (lassi) in the Punjab. In Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa people
prefer green, tea (Kehwa). Half a century back Sajji and Karachi Gosht were dishes limited to Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa and the Northern Punjab. Now these dishes are consumed form Peshawar to Karachi and
Quetta.
vi. Religious uniformity: When Saints spread Islam in the subcontinent, many people embraced
Islam. At the present time there is a religious uniformity in Pakistan. Pakistan’s most important
recognition is Islam even while there are regional, provincial, linguistic, racial and other basis. They give
comparatively little importance to cast and creed, colour and race and regional classes. The constitution
of Pakistan gives complete protection to the minorities. Along with religious uniformity in Pakistan there
is religious tolerance as well.
Mixed culture: In the past people who settled in areas which now comprise Pakistan came from
different areas whichever group came, it brought with it it’s customs, traditions, festivals, dress, food
and style of living. These groups had an influence on each other and a mixed culture emerged.
viii. Pakistani dresses: Pakistani dresses are made keeping in mind climatic and religious needs. In
the rural areas of Punjab, men wear dhoti, kurta. Shalwar, kameez and turban. Women like to wear
dupatta, shalwar and kurta. In urban areas shalwar kameez, pants and coat, sherwani and coat,
sherwani and waist coat are preferred. A shalwar with many folds is preferred in Baluchistan, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa and Sindh. Women like to war embroidered clothes. On the occasion of a wedding, the
bridal dresses are very beautiful.
ix. Fairs and urs: Countless fairs and urs are organized each year in Pakistan. These friars and urses
reflect our cultural heritage. The Urs of the great saints, Hazrat Data Ganj Baksh Ali Hajvery, Hazrat
Farid-ud-Din Shakr Ganj, Hazrat Shah Rukn Aalim Multani, Hazrat Baha-ud-Din Zikriya Multani, Hazrat
Madhu Lai Hussain (Mela Charaghan), Hazrat Sayedin Shah, Hazrat Sarmast in Sindh, Hazrat Shah, Abdul
Latif Bhittai in Sindh are held yearly. The annual fair of Sibbi is also very famous.
x. Sports: The Pakistani teams of cricket, hockey, and squash etc. are world famous. The
tournaments of different sports are held at district, divisional, provincial and the national levels. Polo is
extremely popular in Gilgit and the Northern Areas.
xi. Religious festivals: The majority of the population of Pakistan is Muslims. They celebrate their
different religions and social festivals with fervor. These festivals include Eid-e-Meraj and Shab-e-Baraat.
These festivals are an important part of our centuries old culture. Youm-e-Ashura is observed with
religious dignity and respect.
xii. Customs and traditions: Our country has its own specific customs and traditions. Marriage is an
Islamic obligation and on a specific day the custom of Nikah is observed. As soon as a Muslim child is
born the Azan (call to Prayer) is recited in his/her ear so that he/she realizes that due to the blessings of
Allah Almighty he/she is born into a Muslim family. When a Muslim passes away, relatives, near and
dear ones and acquaintances gather at the deceased’s house, After Namaz-e-Janaza, the deceased is
buried. For Isaal-e-Sawaab, Quran Khwani is arranged. In Pakistan all minorities have their rights to
observe the customs of marriage, death etc., according to their religious traditions.
Commonality in Regional Cultures Leading to National Integration and Cohesion.
Q.8 What do you know about national integration and cohesion? Which factors are national
integration?
Ans. Effects of Islamic Values: The Muslims entered to South Asia with the golden light of Islam.
Muslims gave the best code of life to these people in which Tauheed, equality, brotherhood, justice and
honesty. These values appealed to all local people. In a share span of time Islam spread to all corners
South Asia. Pakistanis inspite of speaking Punjabi, Balochi, Sindhi and Pakhtun are one brotherhood and
strongly linked by the relation of belief and religion.
‫وسیگےئاردہتنمذپریاشہنےہ۔‬
‫وسدایئدلوسزیرپواہنےہ۔‬،‫عمش ہی‬
i. Definition of National integration: People of any country are molded in such a way, that they
prefer their national identity on their racial and regional identity. In this process, different single units
and parts are changed totally. It refers to combine efforts of all the individuals to improve them
ii. Religious Relations: The people of Pakistan are though living in different areas, have a common
religion Majority of the national is Muslim i-e about 98%.
iii. Provincial cultures: All four provinces of Pakistan have their different cultures. There are
differences in civilization to some extent, present in their customs and traditions and lifestyles. In spite
of regional & linguistic differences, with the passage of time regional cultural similarities are
progressing. Despite living in different regions people have the feeling of being close to each other and
have a sense of being linked to each other. This gives birth to integration and cohesion. National identity
is strengthened which is quite encouraging.
iv. Era of Muslim rulers: During the period of Muslim rulers in the Indo-Pak calligraphy and
languages flourished to a great extant. Remarkable contributions of Muslim artists are our cultural
heritage and they have become our identity. The feeling of brotherhood is found in the people of
Pakistan. Inspite of their regional and cultural differences (Saraiki, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pakhtun, Baloch) the
common faith among them maintains an atmosphere of brotherhood.
v. Educational System: Our educational system, the subjects and topics taught are also a source of
focusing attention on cultural similarities. This increases joint cultural values. For the growth of culture,
the minds of children are children are trained on national lines. Common cultural values are inculcated
in them.
vi. Regional Mystical (Sufiana) poetry and literature: Our regional mystical poetry and literature is
also a source of expression of our common cultural heritage. There are lessons of mysticism, humanity,
peace and justice, love and cooperation in the works of all authors and poets of national and regional
languages. The poets include Hazrat Sultan Bahu, Baba Bulley Shah and WARIS Shah form the Punjab.
Hazrat Sachal Sarmast and Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai from Sindh, Rahman Baba form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
and Gul Khan Naseer from Baluchistan. All these religious figures gave the same teaching of love,
attachment and brotherhood.
vii. Urdu language as cohesion: Urdu Plays a very vital role in cohesion in Pakistan. Urdu language is
not associated with a specific region or racial group of Pakistan. It is spoken and understood all over
Pakistan. It is Pakistan’s national as well as he language of communication. People of Pakistan have a
special relation with it and a liking for it. After the creation of Pakistan, Urdu was given the status of the
national language. For its development and propagation Urdu has been made the source of education.
the establishment of the Federal Urdu University holds a prominent and for official use.
‫اُردوےہسجاکانمںیمہاجےتنںیہداغ‬
‫اسرےاہجںںیمدوھمامہریزابںیکےہ۔‬
viii. Source of Communication: Those means by which we transfer our message and views form one
person or, place to another are called source of communication. For example, radio, T.V. telephone,
wireless, newspapers, transport and magazines.
ix. Plays and Recreations: Our recreations, hobbies of leisure time and plays resemble with one
another. Hockey, Cricket, Football, Tennis and Wrestling etc. are equally popular. The people of all
regions take interest in these games. Plays indicate our common culture.
Major Social Problems of Pakistan.
Q.9. What are the Major Social Problems of Pakistan?
Ans. Major Social Problems of Pakistan: Some big social problems of Pakistan are given below:
i. Inflation: The fast-growing population of Pakistan is showing negative effects on its per capita
income. Opportunities for savings are fewer and the standard of living is fallings. Many precious lives
are lost each year due to the disorderly state of health and cleanliness. People lack about the awareness
of health.
ii. Illiteracy and ignorance: These two are the major problems of Pakistan. People cannot
differentiate between right and wrong due to illiteracy, and cannot play an important role in the
economic development of the country.
iii. Weak economy: A lot of people are unemployed due to illiteracy and weak economy. This leads
to turmoil in the country.
iv. Poverty: There is a lack of appropriate employment opportunities and due to poverty, the living
standard of people is low. For the eradication of poverty, it is important that new employment
opportunities should be created and resources for unemployment should be improved.
v. Unequal distribution of wealth: Unequal distribution of wealth leads to the rich getting richer
and the poor becoming poorer. This creates many problems.
vi. Lack of jobs: Economic Backwardness is the main hurdle in developing the National Unity.
Everyone is looking for employment. No one cares for other’s rights and difficulties except his own. Not
only authority is misused to become richer means of corruption are adopted for this.
vii. Lack of Political Awareness: Since the emergence of Pakistan, there has been a political turmoil
in the country. In these circumstances, neither political awareness of the people and politicians could be
developed, nor could the political training be promoted. That’s why the real spirit of the Pakistani
Nation could not be created.
Inequality between Provinces and Regions: There is a lack of equality between four provinces and allied
areas from development perspectives. Its main reason is the lack of resources indifferent provinces. This
creates hurdle in national integration.
National and regional languages
Q.10 Write a note on Urdu language and prove that national language is a source of unity and
uniformity
Ans. Urdu Language: Urdu is the national language of Pakistan. Urdu is not only a language, which is
used as medium of expression but also identity of the Pakistani nation. It is a language of
communication.
i. Meaning of Urdu: “Urdu” is a Turkish word and it means a “Lashkar” means “army”.
‫ویکںہنیھجمسالہدلاسوکزابنرشمک‬
‫ےہیفسرہرگنےکوھپولںیکاُردوںیمہم‬
ii. Origin of Urdu Language: As it changed during deferent periods names, it changes in nature as
well.
iii. Hindi: Amir Khusro is considered to be an ancient poet. In his period, Urdu was known as Hindi,
because it changed in the different stages.
iv. Rekhta: When Urdu was called Rekhta, Mushafee was famous poet.
v. Urdu-e-Muala: When Urdu was called Urdu-e-Muala, Mirza Ghalib and Zauq were famous
poets.
vi. Lashkari: In 1647 Shan Jahan appointed Delhi as his capital instead of Agra. This led to people
speaking Lashkari and Delhi languages living in the same environment. The emperor suggested that this
market be called Urdu-e-Muala. Therefore, the languages being spoken there were called Urdu-e-Muala
or Dehalvi Language.
vii. Decani and Gujrati: When this language reached Decan and Gujrat, it was also called Decani and
Gujrati. Seeing its popularity, the rich people made special efforts for its development. In this way it rose
from being a language of daily communication to the level of being a language in which literature was
written.

‫ریماوجنلممتےنایلمتےناُاھٹمغوکدی‬
‫مغےنےھجمااسیایکاسیجاگنتپآگرپوہ۔‬
Beginning of Urdu Poetry
i. First Deewan of Urdu: According to modern research Sultan Muhammad Qutub Shah, the
owner of Golkonda, completed the first Deewan (collection of poetry).
ii. Wali Decani: The deccan poet, Wali Decani, is included in the early poets of Urdu.
iii. Decani Poets: The Decani poets who widened the scope of Urdu literature include Mirza
Muhammad Rafi Sauda, Mir Taqi Mir and Khawaja Mir Dard.
‫ریمےکرعشاکاوحالایکوہکںاغل‬
‫سجاکدویانمکازنشلگریمشکیہن‬
‫تم‬
‫رہتخیےک ھیااتسدیہنوہاغل‬
‫ےتہکںیہاےلگزامےنںیموکیئریمیھبتا‬
iv. Poets of Oudh and Lucknow: Besides Delhi and Deccan the popularity of Urdu spread to the
states of Oudh and Lucknow. Along with Ghazal (collection of couplets) the art of Marsiya telling (elegy)
thrived as well. Urdu was blessed with poets like Anees and Dabir.
‫ولطمبسبتصیحتاابحبےہدیل‬
‫ہنیکدسحےساانپرگماصفےہیمض‬
v. Development in Nazm (Poem): In the early decades of the 19th century there was great
development in Nazm (thematic poem) writing. During this time esteemed poets like Zauq, Mirza Ghalib
and Bahadur Shah Zafar were born. Along with his Ghazal, Mirza Ghalib’s prose is an important treasure
of Urdu literature. In this age Maulana Haali wrote the Musaddas (a poem of 6-line units) and shook the
whole nation to make them realize their great heritage.
‫ںیہاوریھبداینںیمونخسرتہباھچ‬
‫ےتہکںیہہکاغلاکےہادنازایبناور‬
vi. Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Urdu Literature: The sun of philosophy and poetry of Allama
Iqbal (poet of the east) rose. Through his poetry he tried to convince the Muslims of South Asia that they
were the inheritors of an esteemed cultural, civil and ideological inheritance. Allama Iqbal wrote his
poetry in Urdu and Persian both. His poetry was so popular amongst the people that some persons had
even memorized his lengthy poems. After Allam Iqbal, under the influence of modern literature, a
progressive movement started in Urdu literature.
‫اہللےسرکےاوروتمیلعتیھبنتف‬
‫االمکیھباوالدیھباجریگیھبنتف‬
‫انقحےکےیلاےھٹوتریشمشیھبنتف‬
‫ریشمشیہایکرعنہریبکتیھبنتف‬
vii. The role of prose writers in the development of Urdu: After the 1857 War of independence
there was a prominent change in the political and social conditions. A new direction was taken by the
creative Urdu literature.
viii. Role of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan: Owing to the Aligarh Movement started by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan,
along with Muslim social development, the prose of Urdu literature developed prominently. Sir Syed and
his contemporaries experimented with Urdu Nazm An prose and introduced Urdu in new forms. In this
age the nation’s pain and feelings were presented collectively. At the same time Maulana Shibli
presented Islamic history in a new manner.
ix. Beginning of Independent Urdu Literature: During the struggle for independence and after the
creation of Pakistan, there was an atmosphere of freedom and confidence in the development of Urdu
literature. Different authors wrote prominent works in their forms of literature. The forms worth
mentioning include research and criticism. Poetry, novel. Writing, drama writing and story writing.
Regional Language
Q. 11 Write a note on Punjabi language.
Ans. i. Punjabi Language: Punjabi language is spoken in the provinces of Punjab. It is spoken
throughout Punjab with slight variation of dialect of different areas.
ii. Origin of Punjabi Language: Its origin is traced in ancient civilization of “Harapai or Dravari”.
Punjabi now is a developed from of “Harapai” or Dravari”.
iii. Major dialects of Punjabi language: There are six major dialects of Punjabi language i.e. Majhi,
Multani or Saraiki, Potohari, Chhachi, Dhanni and Shahpuri The best is consider4ed to be the Majhi
accent which is spoken in Lahore and its surrounding areas.
iv. Punjabi Literature: Origin of Punjabi literature is tread to the era Of Muhammad Ghaznavi.
Poetry was mystic, loves romantic and patriotic those days. Hazrat Baba Farid Gunji Sukkar Played an
important role in promoting Punjabi language. Punjabi literature consists of three kinds, i.e. poetry,
prose and Folk literature.
‫اجگرفدیااتنُسریتیڈاڈےانلرپی‬
‫وتاتنُساجگداوتھکںدیاےری‬
v. Description of Mysticism in Punjabi Poetry: Muslim Sufia-e-Karam has described mysticism
extensively in Punjabi poetry. Hazrat Farid Gunj Sukkar is an important figure in this regard. Theme of his
poetry is love, my stoicisms and patriotism. Other Sufia-e-Karam is Shah Hussain, Sultan Bahu and Bulay
Shah. Besides mysticism, their poetry also reflects the social and moral values. That’s why’ their poetry is
very popular among people.
vi. Famous Punjabi Poets: Some of the famous poets of Punjabi language include; Baba Farid
Shakar, Ganj Baksh, Shaikh Ibrahim, Farid, Sani Madhu, Madho Lal Hussain, Hazrat Sultan Bahoo, Baba
Bullay Shah, Waris Shah, Baba Farid Shakar Ganj.
vii. Importance of Punjabi Poetry and its Literary Forms: Punjabi Poetry presents a complete
picture regarding its expression. No such example is available in word’s literature. Punjabi poets
expressed themselves through the medium of verse or the forms identical to it. These are Kafi, Dhola,
Waar, Ghor, Satthi, Toppa, Sumi, Ode etc.
viii. Punjabi Folk Literature and its importance: Folk tale has an important role in Punjabi poetry.
Folk tale represents the historical, economic, religious and social life if Punjab.
Important poets and their works are as follows:
Heer Ranja Waris Shah
Sasi Punu Hashim Shah
Sohni Manhiwaal Fazal Shah
Miraza Sahiban Hafiz Barkhurdar
ix. Punjabi Novel: Many Punjabi writers’ have written Punjabi novels. Famous novel writers are
Dabir Sings, Meevan Singh, and Syedan Baksh Minhas.
x. Punjabi Literature: A lot work was done before 20th Century regarding Punjabi prose. That work
was restricted to religious knowledge only. Later, different people played a very important role in Novel,
Drama and, Story Writing research and criticism and other literary forms. At present, Radio and
Television is playing a very important role in the development of modern Punjabi drama. On the other
hand, Punjab University is also conducting the degree level courses of Punjabi Language e.g. M.A, Ph.D.
etc.
Sindhi Language
Q.12. Write a note a Sindhi language.
Ans. Sindhi language: Sindhi is the language of Sindh Province. It is one of the most ancient
languages of South Asia. According to linguistic experts, Sindhi Language belongs to Ariya Language
family. It was spoken in the River Indus Valley and nearest areas.
i. Beginning of Sindhi Language: This language has the effects of the following languages: Greek,
Turkish, Irani, Dravari, Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian and other ancient languages. It is written in the Arabic
script. After the advent of the British, English words were also included in Sindhi, which increased the
literature and vocabulary reserves of Sindhi. Sindhi is stronger than the other regional languages of
Pakistan die to its old cultural heritage.
ii. Accent of Sindhi Language: In are many accents of Sindhi. In lower Sindh and its Rajasthani area,
Kichi, Kathiawar and Aqbdi dialects are spoken. In its other areas the dialects in use are Kohistani, Saraiki
and Vicholi. The high standard of its accent is foremost in knowledgeable literary and journalist writing.
iii. Translation of Holy Quran in Sindhi: In the whole of the Muslim world’s local languages, Sindhi
is the first language to have a translation of the Holy Quran. Sindhi was a developed language, it was a
common practice to read and write in it, even before the coming of Islam. After the arrival of Islam,
Sindhi too had importance too along with Arabic.
iv. Period from 1050 – 1350: From 1050 to 10350 special was made to create literary and religious
works. This is accepted as the early age of literature in the Sindhi language. During this time the topics
written on were patriotism, determination, self-respect and spiritual faiths. This period’s Dastan, Qissa
and Gunawan are worth mentioning. Gunawan is a unique style of poetry. Sufi saints of this time
(belonging to different schools of thought) spread the teachings of Islam through poetry.
v. Sufi poets and Sindhi Literature: The Sufi poets like Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai and Sachal Sarmast
had enriched Sindi literature through their exemplary poetry. This age is called the golden age of Sindhi
literature. Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai made prominent the dignity of the common life and poor Labour
class. He adopted a style of using similes in poetry. He took his basic subject matter from Sindhi folk
tales. That is why the echo of his poetry can be heard in every corner of Sindhi. His collection of poetry is
called Shah Jo Rasalo.
vi. Sachal Sarmast: The highly esteemed poet Sachal Sarmast wrote poetry in Sindhi, Urdu, Saraiki,
Punjabi and Persian. He was a man with Sufi qualities. In mysticism his special topic was Unity of
Existence (Wahdat ul Wajood).
vii. Different famous forms of Sindhi Poetry: There were seven famous forms of Sindhi Poetry, i.e.
Dastan, Qisa, Bait, Sorthe, Gatha, Dohray and Ginan, Wai; Kaafi and Malood.
Prominent poets of Sindhi
i. Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai: Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai was a great poet of Sindhi Language. Basis of
their poetry was the old Sindhhi fables. His famous work was “Shah Jo Rasalo”.
ii. Abdul Wahab (Sachal Sarmast): The second great poet of Sindhi language was Sachal Sarmast.
He used six different languages for poetry i.e. Urdu, Sindhi, Hindi, Saraiki, Punjabi and Persian. He gave
the lesson of oneness of God in his poetry.
iii. Beginning and development of Sindhi Literature: Sindhi literature had been started before the
advent of Islam. However, in its progress, Teachers, preachers and ullama played an important role.
Famous literature writers were i.e. Maulana Abdul Hassan Sindhi, Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim and
Mirza Qalich Baig.
Famous literary Writers of Sindhi Language
i. Maulana Abdul Hassan Sindhi: Effort and services of Maulana Abdul Hassan Sindhi for
promotion of Sindhi prose are unforgettable. He invented a new Sindhhi script consisting of 521 letters
on the basis of Arabic Script. Present Sindhi script has a resemblance with
ii. Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim: Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim was a great religious scholar.
He wrote about 150 books in Sindhi and Persian. His books were included in the curriculum at Al-Azhar
University.
iii. Mirza Qalich Beg: He wrote many books and translated, many books of different languages. He
also wrote books on subjects of Geography, History, Biography, Dictionary, Grammar, Drama, Novel,
Research etc. he wrote about 400 books covering a variety of subjects.
iv. Literary development of Sindhi language: After arrival of the English language in South Asia,
scientific and literacy assets of Sindhi language developed a lot. Ruling period of the English,
comprehensive work was done on variety of subjects in Sindhi Language. It helped in increasing the
firmness of Sindhi language.
v. Literacy on Sindhi Language: Sindhi language is also influenced by modern literary criticism. A
lot of work is done on modern Drama writing, literary research fiction writing etc., after emergence of
Pakistan.
Pashto Language
Q.13. Write a note on Push language.
Ans. Pashto Language: Pashto is spoken in the province of KPK Speaker of this language is known as
“Pushtoon or Pathan”.
i. Origin of Pashto language: Origin of Pashto language is traced in the Afghan area known as Bakht
Pashto nearly five thousand years ago. Due to this Pashto derived its name from it. Originally known as
Pashto and later known as Pashto. Pashto alphabetic letters During the period of Mahmood Gaznavi,
Saif Ullah devised a script, which is still in use. Pashto alphabets are 43 in number.
i. Pashto Poetry and Songs: Pashto is an ancient language. The first Pashto Book is “Patta
Khazana “written in the latter half of the 18th Century. The firs Pashto poet was “Ameer Karur”.
iii. Favorite themes of Pashto Poetry: Favorite themes of Pashto poetry are, modesty, bravery, war and
mysticism. Mula Mast” is considered as first leader of mysticism.
iv. Traditional songs: Traditional songs are also a great asset of Pashto, poetry. There are many
different forms of traditional songs, e.g. Charvitha, Tappa, Norimaki etc. many poets have used these
different forms of traditional songs as themes in their poetry. Noor Din and MUla Maqsood are
prominent among those.
v. Development of Pashto prose: Although Pashto is an old language but its literature is
comparatively a new one. After independence education spread rapidly and Pashto literature received a
great boost. The Pashto Academy Peshawar, some other literary societies and educational institutions
such as Islamia College Peshawar helped develop Pashto literature.
vi. Great Poets of Pashto Language: Two great and most prominent poets of Pashto language are
Khushal Khan Khattak and Rehman Baba. Their work is a milestone in Pashto is a literature. Their poetry
is read and heard with great zeal.
viii. Rehman Baba: The second great poet of Pashto Literature is Rehman Baba. He was poet of
religious nature. He was deeply involved in romance and mysticism of worlds, creation. Rahman Baba is
like a mile’s tone in Pashto literature.
Advance Study in Pashto: After the emergence of Pakistan, under the influence of modern education,
the writers, who possessed new ideas and thoughts did prominent work in writing a Pashto dictionary
grammar writing, biography, short story writing, Academy is a part of Peshawar University. It serves the
language and literature.
Baloch Language
Q.14 Write a note on Balochi language.
Ans. Beginning of Balochi Language: The Language spoken in Baluchistan Province is called Baluchi.
This language belongs to “Aryan Language family”.
i. Dialects of Balochi language: Two important dialects of Balochi Language are “Sulemani” and
“Makrani”. Belongs to “Aryan Language family”
ii. Script of Balochi Language: Inspite of the fact that Balochi is very old Language but its script was
introduced much later. Its Script was devised after, creation of Pakistan by amending the script already
in use.
iii. Balochi literature: It is still a fact that Balochi is very old Language but its script was introduced
much later. Its Script was devised after, creation of Pakistan by amending the script already in use.
iv. Balochi poetry and its kinds: Gul Khan Nasir, Mast Tawakkli, Mir Chakkar Kha Rind, Mulla Zuhair
Dashti and Zahoor Shah Hashmi are the prominent poets of the Balochi language.
v. Prominent Poets: Prominent poet’s regarding such poetry is “Mast Tawakkli”.
vi. Role of the British in introducing old Balochi Poetry: From 1840, the work of introducing the
ancient Balochi Poetry began. In Balochi poetry of British ear topics of mysticism morals and hatred
against British are found.
vii. Classic Balochi Literature: Classic literature has a great influence in Balochi Literature. Tales of
Mir Chaaker Khan, Hassan Zaudu Pir Nag Wagran Nazsh, Mureed Wahani, etc. are very popular in
Balochi Classic literature.
viii. First Balochi Book: After creation of Pakistan, the first Balochi Book was published by Sher
Qasim Muri. In his book, he wrote about History and Literature of Balochi Language
ix. Balochi Language, Literature and Journalism: Balochi Language and literature was developed
after the creation of Pakistan. Balochi Script was finalized after the emergence of Pakistan. After
Pakistan’s foundation, Balochi Language Played an important role in the emergence field of Journalism.
The first magazine of Balochi language was published in 1960.It gave a new trend to Balochi language
literature and Balochi journalism. The Baluchistan University, Baluch language Academy, Quetta Radio
and TV are playing important roles in its progress.
Kashmiri Language
Q.15. Describe the five phases of Kashmiri Language.
Ans. Evolution and History of Kashmiri Literature: History of Kashmiri Literature and its evolution
consisted of five phases which are discussed below:
i. Phase of Songs: The first phase of Kashmiri literature is known as the “Phase of Songs”.
Traditional Folk Songs got promoted in this phase. Poetry of this era has an expression of social feelings
and thoughts. In Kashmiri accent, this phase is called as “Rool” or “Bor.
ii. Phase of Shatti Ganth: The second phase of Kashmiri literature is known as “Phase of Shatti
Ganth”. Writings of this phase are based upon theme of “Allahiat”. Poet of that period and also First
poet of Kashmiri poetry was “Shatti Ganth: Therefore, this phase of Kashmiri literature was been given
the name of “Shatti Ganth”
Phase of Kashmiri Romantic Tales: The third phase of Kashmiri literature is consisting of Romantic tales.
This trend was set by “Hiba Khatoon”. She was a famous poetess of the third phase of Kashmiri
literature. During this period, tales of Persian and Arabic language were also expressed up in Kashmiri
style. Regarding this, “Armni Lai” and “Mula Fakir” were prominent figures.
Seraiki: The Seraiki language is very primitive language. It is spoken on both sides of the river Indus in
the central regions of Pakistan.
i. Areas of Seraiki Language: Its main districts in the province of the Punjab are Mianwali,
Bhakkar, Layyah, Dera Ghazi Khan, Rajanpur, Multan, Khanewal, Bahawalnagar, Bahawalpur etc. Other
than Punjab, it is used in the districts of the other three provinces too. For example, in Sindh-Kashmore,
Jacobabad and Sukkur, in Baluchistan Barkhan, Naseer Abad and Sindh-Kashmore, Jacobabad and
Sukkar, in Baluchistan Barkhan, Naseer Abad and Jhal Magsi, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Dera Ismail Khan
and Tank where a large number of people are Seraiki speaking.
ii. Famous poets of Seraiki: The famous poets of Seraiki literature are Hazrat Sachal Sarmast and
Hazrat Khawaja Ghulam Fareed.
iii. Seraiki literature: Articles, short stories and dramas are being written in this language. This
language too is developing at a rapid pace.
Brahvi Language
Q. 16. Write a short note on Brahvi language.
Ans. Brahvi: In Pakistan the majority of the people speaking the Brahvi language are living in the
Kalat regions and it surrounding areas in the province of Baluchistan.
i. Scrip of Brahvi: Brahvi is commonly written in the Persian and Arabic script.
ii. Folk literature: This language represents folk integrative are which the story of Laila Mor is more
famous. In the eighteenth century, Malik Dada Wrote “Tohfat-ul-Ajain’ which is considered to be the
first precious standard “literature in the Brahvi language. After this, Maulana Babu Khan and Maulana
Muhammad Dipuri prominently added to the immense literary treasures of this language.
iii. religious work in Brahvi: In the Brahvi language, side by side with the translations of the Holy
Quran, the writings on different religious topics are also present. Furthermore, newspaper and
magazines have been published in it too.
iv. Famous writers of Brahvi: The great Brahvi writers are Doctor Abdul Rahman Brahvi, Nadir
Qambrani Piral Muhammad Zubairani etc.
v. Education and research work: For education and research in this language, the department of
Brahvi is established in the Baluchistan University
vi. Promotion of Brahvi languages: The Brahvi Academy set up in Quetta is playing an important
role in promoting the Brahvi language and literature.
Hindko Language
Q. 17. Write a short note on Hindko Language
Ans. Hindko language is spoken in the districts of Rawalpindi and Attock in the Punjab, and in the
districts of Abbottabad, Mansehra, Haripur, Peshawar and Kohat in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s.
i. Promotion of Hindko Language: To promote this language, ‘Idara Farogh-e-Hindko, Peshawar,
‘Bazm-e- ilm –o-fun ‘Abbottabad and ‘Halqa Yaaraan’ Shinkiari are playing a major role. A monthly
magazine ‘Farogh’ is published under the supervision of Aurangzeb Ghaznavi for the further
development of the language.
ii. Hindko literature: To develop the Hindko language, personalities like Professor Sufi Abdul
Rasheed, Colonel Fazal Akbar, Asif Sagib, Sharif Hussain Shah, Professor Muhammad Fareed, Professor
Yahya Khalid, Nazir Kashalvi and Muhammad Hani have worked hard.
iii. Research work in Hindko: Research in this language is being awarded in this language too.
Rights of Minorities In Pakistan
Q. 18. Illustrate the rights of minorities in the light of the sayings of Quaid-e-Azam.
Ans. Rights of minorities in Pakistan: Pakistan is an Islamic ideological state, but minorities citizens
have equal rights, out of total population, 98% are Muslims and 2% are including Christian, Minorities,
Hindus, Sikhs and Qadiyanis.
i. Rights of minorities and the constitutions of 1973: The rights of the minorities have been fully
protected in the protected in the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan. According to the constitution, they have
full rights.
ii. Liberty to worship: They have complete liberty to worship according to their religious, customs,
transmit and publish their religious principles and set up their own religious organizations.
iii. Separate electorate: They have been given separate representation in Pakistan’s constitution.
The government abolished the separate system of elections. In this way, the longs awaited demand of
the minorities was fulfilled.
iv. Fixed seats: In the National Assembly, ten seats have been reserved for the minorities in the
Punjab Assembly 8, Sindh Assembly 9, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly 11 and Baluchistan Assembly 3
seats have been reserved.
v. Non-Muslim Minister: In our federal and provincial cabinets, mostly a non-Muslim minister is
included.
vi. Economic field: In the economic field too, citizens are given equal opportunities so that they can
improve their financial conditions.
vii. Government Services: According to the constitution minorities have equal rights to get jobs in
the government sector. The minorities of Pakistan should be well awarded of their rights and
responsibilities to be faithful to this country.
Status of Minorities in Pakistan
Q. 19. Illustrate the status of minorities in the light of the sayings of Quaid-e- Azam.
Ans. Status of minorities in Pakistan: On 11th August, 1947 the Quaid-e-Azam while making a speech
regarding the status of minorities said: “After the partition of India, for minorities to be in one state or
the other was inevitable. Every one of you whether the first, second or last citizen of this state has equal
rights, privileges and obligations. No matter what relation he had with you in, the past, no matter what
was his colour, caste and creed, no matter to what community he belongs there will be no end to the
progress you make. In this state of Pakistan, you are free. Go to your temples, mosques or other places
of worship. The running of the state has nothing to do with the religion, caste, creed or faith you belong
to.”
i. Comparison of India with England: As you must know with regard to history, sometime ago, the
conditions in England were worse than what exists in Present day India. Roman Catholics and
Protestants committed atrocities against one another. Even today, there are countries where a specific
sect faces discrimination and restrictions are imposed on its members. By the grace of Allah, we are
starting our journey in such conditions and in an age where such discrimination is not encouraged. No
distinction is made between different citizens of our state.
ii. Protection of Rights: Quaid-e-Azam has said: “let me tell you that the minorities will be
protected. No matter which faith they belong to. Their religion and faith will be safe in their freedom to
worship; there will be no interference in their freedom to worship. l their religions, faiths, their life and
their culture will be secure. Without any discrimination of caste creed and faith, in all respects, they
shall be the citizens of Pakistan.
iii. Rights and Privileges: Quaid-e-Azam has said minorities will be provided with rights and
privileges. Minorities will play their role in the affairs of the state as long as they are faithful and well-
wishers of the state in the true sense. As long as I have power, they should not have any doubts. I expect
that the Muslims in India will receive the same kind of fair treatment that we intend to give the non-
Muslim minorities.
Q.20. Explain the role of the minorities in Pakistan.
Ans. Services of minorities for Pakistan: The minorities have always tried to perform prominently in
all the fields.
Services in Law:
i. Justice. AR Cornelius: In the field of law, the name of Justice AR Cornelius does not need any
introduction. He has rendered invaluable services. He had expertise in Shariah and Fiqha. He was the
chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He played a major role compiling the 1973 constitution.
ii. Justice (Retd) Rana Bhagwan Das: Justice Badiuz-Zaman Kaikaos had great knowledge of the Quran
and Sunnah. He remained the judge of the Supreme Court for eight years.
iii. Justice (RETD) Rana Bhagwan Das: Justice (Retd) Rana Bhagwan Das was a judge in the Supreme
Court too.
Services in Physics: Doctor Abdus Salam rendered important services in Physics.
Services in Military: Group Captain Eric Garden Hall, Wing Commander Nazeer Latif, Wing Commander
Marvin Middle coat, Squadron Leader Peter Christie and Flight Lieutenant William. D. Harrow Leigh
received high civil and military awards for their excellent performances. Harcharan Singh was the first
Sikh officer to be included in the Pakistan Army.
Services in Health: In the field, Doctor Ruth Pfau worked for the leprosy patients till her death. Doctor
Drago of Mirpur Khas was especially famous for treating poor patients. He received the presidential
Award too.
v. Services in Sports: In the field of sports, Anil Dalpat, Danish Kaneria and Anthony D’Souza in
cricket, Michael Masih in football, whereas in yachting Behram D. Avaria are famous names.