Part 1: Life sciences Part 3: Earth and Space Sciences-99- LIFE SCIENCE: OL~gDescribing the cell structures and linking them to their vital functions Identifying the major structural and functional differences between animal and plant cells. Watch the following video: https://www.youtube.com/watch2v=HjC-eMiMDfo Cells: The Building Blocks of Life All living things are made up of tiny units called cells. A cell is the smallest part of a living thing that can carry out all the activities needed for life. Unicellular organism: made up of only one cell. Examples include bacteria and algae. Multicellular organisms: organisms made of more than one cell. Examples include humans, animals, and plants, Cell Parts and Their Functions: + Nucleus: The “control center’ of the cell. It holds the instructions (DNA) that tell the cell what to do. + Cytoplasm: A jelly-like fluid where the cell's activities happen. + Cell Membrane: A thin layer that covers the cell, controlling what goes in and out. I: Found only in plant cells, it gives the cell a strong, box-like shape and + Chloroplasts: Also found in plant cells, these make food for the plant using sunlight in a process called photosynthesis. Similarities and Differences Between Plant and Animal Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell 4 4 ~ apes eames Smaller No (/ Sedoptasmie Reticulum Contrioles Central | Plasma Membrane | and vacuole | Controsomes \ Golgi Apparatus / Chioroptasts \. Mitochondria Nucteus / Flagela ‘Scanned with |CamScannerhoose the co! inswer. 1. What is the basic unit of life in all living things? A) Atom C) Tissue D) Organ 2. Which of the following is a unicellular organism? A) Human B) Dog D) Tree 3. Which part of the cell is known as the “control center"? A) Cytoplasm B) Cell wall C)Nucleus D) Cell membrane 4. What is the function of the cytoplasm? A) To control the cell's activities B) To protect the cell C) To allow movement in and out of the cell Which structure controls what enters a leaves 7 cell? B) Nucleus C) Cytoplasm D) Cell wall 6. Which of the following is found only in plant cells? A) Nucleus B) Cytoplasm C) Cell membrane Scanned wth G camscanner7. Whatis the function of chloroplasts? A) To help the cell divide B) To control cell activities | G)Tomake food using sunight D) To allow oxygen to enter the cell 8. What gives plant cells a strong and rigid shape? A) Nucleus B) Cell membrane C) Cytoplasm 9. Which part of the cell contains the instructions (DNA) for the cell? A) Cell wall B) Cytoplasm D) Cell membrane 10.What is the main role of the vacuole in plant cells? A) To help with photosynthesis B) To control the cell's activities 2S D) To allow oxygen in and out 11. Which part of the cell is like a jelly-like fluid where all activities happen? A) Nucleus —B)Cytoplasm C) Cell wall D) Chloroplast 12.What helps plant cells make their own food? A) Nucleus B) Cytoplasm C) Cell wall ‘Scanned with |CamScanner13. What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms? A) Unicellular organisms are larger than multicellular ones B) Unicellular organisms have many cells, while multicellular organisms have one SREP ee PO ronenon momen, D) There is no difference 14, Which of the following is true about both plant and animal cells? A) Both have chloroplasts. B) Both have a rigid cell wall. D) Both can make their own food. 15. Which of the following is only found in animal cells? A) Cell membrane 5 Nucleus D) Chloroplasts Scanned wth G camscanner6-5-1-1-3 Identifying the main body systems and their specialized organs and linking them to their functions that supports growth and survival of living organisms {plants and animals) Human Body Systems Watch the following video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LReJG7PrxFY Animals have different systems in their bodies that help them grow, move, and stay alive. Each system is made up of special organs that work together. 1. Digestive System — Breaks down food so the body can use it for energy. (Main organs: mouth, stomach, intestines) 2. Circulatory System - Moves blood, oxygen, and nutrients around the body. (Main organ: heart) 3. Exctetory System — Removes waste from the body. (Main organs: kidneys, bladder) 4. Respiratory System — Helps the body take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. (Main organs: lungs, trachea) 5. Skeletal System - Suppor's the body and protects important organs. (Main parts: bones, skull, ribs) 6. Muscular System — Helps the body move. (Main parts: muscles, tendons) 7. Nervous System — Sends signals between the brain and the rest of the body. (Main organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves) ‘Scanned with |CamScannerPh jant Structures and Their Functions Watch the following video: hitos://youtu.be/p3st51F4kE82si=SGOKNIxo9e6VXB31 Just ike animals, plants have different parts that help them grow and survive. 2 Roots — Absorb water F and nutrients from the soil and hold the plant in place. Stem - Supports the plant and carries water and nutrients between the roots ‘and leaves. Leaves - Make food photosynthesis. Flowers - Help the pl plants. Plants and animals h oxygen to grow and Shoot system Root system| for the plant using sunlight in a process called lant reproduce by making seeds that grow into new ave different structures, but both need food, water, and survive Parts of a Plant Flower Helps in reproduction Leaf Performs photosynthesis Fruit Protects the seeds Stem Supports the plant Root Absorbs water and minerals ‘Scanned with |CamScannerQuestions: Choose the correct answe 1. Which body system controls movement in the body? A) Digestive System Cc) eae ae D) Circulatory System 2. What is the main function of the nervous system? A) Digest food B) Move oxygen in the bods econralpadyasurentaioes D) Remove waste from the body 3. Which body system removes wastes from the body? A) B) C) Digestive System D) Nervous System 4. What is the job of the skeletal system? A) Help with breathing 8) Support the body and protect organs C) Pump blood D) Remove waste 5. What is the main function of roots in a plant? B) Carry food to other parts C) Help in reproduction D) Capture sunlight 6. Which plant structure transports water and nutrients between roots and leaves? A) Leaf B) Flower D) Roots Scanned wth G camscanner7. What is the function of leaves in a plant? A) To absorb water | esis C)To produce seeds D) To transport nutrients 8, What part of the plant helps it reproduce by making seeds? A) Leaves B) Roots D) Stem 9. Which body system works closely with the muscular system to help jovement? | B) Circulatory System C) Digestive System D) Excretory System 10.What is the main function of the circulatory system? A) Break down food B) Remove waste ody : D) Send signals to the brain 11. What system includes the brain and spinal cord? A) Circulatory System y ‘Muscular System D) Digestive System 12, Which system in animals helps them take in oxygen? A) Circulatory System B) Digestive System C) Excretory System 13.Which system helps break down food into nutrients for energy? A) Nervous System C) Circulatory System D) Excretory System Scanned wth G camscanner14, What is the main function of flowers in plants? A) To make food B) To store water # To absorbs oxygen 15.What part of the plant anchors it to the soil and takes in water? A) Stems B) Leaves ©) Flowers ‘Scanned with |CamScanner6-5-1-1-4 | Describing the different patterns in the life cycles of animals and plants and the changes accompanying them and comparing them. Life Cycles of Animals and Plants Watch the following video: LL, m/watch?v=pimFi Every living thing goes through a life cycle, which is the series of changes it experiences from birth to adulthood. The goal of all fe cycles is growth, survival, and reproduction to continue the species. Although animals and plants have different lite cycles, they all follow a patter of beginning, growth, reproduction, and eventually death. Some organisms go through dramatic transformations, while others grow gradually Life Cycles of Animals Animals experience different types of life cycles depending on their species. Some go through metamorphosis, while others grow in simple stages. 1. Insects Insects have two main types of life cycles: ¥ Complete Metamorphosis (4 Stages) - Seen in butterflies, beetles, and ants + Egg — The insect begins as a tiny egg. + Larva ~The egg hatches into a worm-ike creature (e. and grows. caterpillar) that eats a lot + Pupa- The insect rests inside a cocoon or chrysalis while its body completely changes. + Adult—The fully developed insect emerges with wings (if applicable) and is ready to reproduce. ‘Scanned with |CamScanner¥ Incomplete Metamorphosis (3 Stages) - Seen in grasshoppers, cockroaches, and dragonflies + Egg ~The insect starts life as an egg. + Nymph —A small version of the adult but without wings. It molts (sheds its skin) several times as it grows. + Adult -The fully developed insect with wings and the ability to reproduce. C xn 2. Amphibians (Frogs, Salamanders) Amphibians begin their life in water and later move to land. Their life cycle includes: + Egg — Laid in water, usually in clusters. + Tadpole - Hatches with gills and a tail, allowing it to swim. + Froglet - Starts developing legs, and the tail shrinks. + Adult Frog - Fully developed with lungs for breathing air. a > c —~<® / a a u aad ith G camscannerMammals do net go through metamorphosis. Their life cycle is simple: + Baby (Infant) ~ Born alive and depends on the mother for food and care. Young Mammal - Grows, learns survival skills, and becomes more independent. Adult Mammal - Fully developed, able to reproduce and care for offspring. Mammals grow gradually without dramatic changes in their body structure. Puppy Life Cycles of Plants Like animals, plants also go through different stages in their life cycle. However, instead of being bom, they grow from seeds. ¥ Seed Stage - The plant begins its life as a seed, which contains alll the nutrients it needs to start growing. ¥ Germination - The seed starts to sprout. A small root grows downward, and a shoot reaches upward. ¥ Seedling — The young plant develops small leaves and begins to make its own food through photosynthesis. ¥ Adult Plant - The fully grown plant produces flowers, fruits, or cones that contain seeds. ¥ Reproduction - The plant makes seeds that will grow into new plants, continuing the cycle. Some plants, ike apple trees and sunflowers, produce flowers that turn into fruit with seeds inside. Other plants, like pine trees, reproduce using cones instead of flowers. 12 anned with |CamScanner~e@n Vie estions: Choose the correct answer Soe 1. What is the main purpose of a life cycle? B) To help animals migrate a C) To provide food for other organisms D) To prevent organisms from aging 2. Which of the following best cesciegs metamorphosis? B) A sudden death stage C) A complete change in body structure D) A way for animals to grow taller 3. What are the four stages of complete metamorphosis? A) Egg, nymph, , pupA, adul C) Seed, sprout, flower, fruit D) Birth, youth, adult, death B Scanned wth G camscanner4. Which stage of complete metamorphosis is a resting stage where the insect transforms? A) Egg. B) Larva C)Pupa D) Adult 5. Inincomplete metamorphosis, what stage comes right after the egg? A) Larva &)\ymph C) Pupa D) Adult 6. Which of these undergoes complete metamorphosis? A) Grasshopper 6 Butterfly ) Lizard D) Dog 7. What stage comes after a tadpole in a frog's life cycle? A) Egg MHFroglet C) Pupa D) Adult 8. Which type of animal does not go through metamorphosis? A) Frog B) Butterfly Elephant D) Grasshopper 9. How do mammals grow and develop? A) They hatch from eggs and transform completely. B) They go through four major stages of metamorphosis. Qrrev grow gradually from a baby to an adult. ) They develop from a pupa into an adult form. 14 aad ith G camscanner10.What is the first stage of a plant's life cycle? B) Flower C) Fruit D) Germination 11.What happens during germination? wers. C) The plant makes food through photosynthesis. D) The plant drops its leaves for winter. 12.What part of a plant produces seeds for reproduction? A) Roots B) Stem C) Leaves —D)Flowers 13.How do plants reproduce? A) They grow from their leaves. B) They use sunlight to create new plants. D) They molt their outer layers like insects. 14.Which of the following correctly matches an animal with its type of life cycle? A) Frog- Complete Metamorphosis B) Grasshopper - Complete Metamorphosis C) Dog - Incomplete Metamorphosis 15.What is a key difference between plant and animal life sey B) Plants go through metamorphosis, but animals do not. C) Animals use photosynthesis to make food. D) Plants start life as an egg. 15 Scanned with Bcamscanner16 G camscanner6-5-1-2-1 | Classifying living organisms into groups based on common phenotypic traits. Classifying Living Organisms What is Classification? Classification is the process of grouping living organisms based on their shared characteristics. This helps scientists organize and understand the vast diversity of life on Earth. Classifying Plants: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Watch the following video: https://www.youtube.com/watch@v=xGZNHGY98ZE In our local environment, plants can be broadly classified into two groups: gymnosperms and angiosperms. + These are plants that produce seeds without flowers. + Their seeds are not enclosed in fruit but are found in cones. + Examples: Pine trees, fir trees, and spruce trees. + These plants produce flowers and seeds that are enclosed in fruit. + They are the most diverse group of plants. + Examples: Roses, apple trees, sunflowers, and grasses. Seed Enclosure Naked seeds, usually in| Seeds enclosed within cones fruits Presence of Flowers | No flowers Flowers present Leaf Type Often needle-like or scale- | Broad and flat like Pollination Mainly by wind By wind, insects, or animals 7 ‘Scanned with |CamScannerClassifying Animals Based on Common Traits Watch the following Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRidGna-V4E Animals are classified into different groups based on body structure, reproduction, and other traits. Mollusks @Y Mammals et Arthropods =e ee ye Worms Reptiles -——~ Cnidarians Amphibians yp Echinoderms Fish Dae Sponges wy + These animals have a spine (backbone). Examples: Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. + These animals do not have a backbone. + Examples: Insects, worms, jellyfish, and snails. Microorganisms are tiny living things that cannot be seen without a microscope. They include bacteria, fungi, and protists. Some are helpful (e.g., bacteria in digestion), while others cause disease. 18 ‘Scanned with |CamScannerWarm-blooded |) Cold-blooded Animals that are able to maintain a nearly constant body temperature. Animals that aren’t able to maintain a nearly constant body temperature. + Warm-blooded animals (mammals and birds) can control their body temperature. Cold-blooded animals (reptiles, amphibians, and fish) depend on their environment for body heat. Questions: Choose the correct answer. 1. What is the main purpose of classification in biology? A) To name animals and plants randomly C) To help animals find food D) To make plants grow faster 2, How do gymnosperms differ from angiosperms? A) Gymnosperms have flowers, while angiosperms do not. C) Gymnosperms have broad leaves, and angiosperms have needles. D) Gymnosperms produce seeds inside fruits. 3. Which of the following is an example of an angiosperm? ine tree C) Fir ree D) Cedar tree ‘Scanned with4. What is a common characteristic of vertebrates? B) They are always cold-blooded. C) They only live in water. D) They are always warm-blooded. 5. Which of the following animals is a vertebrate? A) Worm B) Butterfly — C) Frog D) Spider 2 . Which of the following is an example of an invertebrate? A) Snake B) Rabbit C) Jellyfish D) Lizard . Which type of animal lays eggs and has feathers? A) Mammals B) Amphibians D) Fish “4 8. What Is a key difference between warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals? A) Warm-blooded animals depend on their environment for heat. B) Cold-blooded animals can control their own body temperature. D) Only cold-blooded animals have lungs. 9. Which of the following is a cold-blooded animal? A) Dog B) Bird D) Elephant 20 Scanned wth G camscanner10.Which of the following groups of animals have fur and feed their young with milk? A) Birds B) Reptiles C) Amphibians /D) Mammals 6-5-1-3-1 | Representing biological communities and identifying types of population that lives in it, describing the interrelationships among them, and their interaction with the abiotic components, and the impact of biological communities’ changes on their survival and sustainability. Ecosystem Watch the following video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whBOdeMIBKo A biological community consists of all the living organisms—plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms—that inhabit a specific area and interact with each other. These communities are part of larger systems called ecosystems, which include both the living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the environment. 21 ‘Scanned with |CamScannerBiosphere: Global processes Ecosystem: Energy flux and cycling of nutrients Community: Interactions among populations Population: Population dynamics; the unit of evolution Organism: Survival and reproduction; the unit of natural selection Within a biological community, there are various populations, each representing a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area. For example: + Plants: Trees, shrubs, grasses, and flowering plants. + Animals: insects, birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. + Microorganisms: Bacteria, fungi, and protists. Each population plays a unique role in the community, contributing to the overall health and balance of the ecosystem. Organisms within a community interact in various ways: + Competition: When two or more species vie for the same resources, such as food, water, or shelter. For instance, different plant species might compete for sunlight. + Predation: One orgarism (the predator) hunts and eats another (the prey). An example is a hawk preying on a mouse. 22 ‘Scanned with |CamScannerThese interactions help shape the structure and dynamics of the community. Abiotic components are the non-living parts of an ecosystem, such as sunlight, water, air, soil, and temperature. Living organisms rely on these factors to survive: + Plants: Need sunlight, water, and nutrients from the soil to perform photosynthesis. + Animals: Depend on water, oxygen, and suitable temperatures to live. + Microorganisms: Often require specific moisture and temperature conditions to thrive. The availability and quality of abiotic factors influence where organisms can live and how, well they can survive and reproduce. Changes in a biological community can significantly affect the survival and sustainability of its species: + Natural Events: Events like wildfires, floods, or droughts can alter habitats, forcing species to adapt, migrate, or face decline. + Human Activities: Deforestation, pollution, and urbanization can destroy or degrade habitats, leading to reduced biodiversity. + Introduction of Invasive Species: Non-native species can outcompete native ones, disrupting the balance of the community. Maintaining the health of biological communities is crucial for the overall stability of ecosystems and the planet. Questions: Choose the correct answer: 1. What is a biological community? A) All the non-living things in an area. C) Agroup of (ee sar D) The abiotic components of an ecosystem. 23 ‘Scanned with |CamScanner. Which of the following is an abiotic component of an ecosystem? A) Plants B) Animals C) Bacteria . Which of the following Is an example of predation? A) Arabbit eating grass. B) Abee pollinating a flower. ©) Alion hunting a zebra. D) A tree providing shade to a plant. . What is the role of microorganisms in an ecosystem? A) They are always harmful. 8) They help decompose dead organisms and recycle nutrients. C) They compete with large animals for food. ). How do plants interact with abiotic factors in their environment? A) They produce oxygen from soil. C) They hunt animals for food. D) They create soil from rocks. . What happens when an invasive species is introduced into an ecosystem? A) It always helps native species thrive. 1B) teerrentcompetesotie species ofesig sacri. C) Itimmediately goes extinct. D) It only affects abiotic factors. . What happens if an essential abiotic factor, like water, becomes scarce? A) The ecosystem remains the same. C) Only plants are affected. D) It has no impact on living organisms. Scanned wth |CamScanner8. Which of these organisms would be considered a decomposer? A) Awolf C) Arabbit D) A fish anned with |CamScanner