CRIMNOLOGY c. Importance of Criminology: 4.

Development/Interactionists
Study to Criminology is important to View: Late 20th Century
Understanding of Sheldon: Focused on criminal
SECTION - I
i. Nature of Crime, Its behavior and career
1. Introduction
it’s causes. 5. Contemporary stage: 21st century
a. Definition: Criminology is the body of
ii. Understanding the Policy - Modern rational Theory.
knowledge regarding crime as a social
formulation.
phenomenon. It includes within its scope, the
iii. Theoretical Explanation for e. Basic Terminologies:
processes of making laws or breaking laws or
enactment of policy 1. Crime: “Violation of Law”
reacting to breaking laws.
iv. Rehabilitation of offenders. “Crime is an act committed or omitted in
Edwin Sutherland
v. Planning, evaluation and revaping violation of public law, forbidding it or
Objective: The objective of criminology
of criminal justice system. commanding it.” William Backstone
is the development of the body of general
vi. Understand emerging types of 5.1 Relativity of crime: It varies with
and verified principles regarding the
crime. respect to time , location and culture.
process of law, crime and treatment.
d. Historical Evolution of the subject:
b. Scope of Criminology:
- The word criminology was first used by 5.2 View in Criminology regarding Crime:
i. Crime, (its types , causes and
Raffaele Garofalo in 1885. There are 3 views on crime.
frequency of crime).
- He rejected the doctrine of free will which - Consensus
ii. Theoretical Explanation of crime:
was thoriated by Lombroso. - Conflict
iii. Judicial Justice System: (Juvenile
- Stages of Evolution: - Interactionist
Justice and criminal justice
1. Early ecplanation period: (1200- a. Consensus View:
system, Its causes , problems and
1600 AD) Consensus is a generic agreement between
remedial measures).
2. Classical Thoughts: (Cessare the members of society about constitute
iv. Investigation: (Its principles)
Becaria) 18th Century. Gave accepted behavior.
v. International Law making bodies.
logical explanation about Meaning there is a NORM.
(Roles, processes).
crime, and results of free will. - It defines crime as a result of individuals
vi. Contemporary concepts
3. Scientific / Positivist Thoughts: deviating from accepted norms and values.
Crime: (its types ,
causes and frequency of
Judicial Justice System: Late 19th century - In other words, crime is not accepted by
(Juvenile Justice and
crime and theoretical criminal justice system, a. Sheldon society.
Explanation of crime). Its causes , problems and b. Lambroso: Biological Factors
remedial measures).
c. Robert Martin:
SCOPE OF
CRIMINOLOGY
Investigation: (Its
International Law
principles) and AAMIR KHAN
making bodies. (Roles,
Contemporary Concepts
processes).
of Criminology
b. Conflict View: 2. Deviance: Violation of Norms. Social Crime against person: These are the crimes that
It is commonly associated with Karl Marx Norms results in physical and mental harm to an
in the 1800s. Deviance is defined as behavior that individual. i.e: Murder,
It defines crime as a political concept violates social norms or expectations and Crime against property: Crimes that involve
used by ruling class to protect and can include a wide range of actions. damage to property, such as arson, burglary, land
favour their own interest. - All crime acts are deviant acts buyt not all grabbing, and motor vehicle theft.
There is a power struggles and inequalities deviant acts are crime. White Collar Crime: Crimes committed by
present in society. 2.1 Relativism of Deviance . people of high social status in the context of their
It argues, laws and definitions of crime are It can vary on , location, age , social occupation, such as embezzlement, insider
not neutral in any society. status, and society as well. trading, and tax evasion. It is an upper class
2.2 Social Norms criminality
c. Interactionist View: Rules developed by a group of people Cyber Crime: Acts of crime which are
It is based on the symbolic interaction that specify, how people must, should and committed via use of digital means, such as
theory of George Herbert. must not, should not behave. OR computer. i.e hacking,
It discusses, How social interactions and Wider expectations of behavior in a Organized Crime: Category of transnational,
labelling process contribute to the society. national or local groupings of highly centralized
development of criminal identities and Formal: compulsory codes enterprises or individuals, run by criminals who
behaviours. Informal: non-compulsory codes intend to engage in illegal activities generally for
It highlights the role of societal reactions, 3. Sin: Anything that goes against the profitable purposes. Such as human trafficking,
stigma and labelling in shaping individuals teachings of the religion is a sin. drug trafficking etc
self-perception and behaviour. 4. Vice: It is an immoral act committed by a Corporate Crime: Crime committed by a
person, but in result that may not cause corporation, business entity who are acting
Elements of CRIME: harm to society or brings punishment. behalf of that particular entity. Such as Violence
Actus Reus
Actus Reus
means criminal
i.e. Using drugs behind closed doors. against workers – Exploitation against own
action It also varies from Society to society, age, workers, Violence against consumers – False
Mens Rea
It refers to a location. advertisement, Price fixing, Pollution,
guilty mind
terrorism etc
CRIME Legality in Law f. Types of CRIME:
i. Crime Against Person
Harm ii. Crime against Property
iii. White collar crime
Penalty
(Punishment) iv. Cyber Crime
v. Organized Crime
AAMIR KHAN
 SCIENTIFIC/POSITIVIST THOUGHT
g. TYPES OF CRIMINALS
THEORIES IN CRIMINOLOGY
Occasional Habitual Professional “Biological perspectives attempt to explain
CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF THOUGHT
criminal behaviour through examination of
These criminals These These criminals have
Overview: individuals or biological characteristics.
commit crimes criminal adopted crime as
- Proposed by Cessare Beccaria Phrenology: related to mind, “Cranial
due to a specific s violate their profession and
occasion or the law full-time job. - In 1764 (Crime and Punishment) Characteristics.
sudden repeated - It gave logical explanation of crime Franz Joseph Gall: (studied the shape of the
situation. ly Thesis statement: “Crime is the result of skull and bumps on the head to determine
‫عادت سے‬ imagining greater gain coming from breaking whether these physical attributes were linked to
‫موقع سے فائدہ‬ ‫دھندھا‬ criminal behaviour.)
‫مجبور‬ laws rather than obeying it.”

Main Arguments: Physiology: Physical characteristics, deals with

Criminal Law: Body of law that is related to criminality.
1. It gave the concept of free will: (It’s
crime. It Proscribes conducts perceived as JK Lavater: (who studied the facial features of
own choice)
threatening, harmful or endangering the criminals to determine whether the shape of ears,
2. Rewards overweight punishments:
property, health, safety and moral welfare of nose, and eyes and the distance between them
there should be punishments overweight
people were associated with antisocial behaviour.)
the rewards.
3. No deterrence of punishment.
4. It forced on Effective deterrent:
Proposed Features of Punishment.
Criminal law

- Swift
- Severe: against capital punishment
Substentive:
Defines the elements of a crime and - Certain
the punishment for it. PPC 1860
Criticism:
Procedural - It ignores the social factors behind crime.
Deals with the process for enforcing
substantive criminal law. CRPC - The countries with effective punishment on
1898
crime are also facing crimes.
- It didn’t gave any explanation of
irrationality.
- People do not act necessarily on rationality.

AAMIR KHAN
1. Biological Perspective: Criticism: 1.2 Sheldon’s Body Type Theory
1.1 Lombroso’s Body Type Theory: - This theory ignores the social reasons behind Overview:
Overview: crime. - Proposed by William Sheldon
- Proposed by Cesare Lombroso - Physical characteristics may differ due to - In 1876 (Scientific Study)
- In 1876 (Scientific Study) poverty and malnutrition. - He held that criminals manifest distinct
- He did scientific study on 400 arm soldiers - Lombroso did study on one gender only. physiques that make them susceptible to
and 400 prisoners and compared their - It was limited study in a specific region. types of antisocial behaviours.
characteristics. Thesis statement: “He used different body
- It gave scientific explanation of crime measurement techniques to connect body
Thesis statement: “He proposed that criminals type with personalities.”
have distinctive physical features and criminality Main Arguments:
is inherited.” He Identified Three types of body builds:
Personality
Main Arguments: Body Builds Body Type
Type
1. Lobrosso believed that criminals have Adventurers:
distinctuve physical features: They are active,
2. Lombrosso believed that serious offenders Muscular aggressive,
those who engaged in repeated assault- or Mesomorphs and sometimes violent,
athletic and the most likely
theft-related activities were “born to become
criminals” criminals.
3. Criminality is Inherited. Socially relaxed:
unlikely to commit
4. He gave certain physical traits - referred Fatty and violent crime and
to as atavistic anomalies. Endomorphs slow more willing to
a. Facial Asymmetric moving engage in less
strenuous criminal
b. Like monkeys
activities
c. Large lips Introvert: less
d. Twisted nose social and more
e. Excessive cheeks bones intellectual than
tall, thin,
Ectomorphs other types. These
f. Large jaw and fragile types are the least
g. Excessive long arm likely to commit
- He claimed mostly women are not criminals, crime.1
but women with these characteristics are *He Identified Mesomorphs have well-
more dangerous while doing any crime. developed muscles and an athletic appearance.
AAMIR KHAN
They are active, aggressive, sometimes violent,
and the most likely to become criminals.
Criticism:
- He ignores the social factors behind crime.
- Ectomorphs can also be a criminal.
- Body Features can not reflect the
personality accurately.

1.3 Extra Y Chromosome:

Male Female
XY XX

- Believers of this theory claim that;

“Criminals have an Extra Y
Chromosome”
- XYY – Supermale

Criticism:
- It considered only supermale as a criminal.
- It ignores multiple other factors including
social

AAMIR KHAN
 Lambrosso's Body
Type theory

Biological Sheldon's Body type

Perspective Theory

Extra Y
Chromosome
Early Explanation of Theory
Crime

Psychodynamics
Classical Thought: Theory
Theoritical
Cessare Beccaria
Perspectives
(Freewill)
Psychological
Behavioral learning
Perspective
Positivisim

Cognitive Theory

Strain Theories

Social Structure
Theories
Social
Disorganization
Theory

Sociological
Perspective Social Learning
Theories

Social Processing Social Control

Theories Theories

AAMIR KHAN Social Reaction

Theory
2. Psychological Theories moral standards and values of parents, from punishments and reinforcements, that
Psychological perspective explains crime community, and significant others. The they received in response to their actions.”
with individual level constructs that exist superego is lead by morality principle:
inside all people and interact with social It forces the ego to control the id and
world. directs the individual into morally
acceptable and responsible behaviours, Reward Reinforced
2.1 Psychodynamics Theory:
which may not be pleasurable. Act
Introduction/Overview:
He argued that this transformation occurs Punishment Extinguished
- Proposed by Sigmunt Freud
smoothly in general but the person who
- In 1876 (Scientific Study)
didn’t go though this transformation the have
- It remained a prominent segment of
some abnormality and their id stage becomes
psychological theory. Albert Bandura: argued that people are not
dominant over them, which leade them into a
Thesis statement: “According to segment actually born with the ability to act violently, but
crime.
Freud unconscious mental process that that they learn to be aggressive through their life
developed in early childhood controls the experiences.
Criticism:
personality and those mental processes Key Arguments/Main Principles:
- He ignored the social phenomenon behind
influences behaviours including crime.” - Family Interactions: (For example, the boy
the crimes.
Main Arguments/Key Assumptions: who sees his father repeatedly strike his
- It doesn’t provide any explanation for those
According to the classic version of the theory, the mother with impunity is the one most likely
crimes which need a high-level IQ. (Cyber,
human personality contains a 3-part structure. to grow up to become a battering parent and
Organized crime, white collar crime etc)
1. The id is the primitive part of an husband.)
- Empirical events suggests that number of
individual’s mental makeup present at - Community Engagement/Peers. (like, acting
criminals they don’t know whether their
birth. “The id follows the pleasure aggressively to achieve some goal in society)
behaviours governed by unconscious
principle: it requires instant gratification - Mass Media. (This includes, watching
motives or not.
without concern for the rights of others.” people being rewarded for violent acts on
-
2. The ego develops early in life, when a television or in movies.)
2.2 Behavioural Theory:
child begins to learn that his or her wishes
Introduction/Overview:
cannot be instantly gratified. “The ego is Criticism:
Founders: BF Skimmer, and Albert Bandura
guided by the reality principle: it takes - All crimes are not supported by society.
“They Proposed that human actions are
into account what is practical and - People tend to crime even if the are punished
developed through learning and experiences.
conventional by societal standards.” for the same act.
Thesis Statement: “BF Skimmer proposed
3. The superego develops in result of - It ignores the social factors behind crime.
peoples learn conformity and behaviours
incorporating within the personality the

AAMIR KHAN
2.3 Cognitive Theory: 1. Social Disorganization Theory
Introduction/Overview: 3. SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Introduction/Overview:
Wilhem Wundt, William James and Edward The application of sociological concepts to - Henry McKay and Clifford Shaw
Titchener criminology can be traced to the works of Thesis Statement: As per McKay and Shaw
It is driven from the mixture of pioneering sociologists L. A. J. (Adolphe) neighbourhood or areas with high crime rate
psychodynamics and behavioural Quetelet (1796–1874) and (David) Émile have three main factors.
theories. Durkheim (1858–1917). - Poverty
Thesis Statement: “Psychologists with a Quetelet instigated the use of data and statistics - Residual Mobility
cognitive perspective focus on mental in performing criminological research. - Heterogenic Ethnicity
processes and how people perceive and Durkheim, considered one of the founders of Key Arguments/Key Principles:
mentally represent the world around them sociology, defined crime as a normal and
and solve problems. necessary social event. Points to remember:
- It is divided in 2 parts These two perspectives have been extremely - Social disorganization theory grew out of
1. Moral development Theory. influential on modern criminology. research conducted in Chicago by Shaw and
McKay (see Shaw and McKay, 1942).
“People who obey the law simply to avoid
- Shaw and McKay discovered that rates of crime
punishments or have outlook characterized by 3.1 Social Structure Theories
were not evenly dispersed across time and space
self interest are more likely to commit crime as “Scholars suggests that crime is an in the city. Instead, crime tended to be
compared to those who view law as something expression of some personal traits or an concentrated areas of the city, and importantly,
which benefits all the society” individual choice.” remained relatively stable within different areas
2. Information Processing Branch. 3.1.1: Social Disorganization Theory despite continual changes in the populations
- Cognitive theorists explain that, when people 3.1.2: Strain Theory who lived in each area.
make decisions, they engage in a sequence of - They focused on the urban areas experiencing
cognitive thought processes: rapid changes in their social and economic
1. Encode information so that it can be structure, or the “zones of transition.” They
interpreted. looked to neighbourhoods that were low in
socio-economic status.
2. Search for an appropriate response.
- They claimed environmental factors rather than
3. Decide on the most appropriate action.
individual differences are the root causes of
4. Act on the decision crime.
Cognitive theorists believe that, not everyone - Crime is constant fixture in poverty areas.
processes information in the same way, and the Criticism/Critical:
differences in interpretation may explain the It was just a specified location-based study.
development of radically different visions of the It doesn’t explains the causes of upper class
world. criminality.
AAMIR KHAN
 Modes of Socially Institutionalized 1. The Concept of ‘Anomie’
2. Strain Theories: Adaption Accepted Goals Means The roots of strain theories can be traced to Émile
Introduction/Overview: 1. Conformist Yes Yes Durkheim’s notion of anomie (from the Greek a
Robert Merton: 1957 2. Innovators Yes No nomos, “without norms”).
“Strain theorists believe that most people share 3. Ritualist No Yes According to Durkheim, an anomic society is one in
similar values and goals, they want to fulfill their 4. Retreatism No No which rules of behaviours have broken down or
socially accepted goals but unfortunately they lack 5. Rebellion Yes/No Yes/No become inoperative during periods of rapid social
the means to achieve those goals.” They begin to feel change or social crisis such as war or famine.
frustrated and angry, a condition which is referred as Conformist: individuals both embrace conventional Anomie undermines society’s social control
strain. social goals and have the means at their disposal to function. Every society works to limit people’s goals
According to the strain view, sharp divisions between attain them. and desires. If a society becomes anomic, it can no
the rich and poor create an atmosphere of envy and Innovators: individuals who accepts the goals of longer establish and maintain control over its
mistrust that may lead to violence and aggression. society but rejects or is incapable of attaining them population’s wants and desires.
Strain theories come in two distinct formulations: through legitimate means. The basic components of Strain theory:
- Structural strain. Using a sociological lens, Ritualist: They have gained the tools to accumulate
structural strain suggests that economic and wealth. for example, they are educated and
social sources of strain shape collective human informed—but reject established cultural goals of
behaviour. society. These are people who enjoy the routine of
- Individual strain. Using a psychological work without having the ambition to climb to the top
reference, individual strain theories suggest that of their profession; they are not risk takers
individual life experiences cause some people to Retreatists: reject both the goals and the means of
suffer pain and misery, feelings that are then society. Because such people are morally or
translated into antisocial behaviours. otherwise incapable of using both legitimate and
illegitimate means, they attempt to escape their lack
Thesis Statement: of success by withdrawing, either mentally or
“Robert Merton believes that ‘Crime is the result of physically. Charsi
conflict between socially accepted goals and means Rebellions: Rebellion substitutes an alternative set of
to achieve those goals.’” goals and means for conventional ones.
Key Arguments: Revolutionaries who wish to promote radical change
Robert Merton proposed a hypothetical relationship in the existing social structure and who call for
between social goals, the means for getting them, and alternative lifestyles, goals.
the individual actor. *Out of the five adaptations, innovation is most
closely associated with Crime.

AAMIR KHAN
 SOCIAL PROCESS THEORIES 1. Social Learning Theory:
Social Learning theorists believe that.’ Introduction/Overview
- There are certain “Social Processes that Control - Social learning theorists believe crime is a
Human Behaviour,” and ‘Crime is learnt through product of learning the norms, values, and
socialization. behaviours associated with criminal activity.
It is socialization, not the social structure, that There are 3 types of social learning theories:
determines life chances. The more social problems 1. Differential Association Theory
encountered during the socialization process, the 2. Differential Reinforcement Theory.
greater the likelihood that youths will encounter 3. Neutralization Theory
difficulties and obstacles as they mature, such as 1. Differential Association Theory:
being unemployed or becoming a teenage mother. Intro/Overview:
- Because most people are influenced by their, One of the most accurate theories describing the
family relationships, peer group associations, crime.
educational experiences, and interactions with Edwin Sutherland – US Criminologist – First put
authority figures, including teachers, employers, his theory in his text “Principles of Criminology”
and agents of the justice system. If these later the final version of theory appeared in 1947.
relationships are positive and supportive, people Thesis Statement: Criminality stemmed neither
can succeed within the rules of society; if these from individual traits nor from socioeconomic
relationships are dysfunctional and destructive, position; instead, It is the result of a learning process
conventional success may be impossible, and that could affect any individual in any culture.
criminal solutions may become a feasible Key Arguments/Principles:
alternative. Taken together, this view of crime is a. Criminality is learnt.
referred to as social process theory. b. Learning is a by product of Interaction.
c. Learning occurs in intimate groups.
d. Techniques of crimes are learnt.
e. Perception of legal codes influence drive and
motives. (Differential Association)
This principal “Perception/ excessive favourable
Criticism: What storylines do college students use definition” by society motivates toward crime.
when they cheat on tests? Smoke pot? Get drunk at a f. Differential Association may vary in frequency,
frat party? Are they like Agnew’s vision? duration and intensity.
- It targets lower class for crime specially. g. Criminal behaviour is an expression of general
- It ignores the Elite class criminals. needs and values, but it is not excused by those
- It did not explain the Organized crime. general needs and values because noncriminal
behaviour is also an expression of those same
needs and values.
AAMIR KHAN
 This principle suggests Reasons of crime may delinquent definitions eventually succumbs to - Learning theories remain essential for
differ. them, while another, living under the same understanding criminality across all social
As per Sutherland, “Individuals becomes law conditions, can avoid criminal entanglements. classes, from gang activity to corporate crime.
violators when they are in contact with people groups
or events, that produces an excess of favourable and 2. Differential Reinforcement Theory. 2. Social Control Theory:
non-favourable definitions. Differential reinforcement theory is another Overview of Social Control theories:
attempt to explain crime as a type of learned As per social control scholars, all people have
behaviour. First proposed by Ronald Akers in potential to violate laws, and society presents
collaboration with Robert Burgess in 1966, opportunities for illegal acts, but, their patience,
“It is a version of the social learning view that behaviours are controlled by internal and external
employs both differential association concepts forces commonly known as social control
along with elements of psychological learning instruments.
theory.” Society creates some social control instruments,
3. Neutralization Theory. “Family, Law, Religion.”
Neutralization theory is identified with the
writings of David Matza and his associate - It is Travis Hirschi’s vision of social control,
Gresham Sykes. articulated in his highly influential 1969 book
“They view the process of becoming a criminal Causes of Delinquency, that remains the
as a learning experience in which potential dominant version of the theory
delinquents and criminals master techniques that - Also known as Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory.
enable them to counterbalance or neutralize
Criticism: conventional values and drift back and forth Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory:
- Differential association is invalid because it between illegitimate and conventional Intro/Overview:
suggests that criminals are people “properly” behaviour.” Thesis: “The onset of criminality is linked with
socialized into a deviant subculture; that is, they Are Learning Theories Valid? weaking of ties that binds people to society.”
are taught criminal norms by significant others. - Learning theories help explain criminal behavior As per Hirschi,
- It fails to account for the origin of delinquent but fail to account for the origin of initial criminal All individuals have potential to violate the law, but
definitions: How did the first “teacher” learn definitions and techniques. they do not involve themselves in crime because that
delinquent attitudes and definitions to pass them - They suggest systematic learning of criminal will damage their relationship with the society.
on? Who taught the teacher? methods but do not address impulsive or
- Differential association also recognizes that purposeless crimes often linked to substance use.
individuals can embrace criminality because they - There is little evidence that people learn criminal
have been improperly socialized into the skills before offending, as deviant individuals
normative culture. may naturally seek like-minded peers.
- Differential association theory also fails to
explain why one youth who is exposed to
AAMIR KHAN
Key Arguments/Principles: - Deviant peers and parents: Attachment to
- Attachment: It refers to a person’s sensitivity to deviant peers or family members tends to - Primary Deviance: Not heinous, but a petty
and interest in others. promote, rather than prevent, criminal behavior. crime. But after societal reaction It becomes a
- Commitment: It involves the time, energy, and - Restricted in scope: Control theory better secondary deviance which is a heinous crime.
effort expended in conventional lines of action, explains minor delinquency and female behavior
such as getting an education and saving money than serious crimes or male delinquency.
for the future. - Over attachment, involvement or Extreme
- Involvement: More involvement to community Belief may also lead towards criminal act.
norms leaves no space for illegal acts.
- Belief: As much as the person committed in any
religious belief, It will be more likely to avoid 3. Social Reaction Theory:
any antisocial act. Based on reaction of the society towards crime.
Intro/Overview:
- Commonly called labelling theory.
- Edwin linnet
Thesis: It explains how criminal careers are form due Primary and Secondary Deviance One of the best-
to society reaction. known views of the labelling process is Edwin
Its roots are found in the symbolic interaction Lemert’s concept of primary deviance and
theory of sociologists Charles Horton Cooley and secondary deviance. According to Lemert, primary
George Herbert. deviance involves norm violations or crimes that
It holds that People communicate via symbols — have very little influence on the actor and can be
gestures, signs, words, or images— that stand for or quickly forgotten. For example, a college student
represent something else. For example, a gold band takes a “five-finger discount” at the campus
on your ring finger conveys many meanings: married; bookstore. He successfully steals a textbook, uses it
Figure 1: Elements of the Social Bond stable; sexually off limits; conventional. to get an A in a course, goes on to graduate, is
Labelling theorists define Crime and deviance, admitted into law school, and later becomes a famous
Criticism: therefore, are defined by the social audience’s judge. Because his shoplifting goes unnoticed, it is a
- Not all elements of the bond are equal: reaction to people and their behaviour and the relatively unimportant event that has little bearing on
Research shows "involvement" and "belief" have subsequent effects of that reaction; they are not his future.
limited impact on delinquency, especially with defined by the moral content of the illegal act itself. In contrast, secondary deviance occurs when a
reduced parental control. deviant event comes to the attention of significant
- Deviant involvement: Unsupervised activities, They characterized Crime as Primary deviance others or social control agents who apply a negative
like hanging out or dating, often increase and in reaction Secondary Deviance. label. The newly labelled offender then reorganizes
delinquency despite high levels of involvement. his or her behaviour and personality around the
consequences of the deviant act. \

AAMIR KHAN
 SECTION-II Section (8): Protection of Identity. Unless the juvenile
Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency: court specifically authorizes, the court proceedings shall
- Family Counselling not be published in any newspaper, magazine or journal
JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM in any form which may disclose the identity.
- Parent Training
Juvenile Delinquency: Section (11) Release on probation - child offender to be
- Youth Sheltering
Juvenile: A juvenile is a child or young person who released on probation for good conduct under the care of
- Rehabilitation Centre guardian or any suitable person executing a bond with or
is not yet old enough to be regarded as an adult.
- Drug Control without surety as the court may require, for the good
Delinquency a legal term that differentiate between
- Socialization behaviour and well-being of the child for any period not
a minor offender and a major offender.
Objectives Of Juvenile Justice System: exceeding the period of imprisonment awarded to such
- To prevent the labelling on minor offenders the
- Rehabilitation rather than Punishment. child:
term delinquent used when an offence done by a
- Avoid stigmization resulting from a criminal Section (12): No child shall be– awarded punishment of
minor. death, or ordered to labour, neither he/she will be
conviction.
Juvenile Delinquent: an individual who is not handcuffed, nor any corporal punishment will be given in
- Ensure mechanism to comprehensively ass the
reached at the age of maturity, who’s behaviour has respect of child.
juveniles to avoid misuse.
been labelled delinquent by court. Section (13): Right to appeal – If convicted on trial at
- To hold juveniles accountable for an offense act
Status Offender: A status offender is someone juvenile court.
charged with an offense that would not be a crime if THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM ORDINANCE,
committed by an adult. 2000
THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM ACT, 2018
Legally, people who break laws that are prohibited Section 2(b): a person who at the time of commission of
An Act to provide for criminal justice system for
only to certain groups are said to have status offenses. an offence has not attained the age of eighteen years to be
juveniles.
considered as Juvenile.
CAUSES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY It was Enforced on May 18, 2018
Section 3(1): Legal Assistance. – (1) Every child who is
The Objective of this Act was to fill the loopholes of JJS
Individual Family Society accused of the commission of an offence or is a victim of
Ordinance 2000.
Personality Negligence from Poverty. (Social an offence shall have the right of legal assistance at the
- Classification of offenses as per JJS Act 2018
(Psychodynamic family (Social Disorganization expense of the State. (2) Legal practitioner shall have at
Theory) Control Theory) Theory) least five years standing at the Bar. Minor Major Heinous
Illiteracy. Section (4): Juvenile Courts; Establish one or more an offence for an offence for an offence which is
Broken, Criminal
Low IQ (Social juvenile courts for any local area within its jurisdiction which maximum which serious, gruesome,
Family, (Social
(Cognitive) Disorganization and trial of juvenile should be done under this court. punishment punishment brutal, sensational in
Learning theory)
Theory) Section (5): No joint trial of a child and adult person. under the Pakistan under the PPC character or shocking to
Undue Undue 1860, or any other public morality and
Section (6) 6: State should provide medical assistance if Penal Code, 1860 law for the time which is punishable
Expectations of Expectations of (XLV of 1860) or
Lack of maturity. needed. being in force is under the PPC, 1860) or
family (Strain Society. (Strain any other law for
Section (7): Determination of age. If a question arises as more than three any other law for the
Theory) Theory) the time being in
to whether a person before it is a child for the purposes of years and up to time being in force with
Domestic force is seven years death or imprisonment
Recognition. this Ordinance, the juvenile court shall record a finding
Violence. (Social imprisonment up imprisonment for life or
(Labelling after such inquiry which shall include a medical report for
Learning to three years with or without imprisonment for more
Theory) determination of the age of the child.
Theory) with or without fine. than seven years with or
fine without fine;

AAMIR KHAN
 Juvenile Justice Committee for disposal of the same
Salient features of JJS Act 2018 through diversion. Components of Juvenile Justice System Act 2018.
Legal Asistance: A juvenile of an offence has the Juvenile Justice Committee: consists of Four 1. Role of Police:
right to legal assistance at the expense of the State. Members. - officer-in-charge of the police station shall,
- A juvenile in custody must be informed of their 1. District Magistrate: Head inform the guardian about the arrest, and the
rights by a legal practitioner within 24 hours. 2. Public Prosecutor: Member juvenile's production in court.
- A legal practitioner appointed to assist a child or 3. Public Bar Member: Member - In case of bail/release police should trace the
juvenile must have at least seven years of 4. Probationary Officer: Member (not below guardian of juvenile and handover custody of
experience at the Bar. the rank of an officer in BPS-17) the juvenile to his guardian.
Juvenile Courts: Designate one or more Juvenile Separate Trial and challan form Adults: - A juvenile shall be interrogated by a police
Courts, within a period of three months of the officer not below the rank of Sub Inspector
commencement of this Act. Penalty on disclosure of identity of the juvenile. (1) under supervision of Superintendent of Police
Observation Homes: The arrested juvenile shall be whoever prints or publishes the name or any matter or SDPO.
kept in an observation home and the officer-in-charge which may make known identity of a juvenile shall - Police are not allowed to handcuff the juvenile.
of the police station shall, as soon as possible. be punished with imprisonment of either - Police should provide education and training
Rehabilitation Centre: Juvenile shall be placed description for a term which may extend to three facility.
under the custody of a suitable person or Juvenile years and shall also be liable to fine. - No female juvenile shall be investigated by a
Rehabilitation Centres under the supervision of male police officer or released on probation
probation officer. He will be treated with education, Report by probationary officer: The probation under supervision of a male officer.
vocational training and healthcare facilities. officer shall assist and prepare a report on direction 2. Role of Juvenile Courts:
Investigation in juvenile cases: A juvenile shall be of the Juvenile Court within such time as may be - The Juvenile Court shall follow the procedures of
interrogated by a police officer not below the rank of directed the Court at any stage regarding. this Act.
Sub Inspector under supervision of Superintendent of Juvenile’s character, educational, social and moral - The Juvenile Court shall, in a case where a
Police or SDPO. background; and all juvenile is not released under section 496
Determination of age: A proper mechanism to Special provision for female juvenile (bailable offence), direct the police for tracing
determine the age analysis of educational certificates, guardian of such juvenile and y handover custody
domicile or NADRA Records. In absence of such Removal of disqualification attached with of the juvenile to his guardian.
documents, age of such accused person may be conviction. Subject to provisions of the constitution, - Refer cases to JJS committee to dispose of the
determined based on a medical examination report by a juvenile offender convicted under the provisions of cases through diversion.
a medical officer. this Act shall not suffer a disqualification, if any, - Carry out the case proceedings even in the
Disposal of Case through Diversion: With the attaching to a conviction of an offence under such absence of juvenile.
consent of a juvenile or his guardian the complaint law. - 11 (2) No person shall be present at any sitting of
against a juvenile relating to offences as specified in No Preventive Detention: MPO (3) shall not be the Juvenile Court, except case parties.
sub-section (6) (Minor offense or major offense applicable to juveniles. - 11(3) At any stage of proceedings, the Juvenile
but ge is less than 16 years) shall be referred to the Court may in the best interest of a juvenile’s

AAMIR KHAN
 decency or morality, direct any person to - There is shortage of trained staff specially
withdraw from Court. probation officers. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM – CJS
- Must ensure the system of guidance, - Lack of finances. Definition: A criminal justice system is set of legal
counselling, and probation education. - There are no separate challan and trial system. and social institutions for enforcing criminal law
Role of Public Prosecutor: - Lack of database management system. according with defined set of procedural rules.
- Leadership role to the juvenile out of the court, OR
provide education, guidance, and counselling. Recommendations: It refers to set of agencies or government charged
- Prefer to dispose of the case through diversion. - Ensure the establishment of separate juvenile with enforcing law educating criminals and enforcing
- Represent the juvenile in JJS Committee. courts in each district to handle cases related to criminal law.
Role of Probationary Officer: juveniles. Objectives:
P.O means a person appointed under the - Design and implement a standardized age To create Deterrence through Retribution and
Probation of Offenders Ordinance. determination mechanism, such as a digital age ensure incapacitation and ensure rehabilitation of
- Once the case is decided, the juvenile sent to verification system or a medical age assessment the offender as well as restitution to the victim.
rehabilitation centre in the Supervision of board. 1. Deterrence: To prevent the occurring of any
Probation officer. - Ensure that law enforcement agencies are trained crime.
- Coordination with the parents of juvenile, police to use these mechanisms to accurately determine 2. Retribution: To make sure suffer in someway.
and court. the age of juveniles. 3. Incapacitation: To keep away the offender from
- Supervise the behaviour of juvenile. - Launch a nationwide awareness campaign to society.
- Help the court. educate the public, law enforcement agencies, 4. Rehabilitation: Make sure transformation of an
- Represent the juvenile in JJS committee. and judiciary about the Juvenile Justice System offender to a healthy individual.
- Shall prepare a report on direction of the Juvenile Act and its provisions. 5. Restitution: Compensation to the victim.
Court direction regarding juvenile’s character, - Design and implement a system to protect the
educational, social and moral background and identity of juveniles, such as anonymizing court
current situation. records and using pseudonyms in media reports. Components
of CJS
Challenges to the JJS Act 2018. - Establish separate facilities for female
- There are no separate juvenile courts in juveniles, such as observation homes and
Law
Pakistan. rehabilitation centres. enforcement
Agencies
Judiciary
Correction
Facility

- Lack of age determination mechanism. - Increase the Financial budget for juvenile justice
- Lack of awareness in the society. system. Police, ANF, Prosecutor
Judge
Defense
Council Prisons
Rehablitation
and
- No proper mechanism to disclose the identity of - Design and implement a proper auditing system.
FIA (Govt/State)
(Accused) Probation

juveniles.
- There are no separate facilities for female
juveniles.
- Over burden on judiciary.
- There are no rehabilitation centres or
observation homes.
AAMIR KHAN
Key Definitions PROCESS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM PROBLEMS IN POLICE SYSTEM:
LEAS: A law enforcement agency (LEA) is any After FIR: - Lack of financial resources to the police
Investigation by
government agency responsible for law enforcement Commision of If Crime Police starts stations.
crime: Committed: FIR and Police will
within a specific jurisdiction. Prelimenary will be lodged challan the - Shortage of manpower in the system.
Judiciary: The judiciary is the system of courts that Enquiry against accued offender before
the court within
As per UN: there should be a police officer for
adjudicates legal disputes/disagreements and 14 days. 220 peoples maximum.
interprets, defends, and applies the law in legal cases. In Pakistan: it is about one police officer for 750
Prosecutor: The prosecutor is a member of the If crime is proved
people.
As per findings
During Trial:
practicing bar, represents the government while against accused
court summons
of the - Shortage of female officers
person: Convicted investigation
presenting the state's case to the court. If offender not
the witness
(Challan) , If - Political Victimization.
(mentioned in
crime proved,
Defence Council: Defence council represents the found guilty during
the court
the police
Trial of the
(Ruling class uses police for political
challan) and
accused persons (against which case lodged). examination/trial examine the
offender starts
before the
victimization for their gain).
He/She get witness.
Prisons: a place of confinement where criminals are acquited. court. - Corrupt practices in police stations.
kept as punishment for his act or while awaiting trial. - No accountability and a proper HR mechanism.
Probation: Probation is release of an offender by the - Outdated legal framework
judge instead of sending him to prison in anticipation In Both Scenarios: If crime is proved - Colonial legacy
Conviction or in apellate court,
of then the offender may become a healthy individual. Aquital There is an then sentence of - Improper trainings
option of appeal in imprisonment be
OR the appelate court announced for - False FIR
the offender
Probation is suspension of imposition of the sentence for both parties

of imprisonment or the postponement of final REMEDIAL MEASURES:

judgement in a court case. 1. Role of Law enforcement Agencies: LEA’s - Inject Finance in police system.
OR Imposed as an alternative to incarceration for 1.1 Role of Police: - Increase manpower
offenders under conditions. - Make sure law Enforcement. - Establish a proper HR mechanism
Parole: It is conditional release of a prisoner before - Protect life, property and liberty of citizens;) - Encourage Female officers
the completion of sentence. Prisoner probation - Registration of FIR - Institution freedom
release Act 1926 - Identification of Crime - Ensure Accountability for police officers
Compoundable Offence: Victim of the offence - Investigation of crime. - Update legal framework
allowed to withdraw his case without the permission - Detect and bring offender to the justice - Training of the lower staff
of the court U/Sec 320 PPC. (Sec 311 with any FIR) - Prevent the commission of offences and public - Introduce Key Performance Indicator
Non-Compoundable Offence: Victim is not entitled nuisance. Mechanism for promotions and perks. (as
to make conciliation outside the court. - Ensure civil order Punjab introduced)
Bailable Offence: U/Sec 387 - in these types of - Assist civilian in any danger.
offences bail must be given. - Protect juveniles and female.
Non-Bailable Offence: U/Sec 388 CPC – Accused
of these offences has no right to bail but court has
discretion to give it or not to give it.
AAMIR KHAN
2. Role of Judiciary: Arguments by defence council: After prosecutor, Cognizable offenses: The police can arrest the
Supreme The Supreme Court also has exclusive defence council given opportunity to fully cross accused without a warrant.
Court: jurisdiction at national level. examine and object to the prosecution institution Non-cognizable offenses: The police cannot arrest
within the prescribed limits of law (Qanoon e without a warrant issued by the magistrate.
High Each province and ICT has a High Court shahadat Ordinance 1984). Screening of witnesses done under the QSO 1984
Court with appellate jurisdiction over lower courts.
courts.
Prosecution is the responsibility of the state, PROBLEMS OF JUDICIARY:
however an aggrieved person by the offence can - Shortage of judges. Overburden judiciary.
District These courts have civil and criminal
Court jurisdiction and are in every district. appoint his/her own legal council in addition to the - Lack of professional training of the judges.
prosecution council. - Unnecessary adjournments.
Session Civil Civil court deals with disagreements Re-examination: After argumentation by defence Qandeel Baloch case.
between private people or companies,
Court Court
rather than with criminal activity
council, prosecutor given opportunity ot conclude its - Low conviction rate due to poor investigation.
evidence. The presiding judge puts certain questions - Communication gap between public prosecutor
These courts are trial courts for serious crimes like to the alleged offender to explain the against him/her. and police.
murder, rape, and armed robbery. They are also
appellate courts for civil suits of lesser value and
U/Section 342 CRPC - Outdated legal framework: CRPC, PPC
summary conviction offenses. - If judge thinks that if the offender has committed - Corrupt Practices. As per corruption
crime due to unforeseen circumstances, he may perception index Pak ranks 133 out of 180
Procedure of Judiciary: Court procedures starts give some relief as per law. countries. Source. transparency report 2023
from submission of challan by Police, court basically After judgment: in either case of conviction or - Rule of law issues. As per WJP Pakistan
deals with trial procedure. acquittal, both case parties have the right to appeal in ranked 129th across 142 countries, 2024
Submission of Challan: when any person is the appellate court. - Lack of digital practices. As per Atta Bandial’s
apprehended for committing any crime after - It is based on the evidence and witnesses before E-court initiative saved 3 million rupees cost
investigation that must be completed within 14 days. the judge. for a case.
U/Section 173 CRPC Submission
Summoning Framing of - Lack of Effective accountability.
of challan by
Right to trial: court before commencement of trial is police.
of witnesses charges - Clash of institutions.
duty bound to allow an alleged offender to appoint - Excessive cost of litigation. “In many parts of
defence council of his/her choice. According to the globe the opposite of wealth is justice.”
Article 10 of the Constitution. Re- Cross Examination BRYAN STEVENSON
Framing of charge: The court pronounce a charge Examination Examination in chief RECOMMEDATIONS
against an alleged offender that describes nature of - Inject Finances in judiciary
offence and nature of act, commission or omission - Promote digital practices.
Final
that constitute crime. Judgement Appeal Judgment - Training of judges and staff.
Examination/Prosecution/ Presenting of evidences (Snetence) - Update Legal framework.
by prosecutor: After framing of charge prosecutor is Cognisable and non-cognisable offence are defined - Ensure rule of law.
given opportunity to present its evidences against the in the schedule II of CRPC. - Proper accountability.
accused (Examination in chief). - Encourage prosecutor and police
communication.
AAMIR KHAN
3. CORRECTION FACILITY: - Lack of educational and vocational training - Explain the terms and conditions of the
3.1 PRISON: facilities. probation order to the probationer.
1. Definition: It a place of confinement where - Gangsters are being formed in prisons. - Meet Probationer once every two weeks and
criminals are kept as punishment for his act or - Violence against prisoners. stay in touch with him.
while awaiting trial. 6. Recommendations: - Submission of reports of the probationer.
2. Functions of Prison: - Inject finances in Jail department. - Counselling of offenders.
- Execution of sentence. - Promote educational and vocational facilities. - To Ascertain conformance to the bond by
- Incapacitation. - Accountability of jail staff. offenders.
- Rehabilitation for offenders - Compatibilization of prisoners. 3.3 PAROLE
- Welfare of prisoners. - Ensure proper healthcare facilities. Definition: It is conditional release of a prisoner
- Treatment of offenders. - Ensure training of staff. before the completion of sentence. Prisoner
- Care and custody - Operation against drug mafias within the prisons. probation release Act 1926
- Vocational training 3.2 PROBATION Eligibility to get Parole:
3. Recidivism: Definition: Probation is release of an offender by - First Time offender.
Recidivism is when a person commits another the judge instead of sending him to prison in - Must be sentenced with at least 2 years prison and
crime or comes into conflict with the criminal anticipation of then the offender may become a from those 1.5 years be passed in prison.
justice system after being convicted of a prior healthy individual - In case of life imprisonment more than 14 years
offense. OR It was firstly exercised by Augustus in 1841 USA prison, at least 10 years be passed in prison.
Tendency to referred even after execution of Conditions of Probation: - Good conduct of prisoner, criteria for Parole.
sentence. 1. First time offender Conditions on Parole Awarded:
4. Effective Prison Model to prevent recidivism. 2. Probation is not applicable to the death - Applicable for all cases except death penalty.
6C model of Prison. punishment or life imprisonment offences. (for - Parolees must be employed a minimum of 45
Custody: Safe placement of custody. male offenders) miles away from their immediate families.
Care: Proper lodging and medical care. 3. Probation is not applicable to the death - Period of Parole should be the remaining period
Control: Disciplined punishment offences. (for female offenders) of prison sentence.
Correction: Rehabilitation 4. It will be awarded on submission of surety bond - Supervised by Parole Officer.
Cure: Psychological Care to assure for not repeating act of crime. - Guilt of criminal record.
Community: Re integrate into society. 5. It will be awarded within a specified location. Functions of Parole Officer.
5. Problems of Prison in Pakistan: 6. Placed under supervision of probation officer. - Explain the terms and conditions of the Parole
- Overcrowding of jails. 7. The courts can alternate the conditions of order to the Parolee.
- Lack of infrastructure facilities. probation. - Meet Parolee supervise him and stay in touch
- Corrupt practices. 8. Probation will be revoked on repetition of an with him.
- No segregation of prisoners. (Juveniles and offence. - Submission of reports of the Parolee.
Female etc) Functions of Probation Officer: Under Section 13 - To Ascertain conformance to the bond by
- Lack of healthcare facilities. of Probation of Offenders ordinance 1960 offenders.
- Periodic visit of to Prison for parolee.
AAMIR KHAN
Difference Between Probation and Parole: SECTION – III Independence: The investigator should be officially
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION independent in conducting investigation.
Aspect Probation Parole
- SECTION OUTLINE Neutrality: The investigator should be neutral by
Portion of 1. Criminal Investigation avoiding leanings towards any of the parties to the
Concept Not sent to jail Sentence get 2. Principle of Investigation case.
reduced. 3. Problems of Investigation in Paksitan Professionalism: Reasonable degree of
Governed 4. Techniques of Investigation professionalism should be observed by the
Governed
under “Good 5. INTERPOL investigating officers.
under
Conduct 6. EUROPOL - Punjab govt initiative: SSOIU for Sexual cases
Legal “Probation of
Prisoners
Framework Offenders and OCO for organized crimes.
Probational
Ordinance Criminal Investigation Competence: The investigating Officer should be
Release Act
1960” Definition: It is process of collection and analysis of well equipped the requisite skills and techniques of
1926”
Awarded by information and evidence to identify and prove the investigation.
Awarding Awarded by a guilt of an offender. OR Compliance with Law and Procedures: Non-
the
institution Judge A lawful search for people and things to reconstruct Compliance with Law and set Procedures may cost
Government
Signing of the circumstances of an illegal act, apprehend or the Investigation/Prosecution losing its case in the
Bond Parole
Bond determine the guilty party, and aid in the state’s Court of Law.
prosecution of the offender. John J. Horgan Timeliness: Non following of timeliness may render
Employment Not Necessary Mandatory
Objectives of investigation: the case entirely relevant.
Quiescent of 1. Collection of Facts incidental to the Case: The Ensure chain of custody of evidence: Evidence
Yes No
charge investigation is required to collect all relevant should be properly preserved to establish the vase in
Probation facts incidental to the case. the court. Important for every crime.
Supervision Parole Officer
Officer 2. Identify the motive behind the crime. Narcotics cases under act, CNAC 9C
No restriction The offender 3. To Preserve the Evidence: Evidence is Investigation Report: The investigation report
Movement on free cannot move preserved to prove the case. should be under stable, clear, concise and relevant.
movement freely
4. To identify the offender: The principal purpose
of the investigator is to identify the person who PROBLEMS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
committed the crime 1. Lack of cost of investigation.
5. To Prove the Guilt in Court of Law: The entire 2. Political Interference.
exercise is rendered useless if the offender’s guilt 3. Overall Problems of Police Organization
is not proved before the court of LAW. 4. Lack of competence.
Principles of Criminal Investigation: 5. Shortage of trained staff.
Objectivity: A condition of being free from bias 6. Inadequate infrastructure facilities.
which implies that the investigation process should 7. Lack of optimal use of technology.
not be influences by personal interests or inclinations 8. Outdated legal framework
of the investigator. 9. Corrupt practices.
AAMIR KHAN
 Recommendations: Types of Interviews: PROS AND CONS OF THIS TACTICS
- Increase the budget allocation. Victim and witness interviews are an important part PROS CONS
- It should be free from political interference. of criminal investigations and can help investigators
Used widely across the globe Not morally sanctioned
- Improve the police system transparency and understand what happened and why.
accountability. Victim interviews: Often proves effective Emotionally manipulative
- Provide trainings and ensure competitiveness. - Victim interviews are done to collect as much
- Improve infrastructure facilities. information about the incident happened to Suspects may also be
It is quite simple
- Promote the optimal use of technology in him/her. aware of this technique
investigation process. - While interviewing the victim the time and
- Update the legal framework. victim’s mental health 2. REID TECHNIQUE:
- Develop a proper mechanism for accountability Witness interviews: The Reid technique is a method of interrogation
on corrupt practices. - While interviewing ask specific questions to after investigation and behaviour analysis. The
- gather information about the incident. system was developed in the United States by John
TYPES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION 2. INTEROGATION: E. Reid in the 1950s.
Interrogation is a process by which the suspects are It involves the following three components:
questioned regarding their involvement in any - Factual Analysis.
Investigation criminal activity, mostly directed at the suspects A provisional profile (Age, height, gender, etc) of the
Techniques
during course of investigation. offender is drawn from the facts of the case. as per
Characteristics: Joseph P. Buckley
Interview Interogation - Accusatory: The person being interviewed is Factual analysis helps determine the direction an
subject to accusation. investigation should take and offers insight to the
- Purpose: To prove guilt of offender. possible offender.
Victim Witness Good Cop - REID PEACE
Interview Interview Bad Cop Technique Model
- Subject: Only suspects are interrogated - Behavioural Analysis
- Non-Friendly: It is generally formal Following factual analysis, the suspects are
1. INTERVIEW: - Confrontational shortlisted based on characteristics identified during
Definition: Interview is collection of facts which is - It is mostly done during investigation. the process, as per Joseph P. Buckley
non-accusatory and directed to any person who Interrogation Techniques: This highly structured interview, referred to as a
possess information related to a case. 1. GOOD COP / BAD COP: Behaviour Analysis Interview, is a non-accusatory
Characteristics: This is a psychologically manipulative technique question and answer session intended to elicit
- Non-Accusatory: The person being interview wherein one official /cop earn antipathy of the information from the subject in a controlled
need not be accused. suspect through hostile behaviour, while the other environment.
- Purpose: Interview is conducted to collect more one extend sympathy through friendly conduct. - Interrogation/Interview:
and more information. The suspect is made to divulge information through The accused persons who are shortlisted from the
- Subject: Any person who possesses knowledge this tactic. second stage, are subjected to Interrogation which is
about offence in any manner can be interviewed. accusatory in nature and intended at procuring
- Friendly: It is generally less formal. confession.

AAMIR KHAN
As per following steps “logical extension from the theme,” with one 3. PEACE MODEL
1. The positive confrontation. The investigator alternative offering a better justification for the crime A non-accusatory, information-gathering approach to
tells the suspect that the evidence demonstrates (e.g., “Did you plan this thing out or did it just happen investigative interviewing, the PEACE model is best
the person's guilt. If the person's guilt seems clear on the spur of the moment?”). The investigator may practice and is suitable for any type of interviewee,
to the investigator, the statement should be follow the question with a supporting statement victim, witness or suspect.
unequivocal. “which encourages the suspect to choose the more PEACE is Acronym of the following terms.
2. Theme development: The investigator then understandable side of the alternative. P: Preparation and Planning
presents a moral justification (theme) for the 7. Oral Confession The interrogator at the first step should be well
offense, such as placing the moral blame on After the suspect accepts one side of the alternative cognizant of the facts pertaining to the case and the
someone else or outside circumstances. The (thus admitting guilt), the investigator should role of the person being interrogated upon. The
investigator presents the theme in a monologue immediately respond with a statement of questions to b e asked during interrogation should be
and in sympathetic manner and then Denial by reinforcement acknowledging that admission. The well planned of the interrogation.
the accused Person: investigator then seeks to obtain a brief oral review E: Engage And Explain
3. Handling Denial: When the suspect asks for of the basic events, before asking more detailed The suspect should be called upon and explained the
permission to speak at this stage (likely to deny questions. purpose and methodology of the interrogation
the accusations), the investigator should PROS AND CONS OF REID TECHNIQUE process.
discourage allowing the suspect to do so. The A: Account, Clarify and Challenge
Reid website asserts that innocent suspects are The response so solicited should be properly
less likely to ask for permission and more likely accounted for. Any ambiguity should be clarified, and
to “promptly and unequivocally” deny the any clarification should be sought promptly.
accusation. C: Closure
4. Overcoming objections. When attempts at The process should be properly closed which implies
denial fail, a guilty suspect often makes that any missing link should be reconstructed, and
objections to support a claim of innocence (e.g., ambiguities left should be clarified.
I would never do that because I love my job.) The E: Evaluate
investigator should generally accept these The entire process should be reviewed, analysed to
objections as if they were truthful, rather than draw conclusions.
arguing with the suspect, and use the objections PROS AND CONS OF PEACE MODEL
to further develop the theme
5. Intensification of Theme. The investigator
“should intensify the theme presentation and
concentrate on the central reasons he [or she] is
offering as psychological justification
6. Moral Justification:
The investigator should present two choices,
assuming the suspect's guilt and developed as a
AAMIR KHAN
INTERPOL AND EUROPOL 1923: Creation of Int’l criminal police commission in - NCBs are the lifeblood of INTERPOL.
Outline Vienna Austria; Later on Germany Nazi’s controlled General Secretriate: Day to day operations
- Overview in WW-II - Headed by General Secretary
- Historical evolution 1949: After WW-II reframed in 1949 as ICPO TYPES OF NOTICES ISSUED BY INTERPOL
- Core Functions (INTERPOL) ; Over the period of time need of a
- Structure constitution framework risen
- Types of Notices 1956: Constitution framed for working of the
- Diffusion Interpol.
- Criticism *Pakistan became the member in 1952.

1. INTERPOL Core Functions:

Overview: - Police data management, criminal record,
International Criminal Police Organization, criminal profile and vehicles used in crime. Data
commonly known by its telegraphic address, Interpol, Hub for Police.
“an international organization that facilitates tracing - It Provides Forensic Facilities.
transnational crime via exchange of information and - It facilitates with criminal analysis. Diffusion: In addition to Notices “The Interpol
coordination. - Provides Trainings. If any member’s country circulate certain requests internally without making
Headquarter: Lyon France. LEAs are weak. them public. The corresponding NCBs extend
Total Members: 194 - It Initiates Special projects; like in Pak-Afghan cooperation, but the request is not made public.”
Regional Offices: 07 issue, Interpol force can take role in border. Criticism:
- Argentina (Buenos Aires) - It is misused as to target the political opponents
- Cameroon (Yaoundé) Structure: (Similar as to UN) and dissidents by dictatorial regime. Shahram
- Ivory Cost (Abidjan) General Assembly: Supreme governing body humyoon case
- El Salvador (San Salvador) - Delegates from ach member country - Questions on Financial Propriety vis a vis Private
- Kenya (Nairobi) - Meets annually Partnerships: FIFA Interpol Partnership
- Thailand (Bangkok) Executive Committee: Elected by Gen. Assembly - No Defined process of appeal against notices.
- Zimbabwe (Harare - Headed by president - Abuse of Diffusion System.
- Facilitates cross border police cooperation. - Implementation of decision made in annual - Political interests are preferred over international
- Facilitates with exchange of information But no meeting of Gen. Assembly. crime coordination. Like Pak-India
power to arrest. - 13 members including, one president and 3
- Acts as police message board for members. Vice-Presidents
- Each country maintains NCB (National centre National Central Bureaus (NCBs): Each member
Bureau) country maintains a NCB.
Historical Evolution: - It links police with global network.
1914: Idea for the first time; International criminal - Staffed by highly trained national law
police congress. enforcement officers.
AAMIR KHAN
2. EUROPOL - Terrorist Finance Tackling Program: It
Working Through
Overview: Europol is a law enforcement agency, to referred as Europol disinfo. Lab, to counter the Through ELOs
Mechanism NCB’s
support its Member States in preventing and online propaganda.
combating all forms of serious international and - International Cooperation with other
Member
organised crime, cybercrime and terrorism. Organizations. Interpol, etc 194 27
States
Headquarter: Hague Netherlands - Sharing of trained expertise in criminal analysis
Total Members: 27 (European union) Interpol has
- It works through ELOs (Europol Liaison DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTERPOL & the authority Europol lacks
Officers) as NCB in Interpol. EUROPOL to conduct investigative and
- 250 ELOs Total assigned no of ELO’s to each investigations arrest powers,
Avenue INTERPOL EUROPOL Authority and arrest serving only in a
member country.
International European Union suspects supportive role
Historical evolution:
Criminal Agency for Law involved in to EU member
1972: Munich Massare raised the concerns to Full Name
Police Enforcement various countries
combat terrorism in EU. Organization Cooperation crimes
1993: Europol Drug Unit EDU was established to
tackle drug trafficking. Established Sep 7, 1923, July 1, 1999
MODERN FORMS OF INVESTIGATION:
1994: EDU started operations in Hague 1. Intelligence Based Operations IBOs:
Lyon, Hague,
Netherlands to assist national police. Headquarter
France Netherlands
1999: Europol became fully operational to combat
Aims to p Aims to support Information Analysis Itelligence
cybercrime, terrorism and other crimes in EU. promote its Member
internationalStates (EU) in
Core Functions: police preventing and Definition: Intelligence based operation is a process
- To combat Terrorism. Mission
cooperation combating by which government, military groups, business, and
- To control international drug trafficking and to prevent
organized, other organizations, systematically collect and
money laundering. and fight
cybercrime and evaluate information for the purpose of discovering
- organised fraud. crime terrorism
capabilities and intentions of the rival.
- The counterfeiting of euros. All forms of
Objectives:
- people smuggling. serious
All areas of international and - Identification and Evaluation of the
Counter Terrorism: Scope capabilities of enemy.
- ECTC: Europol Counter Terrorism Centre. It criminal law organised crime,
cybercrime and - Estimate possible enemy’s course of action
acts as central Hub to fight against Terrorism. based on capabilities.
terrorism.
- Operation and support - Identify and aid the critical vulnerable that may
- FMU: Financial Monitoring Unit, It involves in Jurisdiction Global European Union be exploited.
controlling terror financing. - Developing and evaluating counter course of
action.

AAMIR KHAN
Types of IBOs: Arms License Database:
1. Strategic Intelligence: - It is helpful in murder cases,
Strategic Intelligence is intelligence about foreign Facial Recognition
nation, collected by government agencies. - It is helpful in burglary cases, street crimes
Commonly encompasses national security, political, - Facetrack in Punjab; HotelEye another app
economical, and social trends in targeted nation.
i.e: Raw in Afghanistan 3. Electronic Investigation:
Electronic evidence is information and data of
2. Military Intelligence: investigative value that is stored on or transmitted by
Military intelligence is produced by specially trained an electronic device. Such evidence are acquired
military analysts and usually includes strengths when data or physical items collected or stored for an
weapons technology and estimated military investigation purposes.
capability of actual or potential enemy.
4. Forensic Investigation
3. Political Intelligence: “Forensic investigation is practice of lawfully
It is usually concerned with ascertaining the establishing evidences and facts that are to be
campaign strategy of opponent. presented in court of law. OR
Application of natural sciences to the field of
4. Industrial Intelligence: criminal law. Such as DNA, Blood sample analysis,
Industrial espionage involves activities carried out by Drugs analysis, Ballistic analysis etc
one company against another, with the aim of gaining
a competitive advantage in market. Steps involves in forensic investigation:
• Once evidence
Collection of
2. DATABASE INVESTIGATION: Evidences
collected it
will be sent for
examination
“Database is the collection of data or information
which can be represented in the form of files or • Once Evidence
collection of files. Examination
iof Evidence
is examined It
will be

Types:
analysed

Criminal Record Database:

• Examination
- It is helpful to tackle all street crimes. Analysis of results of
Evidence shall
Evidence
- CRO system by Punjab Police be analysed

Fingerprints Database
- It is helpful in all murder cases Reports
Excise Database
- It is helpful in vehicle thefting and hit and run
type cases.
AAMIR KHAN
 SECTION – IV
Modern Concepts in Contemporary Criminology

AAMIR KHAN