7.3 The Pypack Comerer inductances L, and L, are Usually not crucial to the general fe Jofthe power electronics circuits described in thc chapter, but they are in when considering switching transients, Note thay in ac power system sos, the Yeakage inductance is normally the important analysis and Talis! ter. SPF periodic voltage and curent operation fora transformer cteit the ig ux inthe Core must return to is starting value at the ent ates riod. Otherwise, flux will increase in the core and eventually tei yration. A saturated core cannot si sl d UPPort a voltage across a trans- a3 vinding. and this will lead to device current 1 's that are beyond the (sof eat, aes HE FLYBACK CONVERTER 73 gos Caren Mode c werter that provides isolation between i aedeere 72a. In a first analysis, ss includes the magnetizing ind w put and output isthe flyback Fig. 7-2b uses the transformer model ictance L,, as in Fig. 7-Id. The effects of o ‘igure valent circuit using Figure 7-2 (a) Flyback converter; (b) Equival 8 ansfomer mode! that incdes the magnetizing ince (€) Circuit forthe switch on; (d) Circuit forthe switch of@ Figure 7-2 (continued) 4 are important when considering sy, inductance Josses and leakage inde peration ofthe cicuit i hest fon, but the overall 0 rc th, mance and reeset model NOE the POL Of the aya 4 lings it 1-2, Fi an amps forte analysis are made: 1. The outpt capacitors very large, resulting in @ constant outpy voltage V, ee 2. The circuit is operating in the steady state, implying that all Voltages aoe penodi, beginning and ending at the Same points over ne switching period. 3. The duty ratio of the switch is D, being closed for time DT and pen for (1 - DT. 4, The switch and diode are ideal. ‘The basi operation of the flyback converter is similar to that of boost converter described in Chap. 6. Energy is stored in L,, when the loved and is then transfered to the load when the switch is open, The analyzed for both switch positions to determine the relationship ben ‘and output. the bu. Switch jy ieuitis een inn, ‘Analysis for the Switch Closed On the source side of the tx ret ransom Td Mt” DT) ae Solving for the change in current in the transformer magnet vr La (Bhat =7.8 The Pyback Converter onthe load side ofthe transformer, ince the diode is off, f gjesed, current is Of, fa = 0, which mean that; 0. So whi ote ay caiealll ware linearly in the magnetizin; at at ! nthe windings of the ideal transfomner i te ode el there i Remember that in the actual transf ; Remember ee former, this jnereasing linearly in the physical primary datena eee eine the secondary winding. 1g, and no current exists in “Analysis for the Switch Open When i gnnot change instantaneously in the aioe Gala eee fe through the primary turns ofthe ideal cane the caret ee undotted terminal of the primary and must exit the undotted anal ti ve aan. This is allowable since the diode current is postive. Assumin tha the irput voltage remains constant at V, the transformer secondary wolage carrvyes —V- The secondary voltage transforms beck othe primary stablish ing the voltage across Ly at M =y(M n= -0(2) and currents for an open switch are Voltage: inductance with the switch ays Dt (*) 3) MWe Solving for the change i open, (Biz opeoCHAPTER 7 DC Power Suples Since the net change in inductor current must Be Z2T0 OVET OTE Period fy steady-state operation, Eqs. (7-2) and (7-3) show (Sires + Bitar =O or _ i= PH(*) =0 De hg NN Solving for V,. (7-4) ut for the flyback converter is sim. iudes the additional term for the ote that the relation between input and outpt verter but inc} ilar to that of the buck-boost com switch is open are transformer ratio. i Serer uments and voltages of intrest while the ms); (M in= ly) 7 AM (7-5) the voltage acros the open switch is Brest than the source volt- he same as the input and the turns ratio is 1, for ® switch will be twice the source voltage. Circuit Note that Yyys age. Ifthe output voltage is | example, the voltage across th ‘currents are shown in Fig. 7-3. ‘The power absorbed by the load resistor must be the same as that supplied by the soure forthe idea case, resulting im Rae, i « ma Mh "p 06) ‘The average source current /, is rela ici Rene is related tothe average of the magnetizing induc- (7-1)or 7 © rent and voltage waveforms. ; (b) Source current; (c) Diode former primary voltage. Figure 7-3 Flyback converter cu (6) Magnetizing inductance curre ‘uren;(d) Capacitor current; (e) Transl4, ox current i also expressed ag VD sy —_(*) apr a=pr\™, 05, tor current are obtaj ned f, "om, fe ‘The maximum and minimum valves of induct Eqs. (7-9) and (7-2). View =n Mp a —DyR\N Fagan = thn My “7k Continuovs-curent operation requires thal isa 0 in Ea. (7-1), 1d discontinuous current, At the boundary between continuous an wont) (1 DYR\M wueney. Solving forthe minimum value of Lh will where fis the switching freq allow continuous current, (1-DyR ( y aaa Cadain = 3p \ any In a flyback converter design, Ly, is selected to be larger than continuous current operation. A convenient expression any oes current variation is found from Eq, (7-2). = vbr _ VD Es (3)7.8 The Fyback Comers The output configuration for the f a : poost converter, $0 the output ri the same, Iyback eony, etter is the ipple volt same as for! ‘Bes for the two Seiad uri also AVeese = ict = (x a =I, h i ure (7-15) a ——______ Flyback Converter pyc converter oF Fig. 7-2 asthe flowing iret parame vem Niov,= 30 1, = 500 HH R=50 = 200BF pe soktle ve5V ine (a) the required duty ratio D; (b) the average, maximum, and minimum values in ,;and (c)the output voltage ripple Assume tha allcomponents are ideal. forbecue 1 Solution fo Rearnging Ea. (7-4) yieks D ) Le H(; 3) (i pe ale ie © WAVANN,) + 1 (0 Average curentin Lis determined from Eq, (7-8). Ve iw 1." oR ~ @anoaisys) ‘The change in j,_ can be calculated from Eq. (7-2). VD ___(24)(0.385) Ai = 1 TF” 300010) *40,000) 0? ™*274 CHAPTER 7 DC Power Supplies Maximum and minimum inductor currents can be computed from i 460 Tne ht at din 460 s40-—P=310ma, Equations (7-10) and (7-11), which are derived from the above go in also be used directly to obtain the maximum and minimum curren Note yc Positive J, ie Veiies continuous curentinL,. that (©) Output votiage ripple is computed from Eq, (7-14). avy, DL 0385 i ey” RHO) ~ 1S = 056%, Flyback Converter Design, Continuous-Current Mode Design a convener to produce an ouput voliage of 36 rom 233. sauce caren is 1 A. Desin for an ouput spl volage of 2 percent, age Esp mt choosing a capacitor. Assume for this problem thatthe ESR slates the cant value by r= 10-VC. te 1 Solution Considering a boost converter for this application and calculating the equied dy from Eq. (6-27), —~ 33 =1- = 33 < 999 D=1 35 7 0.908 ‘he result of high duty ratio will likely be thatthe converter will function y because of loses in the cteit Fig, 6-10), Therefore, a boost convener mou 800d choice, A flyback converter is much beter suited for this application, ‘Asa somewhat arbitrary design decision, start by letting the duty ratio be 04 Fre Eq, (7-4), the transformer turns ratio is calculated to be ™) _ Vy 2) .3( 0). (%) WD 77 33K ag) 7 168 Rounding, let NIN, = 16, Re D= 040s. ‘To determine Ly» first compute the average current in L, from Ea, (79), wing 1, = VIR. ¥ b_(%)_(_o1_), | Ton ( alit) = (Hig)6=2000 Me ese oe Heulatng the duty ratio using a tums rao of 16 gs I ™—_— 7.8 The Fypack Comerter Letthe current variation in Z, be 40 percent ofthe a erage curent: Ai, = 0,442.69) 's another somewhat arbitrary choi ice, let 08, A. the swite ching frequency be 100 kHz. Using a. (7-13). VD ait pximum and minimum cures in a Man respectively. ‘q are found from Eqs. (7-10) and (7-11) 353.23 and 215 he output voltage ripple is to be limited to : 2 atthe primary cause of the vollage ripple will ke he pane any 1€ voltage drop across the assume that tf : stent series resistance Are The peao-peak vari qu gsin he diode ad the ansormer scan ntl estas S to current ir sient.) =amo(2 —_— (ji) = e20(4) sing Ea. (7-15 Verse nfs en Bie singe elaionshp between ESR and cepaitance given his problem, 1075 ve seri voltage due tothe capacitance ony obtained from Eq (7-14) as Age iDs es 2 te SOMOS a eecteeas FL REF” BH V/OI A280 (100,000) ~ 0,004 = 0.06% soning ina th assumption that the voltage pple primarily due othe ESR was cor aaa sandard value of 3.3 AF would be @ good ‘choice, Note that the designer should sult manufacturers’ specifications for ESR when selecting a capacitor. ‘current variation, and switching frequency were of the transformer, ‘The tums ratio tany other combinations are suitable. selected somewhat arbitrarily, and m: rent Mode in the Flyback Converter For the discontinuous-current mode for the flyback converter, the current 1 aan taco inereases linearly when the switch is closed, just as it did for he when the switch is open, the current in the continuous-current mode. However, decreases to zero before the start of the next transformer magnetizing inductance switching eyele, as shown in Fig. 7-4, While the switch is closed, the increase in ero, the inductor current is described by Eq. (7-2). Since the current starts at 2 maximum value is also determined from Eq. (7-2). Vor Ih i 7-16) nme 1 ‘ Discontinuous-Cut276 ‘ewapren 7 0 Power Suocies Dr ti 7 Figure 74 Discontinuous current forthe flyback convener ‘The output voltage for discontinuous-current operation can be de bby analyzing the power relationships in the circuit. If the components are 4° the power supplied by the de source is the same as the power absorbers th load resistor. Power supplied by the source is the de voltage redeem by the current, and load power is V3/R: "B80 BaP v2 l= Quy Wha ) Average source current isthe area under the triangular waveform of Fi divided by the period, resulting in 1B 745 1)( Yor 1)_\p'r u=(¥ wn(1) =! - (( Ln ) (7) Lm 3) Equating source power and load power [Eq. (7-17)], ViD'T _ V3 Dao. R 19) Solving for V, for discontinuous-current operation in the flyback converter, [TR R Ya Mra WOT my i ee ee ee eens Flyback Converter, Discontinuous Current For the flyback converter in Example 7-1, the load resistance is increased from 5 10200. with all other parameters remaining unchanged. Show that the magnetizing indusaae current is discontinuous, and determine the output voltage.1.4 Ther = i solution ote "i 500 pH, f = 40 kHz, using Ln NIN: = 3, D = evo cure om Ea (7-11) calculated ag 8% = 200, the minimum -18,(" 2 Mor = yr \w,) ~ 20, (24)(0:385) (y = AC) (1) __24) (0.385) 0385) T= 0385)°00(3/ ~ 3t0x0-anaap)~ ~95™A ci L,, is not ible, i, song cument it Ly 0 OSL ms ; seen ea an ns i (7-12), _ = DPR(M)?_d~o3857 ; Lr) io a =, 2(40,000) Na, tng discontinuous eure. Vega (B= 850 pH which (7-20), ag Ea: R [R_- (24y(o.3i saeco Wy Wy) 3p, p= 2389/3 500.10) aa) = O53 Y in the discontinuous-current mod: he current in Ly iD fe, the outpat volt "6.53 V. Note that for any load that causes the Sanaa be sae: 'y bat increases €© ph svi output would remain at 5 V- Flyback Converter Operation sed in the flyback converter of Fig. 7-2a, the source volt- gee is across the transformer ‘magnetizing inductance L,, and causes i, 10 as: Mincarly. Also while the switch is closed the diode on the outpit is ines Teg, and load current is supplied by the output eapacitr. ‘When the revere, energy stored in the magnetizing inductance is transferred though the transformer to the output, forward-biasing the diode and supplying ;pacitor. The input-output voltage relation curentto the load and to the output cal i Sininte continuous-eurrent mode of operation is like that of the buck-boost ede converter but includes a factor for the turns ratio. Summary 0 When the switch is clo: 14 THE FORWARD CONVERTER fe forward converter, shown in Fig. 7-5a, is another magnetically coupled de- ‘convener. The switching period is 7; the ‘switch is closed for time DT and Ciel Y ~ DIT. Steady-state operation is ‘assumed for the analysis of the cit- te cure in inductance Ly is ‘assumed to be continuous. sme tasfomer has three windings: windings 1 and 2 transfer energy from Pah forthe maga load when the switch is closed: winding 3 is used to provide a Sg Maenetzng current when the switch i open ‘and to reduce the mag- 1o zero before the start of each switching period. The transformer