Fluid Measurements: Orifice and Mouthpiece
Course Co-ordinator:
Dr. Anupam Chowdhury
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering, RUET
Email: [email protected]
Flow through Large Rectangular Orifice
• When available head of a liquid is less than 5 times the height of
orifice, the orifice is called large orifice.
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece
• In case of small orifice, the velocity is considered to be constant in
the entire cross section and the discharge is calculated by the
formula:
Q=𝐶𝑑 × a × 2𝑔𝐻.
• But in case of large orifice, the velocity of a liquid, flowing through
the orifice varies with the available head of the liquid and hence Q
can not be calculated as mentioned above.
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece Flow through Large Rectangular Orifice
Discharge Q can be calculated as : Q = 𝐶𝑑 × (b × d) × 2𝑔𝐻
b= width of orifice
d = depth of orifice
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece
Discharge through a large Rectangular Orifice
Discharge through a large Rectangular Orifice
Consider a large rectangular orifice in one side of the tank discharging
freely into atmosphere under a constant head, H as shown in figure.
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece
Consider an elementary horizontal strip ‘dh’ at a depth of h below the free
surface of the liquid in the tank as shown in figure.
Let,
𝑯𝟏 = Height of liquid above top edge of orifice
𝑯𝟐 = Height of liquid above bottom edge of orifice
𝑪𝒅 = Co efficient of discharge
b = Width of orifice
d = Depth of orifice = 𝑯𝟐 − 𝑯𝟏
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece
Practice Problem #12
A rectangular orifice 0.9m wide and 1.2m deep is discharging water from
a vessel. The top edge of the orifice is 0.6 m below the water surface in
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece
the vessel. Calculate the discharge through the orifice if 𝐶𝑑 = 0.60 and
percentage of error if the orifice is treated as a small orifice.
Information given,
b= 0.9 m
d= 1.2 m
𝐻1 = 0.6
d= 𝐻2 − 𝐻1
So, 𝐻2 = 1.8 m
𝐶𝑑 = 0.60
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece
Solution
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece Mouthpiece
A mouthpiece is an attachment in the form of a small tube or pipe fixed
to the orifice.
The length of pipe extension is usually 2 to 3 times the orifice diameter
and is used to increase the amount of discharge.
Classification of Mouthpiece
Parameter Type
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece
According to Position of 1. Internal Mouthpiece
Mouthpiece 2. External Mouthpiece
1. Cylindrical Mouthpiece
According to shape of
2. Convergent Mouthpiece
Mouthpiece
3. Convergent- Divergent Mouthpiece
According to nature of 1. Mouthpiece running full
discharge 2. Mouthpiece running free
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece Flow through an External Cylindrical Mouthpiece
Consider a tank having an external cylindrical mouthpiece of cross-
sectional area 𝑎1 attached to one of its sides as shown in figure.
The jet of liquid entering the mouthpiece contracts to form vena
contracta at a section C-C.
Beyond this section, the jet again expands and fill the mouthpiece
completely.
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece
Discharge through Mouthpiece is greater than Orifice.
Discharge through Mouthpiece is 0.855 times greater than Orifice.
Practice Problem#13 (Bansal = 343 page)
An external cylindrical mouthpiece of diameter 150 mm is
discharging water under a constant head of 6 m. Determine the
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece
discharge and absolute pressure head of water at vena contracta .
Take, 𝐶𝑑 = 0.855 and 𝐶𝑐 for vena-contracta = 0.62. Atmospheric
pressure head = 10.3 m of water.
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece Problem#13 Solution
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece Problem#13 Solution
Absolute pressure is the sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure.
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece Problem#13 Solution
Difference between Orifice and Mouthpiece
Orifice Mouthpiece
1. Orifice is a small opening 1. Mouthpiece is a pipe attached
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece
attached with the tank. with the side of a tank.
2. Orifice may circular, rectangular, 2. Mouthpieces are usually circular
triangular in shape. in shape.
3. Orifice maintain no dimension 3. A mouthpiece is 2-3 times it’s
but it should be small. diameter in length.
4. Orifice is attached at the out side 4. Mouthpiece may be internal or
of a tank. external.
5. Vena-contracta forms out of 5. Vena-contracta forms inside
orifice. mouthpiece.
Self Study:
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece
1. Distinguish between fully submerged orifice and partially
submerged orifice.
2. Distinguish between large orifice and small orifice.
Thank You
