Fluid Measurements: Orifice and Mouthpiece

Course Co-ordinator:
Dr. Anupam Chowdhury
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering, RUET
Email: [email protected]
 Flow through Orifice and Mouthpieces
• Classification of Orifice
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece

• Flow through an orifice

• Hydraulic Coefficients (𝐶𝑐 , 𝐶𝑣 , 𝐶𝑑 , 𝐶𝑟 )
• Experimental Determination of Coefficients
• Discharge through a large rectangular orifice
• Classification of Mouthpiece
• Discharge through an external mouthpiece
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece
Orifice

 An orifice is an opening in the wall or base of a vessel

through which fluid flows.
 The top edge of orifice is always below the free surface.
 Orifices are used to measure the discharge of fluid flow.
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece
Mouthpieces

 A mouthpiece is a short length of a pipe which is two to three

times its diameter in length, fitted in a tank or vessel
containing the fluid.
 Orifice as well as mouthpieces are used for measuring the
rate of flow of fluid.
 Classification of Orifice
Parameter Type of Orifice
According to Size Small orifice
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece

Large orifice
According to Shape Circular Orifice
Rectangular Orifice
Square Orifice
Triangular Orifice
Shape of Upstream edge Sharp Edged Orifice
Bell Mouthed Orifice
According to Discharge Free Discharge Orifice
Condition Submerged Orifice
Fully Submerged Orifice
Partially Submerged Orifice
 Torricelli’s Theorem (flow through an orifice)

Assignment:
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece

1. What is Vena-contracta?
2. Why does it form?

Consider two points 1 and 2 as shown in figure. Point 1 is

inside the tank and point 2 at the vena contracta. Let the
flow is steady and at a constant head H. Applying
Bernoulli’s equation at point 1 and point 2 gives:
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece
Torricelli’s Theorem
 ❑ Why vena-contracta forms?
The liquid particles lying close to the inner wall have a motion along the
wall towards the orifice which can not be abruptly change in direction at
the orifice edge.
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece

Since an abrupt change in direction of motion is impossible, the stream

line continue to convert beyond the orifice up to a certain distance that is
half of diameter of orifice.
➢ The liquid particles in order to flow out through the orifice, move
towards the orifice from all directions. Because of the inertia these
particles can not make abrupt change in their direction to reach the
orifice and they therefore follow curvilinear paths that causes the jet to
contract for a short distance after leaving the orifice.
At vena-contracta the stream lines are parallel to one another and the
velocity of liquid is maximum.
Hydraulic Coefficients ( 𝐶𝑐 , 𝐶𝑣 , 𝐶𝑑 , 𝐶𝑟 )
Co-efficient of velocity:
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece

The ratio of actual velocity of jet of liquid at vena

contracta to the theoretical velocity of jet is known
as co-efficient of velocity. It is denoted by 𝐶𝑣 .

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎 𝑣

𝐶𝑣 =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑒𝑡
= 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡(2𝑔𝐻)
Hydraulic Coefficients ( 𝐶𝑐 , 𝐶𝑣 , 𝐶𝑑 , 𝐶𝑟 )
Co-efficient of Contraction:
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece

The ratio of area of jet at vena contracta to the area

of the orifice is known as co-efficient of
contraction. It is denoted by 𝐶𝑐 .

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐽𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎 𝑎𝑐

𝐶𝐶 = =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑎
 Hydraulic Coefficients ( 𝐶𝑐 , 𝐶𝑣 , 𝐶𝑑 , 𝐶𝑟 )
Co-efficient of resistance:
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece

The ratio of loss of head in the orifice to the head of

water available at the exit of the orifice is known as co-
efficient of resistance. It is denoted by 𝐶𝑟 .
𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝐶𝑟 =
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
 Relationship: 𝐶𝑑 = 𝐶𝑐 × 𝐶𝑣
Co-efficient of discharge:
The ratio of actual from an orifice to the theoretical discharge of
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece

the orifice is known as co-efficient of discharge. It is denoted

by 𝐶𝑑 .

at vena-
contracta

of orifice
 Standard Value for Hydraulic Coefficients

Hydraulic Coefficients Range of Values

Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece

Co-efficient of Velocity 0.95-0.99

Co-efficient of Contraction 0.61-0.69

Co-efficient of Discharge 0.61-0.65

 Practice Problem#9 (Rajput 486 page)
An orifice 60 mm in diameter is discharging water under a
head of 9 meters. If 𝐶𝑑 = 0.60 and 𝐶𝑣 = 0.90 find:
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece

i. Actual Discharge
ii. Actual Velocity of Jet at Vena- Contracta
Answer:
0.02254 𝑚3 /s
11.96 m/s
 Experimental Determination of Hydraulic Coefficients (Raj 487)
(i) Determination of co-efficient of velocity (Cv):
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece
Experimental Determination of Hydraulic Coefficients (Raj 487)
 Experimental Determination of Hydraulic Coefficients (Raj 487)
(ii) Determination of co-efficient of Discharge (Cd):
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece

(iii) Determination of co-efficient of Contraction (Cc):

 Experimental Determination of Hydraulic Coefficients (Raj 487)
1. Determination of Co-efficient of Velocity by Co-ordinate
method
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece

𝑥
𝐶𝑣 =
4𝑦𝐻
2. Determination of Co-efficient of Discharge
𝑄
𝐶𝑑 =
𝑎× 2𝑔𝐻
Value of Actual Discharge is determined with the help of a
rectangular tank.
 Practice Problem#10 (Bansal)
A tank has two identical
orifices on one of its vertical
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece

sides. The upper orifice is 3

meter below the water surface
and lower one is 5 meter below
the water surface. If the value
of 𝐶𝑣 for each orifice is 0.96,
find the point of intersection of
two jets.
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece
Solution
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece
 Practice Problem#11 (Rajput, Page= 492)
A 3 m tank standing on the ground is kept full of water. There is a
small orifice in its vertical side with its center at depth h meters below
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece

the free surface of liquid in the tank. Find the value of h so that the
liquid strikes the ground at the maximum distance from the tank.
Assuming Cv= 0.97, calculate the maximum value of horizontal
distance.
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece Practice Problem#11 Solution
Topic: Orifice & Mouthpiece Practice Problem#11 Solution