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A01_Elmasri_9788131792476_SE_PREL_Elmasri5e_13-18r5r 1/15/2013 1:08 PM Page i

Database
Systems:
Models, Languages, Design,
and Application Programming

Sixth Edition

Ramez Elmasri
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
The University of Texas at Arlington

Shamkant B. Navathe
College of Computing
Georgia Institute of Technology
A01_Elmasri_9788131792476_SE_PREL_Elmasri5e_13-18r5r 1/15/2013 1:08 PM Page ii

Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced with permission in this
textbook appear on appropriate page within text.

Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as
trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark
claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps.

Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Database Systems: Models, Languages,
Design, and Application Programming, ISBN: 9780132144988 by Elmasri, Ramez; Navathe, Shamkant B.;
published by Pearson Education, Inc., Copyright © 2011, Pearson Education, Inc.

Indian Subcontinent Adaptation

Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd

This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired
out or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior written consent in any form of binding or cover
other than that in which it is published without a similar condition including this condition being imposed
on subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this
publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written
permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book.

No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the publisher’s
prior written consent.

This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher
reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time.

ISBN 978-81-317-9247-6
eISBN 978-93-325-7619-3

First Impression

This edition is manufactured in India and is authorized for sale only in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan,
Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Circulation of this edition outside of these territories is
UNAUTHORIZED.

Published by Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd, licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia.

Head Office: 15th Floor, Tower-B, World Trade Tower, Plot No. 1, Block-C, Sector-16,
Noida 201 301, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Registered Office: 4th Floor, Software Block, Elnet Software City, TS-140, Block 2 & 9,
Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India.
Fax: 080-30461003, Phone: 080-30461060
www.pearson.co.in, Email: [email protected]
A012_Elmasri5e_13-18r5r 1/3/2013 11:05 AM Page iii

To Katrina, Thomas, and Dora

(and also to Ficky)
R. E.

To my wife Aruna, mother Vijaya,

and to my entire family
for their love and support
S.B.N.
A012_Elmasri5e_13-18r5r 1/3/2013 11:05 AM Page iv

This page is intentionally left blank.

A012_Elmasri5e_13-18r5r 1/3/2013 11:05 AM Page v

Preface

T his book introduces the fundamental concepts nec-

essary for designing, using, and implementing data-
base systems and database applications. Our presentation stresses the fundamentals
of database modeling and design, the languages and models provided by the data-
base management systems, and database system implementation techniques. The
book is meant to be used as a textbook for a one- or two-semester course in data-
base systems at the junior, senior, or graduate level, and as a reference book. Our
goal is to provide an in-depth and up-to-date presentation of the most important
aspects of database systems and applications, and related technologies. We assume
that readers are familiar with elementary programming and data-
structuring concepts and that they have had some exposure to the basics of com-
puter organization.

New to This Edition

The following key features have been added in this edition:
■ A reorganization of the chapter ordering to allow instructors to start with
projects and laboratory exercises very early in the course
■ The material on SQL, the relational database standard, has been moved early
in the book to Chapters 4 and 5 to allow instructors to focus on this impor-
tant topic at the beginning of a course
■ The material on conceptual modeling using entities and relationships (ER
and EER) has been consolidated into a single chapter (Chapter 7), and the
discussion on UML is consolidated in Chapter 9
■ The material on object-relational and object-oriented databases has been
updated to conform to the latest SQL and ODMG standards, and consoli-
dated into a single chapter (Chapter 10)
■ The presentation of XML has been expanded and updated, and moved ear-
lier in the book to Chapter 11
■ The chapters on normalization theory have been reorganized so that the first
chapter (Chapter 14) focuses on intuitive normalization concepts, while the
second chapter (Chapter 15) focuses on the formal theories and normaliza-
tion algorithms.

v
A012_Elmasri5e_13-18r5r 1/3/2013 11:05 AM Page vi

vi Preface

■ The chapter on emerging technologies in mobile and multimedia databases

and applications in GIS and biological data management has been updated
and moved earlier in the book (Chapter 23)
■ Our presentation on spatial databases and multimedia databases has been
expanded and updated in Chapter 24
■ The presentation of database security threats has been updated with a dis-
cussion on SQL injection attacks and prevention techniques in Chapter 25,
and an overview of label-based security with examples
■ A new Chapter 27 on information retrieval techniques has been added,
which discusses models and techniques for retrieval, querying, browsing,
and indexing of information from Web documents; we present the typical
processing steps in an information retrieval system, the evaluation metrics,
and how information retrieval techniques are related to databases and to
Web search
The following are key features of the book:
■ A self-contained, flexible organization that can be tailored to individual
needs
n A Companion Web site (http://www.pearsoned.co.in/ramezelmasri)
includes data to be loaded into various types of relational databases for more
realistic student laboratory exercises
■ A simple relational algebra and calculus interpreter

■ A collection of supplements, including a robust set of materials for instruc-

tors and students, such as PowerPoint slides, figures from the text, and an
instructor’s guide with solutions

Organization of the Book

There are significant organizational changes in this edition, as well as improvement
to the individual chapters.
■ Chapters 1 and 2 are the introductory chapters

■ The presentation on relational databases and SQL has been moved to Chap-
ters 3 through 6 of the book; Chapter 3 presents the formal relational model
and relational database constraints; the material on SQL (Chapters 4 and 5) is
now presented before our presentation on relational algebra and calculus in
Chapter 6 to allow instructors to start SQL projects early in a course if they
wish (this reordering is also based on a study that suggests students master
SQL better when it is taught before the formal relational languages)
■ The presentation on entity-relationship modeling and database design is
now in Chapters 7 through 9, but it can still be covered before Chapters 3
through 6 if the focus of a course is on database design; Chapter 7 covers
both ER and EER models, Chapter 8 covers mapping ER and EER schemas
to relational schemas, and Chapter 9 discusses UML and compares it to ER
and EER
A012_Elmasri5e_13-18r5r 1/3/2013 11:05 AM Page vii

Preface vii

■ The material on object-relational and object-oriented databases is consoli-

dated into a single chapter (Chapter 10) and is moved earlier in the book, as
is the material on XML (Chapter 11)
■ The chapters on database programming techniques (Chapter 12) and Web
database programming using PHP (Chapter 13, which was moved earlier in
the book) are now back-to-back in the book
■ Chapters 14 and 15 are the normalization and design theory chapters (we
moved all the formal aspects of normalization algorithms to Chapter 15)
■ Chapters 16 and 17 contain the materials on file organizations, indexing, and
hashing
■ This is followed by the chapters on query processing and optimization tech-
niques (Chapter 18) and database tuning (Chapter 19)
■ The next three chapters are: Chapter 20 on transaction processing concepts;
Chapter 21 on concurrency control; and Chapter 22 on database recovery
from failures; these are followed by the updated Chapter 23 on emerging
database technologies and applications
■ Next, we have Chapter 24 on advanced data models (active, temporal, spa-
tial, multimedia, and deductive databases), followed by Chapter 25 on data-
base security and Chapter 26 on distributed databases
■ These are followed by the new Chapter 27 on information retrieval and Web
search
■ Chapter 28 on data mining gives an overview of the process of data mining and
knowledge discovery, discusses algorithms for association rule mining, classifica-
tion, and clustering, and briefly covers other approaches and commercial tools.
■ Chapter 29, the last chapter, introduces data warehousing concepts.
Appendix A gives a number of alternative diagrammatic notations for displaying a
conceptual ER or EER schema. These may be substituted for the notation we use, if
the instructor prefers. Appendix B gives some important physical parameters of
disks. Appendix C gives an overview of the QBE graphical query language. Appen-
dixes D and E (available on the book’s Companion Web site located at
http://www.pearsoned.co.in/ramezelmasri) cover legacy database systems, based
on the hierarchical and network database models. They have been used for more
than thirty years as a basis for many commercial database applications and
transaction-processing systems. We consider it important to expose database man-
agement students to these legacy approaches so they can gain a better insight of
how database technology has progressed.

Guidelines for Using This Book

There are many different ways to teach a database course. The chapters from 1
through 17 can be used in an introductory course on database systems in the order
A012_Elmasri5e_13-18r5r 1/3/2013 11:05 AM Page viii

viii Preface

that they are given or in the preferred order of individual instructors. Selected chap-
ters and sections may be left out, and the instructor can add other chapters from the
rest of the book, depending on the emphasis of the course. At the end of the open-
ing section of many of the book’s chapters, we list sections that are candidates for
being left out whenever a less-detailed discussion of the topic is desired. We suggest
covering up to Chapter 7 in an introductory database course and including selected
parts of other chapters, depending on the background of the students and the
desired coverage. For an emphasis on system implementation techniques, selected
chapters from 18 through 22 should replace some of the earlier chapters.
Chapter 7, which covers conceptual modeling using the ER and EER models, is
important for a good conceptual understanding of databases. However, it may be
partially covered, covered later in a course, or even left out if the emphasis is on
DBMS implementation. Chapters 16 and 17 on file organizations and indexing may

1, 2
Introductory

3
7 Relational
ER, EER Model
Models
6
4, 5
Relational
SQL
Algebra 10, 11 12, 13
ODB, ORDB, DB, Web
8 XML Programming 16, 17
ER-, EER-to-
Relational File Organization,
20, 21, 22 Indexing
23, 24, 27
Advanced Transactions,
Models, CC, Recovery
9 IR
DB Design, 25, 26
UML Security,
DDB

14, 15
FD, MVD, 28, 29
Normalization Data Mining,
Warehousing

18, 19
Query Processing,
Optimization,
DB Tuning
A012_Elmasri5e_13-18r5r 1/3/2013 11:05 AM Page ix

Preface ix

also be covered early, later, or even left out if the emphasis is on database models and
languages. For students who have completed a course on file organization, parts of
these chapters can be assigned as reading material or some exercises can be assigned
as a review for these concepts.
If the emphasis of a course is on database design, then the instructor should cover
Chapter 7 early on, followed by the presentation of relational databases. A total life-
cycle database design and implementation project would cover conceptual design
(Chapter 7), relational databases (Chapters 3, 4, and 5), data model mapping
(Chapter 8), normalization (Chapter 14), and application programs implementa-
tion with SQL (Chapter 12). Chapter 13 also should be covered if the emphasis is on
Web database programming and applications. Additional documentation on the
specific programming languages and RDBMS used would be required.
The book is written so that it is possible to cover topics in various sequences. The
chapter dependency chart on page x shows the major dependencies among chap-
ters. As the diagram illustrates, it is possible to start with several different topics fol-
lowing the first two introductory chapters. Although the chart may seem complex, it
is important to note that if the chapters are covered in order, the dependencies are
not lost. The chart can be consulted by instructors wishing to use an alternative
order of presentation.
For a one-semester course based on this book, selected chapters can be assigned as
reading material. The book also can be used for a two-semester course sequence.
The first course, Introduction to Database Design and Database Systems, at the soph-
omore, junior, or senior level, can cover most of Chapters 1 through 14. The second
course, Database Models and Implementation Techniques, at the senior or first-year
graduate level, can cover most of Chapters 15 through 29. The two-semester
sequence can also been designed in various other ways, depending on the prefer-
ences of the instructors.

Supplemental Materials
Support material is available to all users of this book and additional material is
available to qualified instructors.
■ PowerPoint lecture notes and figures are available at the Companion
Web site at http://www.pearsoned.co.in/ramezelmasri
■ A lab manual for this edition is available through the Companion Web site.
The lab manual contains coverage of popular data modeling tools, a relational
algebra and calculus interpreter, and examples from the book implemented
using two widely available database management systems. Select end-of-
chapter laboratory problems in the book are correlated to the lab manual.
■ A solutions manual is available to qualified instructors.
A012_Elmasri5e_13-18r5r 1/3/2013 11:05 AM Page x

x Preface

Acknowledgments
It is a great pleasure to acknowledge the assistance and contributions of many indi-
viduals to this effort. First, we would like to thank our editor, Matt Goldstein, for his
guidance, encouragement, and support. We would like to acknowledge the excellent
work of Gillian Hall for production management and Rebecca Greenberg for a
thorough copy editing of the book. We thank the following persons from Pearson
who have contributed to this edition: Jeff Holcomb, Marilyn Lloyd, Margaret
Waples, and Chelsea Bell.
Sham Navathe would like to acknowledge the significant contribution of Saurav
Sahay to Chapter 27. Several current and former students also contributed to vari-
ous chapters in this edition: Rafi Ahmed, Liora Sahar, Fariborz Farahmand, Nalini
Polavarapu, and Wanxia Xie (former students); and Bharath Rengarajan, Narsi
Srinivasan, Parimala R. Pranesh, Neha Deodhar, Balaji Palanisamy and Hariprasad
Kumar (current students). Discussions with his colleagues Ed Omiecinski and Leo
Mark at Georgia Tech and Venu Dasigi at SPSU, Atlanta have also contributed to the
revision of the material.
We would like to repeat our thanks to those who have reviewed and contributed to
previous editions of Fundamentals of Database Systems.
■ First edition. Alan Apt (editor), Don Batory, Scott Downing, Dennis
Heimbinger, Julia Hodges, Yannis Ioannidis, Jim Larson, Per-Ake Larson,
Dennis McLeod, Rahul Patel, Nicholas Roussopoulos, David Stemple,
Michael Stonebraker, Frank Tompa, and Kyu-Young Whang.
■ Second edition. Dan Joraanstad (editor), Rafi Ahmed, Antonio Albano,
David Beech, Jose Blakeley, Panos Chrysanthis, Suzanne Dietrich, Vic Ghor-
padey, Goetz Graefe, Eric Hanson, Junguk L. Kim, Roger King, Vram
Kouramajian, Vijay Kumar, John Lowther, Sanjay Manchanda, Toshimi
Minoura, Inderpal Mumick, Ed Omiecinski, Girish Pathak, Raghu Ramakr-
ishnan, Ed Robertson, Eugene Sheng, David Stotts, Marianne Winslett, and
Stan Zdonick.
■ Third edition. Maite Suarez-Rivas and Katherine Harutunian (editors);
Suzanne Dietrich, Ed Omiecinski, Rafi Ahmed, Francois Bancilhon, Jose
Blakeley, Rick Cattell, Ann Chervenak, David W. Embley, Henry A. Etlinger,
Leonidas Fegaras, Dan Forsyth, Farshad Fotouhi, Michael Franklin, Sreejith
Gopinath, Goetz Craefe, Richard Hull, Sushil Jajodia, Ramesh K. Karne,
Harish Kotbagi, Vijay Kumar, Tarcisio Lima, Ramon A. Mata-Toledo, Jack
McCaw, Dennis McLeod, Rokia Missaoui, Magdi Morsi, M. Narayanaswamy,
Carlos Ordonez, Joan Peckham, Betty Salzberg, Ming-Chien Shan, Junping
Sun, Rajshekhar Sunderraman, Aravindan Veerasamy, and Emilia E.
Villareal.
■ Fourth edition. Maite Suarez-Rivas, Katherine Harutunian, Daniel Rausch,
and Juliet Silveri (editors); Phil Bernhard, Zhengxin Chen, Jan Chomicki,
Hakan Ferhatosmanoglu, Len Fisk, William Hankley, Ali R. Hurson, Vijay
A012_Elmasri5e_13-18r5r 1/3/2013 11:05 AM Page xi

Preface xi

Kumar, Peretz Shoval, Jason T. L. Wang (reviewers); Ed Omiecinski (who

contributed to Chapter 27). Contributors from the University of Texas at
Arlington are Jack Fu, Hyoil Han, Babak Hojabri, Charley Li, Ande Swathi,
and Steven Wu; Contributors from Georgia Tech are Weimin Feng, Dan
Forsythe, Angshuman Guin, Abrar Ul-Haque, Bin Liu, Ying Liu, Wanxia Xie,
and Waigen Yee.
■ Fifth edition. Matt Goldstein and Katherine Harutunian (editors); Michelle
Brown, Gillian Hall, Patty Mahtani, Maite Suarez-Rivas, Bethany Tidd, and
Joyce Cosentino Wells (from Addison-Wesley); Hani Abu-Salem, Jamal R.
Alsabbagh, Ramzi Bualuan, Soon Chung, Sumali Conlon, Hasan Davulcu,
James Geller, Le Gruenwald, Latifur Khan, Herman Lam, Byung S. Lee,
Donald Sanderson, Jamil Saquer, Costas Tsatsoulis, and Jack C. Wileden
(reviewers); Raj Sunderraman (who contributed the laboratory projects);
Salman Azar (who contributed some new exercises); Gaurav Bhatia,
Fariborz Farahmand, Ying Liu, Ed Omiecinski, Nalini Polavarapu, Liora
Sahar, Saurav Sahay, and Wanxia Xie (from Georgia Tech).
Last, but not least, we gratefully acknowledge the support, encouragement, and
patience of our families.
R. E.
S.B.N.
The publishers would like to thank N. K. Srinath, Professor and Head, Department
of Information Science and Engineering, R. V. College of Engineering, Bangalore,
Karnataka, for his valuable suggestions and inputs in enhancing the contents of this
book to suit the requirements of Indian Universities.
A012_Elmasri5e_13-18r5r 1/3/2013 11:05 AM Page xii

This page is intentionally left blank.

A012_Elmasri5e_13-18r5r 1/3/2013 11:05 AM Page xiii

Brief Contents

chapter 1 Introduction to Databases 1

chapter 2 Overview of Database Languages and Architectures 29

chapter 3 The Basic (Flat) Relational Model 57

chapter 4 SQL: Data Definition, Constraints, and Basic Queries and

Updates 85

chapter 5 SQL: Advanced Queries, Assertions, Triggers, and

Views 115

chapter 6 Formal Relational Languages: The Algebra and

Calculus 145

chapter 7 Conceptual Data Modeling Using Entities and

Relationships 197

chapter 8 Mapping a Conceptual Design into a Logical Design 271

chapter 9 UML for Database Application Design 289

chapter 10 Object and Object-Relational Databases: Concepts, Models,

Languages, and Standards 343

chapter 11 XML: Concepts, Languages, and Standards 405

chapter 12 SQL Application Programming Using C and Java 435

chapter 13 SQL Web Programming Using C PHP 469

chapter 14 Database Design Theory: Introduction to Normalization Using

Functional and Multivalued Dependencies 487

chapter 15 Database Design Theory: Normalization Algorithms 531

chapter 16 Database File Organizations: Unordered, Ordered, and Hashed

Files of Records 569

chapter 17 Database File Indexing Techniques, B-Trees, and

B+-Trees 617

chapter 18 Introduction to Query Processing and Query Optimization

Techniques 663
xiii
A012_Elmasri5e_13-18r5r 1/3/2013 11:05 AM Page xiv

xiv Brief Contents

chapter 19 Introduction to Database Tuning and Physical Design Issues 711

chapter 20 Foundations of Database Transaction Processing 725

chapter 21 Introduction to Protocols for Concurrency Control in

Databases 759

chapter 22 Introduction to Database Recovery Protocols 789

chapter 23 Emerging Database Technologies and Applications 817

chapter 24 Advanced Database Models and Applications 873

chapter 25 Introduction to Database Security 935

chapter 26 Introduction to Distributed Databases 977

chapter 27 Introduction to Information Retrieval 1029

chapter 28 Data Mining Concepts 1071

chapter 29 Overview of Data Warehousing and OLAP 1103

appendix A Alternative Diagrammatic Notations for ER Models 1121

appendix B Parameters of Disks 1125

appendix C Overview of the QBE Language 1129

appendix D Overview of the Hierarchical Data Model(located on the Companion

Web site at http://www.pearsoned.co.in/ramezelmasri)

appendix E Overview of the Network Data Model (located on the Companion

Web site at http://www.pearsoned.co.in/ramezelmasri)

Selected Bibliography 1137

Index 1173
A012_Elmasri5e_13-18r5r 1/3/2013 11:05 AM Page xv

Contents

chapter 1 Introduction to Databases 1

1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 An Example 4
1.3 Characteristics of the Database Approach 7
1.4 Actors on the Scene 12
1.5 Workers behind the Scene 14
1.6 Advantages of Using the DBMS Approach 15
1.7 A Brief History of Database Applications 21
1.8 When Not to Use a DBMS 24
1.9 Summary 25
Review Questions 25
Exercises 26
Selected Bibliography 27

chapter 2 Overview of Database Languages

and Architectures 29
2.1 Data Models, Schemas, and Instances 30
2.2 Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence 33
2.3 Database Languages and Interfaces 36
2.4 The Database System Environment 40
2.5 Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMSs 44
2.6 Classification of Database Management Systems 49
2.7 Summary 52
Review Questions 53
Exercises 54
Selected Bibliography 55

chapter 3 The Basic (Flat) Relational Model 57

3.1 Relational Model Concepts 58
3.2 Relational Model Constraints and Relational Database Schemas 65
3.3 Update Operations, Transactions, and Dealing with Constraint
Violations 73

xv
A012_Elmasri5e_13-18r5r 1/3/2013 11:05 AM Page xvi

xvi Contents

3.4 Summary 77
Review Questions 78
Exercises 79
Selected Bibliography 83

chapter 4 SQL: Data Definition, Constraints, and Basic

Queries and Updates 85
4.1 SQL Data Definition and Data Types 87
4.2 Specifying Constraints in SQL 92
4.3 Basic Retrieval Queries in SQL 95
4.4 INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE Statements in SQL 105
4.5 Additional Features of 108
4.6 Summary 109
Review Questions 110
Exercises 110
Selected Bibliography 113

chapter 5 SQL: Advanced Queries, Assertions, Triggers,

and Views 115
5.1 More Complex SQL Retrieval Queries 115
5.2 Specifying Constraints as Assertions and Actions as Triggers 131
5.3 Views (Virtual Tables) in SQL 133
5.4 Schema Change Statements in SQL 137
5.5 Summary 139
Review Questions 141
Exercises 141
Selected Bibliography 143

chapter 6 Formal Relational Languages: The Algebra

and Calculus 145
6.1 Unary Relational Operations: SELECT and PROJECT 147
6.2 Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory 152
6.3 Binary Relational Operations: JOIN and DIVISION 157
6.4 Additional Relational Operations 165
6.5 Examples of Queries in Relational Algebra 171
6.6 The Tuple Relational Calculus 174
6.7 The Domain Relational Calculus 183
6.8 Summary 185
A012_Elmasri5e_13-18r5r 1/3/2013 11:05 AM Page xvii

Contents xvii

Review Questions 186

Exercises 187
Laboratory Exercises 194
Selected Bibliography 196

chapter 7 Conceptual Data Modeling Using Entities

and Relationships 197
7.1 Using High-Level Conceptual Data Models for Database
Design 199
7.2 A Sample Database Application 201
7.3 Entity Types, Entity Sets, Attributes, and Keys 202
7.4 Relationship Types, Relationship Sets, Roles, and Structural
Constraints 210
7.5 Weak Entity Types 217
7.6 Refining the ER Design for the COMPANY Database 218
7.7 ER Diagrams, Naming Conventions, and Design Issues 219
7.8 Relationship Types of Degree Higher than Two 223
7.9 Subclasses, Superclasses, and Inheritance 228
7.10 Specialization and Generalization in EER 230
7.11 Constraints and Characteristics of Specialization and Generalization
Hierarchies 233
7.12 Modeling of UNION Types Using Categories in EER 240
7.13 A Sample UNIVERSITY EER Schema, Design Choices, and Formal
Definitions 242
7.14 Data Abstraction, Knowledge Representation, and Ontology
Concepts 247
7.15 Summary 253
Review Questions 254
Exercises 256
Laboratory Exercises 265
Selected Bibliography 269

chapter 8 Mapping a Conceptual Design into a Logical Design

271
8.1 Relational Database Design Using ER-to-Relational Mapping 272
8.2 Mapping EER Model Constructs to Relations 280
8.3 Summary 285
Review Questions 285
Exercises 285
Laboratory Exercises 287
Selected Bibliography 288
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chapter 9 UML for Database Application Design 289

9.1 Basics of UML Class Diagrams 291
9.2 Representing Specialization and Generalization in UML Class
Diagrams 293
9.3 Use of UML Diagrams as an Aid to Database Design
Specification 295
9.4 Rational Rose: A UML-Based Design Tool 303
9.5 The Role of Information Systems in Organizations 308
9.6 The Database Design and Implementation Process 313
9.7 Automated Database Design Tools 332
9.8 Summary 336
Review Questions 336
Exercises 338
Selected Bibliography 341

chapter 10 Object and Object-Relational Databases:

Concepts, Models, Languages, and
Standards 343
10.1 Overview of Object Database Concepts 345
10.2 Object-Relational Features: Object Database Extensions to
SQL 359
10.3 The ODMG Object Model and the Object Definition Language
ODL 366
10.4 Object Database Conceptual Design 385
10.5 The Object Query Language OQL 388
10.6 Overview of the C++ Language Binding in the ODMG
Standard 397
10.7 Summary 398
Review Questions 399
Exercises 401
Selected Bibliography 402

chapter 11 XML: Concepts, Languages, and Standards 405

11.1 Structured, Semistructured, and Unstructured Data 406
11.2 XML Hierarchical (Tree) Data Model 410
11.3 XML Documents, DTD, and XML Schema 413
11.4 Storing and Extracting XML Documents from Databases 421
11.5 XML Languages 422
11.6 Extracting XML Documents from Relational Databases 426
11.7 Summary 432
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Review Questions 432

Exercises 433
Selected Bibliography 434

chapter 12 SQL Application Programming Using

C and Java 435
12.1 Database Programming: Techniques and Issues 436
12.2 Embedded SQL, Dynamic SQL, and SQLJ 439
12.3 Database Programming with Function Calls: SQL/CLI and
JDBC 452
12.4 Database Stored Procedures and SQL/PSM 461
12.5 Comparing the Three Approaches 464
12.6 Summary 465
Review Questions 466
Exercises 466
Selected Bibliography 467

chapter 13 SQL Web Programming Using C PHP 469

13.1 A Simple PHP Example 470
13.2 Overview of Basic Features of PHP 472
13.3 Overview of PHP Database Programming 479
13.4 Summary 484
Review Questions 484
Exercises 485
Selected Bibliography 485

chapter 14 Database Design Theory: Introduction

to Normalization Using Functional
and Multivalued Dependencies 487
14.1 Informal Design Guidelines for Relation Schema 489
14.2 Functional Dependencies 499
14.3 Normal Forms Based on Primary Keys 502
14.4 General Definitions of Second and Third Normal Forms 511
14.5 Boyce-Codd Normal Form 515
14.6 Multivalued Dependency and Fourth Normal Form 517
14.7 Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form 520
14.8 Summary 521
Review Questions 522
Exercises 524
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Laboratory Exercise 528

Selected Bibliography 529

chapter 15 Database Design Theory: Normalization

Algorithms 531
15.1 Further Topics in Functional Dependencies: Inference
Rules,Equivalence, and Minimal Cover 533
15.2 Properties of Relational Decompositions 539
15.3 Algorithms for Relational Database Schema Design 545
15.4 About Nulls, Dangling Tuples, and Alternative Relational
Designs 551
15.5 Further Discussion of Multivalued Dependencies and 4NF 555
15.6 Other Dependencies and Normal Forms 559
15.7 Summary 563
Review Questions 564
Exercises 565
Laboratory Exercises 566
Selected Bibliography 567

chapter 16 Database File Organizations: Unordered,

Ordered, and Hashed Files of Records 569
16.1 Introduction 570
16.2 Secondary Storage Devices 573
16.3 Buffering of Blocks 579
16.4 Placing File Records on Disk 580
16.5 Operations on Files 585
16.6 Files of Unordered Records (Heap Files) 587
16.7 Files of Ordered Records (Sorted Files) 589
16.8 Hashing Techniques 592
16.9 Other Primary File Organizations 602
16.10 Parallelizing Disk Access Using RAID Technology 603
16.11 New Storage Systems 607
16.12 Summary 610
Review Questions 611
Exercises 612
Selected Bibliography 616

chapter 17 Database File Indexing Techniques, B-Trees,

and B+-Trees 617
17.1 Types of Single-Level Ordered Indexes 618
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17.2 Multilevel Indexes 629

17.3 Dynamic Multilevel Indexes Using B-Trees and B+-Trees 632
17.4 Indexes on Multiple Keys 646
17.5 Other Types of Indexes 649
17.6 Some General Issues Concerning Indexing 654
17.7 Summary 656
Review Questions 657
Exercises 658
Selected Bibliography 660

chapter 18 Introduction to Query Processing

and Query Optimization Techniques 663
18.1 Translating SQL Queries into Relational Algebra 665
18.2 Algorithms for External Sorting 666
18.3 Algorithms for SELECT and JOIN Operations 669
18.4 Algorithms for PROJECT and Set Operations 680
18.5 Implementing Aggregate Operations and OUTER JOINs 682
18.6 Combining Operations Using Pipelining 684
18.7 Using Heuristics in Query Optimization 684
18.8 Using Selectivity and Cost Estimates in Query Optimization 694
18.9 Overview of Query Optimization in Oracle 705
18.10 Semantic Query Optimization 706
18.11 Summary 707
Review Questions 707
Exercises 708
Selected Bibliography 709

chapter 19 Introduction to Database Tuning and Physical

Design Issues 711
19.1 Physical Database Design in Relational Databases 711
19.2 An Overview of Database Tuning in Relational Systems 717
19.3 Summary 723
Review Questions 723
Selected Bibliography 724

chapter 20 Foundations of Database Transaction

Processing 725
20.1 Introduction to Transaction Processing 726
20.2 Transaction and System Concepts 733
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xxii Contents

20.3 Desirable Properties of Transactions 736

20.4 Characterizing Schedules Based on Recoverability 737
20.5 Characterizing Schedules Based on Serializability 741
20.6 Transaction Support in SQL 752
20.7 Summary 754
Review Questions 754
Exercises 756
Selected Bibliography 757

chapter 21 Introduction to Protocols for Concurrency

Control in Databases 759
21.1 Two-Phase Locking Techniques for Concurrency Control 760
21.2 Concurrency Control Based on Timestamp Ordering 770
21.3 Multiversion Concurrency Control Techniques 773
21.4 Validation (Optimistic) Concurrency Control Techniques 776
21.5 Granularity of Data Items and Multiple Granularity Locking 777
21.6 Using Locks for Concurrency Control in Indexes 780
21.7 Other Concurrency Control Issues 782
21.8 Summary 784
Review Questions 785
Exercises 786
Selected Bibliography 787

chapter 22 Introduction to Database Recovery

Protocols 789
22.1 Recovery Concepts 790
22.2 NO-UNDO/REDO Recovery Based on Deferred Update 797
22.3 Recovery Techniques Based on Immediate Update 799
22.4 Shadow Paging 802
22.5 The ARIES Recovery Algorithm 803
22.6 Recovery in Multidatabase Systems 807
22.7 Database Backup and Recovery from Catastrophic Failures 808
22.8 Summary 809
Review Questions 810
Exercises 812
Selected Bibliography 814

chapter 23 Emerging Database Technologies

and Applications 817
23.1 Mobile Data Management 818
23.2 Multimedia Data Management 829
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Contents xxiii

23.3 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 840

23.4 Biological and Genomic Databases and Emerging Applications 854
Review Questions 867
Selected Bibliography 868
Credit 872

chapter 24 Advanced Database Models

and Applications 873
24.1 Active Database Concepts and Triggers 875
24.2 Temporal Database Concepts 885
24.3 Spatial Database Concepts 899
24.4 Multimedia Database Concepts 907
24.5 Introduction to Deductive Databases 912
24.6 Summary 925
Review Questions 926
Exercises 928
Selected Bibliography 931

chapter 25 Introduction to Database Security 935

25.1 Introduction to Database Security Issues 936
25.2 Discretionary Access Control Based on Granting
and Revoking Privileges 942
25.3 Mandatory Access Control and Role-Based Access Control
for Multilevel Security 947
25.4 SQL Injection 955
25.5 Introduction to Statistical Database Security 959
25.6 Introduction to Flow Control 960
25.7 Encryption and Public Key Infrastructures 962
25.8 Privacy Issues and Preservation 966
25.9 Challenges of Database Security 967
25.10 Oracle Label-Based Security 968
25.11 Summary 970
Review Questions 972
Exercises 974
Selected Bibliography 974

chapter 26 Introduction to Distributed Databases 977

26.1 Distributed Database Concepts 978
26.2 Types of Distributed Database Systems 983
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xxiv Contents

26.3 Distributed Database Architectures 987

26.4 Data Fragmentation, Replication, and Allocation Techniques for
Distributed Database Design 994
26.5 Query Processing and Optimization in Distributed
Databases 1001
26.6 Overview of Transaction Management in Distributed
Databases 1007
26.7 Overview of Concurrency Control and Recovery in Distributed
Databases 1009
26.8 Distributed Catalog Management 1013
26.9 Current Trends in Distributed Databases 1014
26.10 Distributed Databases in Oracle 1015
26.11 Summary 1019
Review Questions 1021
Exercises 1023
Selected Bibliography 1024

chapter 27 Introduction to Information Retrieval 1029

27.1 Information Retrieval (IR) Concepts 1030
27.2 Retrieval Models 1037
27.3 Types of Queries in IR Systems 1043
27.4 Text Preprocessing 1045
27.5 Inverted Indexing 1048
27.6 Evaluation Measures of Search Relevance 1050
27.7 Web Search and Analysis 1054
27.8 Trends in Information Retrieval 1064
27.9 Summary 1066
Review Questions 1067
Exercises 1069
Selected Bibliography 1069

chapter 28 Data Mining Concepts 1071

28.1 Overview of Data Mining Technology 1072
28.2 Association Rules 1075
28.3 Classifications 1087
28.4 Clustering 1090
28.5 Approaches to Other Data Mining Problems 1093
28.6 Applications of Data Mining 1096
28.7 Commercial Data Mining Tools 1096
28.8 Summary 1099
Review Questions 1099
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Overlook what rolls beneath it, recklessly enough, but think
There’s advantage in what’s left us—ground to stand on, time to call
‘Lord, have mercy!’ ere we topple over—do not leap, that’s all!”

Oh, he made no answer, re-absorbed into his cloud. I caught

Something like “Yes—courage; only fools will call it fear.”

If aught
Comfort you, my great unhappy hero Clive, in that I heard,
Next week, how your own hand dealt you doom, and uttered just
the word
“Fearfully courageous!”—this, be sure, and nothing else I groaned.
I’m no Clive, nor parson either: Clive’s worst deed—we’ll hope
condoned.
MULÉYKEH.
If a stranger passed the tent of Hóseyn, he cried “A churl’s!”
Or haply “God help the man who has neither salt nor bread!”
—“Nay,” would a friend exclaim, “he needs nor pity nor scorn
More than who spends small thought on the shore-sand, picking
pearls,
—Holds but in light esteem the seed-sort, bears instead
On his breast a moon-like prize, some orb which of night makes
morn.

“What if no flocks and herds enrich the son of Sinán?

They went when his tribe was mulct, ten thousand camels the due,
Blood-value paid perforce for a murder done of old.
‘God gave them, let them go! But never since time began,
Muléykeh, peerless mare, owned master the match of you,
And you are my prize, my Pearl: I laugh at men’s land and gold!’

“So in the pride of his soul laughs Hóseyn—and right, I say.

Do the ten steeds run a race of glory? Outstripping all,
Ever Muléykeh stands first steed at the victor’s staff.
Who started, the owner’s hope, gets shamed and named, that day.
‘Silence,’ or, last but one, is ‘The Cuffed,’ as we used to call
Whom the paddock’s lord thrusts forth. Right, Hóseyn, I say, to
laugh!”

“Boasts he Muléykeh the Pearl?” the stranger replies: “Be sure

On him I waste nor scorn nor pity, but lavish both
On Duhl the son of Sheybán, who withers away in heart
For envy of Hóseyn’s luck. Such sickness admits no cure.
A certain poet has sung, and sealed the same with an oath,
‘For the vulgar—flocks and herds! The Pearl is a prize apart.’”

Lo, Duhl the son of Sheybán comes riding to Hóseyn’s tent,

And he casts his saddle down, and enters and “Peace!” bids he.
“You are poor, I know the cause: my plenty shall mend the wrong.
’Tis said of your Pearl—the price of a hundred camels spent
In her purchase were scarce ill paid: such prudence is far from me
 e pu c ase e e sca ce pa d suc p ude ce s a o e
Who proffer a thousand. Speak! Long parley may last too long.”

Said Hóseyn, “You feed young beasts a many, of famous breed,

Slit-eared, unblemished, fat, true offspring of Múzennem:
There stumbles no weak-eyed she in the line as it climbs the hill.
But I love Muléykeh’s face: her forefront whitens indeed
Like a yellowish wave’s cream-crest. Your camels—go gaze on them!
Her fetlock is foam-splashed too. Myself am the richer still.”

A year goes by: lo, back to the tent again rides Duhl.
“You are open-hearted, ay—moist-handed, a very prince.
Why should I speak of sale? Be the mare your simple gift!
My son is pined to death for her beauty: my wife prompts ‘Fool,
Beg for his sake the Pearl! Be God the rewarder, since
God pays debts seven for one: who squanders on Him shows thrift.’”

Said Hóseyn, “God gives each man one life, like a lamp, then gives
That lamp due measure of oil: lamp lighted—hold high, wave wide
Its comfort for others to share! once quench it, what help is left?
The oil of your lamp is your son: I shine while Muléykeh lives.
Would I beg your son to cheer my dark if Muléykeh died?
It is life against life: what good avails to the life-bereft?”

Another year, and—hist! What craft is it Duhl designs?

He alights not at the door of the tent as he did last time,
But, creeping behind, he gropes his stealthy way by the trench
Half-round till he finds the flap in the folding, for night combines
With the robber—and such is he: Duhl, covetous up to crime,
Must wring from Hóseyn’s grasp the Pearl, by whatever the wrench.

“He was hunger-bitten, I heard: I tempted with half my store,

And a gibe was all my thanks. Is he generous like Spring dew?
Account the fault to me who chaffered with such an one!
He has killed, to feast chance comers, the creature he rode: nay,
more—
For a couple of singing-girls his robe has he torn in two:
I will beg! Yet I nowise gained by the tale of my wife and son
I will beg! Yet I nowise gained by the tale of my wife and son.

“I swear by the Holy House, my head will I never wash

Till I filch his Pearl away. Fair dealing I tried, then guile,
And now I resort to force. He said we must live or die:
Let him die, then,—let me live! Be bold—but not too rash!
I have found me a peeping-place: breast, bury your breathing while
I explore for myself! Now, breathe! He deceived me not, the spy!

“As he said—there lies in peace Hóseyn—how happy! Beside

Stands tethered the Pearl: thrice winds her headstall about his wrist:
’Tis therefore he sleeps so sound—the moon through the roof
reveals.
And, loose on his left, stands too that other, known far and wide,
Buhéyseh, her sister born: fleet is she yet ever missed
The winning tail’s fire-flash a-stream past the thunderous heels.

“No less she stands saddled and bridled, this second, in case some
thief
Should enter and seize and fly with the first, as I mean to do.
What then? The Pearl is the Pearl: once mount her we both escape.”
Through the skirt-fold in glides Duhl,—so a serpent disturbs no leaf
In a bush as he parts the twigs entwining a nest: clean through,
He is noiselessly at his work: as he planned, he performs the rape.

He has set the tent-door wide, has buckled the girth, has clipped
The headstall away from the wrist he leaves thrice bound as before,
He springs on the Pearl, is launched on the desert like bolt from
bow.
Up starts our plundered man: from his breast though the heart be
ripped,
Yet his mind has the mastery: behold, in a minute more,
He is out and off and away on Buhéyseh, whose worth we know!

And Hóseyn—his blood turns flame, he has learned long since to

ride,
And Buhéyseh does her part,—they gain—they are gaining fast
On the fugitive pair and Duhl has Ed Dárraj to cross and quit
On the fugitive pair, and Duhl has Ed-Dárraj to cross and quit,
And to reach the ridge El-Sabán,—no safety till that he spied!
And Buhéyseh is, bound by bound, but a horse-length off at last,
For the Pearl has missed the tap of the heel, the touch of the bit.

She shortens her stride, she chafes at her rider the strange and
queer:
Buhéyseh is mad with hope—beat sister she shall and must,
Though Duhl, of the hand and heel so clumsy, she has to thank.
She is near now, nose by tail—they are neck by croup—joy! fear!
What folly makes Hóseyn shout “Dog Duhl, Damned son of the Dust,
Touch the right ear and press with your foot my Pearl’s left flank!”

And Duhl was wise at the word, and Muléykeh as prompt perceived
Who was urging redoubled pace, and to hear him was to obey,
And a leap indeed gave she, and evanished for evermore.
And Hóseyn looked one long last look as who, all bereaved,
Looks, fain to follow the dead so far as the living may:
Then he turned Buhéyseh’s neck slow homeward, weeping sore.

And, lo, in the sunrise, still sat Hóseyn upon the ground
Weeping: and neighbours came, the tribesmen of Bénu-Asád
In the vale of green Er-Rass, and they questioned him of his grief;
And he told from first to last how, serpent-like, Duhl had wound
His way to the nest, and how Duhl rode like an ape, so bad!
And how Buhéyseh did wonders, yet Pearl remained with the thief.

And they jeered him, one and all: “Poor Hóseyn is crazed past hope!
How else had he wrought himself his ruin, in fortune’s spite?
To have simply held the tongue were a task for boy or girl,
And here were Muléykeh again, the eyed like an antelope,
The child of his heart by day, the wife of his breast by night!”—
“And the beaten in speed!” wept Hóseyn. “You never have loved my
Pearl.”
TRAY.
Sing me a hero! Quench my thirst
Of soul, ye bards!

Quoth Bard the first:

“Sir Olaf, the good knight, did don
His helm and eke his habergeon”...
Sir Olaf and his bard—!

“That sin-scathed brow” (quoth Bard the second),

“That eye wide ope as though Fate beckoned
My hero to some steep, beneath
Which precipice smiled tempting death”...
You too without your host have reckoned!

“A beggar-child” (let’s hear this third!)

“Sat on a quay’s edge: like a bird
Sang to herself at careless play,
And fell into the stream. ‘Dismay!
Help, you the standers-by!’ None stirred.

“Bystanders reason, think of wives

And children ere they risk their lives.
Over the balustrade has bounced
A mere instinctive dog, and pounced
Plumb on the prize. ‘How well he dives!

“‘Up he comes with the child, see, tight

In mouth, alive too, clutched from quite
A depth of ten feet—twelve, I bet!
Good dog! What, off again? There’s yet
Another child to save? All right!

“‘How strange we saw no other fall!

It’s instinct in the animal.
Good dog! But he’s a long while under:
If he got drowned I should not wonder—
Strong current, that against the wall!

“‘Here he comes, holds in mouth this time

—What may the thing be? Well, that’s prime!
Now, did you ever? Reason reigns
In man alone, since all Tray’s pains
Have fished—the child’s doll from the slime!’

“And so, amid the laughter gay,

Trotted my hero off,—old Tray,—
Till somebody, prerogatived
With reason, reasoned: ‘Why he dived,
His brain would show us, I should say.

“‘John, go and catch—or, if needs be,

Purchase—that animal for me!
By vivisection, at expense
Of half-an-hour and eighteenpence,
How brain secretes dog’s soul, we’ll see!’”
A TALE.
What a pretty tale you told me
Once upon a time
—Said you found it somewhere (scold me!)
Was it prose or was it rhyme,
Greek or Latin? Greek, you said,
While your shoulder propped my head.

Anyhow there’s no forgetting

This much if no more,
That a poet (pray, no petting!)
Yes, a bard, sir, famed of yore,
Went where suchlike used to go,
Singing for a prize, you know.

Well, he had to sing, nor merely

Sing but play the lyre;
Playing was important clearly
Quite as singing: I desire,
Sir, you keep the fact in mind
For a purpose that’s behind.

There stood he, while deep attention

Held the judges round,
—Judges able, I should mention,
To detect the slightest sound
Sung or played amiss: such ears
Had old judges, it appears!

None the less he sang out boldly,

Played in time and tune,
Till the judges, weighing coldly
Each note’s worth, seemed, late or soon,
Sure to smile “In vain one tries
Picking faults out: take the prize!”

When, a mischief! Were they seven

 Strings the lyre possessed?
Oh, and afterwards eleven,
Thank you! Well, sir,—who had guessed
Such ill luck in store?—it happed
One of those same seven strings snapped.

All was lost, then! No! a cricket

(What “cicada?” Pooh!)
—Some mad thing that left its thicket
For mere love of music—flew
With its little heart on fire,
Lighted on the crippled lyre.

So that when (Ah, joy!) our singer

For his truant string
Feels with disconcerted finger,
What does cricket else but fling
Fiery heart forth, sound the note
Wanted by the throbbing throat?

Ay, and ever to the ending,

Cricket chirps at need,
Executes the hand’s intending,
Promptly, perfectly,—indeed
Saves the singer from defeat
With her chirrup low and sweet.

Till, at ending, all the judges

Cry with one assent
“Take the prize—a prize who grudges
Such a voice and instrument?
Why, we took your lyre for harp,
So it shrilled us forth F sharp!”

Did the conqueror spurn the creature,

Once its service done?
That’s no such uncommon feature
 at s o suc u co o eatu e
In the case when Music’s son
Finds his Lotte’s power too spent
For aiding soul-development.

No! This other, on returning

Homeward, prize in hand,
Satisfied his bosom’s yearning:
(Sir, I hope you understand!)
—Said “Some record there must be
Of this cricket’s help to me!”

So, he made himself a statue:

Marble stood, life-size;
On the lyre, he pointed at you,
Perched his partner in the prize;
Never more apart you found
Her, he throned, from him, she crowned.

That’s the tale: its application?

Somebody I know
Hopes one day for reputation
Through his poetry that’s—Oh,
All so learned and so wise
And deserving of a prize!

If he gains one, will some ticket,

When his statue’s built,
Tell the gazer “’Twas a cricket
Helped my crippled lyre, whose lilt
Sweet and low, when strength usurped
Softness’ place i’ the scale, she chirped?

“For as victory was nighest,

While I sang and played,—
With my lyre at lowest, highest,
Right alike,—one string that made
‘Love’ sound soft was snapt in twain
Love sound soft was snapt in twain,
Never to be heard again,—

“Had not a kind cricket fluttered,

Perched upon the place
Vacant left, and duly uttered
‘Love, Love, Love,’ whene’er the bass
Asked the treble to atone
For its somewhat sombre drone.”

But you don’t know music! Wherefore

Keep on casting pearls
To a—poet? All I care for
Is—to tell him that a girl’s
“Love” comes aptly in when gruff
Grows his singing. (There, enough!)
“HAIR, SUCH A WONDER OF FLIX AND FLOSS.”
GOLD HAIR.
Oh, the beautiful girl, too white,
Who lived at Pornic, down by the sea,
Just where the sea and the Loire unite!
And a boasted name in Brittany
She bore, which I will not write.

Too white, for the flower of life is red:

Her flesh was the soft seraphic screen
Of a soul that is meant (her parents said)
To just see earth, and hardly be seen,
And blossom in heaven instead.

Yet earth saw one thing, one how fair!

One grace that grew to its full on earth:
Smiles might be sparse on her cheek so spare,
And her waist want half a girdle’s girth,
But she had her great gold hair.

Hair, such a wonder of flix and floss,

Freshness and fragrance—floods of it, too!
Gold, did I say? Nay, gold’s mere dross:
Here, Life smiled, “Think what I meant to do!”
And Love sighed, “Fancy my loss!”

So, when she died, it was scarce more strange

Than that, when delicate evening dies,
And you follow its spent sun’s pallid range,
There’s a shoot of colour startles the skies
With sudden, violent change,—

That, while the breath was nearly to seek,

As they put the little cross to her lips,
She changed; a spot came out on her cheek,
A spark from her eye in mid-eclipse,
And she broke forth, “I must speak!”
“Not my hair!” made the girl her moan—
“All the rest is gone or to go;
But the last, last grace, my all, my own,
Let it stay in the grave, that the ghosts may know!
Leave my poor gold hair alone!”

The passion thus vented, dead lay she;

Her parents sobbed their worst on that;
All friends joined in, nor observed degree:
For indeed the hair was to wonder at,
As it spread—not flowing free,

But curled around her brow, like a crown,

And coiled beside her cheeks, like a cap,
And calmed about her neck—ay, down
To her breast, pressed flat, without a gap
I’ the gold, it reached her gown.

All kissed that face, like a silver wedge

’Mid the yellow wealth, nor disturbed its hair:
E’en the priest allowed death’s privilege,
As he planted the crucifix with care
On her breast, ’twixt edge and edge.

And thus was she buried, inviolate

Of body and soul, in the very space
By the altar; keeping saintly state
In Pornic church, for her pride of race,
Pure life and piteous fate.

And in after-time would your fresh tear fall,

Though your mouth might twitch with a dubious smile,
As they told you of gold, both robe and pall,
How she prayed them leave it alone awhile,
So it never was touched at all.

Years flew; this legend grew at last

 The life of the lady; all she had done,
All been, in the memories fading fast
Of lover and friend, was summed in one
Sentence survivors passed:

To wit, she was meant for heaven, not earth;

Had turned an angel before the time:
Yet, since she was mortal, in such dearth
Of frailty, all you could count a crime
Was—she knew her gold hair’s worth.

At little pleasant Pornic church,

It chanced, the pavement wanted repair,
Was taken to pieces: left in the lurch,
A certain sacred space lay bare,
And the boys began research.

’Twas the space where our sires would lay a saint,

A benefactor,—a bishop, suppose,
A baron with armour-adornments quaint,
Dame with chased ring and jewelled rose,
Things sanctity saves from taint;

So we come to find them in after-days

When the corpse is presumed to have done with gauds
Of use to the living, in many ways:
For the boys get pelf, and the town applauds,
And the church deserves the praise.

They grubbed with a will: and at length—O cor

Humanum, pectora cæca, and the rest!—
They found—no gaud they were prying for,
No ring, no rose, but—who would have guessed?—
A double Louis-d’or!
Here was a case for the priest: he heard,
Marked, inwardly digested, laid
Finger on nose, smiled, “There’s a bird
Chirps in my ear:” then, “Bring a spade,
Dig deeper!”—he gave the word.

And lo, when they came to the coffin-lid,

Or rotten planks which composed it once,
Why, there lay the girl’s skull wedged amid
A mint of money, it served for the nonce
To hold in its hair-heaps hid!

Hid there? Why? Could the girl be wont

(She the stainless soul) to treasure up
Money, earth’s trash and heaven’s affront?
Had a spider found out the communion-cup,
Was a toad in the christening-font?

Truth is truth: too true it was.

Gold! She hoarded and hugged it first,
Longed for it, leaned o’er it, loved it—alas—
Till the humour grew to a head and burst,
And she cried, at the final pass,—

“Talk not of God, my heart is stone!

Nor lover nor friend—be gold for both!
Gold I lack; and, my all, my own,
It shall hide in my hair. I scarce die loth
If they let my hair alone!”

Louis-d’or, some six times five,

And duly double, every piece.
Now, do you see? With the priest to shrive,
With parents preventing her soul’s release
By kisses that kept alive,—

With heaven’s gold gates about to ope

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