Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Turbomachines Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Turbomachines

Chapter 1: Basic concepts of turbomachines a) Evaluate total-to-total efficiency and

b) Evaluate the total-to-static efficiency if the exit velocity is 250 m/s. Assume adiabatic
Examples: 1.1~1.8 steady flow.
Solution
Example 1.1 p01  7 bar , T01  1100K , p02  1.5 bar
The initial and final total pressures of a fluid are 1 bar and 10 bar respectively. The initial T02  830K , c2  250m / s, r  1.3
total temperature is 10oC. What is the work of compression for adiabatic steady flow with
a total-to-total efficiency of 75% if a) Total-to-Total efficiency
a) the fluid is liquid water and h01  h02 T  T02
t t   01
b) the fluid is air as a perfect gas. h01  h02 T01  T02s
s
Solution Using isentropic relation
p01=1 bar r 1 1.31
p02=10 bar p  r 1.5  1.3
T01=283K T02s  T01  02   1100.    771.1 K 
 p01   7 
t t  0.75
Therefore,
a) If the fluid is liquid water 1100  830
Since the fluid is incompressible v0  const  1 / , with   density _ of _ water t t   0, 821  82,1%
1100  771,1
For an isentropic compression, b) Total-to-static efficiency
1 h01  h02 T01  T02
hos  vopo  po  t s  
 h01  h2s T01  T2s
1
 10  1  10 2
 0, 9kJ / kg
T2s  T02s 
c22
1000 kg / m 3  2c p
 
By definition  kJ 
rR R 8, 314
 h 0s cp  and R    0, 2897  
t t  r 1 M 28, 7  kgK 
 h0  
1, 3  0, 2897  kJ 
h 0 s 0, 9 cp   1, 255  
 h0    1, 2kJ / kg 0, 3  kgK 
t t 0, 75  
2502
This is the work of compression. T2s  771,1   746,19K
b) If the fluid is air as a perfect gas 2  1255
hos  cp T02s  T01  1100  830
t s   0.763  76.3%
1100  746,19
From isentropic relation
r 1
Example 1.3
p  r 1.4  1  Suppose a turbo machine is operated such that the change in total enthalpy is 6 kJ/kg or
T02s  T01  02   283.10    546.4K fluid when the inlet total temperature is 30oC and the inlet total pressure is 1bar.
 p01   1.4 
a) What general type of turbo machine would this be?
Therefore, b) What is the exit total temperature if the fluid is air?
 kJ 
 kgK  
hos  1.005   546.4  283 K   264.70 kJ / kg  c) What is the total pressure ratio across the machine if the adiabatic total-to-total
    efficiency is 75%
 
And (i) if the fluid is air and
h 0 s 246.70
(ii) if the fluid is liquid water.
 h0    352.94kJ / kg Solution
t t 0.75
h0  h02  h01  6kJ / kg
Hence, the adiabatic work of compression per kg of fluid is 352.94 [kJ]
T01  303K ; p01  1 bar
Example 1.2
Gases from a combustion chamber enter a gas turbine at a total pressure of 7bar and a a) Finding the type of turbo machine
total temperature of 1100 K. The total pressure and total temperature at the turbine exit Since the change in enthalpy is positive (6 kJ/kg) this turbo machine would be a
are 1.5 bar and 830K. Take r=1.3 and molecular weight of gases=28.7. work absorbing machine.
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 Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Turbomachines Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Turbomachines
b) Exit total temperature  r  1  ln  p2 / p1   1, 4  1  ln 1,14734 / 1, 01
For air as a perfect gas, h0  cP T0 p        0, 7588  75, 88%
 r  ln T / T   1, 4  ln 320 / 305
2 1
h 0
T02  T01  Since the pressure rise in the compressor is low, the two efficiencies are close to each
cP other
h 0 6
 T02  T01   303   308.97 K  or 35.97  oC  Alternative method:
cP 1, 005   r 1 0,4
 p  r 1,14734 1,4
c) Total pressure ratio  2  1   1
 p   1, 01 
(i) If the fluid is air c  1

r 1 0,4
 r 1   p p *r  1,14734 1,4 p
 p  r 

cPT01  02   1  2  1   1
  p   1, 01 
h02s  h01 c T  T01   p01   1

t t   P 02s    c  75, 67%

h02  h01 cP T02  T01  cP T02  T01 
Example 1.5
r
1,4 A high pressure compressor changes the state of are from p1=1.01 bar, T1=305 K to p2=3
p02  t t h0   r 1
 0, 75  6  0,4
  1    1   1, 053 bar. The compressor efficiency is 75%. Determine the infinitesimal efficiency of the
p01  cPT01   1, 005  303  compressor.
 
Solution
ii) If the fluid is liquid water
p1  1, 01bar ; T1  305K ; p2  3bar
p0  h 0s
p2 3
Where   2, 97
h0s  t t h0   0, 75  6  4, 5kJ / kg p1 1.01
r 1
p0  4, 5  1000  45 bar p  r 0,4
T2s  T1  2   305 2, 971,4  416, 27K
 p02  45  1  46 bar  p1 

The pressure ratio is T2s  T1

c 
p02 T2  T1
 46
p01 416, 27  305
 T2  T1   148, 36
Example 1.4 0, 75
A low pressure air compressor develops a pressure of 1400 mm W.G. If the initial and T2  148, 36  305  453, 36K
final states of air are p1=1.01 bar, T1=305, T2=320 K. Determine compressor and the
 r  1  ln p2 / p1   0, 4  ln 3 / 1, 01
infinitesimal stage efficiencies. p        78, 5%
Solution  r  ln T2 / T1   1, 4  ln 453, 36 / 305
p  1400mmW .G Note that the infinitesimal stage efficiency is greater than the compressor efficiency.
p1  1, 01bar ,T1  305K ,T2  320K This difference is due to preheating.
p  1, 4  103  9, 81  13734Pa  0,13734bar Example 1.6
An air compressor has eight stages of equal pressure ratio 1.3. The flow rate through the
p2  p1  p  1, 01 bar   0,13734 bar   1,14734bar compressor and its overall efficiency are 45[kg/s] and 80% respectively. If the conditions
From isentropic relation of air at entry are 1 bar and 35oC, determine
r 1 0,4 a) State of air at compressor exit
T2s  p2  r 1,14734 1,4
       1, 037 b) Polytropic efficiency, and
T1  p1   1, 01  c) Efficiency of each stage
T2s  1, 037 T1  1, 037  305  316, 285K Solution
p1
a) Compressor efficiency  1.3 ; m  45kg / s ; c  0.8
p2
T  T1 316, 28  305
C  2s   75, 23% p1  1bar ; T1  273  35  308K
T2  T1 320  305
b) Infinitesimal stage efficiency a) State of air at compressor exit
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 Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Turbomachines Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Turbomachines
r 1 
Overall pressure ratio N  
 p   r 
p 
8  2  1
pN 1
  2   1.3  8.16  p 
8

p1  p1  c  1
 r 1 
N  
r 1  p   r*  p 
 p   2  1
TN 1s r 0.4
 p 
  N 1   8.161.4  1.82
 p1 
1
T1
p is obtained from the following equation:
Ideal exit temperature
r 1
TN 1s  1.82 T1  1.82  308  560.56K  p  r
 2  1
Actual exit temperature is determined from the overall compressor efficiency expression  p 
1
s 
TN 1s  T1 r 1
c   p r p
TN 1  T1  2   1
 p 
1
560.56  308
TN 1   308  623.7K 0.4
0.8
 0.65 
1.2 1.4
1
And pN 1  8.16  p1  8.16 bar 0.4

b) Polytropic efficiency 1.2 p 1.4

1

 r  1  ln  pN 1 / p1  ln 8.16
0.4
 0.4 
p       1.2 p 1.4
 1.0823
 r  ln T / T   1.4  ln 623.7 / 308
N 1 1 Taking log on both sides, we get:
 c  85% p  0.6589
 0.4 
c) Stage efficiency 4 
r 1
c 
1.2  1.4 
1
 62.28%
 p  r
 2  1 0.4 40.4
 p 
1
1.3 1.4
1 1.2 0.65891.4
1
s  r 1
  84.43%
0.4 c) Power required
1.3
1
 p  r * p 1.4*0.85
1
 2   p TN 1  T1 
W  mc
 p 
1 r 1
Since the pressure ratio in each stage is the same, the stage efficiencies are also the  p r * p 0.4
TN 1  T1  N 1   293 2.11.40.6589  404K
same.  p1 
Example 1.7
W  45  1.005 404  293  5019.98 kW 
Each stage of a 4 stage air compressor delivering 45 kg of air per second operates at a  
pressure ratio of 1.2, with a stage efficiency of 65%. Calculate overall efficiency and Example 1.8
pressure ratio. Calculate power required to drive the compressor of air temperature at Air flows through a blower where in its total pressure is increased by 20 cm W.G. The
inlet is 20oC. inlet total pressure and total temperature of air are 1.04 bar and 18oC respectively. The
Solution total-to-total efficiency is 72%. Evaluate
p2 a) the exit total pressure and total temperature
N  4; m  45kg / s ;  1.2 ; s  0.65
p1 b) isentropic and actual changes in total enthalpy.
a) Overall pressure ratio
N Solution
pN 1 p 
  2   1.2  2.1
4
p0  0.2mW .G ; p01  1.04 bar
p1  p1 
T01  273  18  291K ; tt  0.72
b) Overall efficiency
a) Exit total pressure and temperature
p0  103  9.81  0.2  1962N / m 2
p2  p0  p1  0.01962  1.04  1.0596 bar

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 Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Turbomachines
 r 1 
 p  r 

   1 T
2
 p   01
 1 

 
tt 
T02  T01
 0.4 
 1.0596 1.4 
   1
 1.04  
 
T02  T01    291  293.16K
0.72
b) Isotropic and actual changes in total enthalpy
h0  c p T0   c p T02  T01   1.005 293.16  291  2.171kJ / kg
And isentropic change in total enthalpy is
h0,s  h0   tt  2.171  0.72  1.563kJ / kg

Dr. TRAN Tien Anh@HCMUT 7