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Topic No. Title Page No.

* Introduction 92

Periodic Table

3.1 • Periods 93

• Groups

Periodicity of Properties

• Atomic Size and Atomic Radius

• Shielding Effect
3.2 105
• Ionization Energy

• Electron Affinity

• Electronegativity

Exercise Solution

• Multiple Choice Questions

* 114
• Short Question Answers

• Long Question Answers

* Additional Conceptual Questions 117

* Terms to Know 120

* Self Test 121

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INTRODUCTION
Q.1 Define periodic table. (SGD 2017 G-I)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: PERIODIC TABLE
“A table obtained by arrangement of elements into groups and periods on the basis of similarities and
differences in their properties is called periodic table”.
Its helps to study the properties of elements easier.
Q.2 What is the significance of periodic table? (U.B+A.B)
Ans: SIGNIFICANCE OF PERIODIC TABLE
The significance of periodic table is as follows:
(i) It helps to predict the properties of undiscovered elements.
(ii) It makes the study of elements easier.
(iii) It contains huge amount of information for the scientists.
Q.3 How the elements were arranged in the modern periodic table? (U.B)
Ans: ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENTS
The orderly arrangement of elements generally coincided with their increasing atomic number.
Q.4 Differentiate between groups and periods. (DGK 2017)(U.B)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between groups and periods are as follows:
Groups Periods
Definition
• The vertical columns of elements in • The horizontal rows of elements in
periodic table are called groups. the periodic table are called periods.
Number
• There are 18 groups. • There are seven periods in the
periodic table.
Direction of Study
• They are studied from top to bottom. • They are studied from left to right.

INTRODUCTION
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. One of the significant features of the periodic table was that is predict the _________ of
undiscovered particles. (U.B)
(A) Qualities (B) Properties (C) Values (D) Mass
2. The vertical column of the table was called: (K.B)
(A) Period (B) Line (C) Group (D) Row
3. Horizontal rows of the periodic table were called: (GRW 2017 G-I)(K.B)
(A) Rows (B) Line (C) Period (D) Group
4. The orderly arrangement of elements generally coincided with the increasing: (U.B)
(A) Atomic number (B) Atomic mass (C) Group (D) Period
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3.1 PERIODIC TABLE

Q.1 (a) Describe Dobereiner’s triads with the help of an example.
(LHR 2015, SGD 2016, RWP 2016, SWL 2016, BWP 2016)(U.B+K.B+A.B)

(b) What is the contribution of Cannizzaro? (K.B)

(c) Write a note on Newland’s octaves. (GRW 2016, DGK 2016, 17, BWP 2016, 17)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: (a) DOBEREINER'S TRIADS

Introduction:
A German chemist (1829) Dobereiner observed relationship between atomic masses of several groups
of three elements called triads.
Law of Triads:
“In a triad the central or middle element had atomic mass average of the other two elements.”
Example:
One triad group example is that of calcium (40), strontium (88) and barium (137).
The atomic mass of strontium is the average of the atomic masses of calcium and barium.
Ca = 40
Sr = 88
Ba = 137
40 + 137
= 88.5 = 88
2
Drawbacks:
• Only a few elements could be arranged in this way.
• This classification did not get wide acceptance.
(b) Cannizzaro
He successfully determined the correct atomic masses of elements in 1860.
(c) Newland’s Octaves
Introduction:
In 1864 British chemist and musician Newlands put forward his observations in the form of 'Law of Octaves'.
Statement:
“According to Law of Octaves there was a repetition in chemical properties of every eighth element if
they were arranged by their increasing atomic masses.”
Comparison:
He compared it with musical notes.
Drawbacks:

• His work could not get much recognition as no space was left for undiscovered elements.
• The noble gases were also not known at that time.
Q.2 Explain the contributions of Mendeleev’s for the arrangement of elements in his Periodic Table.
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(Ex-Q.1)(K.B)
Ans: MENDELEEV'S PERIODIC TABLE
Introduction:
A Russian chemist, Mendeleev arranged the known elements (only 63) in order of
increasing atomic masses, in horizontal rows called periods, so that elements
with similar properties were in the same vertical columns. This arrangement
of elements was called Periodic Table.
Mendeleev’s Periodic Law:
"Properties of the elements are periodic functions of their Mendeleev’s (1834-1907) atomic
masses" was a Russian chemist and
inventor. He was the
Demerits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table: creator of first version of
Although Mendeleev’s periodic table was the first ever periodic table of elements attempt to
arrange the elements, yet it has few demerits in it. with the help of the table
• It did not explain the position of isotopes. He predicted the properties
• Wrong order of the atomic masses of some elements of element yet to be
discovered.
suggested that atomic mass of an element cannot serve as the
basis for the arrangement of elements.
Q.3 Discuss in detail how elements are arranged in a periodic table? (Ex-7)
(FSD 2016, 17, RWP 2016)(U.B)
Ans: ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENTS
“A table obtained by arrangement of elements into groups and periods in increasing order of their
atomic number is called modern periodic table.”
Atomic number is more fundamental property:
Atomic number of an element is more fundamental property than atomic mass because:
• It increases regularly by 1 from element to element.
• It is fixed for every element.
• No two elements have same atomic number.
So the discovery of atomic number of an element in 1913 led to change in Mendeleev's periodic law
which was based on atomic mass.
Basis of Modern Periodic Table:
The modern periodic table is based upon the arrangement of elements according to increasing atomic
number.
Periodicity of Properties:
When the elements are arranged according to increasing atomic number from left to right in a horizontal
row, properties of elements were found repeating after regular intervals such that elements of similar
properties and similar configuration are placed in the same group. It was observed that after every
eighth element, ninth element had similar properties as the first element.
Examples:
• Sodium (Z=11) had similar properties as lithium (Z=3).
• After atomic number 18, every nineteenth element was showing similar behaviour. So the long rows of
elements were cut into rows of eight and eighteen elements and placed one above the other so that a table
of vertical and horizontal rows was obtained.
Q.4 (a) What is the significance of atomic number in modern periodic table? (U.B+A.B)
(b) Describe the characteristics of periods and groups of the long form of the periodic table.
(U.B+K.B)

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Ans: (a) SIGNIFICANCE OF ATOMIC NUMBER

The significance of atomic number in the arrangement of elements in the modern periodic table lies in
the fact that as electronic configuration is based upon atomic number, so the arrangement of elements
according to increasing atomic number shows the periodicity (repetition of properties after regular
intervals) in the electronic configuration of the elements that leads to periodicity in their properties.
Hence the arrangement of elements based on their electronic configuration created a long form of
periodic table.
Periodicity:
“The repetition of properties of elements after regular intervals in the periodic table is called
periodicity”.
(b) CHARACTERISTICS OF PERIODS AND GROUPS
Periods:
“The horizontal rows of elements in a periodic table are called period”.
Properties:
• The elements in a period have continuously increasing atomic number i.e. continuously changing
electronic configuration along a period.
• As a result properties of elements in a period are continuously changing.
• The number of valence electrons decides the position of an element in a period.
Examples:
• Elements which have 1 electron in their valence shell occupies the left most position in the
respective periods, such as alkali metals.
• Similarly the elements having 8 electrons in their valence shells such as noble gases always occupy
the right most position in the respective periods.
Groups:
“The vertical columns in a periodic table are called groups”.
Properties:
• These groups are numbered from left to right as 1 to 18.
• The elements in a group do not have continuously increasing atomic numbers.
• Rather the atomic numbers of elements in a group increase with irregular gaps.
• But the elements of a group have similar electronic configuration i.e. same number of electrons
are present in the valence shell.
Examples:
• The first group elements have only 1 electron in their valence shells.
• Similarly group 2 elements have 2 electrons in their valence shells.
Note
It is the reason elements of a group have similar properties.
Q.5 Discuss the important features of Periodic Table.(FSD 2016, SGD 2016,17, SWL 2016)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: IMPORTANT FEATURES OF LONG FORM OF PERIODIC TABLE
The important features of long form of the periodic table are as follows:
Periods:
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(i) Number of Periods:

This table consists of seven horizontal rows called periods.
(ii) Number of elements in a period:
• First period consists of only two elements.
• Second and third periods consist of 8 elements each.
• Fourth and fifth period consist of 18 elements each.
• Sixth period has 32 elements.
• Seventh period also has 32 elements and is incomplete, since new elements are
expected to be disconcerted.
(iii) Properties of Elements of a Period:
Elements of a period show different properties.
Groups:
(i) Number of Groups:
There are 18 vertical columns in the periodic table numbered 1 to 18 from left to right,
which are called groups.
(ii) Properties of Elements of a Group:
The elements of a group show similar chemical properties.
Blocks of the Periodic Table:
Elements are classified into four blocks depending upon the type of the subshell which gets the last
electron. These are: s, p, d and f blocks in the periodic table.

Figure: Modern Periodic Table or Long Form of the Periodic Table of Element

Q.6 What do you mean by blocks in the periodic table and why elements were placed in blocks?
(U.B+K.B)
Ans: BLOCKS OF ELEMENTS
“On the basis of completion of a particular subshell, elements with similar valence subshell electronic
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configuration are referred as a block of elements”.

Types of Blocks:
• There are four blocks in the periodic table named after the name of the subshell which is in the
process of completion by the electrons.
• These are s, p, d and f blocks in the periodic table.
s-Block:
“The elements in which valence electrons are present in the s-subshell are called s-block elements.”
Elements of group l, 2 and helium have valence electrons in ‘s’ subshell. Therefore, they are called s-
block elements.
p-Block:
“The elements in which valence electrons are present in the p-subshell are called p-block elements.”
Elements of group 13 to 18 (except helium) have their valence electrons in 'p' subshell. Therefore, they
are referred as p-block elements.
d-Block:
“The elements in which valence electrons are present in the d-subshell are called d-block elements.”
The d-block lies between the s and p blocks.
The elements of group 3 to group 12 have their valence electrons in d subshell. Therefore they are
called d-block elements.
The d-block constitutes period 4, 5 and 6. Each period in d-block consists of ten groups starting from
group 3 to group 12. These are called transition metals.”
f-Block:
“The elements in which valence electrons are present in the f-subshell are called f-block elements.”
f-block lies separately at the bottom of the periodic table. It consists of Lanthanides and Actinides.

Figure: Modern Periodic Table Showing Four Blocks

3.1 PERIODIC TABLE

SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 Define Dobereiner’s Law of Triads. (K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 93
Q.2 Define Mendeleev’s periodic law? (K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 94
Q.3 What are drawbacks/demerits of Newland’s Octaves? (U.B+K.B)

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Ans: Answer given on pg # 94

Q.4 Define periodicity. (K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 95
3.1 PERIODIC TABLE
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. According to the modern periodic law, the properties of the element are periodic function of their:
(U.B+K.B)
(A) Atomic number (B) Number of electrons
(C) Mass number (D) Number of valence electrons
2. Which scientist gave the idea of octaves for the arrangement of elements? (K.B)
(A) Mendeleev’s (B) Al-Razi (C) Newland (D) Dobereiner
3. How many elements were arranged by Mendeleev in order of increasing atomic masses?(K.B)
(A) 60 (B) 61 (C) 62 (D) 63
4. Modern Periodic Law was presented by: (LHR 2016 G-II)(K.B)
(A) Dobereiner’s (B) Newland’s (C) Mendeleev’s (D) H. Moseley
5. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table was based on the: (GRW 2016)(K.B)
(A) Electronic configuration (B) Atomic mass
(C) Atomic number (D) Completion of sub-shell
6. According to modern periodic law, the properties of the elements are periodic function of their:
(U.B+K.B)
(A) Atomic number (B) Number of electrons
(C) Mass number (D) Number of valence electrons
7. Sixth and seventh periods are called: (K.B)
(A) Short periods (B) Normal periods (C) Long periods (D) Very long periods
8. The d-block elements lie between the blocks: (U.B+K.B)
(A) s and p (B) d and f (C) p and s (D) f and d
9. Transition elements are: (K.B)
(A) All gases (B) All metals (C) All non-metals (D) All metalloids
10. Who presented law of Octaves? (K.B)
(A) Mosely (B) Mendeleev (C) Newlands (D) Dobereiner
3.1 TEST YOURSELF
i. What was the contribution of Dobereiner towards classification of elements? (U.B+K.B)
Ans: Introduction:
A German chemist (1829) Dobereiner observed relationship between atomic masses of several groups
of three elements called triads.
Law of Triads:
“In a triad the central or middle element had atomic mass average of the other two elements.”
Example:
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One triad group example is that of calcium (40), strontium (88) and barium (137).
The atomic mass of strontium is the average of the atomic masses of calcium and barium.
Ca = 40
Sr = 88
Ba = 137
40 + 137
= 88.5 = 88
2
ii. How Newlands arranged the elements? (U.B)
Ans: “According to Law of Octaves there was a repetition in chemical properties of every eighth element if
they were arranged by their increasing atomic masses.”
iii. Who introduced the name of Periodic Table? (K.B)
Ans: INTRODUCTION OF THE NAME OF PERIODIC TABLE
A Russian chemist, Mendeleev (1869) introduced the name of periodic table. He arranged the known
elements (63) in order of their increasing atomic masses.
iv. Why the improvement in Mendeleev's periodic table was made? (U.B)
Ans: IMPROVEMENT IN MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE
The improvement in the Mendeleev periodic table was made due to two reasons:
• Position of isotopes could not be explained
• Wrong order of the atomic masses of some elements suggested that atomic mass of an element could
not serve as the basis for arrangement of elements.
It was based upon atomic masses instead of atomic number. The atomic number which is more
fundamental property of elements.
v. State Mendeleev's periodic law. (K.B)
Ans: "Properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic masses"
vi. Why and how elements are arranged in a period? (U.B)
Ans: ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENTS IN A PERIOD
Elements are arranged in a period according to their increasing atomic numbers because it can determine the
position of an element more accurately due to the following reasons:
• Atomic number is fixed for each element.
• It increases regularly by one from element to element.
3.1.1 PERIODS
3.1.2 GROUPS
Q.1 Write a detailed note on periods of periodic table.(DGK 2016, SWL 2016, SGD 2017)(U.B+K.B)
OR
Discuss in detail the periods of periodic table. (Ex-Q.6)
Ans: PERIODS
“Horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table are called periods”.
Number of Periods:
There are seven periods in the modern periodic table.
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Information of Period Number:

The period number of an element represents number of shells in the element.
First Period:
It is called short period. It consists of only two elements, hydrogen and helium.
Second and Third Periods:
These are called normal periods. Each of them has eight elements in it. Second period consists of
lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and ends at neon, a noble gas.
Fourth and Fifth Periods:
These are called long periods. Each one of them consists of eighteen elements.
Sixth and Seventh Periods:
These are called very long periods. Sixth period contains 32 elements whereas seventh period is
incomplete.
Lanthanides and Actinides:
In sixth and seventh period after atomic number 57 and 89, two series of fourteen elements each,
were accommodated.
(i) Why Lanthanides and Actinides are Placed Separately?
Because of space problem, these two series were placed separately below the normal periodic table
to keep it in a manageable and presentable form.
(ii) Why Lanthanides and Actinides are Called so?
Since the two series start after Lanthanum (Z=57) and Actinium (Z=89), so these two series of
elements are named as Lanthanides and Actinides, respectively.
Starting and Ending of a Period:
• All the periods, except the first period start with an alkali metal and end at a noble gas.
• It is to be observed that number of elements in a period is fixed because of maximum number of electrons which
can be accommodated in the particular valence shell of the elements.
Name of the Number of Range of Atomic
Period No.
Period Elements Numbers
1st Short Period 2 1 to 2
2nd 8 3 to 10
Normal Period
3rd 8 11 to 18
4th 18 19 to 36
Long Period
5th 18 37 to 54
6th 32 55 to 86
Very Long Period
7th 32* 87 to 118*
Table: Different Periods of the Periodic Table
Q.2 Write a detailed note on the groups of periodic table. (BWP 2016,17)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: GROUPS
Definition:
“The vertical columns of elements in the periodic table are called groups.”
Number of Groups:
There are 18 groups in the modern periodic table.
IMPORTANT GROUPS
Group 1:
It consists of hydrogen (H), lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs)
and francium. They are generally called alkali metals.
Although elements of a group do not have continuously increasing atomic numbers, yet they have
similar electronic configuration in their valence shells.
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Family Name:
Elements of this group are also called a family (for example alkali metals) because normal elements of
a group have similar chemical properties and similar electronic configuration in their valence
shells.
Group 2:
It consists of beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and
radium (Ra). They are called alkaline earth metals.
Group 17:
It consists of fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I) and astatine (At). The elements of
this group are called halogens.
Group 18:
The gaseous elements of group 18 or zero group are called noble gases. It consists of helium (He),
neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe) and radon (Rn). The elements of this group are
called noble gases.
Groups of Normal Elements: (Representative or Typical Elements):
“All s-block and p-block elements excluding noble gases are called normal elements”..
The groups 1, 2 and 13 to 17 contain the normal elements. In the normal elements all the inner shells are
completely filled with electrons, only the outermost shells are incomplete.
Examples:
Group 17 elements (halogens) have 7 electrons in their outermost (valence) shell.
Transition Elements:
“The elements in which d or f subshells are in the process of completion are called transition
elements”.
Table: Different Groups of the Periodic Table
Valence Group General
Family Name Electronic
Electrons Number Configuration
1 electron 1 Alkali metals ns1
2 electrons 2 (Alkaline earth metals) ns2
3 electrons 13 Boron family ns2 np1
4 electrons 14 Carbon family ns2 np2
5 electrons 15 Nitrogen family ns2 np3
6 electrons 16 Oxygen family ns2 np4
7 electrons 17 Halogen family ns2 np5
8 electrons 18 Noble gases ns2 np6
Q.3 What are fire works? Describe composition of fire works?(Do you know Pg. # 51)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: FIRE WORKS
“It is a technology invented in China and used all over the world”.
Importance:
Beautiful fireworks display are common on celebrations like Pakistan Day or even on marriages. It is
dangerous but careful use of various elements and particularly metal salts of different composition give
beauty and colors to the fireworks.
COMPOSITION:
Elements like magnesium, aluminium are used in powdered form. Usually nitrates and chlorates are
used. Other chemicals are added to give brilliance and different shades.
Salt Colour Imparted
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Sodium salts Yellow

Calcium salts Red
Strontium salts Scarlet
Barium salts Green
Copper salts Bluish green
Precautions:
Because of fire hazard and risk to life and property, only skilled professionals use them.
3.1.1 PERIODS
3.1.2 GROUPS
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 Why Lanthanides and Actinides are placed separately? (U.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 100
Q.2 Why lanthanides and actinides are called so? (U.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 100
Q.3 What is the composition of fire works? (Do you know Pg. # 51)(K.B)
Ans: Answer given above
Q.4 What do you know about group 1 elements? (SGD 2016)(K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 101
Q.5 Define groups and periods in the periodic table. (SGD 2017 G-II)(K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 100 and 101

3.1.1 PERIODS
3.1.2 GROUPS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Halogens belong to the group: (K.B)
(A) 17 (B) 16 (C) 18 (D) 32
2. How many elements are there in 4th period of the periodic table? (K.B)
(A) 7 (B) 8 (C) 18 (D) 32
3. th
Number of elements placed in 6 period is: (LHR 2016 G-I)(K.B)
(A) 18 (B) 8 (C) 32 (D) 14
4. Lanthanide series start after: (K.B)
(A) La (B) Ba (C) Ra (D) Ca
5. For Boron Z = 5, it belongs to which block? (U.B)
(A) s (B) p (C) d (D) f
6. Modern periodic table has _________ periods. (GRW 2016, G-I)(K.B)
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 9
7. Which one of the following elements is not found in normal periods?(GRW 2016 G-II)(U.B+K.B)
(A) Boron (B) Helium (C) Carbon (D) Nitrogen
8. Which one is the shortest period in the periodic table?
(LHR 2016 G-I, 2017 G-II, GRW 2016 G-II)(K.B)
(A) First period (B) Second period (C) Third period (D) Fourth period
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9. How many elements are present in 6th period? (LHR 2016)(K.B)

(A) 2 (B) 8 (C) 18 (D) 32
10. The vertical column in the periodic table are called: (GRW 2014)(K.B)
(A) Period (B) Atomic number (C) Group (D) Atomic mass
11. Which one of the following is a metal? (GRW 2014)(K.B)
(A) H (B) C (C) N (D) Mg
12. How many blocks are in modern periodic table? (GRW 2014)(K.B)
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
13. 4th and 5th period of the long form of periodic table are called: (K.B)
(A) Short period (B) Normal period (C) Long period (D) Very long periods
14. Zero group or noble gases have general electronic configuration: (U.B+K.B)
2 2 2 4 2 6 2 5
(A) ns , np (B) ns , np (C) ns , np (D) ns , np
15. Elements of group I and II have valence electrons in: (U.B+K.B)
(A) s- subshell (B) p-subshell (C) d-subshell (D) f-subshell
16. Group seventeen of periodic table belongs to: (LHR 2016 G-II)(K.B)
(A) Halogens (B) Noble gases
(C) Alkali metals (D) Alkaline earth metals
17. The number of groups in the periodic table is:(GRW 2014, RWP 2017 G-II, SGD 2017 G-I)(K.B)
(A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 18 (D) 12
18. Which group of periodic table is called noble gases? (K.B)
(A) 15 (B) 16 (C) 17 (D) 18
19. Number of elements in the first period: (K.B)
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 1
20. The elements in group-II of periodic table are called (K.B)
(A) Transition metals (B) Alkaline earth metals
(C) Halogens (D) Alkali metals
21. Actinides belong to which block of the periodic table? (U.B+K.B)
(A) d (B) s (C) f (D) p
3.2 TEST YOURSELF
i. How the properties of elements repeat after regular intervals? (U.B)
Ans: REPETITION OF PROPERTIES
Properties of elements repeat after regular intervals because of increasing atomic number from left to
right. The elements with similar electronic configuration repeat after regular interval in successive
periods.
ii. In which pattern modern periodic table was arranged? (U.B)
Ans: ARRANGEMENT OF MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
Modern periodic table was arranged in order of increasing atomic number of elements. The arrangement
of elements on the basis of their electronic configuration gave a long form of periodic table. The
elements were arranged in vertical columns (groups) and horizontal rows (periods) in the modern
periodic table.

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iii. How many elements are in first period and what are their names and symbols? (K.B)
Ans: ELEMENTS OF 1ST PERIODS
Number of Elements:
There are two elements in first period of the modern periodic table.
Names of Symbols:
These are hydrogen (H) and helium (He).
iv. How many elements are placed in 4th period? (FSD 2017 G-I)(K.B)
TH
Ans: NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN 4 PERIOD
There are eighteen elements placed in fourth period of modern periodic table. It starts from potassium
(K) and ends at krypton (Kr).
v. From which element lanthanide series starts? (K.B)
Ans: START OF LANTHANIDE SERIES
Lanthanide series starts from Lanthanum-57. That is why it is called lanthanide series.
vi. From which period actinides series starts? (K.B)
Ans: START OF ACTINIDE SERIES
Actinides series starts from 7th period and element actinium (Ac).
vii. How many elements are in 3rd period, write their names and symbols? (K.B)
Ans: ELEMENTS IN 3RD PERIOD
Number of Elements:
There are eight elements in 3rd period of modern periodic table.
Names and Symbols:
Their names and symbols are: sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), phosphorus
(P), sulphur (S), chlorine (Cl) and argon (Ar).
viii. How many periods are considered normal periods? (K.B)
Ans: NORMAL PERIODS
There are two periods considered as normal periods. These periods are second and third. They are
neither too small nor too long.
ix. What is the reason of arranging elements in a group? (U.B)
Ans: ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENTS IN GROUPS
Elements are arranged in groups because of having similar electronic configuration in their valence
shell. Elements of a group have similar properties due to which they are called family.
x. Why the elements are called s or p block elements? (LHR 2017 G-I)(U.B)
Ans: S OR P-BLOCK ELEMENTS
The elements are called s or p block elements because they have their valence electrons in their s or
p subshells respectively.
Examples:
• Elements of group 1 and 2 have valence electrons in ‘s’ subshell. Therefore, they are called s- block
elements.
• Elements of group 13 to 18 have valence electrons in ‘p’ subshell. Therefore they are called p-block
elements.
xi. Write down the names of elements of group 1 with their symbols? (K.B)
Ans: GROUP I ELEMENTS
Group 1 consists of seven elements which are given below:
hydrogen (H), lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs) and francium (Fr).
xii. How many members are in group 17, is there any liquid, what is its name?(GRW 2016)(K.B)
Ans: GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
Number:
There are six elements (F, Cl, Br, I, At, Uus) in group 17 of the periodic table.
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Liquid Element:
There is one liquid element.
Name of Element:
Its name is bromine (Br).
3.2 PERIODICITY OF PROPERTIES
3.2.1 ATOMIC SIZE AND ATOMIC RADIUS
Q.1 What is meant by atomic size? Give its units of measurements and explain its trends in modern
periodic table. (LHR 2014)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: ATOMIC SIZE OR ATOMIC RADIUS
Definition:
“The half of the distance between the nuclei of the two bonded atoms is referred as the atomic radius
of the atom.
Example:
The distance between the nuclei of two carbon atoms in its elemental form is 154 pm, it means its half
77 pm is radius of carbon atom.

Figure: The Radius of Carbon Atom

Units:
The units of atomic radius are as follows:
• Nanometer (10–9m)
• Picometer (10–12m)
TRENDS OF ATOMIC SIZE
(i) Trends in Periods:
The atomic radii gradually decrease from left to right in a period.
Reasons:
It is because with the increase of atomic number, the effective nuclear charge increases gradually
because of addition of more and more protons in the nucleus. This nuclear force pulls down or contracts the
outermost shell towards the nucleus.
Example:
Atomic size in period 2 decreases from Li (152 pm) to Ne (69 pm).
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2nd Period Elements Li Be B C N O F Ne

Atomic Radii (pm) 152 113 88 77 75 73 71 69

(ii) Trends in Groups:
The atomic radii increase from top to bottom in a group.
Reason:
The number of shells increases in the successive elements. The distance between the nucleus and
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valence shells increases, the effective nuclear charge decreases and atomic radius increases.
Example:
Atomic size of 1st group elements increases from lithium (152 pm) to cesium (265 pm).
1st group element Atomic Radii (pm)
3
Li 152
11
Na 186
19
K 227
37
Rb 248
55
Cs 265
Q.2 What is shielding effect? Write down its trends in modern periodic table. (U.B+K.B)
Ans: SHIELDING EFFECT
Definition:
“The decrease in attractive force exerted by the nucleus on the valence shell electrons due to the
presence of electrons lying between the nucleus and valence shell is called shielding effect.”
OR
“The electrons present in the inner shells screen or shield the force of attraction of nucleus felt by the
valence shell electrons. This is called shielding effect”.
Explanation:
The electrons present between the nucleus and the outer most shell of an atom reduce the effective
nuclear charge felt by the electrons present in the outermost shell.
The attraction of outer electrons toward nucleus is partially reduce because of presence of inner
electrons.
Dependence of shielding effect:
It depends on inner shell electrons.
Effective Nuclear Charge:
“The attraction of outer electrons toward nucleus is partially reduced because of presence of inner
electrons. As a result an atom experiences less nuclear charge than that of the actual charge, which is
called effective nuclear charge (Zeff)”.
TRENDS OF SHIELDING EFFECT
(i) Trends in Groups:
The shielding effect increases down the group in the periodic table.
Reason:
This is because the number of inner shells increases from top to bottom in a group.
Example:
Due to greater size of the atom it is easy to take away electron from potassium (Z=19) than from
sodium (Z =11) atom.

Figure: Shielding Effect is More in Potassium

Atom Than That of Sodium Atom.

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(ii) Trends in Periods:

The shielding effect does not change in a period if we move from left to right in periodic table.
Reason:
This is because the number of inner shells remain the same from left to right in the periods.
Q.3 What is ionization energy? Describe its trends in periodic table.
(Ex-Q.8) (GRW 2014,16, LHR 2015, SWL 2016, DGK 2016, BWP 2016, SGD 2017)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: IONIZATION ENERGY (I.E)
Definition:
“The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from the valence shell of
an isolated gaseous atom is called ionization energy.”
Units of I.E:
The units of ionization energy are:
• kJ mol–1
First Ionization Energy:
The amount of energy required to remove the first electron from the valence shell of an isolated
gaseous awtom is called first ionization energy.
Example:
The first ionization energy of sodium atom is + 496 kJmol–1
Na ⎯⎯ → Na + +1e− H = +496 kJ mol–1
Second Ionization Energy:
“The amount of energy required to remove the second electron from the valence shell of an isolated
gaseous mono positive ion is called second ionization energy.”
When there are more than one electrons in valence shell they can be removed one by one providing more and
more energy. Such as group 2 and 3 elements have more than one electron in their valence shells. Therefore,
they will have more than one ionization energy values.
Example:
Mg ⎯⎯ → Mg+ +1e− H = +738 kJ mol–1
Mg1+ ⎯⎯ → Mg2+ +1e− H = +1450 kJ mol–1
Third Ionization Energy:
“The amount of energy required to remove the third electron from the valence shell of an isolated
gaseous di-positive ion is called third ionization energy.”
TRENDS OF IONIZATION ENERGY
(i) Trends in Groups:
Ionization energy of elements decreases from top to bottom in a group.
Reason:
• The number of shells increases
• The distance between the nucleus and valence shells increases.
• Shelling effect increases.
• Nuclear attraction on valence electrons decreases.
1st Group Ionization energy
Elements (kJmol-1)
3
Li 520
11
Na 496
19
K 419
37
Rb 403
55
Cs 377
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Therefore, ionization energy decreases from top to bottom in the groups of the periodic table.
(ii) Trends in Periods:
Ionization energy values of elements increase from left to right in a period.
Reason:
• The number of shells remains same.
• Shielding effect remains same.
• The effective nuclear charge on valence electrons increases.
• The distance between nucleus and valence shells decreases.
• Nuclear attraction on valence electrons increases.
Therefore, ionization energy increases from left to right in periods of the periodic table.
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2nd Period Elements Li Be B C N O F Ne

Ionization Energy
520 899 801 1086 1402 1314 1681 2081
(kJmol-1)
Q.4 Define electron affinity? Why it increases in a period and decreases in a group in the periodic
table? (Ex-Q.9)(LHR 2016, GRW 2014, BWP 2017, RWP 2016)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: ELECTRON AFFINITY
Definition:
“The amount of energy released when an electron is added in the outermost shell of an isolated
gaseous atom is called electron affinity”.
Example:
The electron affinity of Fluorine is -328 kJ mol-1 i.e. one mole atom of fluorine releases 328 kJ of
energy to form one mole of fluoride ions.
F +1e− ⎯⎯ → F− H = –328 kJ mol–1
Affinity means attraction. Therefore, electron affinity means tendency of an atom to accept an electron
to form an anion.
Units of Measurement:
The units of electron affinity are:
• kJmol–1
TRENDS OF ELECTRON AFFINITY
(i) Trends in Periods:
Electron affinity values increase from left to right in the period.
Reason:
The reason for this increase is, as the size of atoms decreases in a period, the attraction of the nucleus for
the incoming electron increases. That means more is attraction for the electron, more energy will be
released.
3
2nd Period Elements Li 4Be 5B 6
C 7
N 8
O 9
F 10Ne
Electron Affinity (kJmol-1) -60 >0 -29 -122 0 -141 -328 0
(ii) Trends in Groups:
In a group electron affinity values decrease from top to bottom because the size of elements of atoms
increases down the group.

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17th Group Ionization

Elements energy-1)
(kJmol
9
F –328
17
Cl –349
35
Br –325
53
I –295
Reason:
With the increase in size of atom shielding effect increases that results in poor attraction for the
incoming electron i.e. less energy is released out. For example, as the size of iodine atom is bigger than
chlorine, its electron affinity is less than chlorine.
Q.5 What is electronegativity? Describe the trend of electronegativity in a period and in a group.
(GRW 2014, 16, RWP 2017, FSD 2016, DGK 2016, BWP 2017)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Definition:
“The ability of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itself in a molecule is called
electronegativity.”
Unit of Measurement:
Electronegativity has no unit because it is a relative value. Electronegativity of fluorine is 4 (maximum
value of electronegativity). The electronegativity of other elements is measured by comparing with the
electronegativity of fluorine.
Importance:
It is an important property especially when covalent type of bonding of elements is under
consideration.
TRENDS OF ELECTRONEGATIVITY
(i) Trends in Periods:
Electronegativity increases from left to right in the periodic table. The trend of electro negativity is
same as of ionization energy and electron affinity. It increases in a period from left to right.
Reason:
Because higher (Zeff) shortens distance from the nucleus of the shared pair of electrons. This enhances
the power to attract the shared pair of electrons.
Example:
Electronegativity values of group 2 are given as follows:
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2nd Period Elements Li Be B C N O F
Electronegativity 1.0 1.6 2.0 2.6 3.0 3.4 4.0
(iii) Trends in Groups:
Electronegativity decreases from top to bottom in the group.
Reasons:
It generally decreases down a group because size of the atom increases. Thus attraction for the shared
pair of electrons weakens.
Example:
Electronegativity values of group 17 elements (halogens) are presented here.
17th Group Elements Electronega-tivity
9
F 4.0
17
Cl 3.2
35
Br 3.0
53
I 2.7

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3.2 PERIODICITY OF PROPERTIES

3.2.1 ATOMIC SIZE AND ATOMIC RADIUS
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 What is the trend of atomic radius and atomic size in groups?
(MTN 2017, LHR 2016 G-I)(U.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 106
Q.2 Give the trend of ionization energy in a period?
(Ex-9) (FSD 2016,17, MTN 2017, DGK 2017)(U.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 108
Q.3 Define electron affinity. (SWL 2017, RWP 2016, GRW 2017 G-II, LHR 2016 G-I)(K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 109
Q.4 What is electronegativity? Write down its trends in modern periodic table. (U.B+K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 109
Q.5 Why electronegativity increases in a period? (U.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 110
Q.6 Define Shielding effect. (K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 106
Q.7 Why the size of atom does not decrease regularly in a period? (LHR 2016, DGK 2016)(U.B)
Ans: IRREGULARITY IN ATOMIC SIZE
The size of atom does not decrease regularly in a period. This irregularity in the transition metal is due
to the involvement of d orbital. It provides poor shielding effect.
3.2 PERIODICITY OF PROPERTIES
3.2.1 ATOMIC SIZE AND ATOMIC RADIUS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The atomic radii of the elements in periodic table: (U.B)
(A) Increase from left to right in a period
(B) Increase from top to bottom in a group
(C) Do not change from left to right in a period
(D) Decrease from top to bottom in a group
2. The distance between the nuclei of two carbon atom is: (LHR 2014, GRW 2015)(K.B)
(A) 154 pm (B) 140 pm (C) 110 pm (D) 115 pm
3. The half of the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms is referred as: (U.B+K.B)
(A) Atomic size (B) Atomic radius (C) Ionic radii (D) Both A and B
4. The shielding effect of inner electrons is responsible for: (U.B)
(A) Increasing ionization energy value (B) Decreasing ionization energy value
(C) Increasing electron affinity (D) Increasing electronegativity
5. Along the period which one of the following decreases: (U.B)
(A) Atomic radius (B) Ionization energy (C) Electron affinity (D) Electronegativity
6. Mark the incorrect statement about ionization energy: (U.B)
(A) It is measured in kJ/mol (B) It is absorption of energy
(C) It decreases in a period (D) It decreases in group
7. Which is the best reason for increasing ionization energy from left to right in a period? (U.B)
(A) The shielding effect remains same (B) The nuclear charge increases
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(C) The number of inner electrons increases (D) Increasing electronegativity

8. If we move from left to right in a period, the value of ionization energy: (U.B)
(A) Remains same (B) Decreases (C) Increases (D) Not affected
9. Point out among the following which has highest value of electron affinity: (K.B)
(A) F (B) Cl (C) Br (D) I
10. Point out the incorrect statement about electron affinity: (U.B)
–1
(A) It is measured in kJmol (B) It involves release of energy
(C) It decreases in a period (D) It decreases in group
11. The amount of energy given out when an electron is added to an atom is called:(U.B+K.B)
(A) Lattice energy (B) Ionization energy (C) Electronegativity (D) Electron affinity
12. Which one of the following halogens has highest electronegativity?(RWP 2017 G-II)(K.B)
(A) Fluorine (B) Chlorine (C) Bromine (D) Iodine
13. Electronegativity of fluorine is: (FSD 2017 G-I)(K.B)
(A) 2.5 (B) 4 (C) 3.0 (D) 3.4
14. The trend of electronegativity in periodic table is same as: (U.B)
(A) Ionization energy (B) Electron affinity (C) Shielding effect (D) Both A and B
3.3 TEST YOURSELF
i. How can you define atomic radius? (K.B)
(SWL 2016,17, RWP 2016, LHR 2017 G-I, RWP 2017 G-II)
Ans: “The half of the distance between the nuclei of the two bonded atoms is referred as the atomic radius
of the atom.
Example:
The distance between the nuclei of two carbon atoms in its elemental form is 154 pm, it means its half
77 pm is radius of carbon atom.

Figure: The Radius of Carbon Atom

ii. What are Sl units of atomic radius? (K.B)
Ans: SI UNITS OF ATOMIC RADIUS
Although SI unit of length is meter but atom is too small to measure its radius in meters. Therefore,
atomic radius is measured in picometer (pm) = 10−12 m
iii. Why the size of atoms decreases in a period? (U.B)
Ans: Size of the atom decreases in a period because effective nuclear charge increases in a period as a result
force of attraction between nucleus and outer most shell increases which result in decrease of atomic
size.
iv. Define ionization energy. (GRW 201117 G-I)(K.B)
Ans: IONIZATION ENERGY
“The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from the valence shell of

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an isolated gaseous atom is called ionization energy.”

Na ⎯⎯ → Na + +1e− H = +496 KJ mol–1
v. Why the 2nd ionization energy of an element is higher than first one? (U.B)
Ans: nd
2 IONIZATION ENERGY OF ELEMENT
A monopositive gaseous ion has more protons than electrons. The effective nuclear charge increases and
it attracts the remaining electrons more strongly. Thus removal of 2nd electron becomes difficult. That is
why 2nd I.E is higher than first one.
vi. What is the trend of ionization energy in a group? (U.B)
Ans: Ionization energy of elements decreases from top to bottom in a group.
Reason:
• The number of shells increases
• The distance between the nucleus and valence shells increases.
• Shelling effect increases.
• Nuclear attraction on valence electrons decreases.
vii. Why the ionization energy of sodium is less than that of magnesium? (U.B)
Ans: IONIZATION ENERGY OF SODIUM AND MAGNESIUM
The ionization energy of the sodium is less than the magnesium because both sodium and magnesium
belong to same period. When we move from left to right in a period, atomic size decreases and
ionization energy increases that is why the ionization energy of sodium is less than that of magnesium.
viii. Why is it difficult to remove an electron from halogens? (U.B)
Ans: REMOVAL OF ELECTRON FROM HALOGEN
It is difficult to remove an electron form halogens because of following reasons:
• Smaller atomic size
• More effective nuclear charge (increase in proton number)
• High electron affinity
• High electronegativity values.
ix. What is shielding effect? (SWL 2017)(K.B)
Ans: “The electrons present in the inner shells screen or shield the force of attraction of nucleus felt by the
valence shell electrons. This is called shielding effect”.
x. How does shielding effect decreases the force of electrostatic attractions between nucleus and
outermost electrons? (U.B)
Ans: EFFECT OF SHIELDING EFFECT ON FORCE OF ATTRACTION
The electrons present between the nucleus and the outermost shell of an atom, reduce the nuclear charge
felt by the electrons present in the outermost shell. The attraction of outer electrons towards nucleus is
partially reduced because of inner electrons. As a result an atom experiences less nuclear charge than
that of the actual charge, which is called effective nuclear charge (Zeff).
xi. Why do the bigger size atoms have more shielding effect? (U.B)
Ans: SHIELDING EFFECT OF BIGGER SIZE ATOMS
The bigger size atoms have more shielding effect because in bigger size atoms the number of inner shells
and inner shell electrons increases which increases shielding effect.
xii. Which element has the highest electronegativity? (K.B)

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Ans: HIGHEST ELECTRONEGATIVE ELEMENT

Fluorine (F) atom has the highest electronegativity value among all the elements.
Electronegative Value:
Its electronegativity value is 4.00.

ANSWER KEYS
INTRODUCTION
1 B 2 C 3 C 4 A

3.1 PERIODIC TABLE

1 A 2 C 3 D 4 D 5 B 6 A 7 D 8 A 9 B 10 C

3.1.1 PERIODS AND GROUPS

1 B 2 A 3 B 4 B 5 A 6 C 7 B
8 C 9 B 10 C 11 D 12 A 13 B 14 D

3.2 PERIODICITY OF PROPERTIES

3.2.1 ATOMIC SIZE AND ATOMIC RADIUS
1 A 2 C 3 C 4 A 5 B 6 C 7 B 8 A 9 D 10 C 11 D
12 B 13 C 14 C 15 A 16 A 17 C 18 D 19 B 20 B 21 C

EXERCISE SOLUTION
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The atomic radii of the elements in Periodic Table: (BWP 2016 G-II, DGK 2016 G-I)(U.B)
(a) Increase from left to right in a period (b) Increase from top to bottom in a group
(c) Do not change from left to right in a period (d) Decrease from top to bottom in a group
2. The amount of energy given out when an electron is added to an atom is called:
(FSD 2017 G-II, BWP 2016 G-I,II 2017 G-II)(U.B+K.B)
(a) Lattice energy (b) Ionization energy (c) Electronegativity (d) Electron affinity
3. Mendeleev Periodic Table was based upon the:
(GRW 2016 G-I, RWP 2017 G-I, SWL 2017 G-II, MTN 2016 G-II) (K.B)
(a) Electronic configuration (b) Atomic mass
(c) Atomic number (d) Completion of a subshell
4. Long form of Periodic Table is constructed on the basis of:
(RWP 2017 G-I, DGK 2017 G-I, II, SWL 2016 G-II)(K.B)
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(a) Mendeleev Postulate (b) Atomic number (c) Atomic mass (d) Mass number
5. 4th and 5th period of the long form of Periodic Table are called:
(SGD 2017 G-II, BWP 2017 G-I, MTN 2016 G-I, SGD 2016 G-I)(K.B)
(a) Short periods (b) Normal periods (c) Long periods (d) Very long periods
6. Which one of the following halogen has lowest electronegativity?
(LHR 2017 G-I, SWL 2017 G-I, FSD 2016 G-I,II)(K.B)
(a) Fluorine (b) Chlorine (c) Bromine (d) Iodine
7. Along the period, which one of the following decreases: (DGK 2017 G-II, FSD 2016 G-I )(U.B)
(a) Atomic radius (b) Ionization energy (c) Electron affinity (d) Electronegativity
8. Transition elements are:
(LHR 2017 G-I, SGD 2017 G-II, SWL 2017 G-I, BWP 2016 G-I, RWP 2016 G-II, SGD 2016 G-I)(K.B)
(a) All gases (b) All metals (c) All non-metals (d) All metalloids
9. Mark the incorrect statement about ionization energy: (BWP 2017 G-I)(U.B)
(a) It is measured in kJmol-1 (b) It is absorption of energy
(c) It decreases in a period (d) It decreases in a group
10. Point out the incorrect statement about electron affinity: (BWP 2017 G-I)(U.B)
(a) It is measured in klmol-1 (b) It involves release of energy
(c) It decreases in a period (d) It decreases in a group
ANSWER KEY
1 B 3 B 5 C 7 A 9 C
2 D 4 B 6 D 8 B 10 C

EXERCISE SHORT QUESTIONS

1. What do you mean by groups and periods in a Periodic Table?
(RWP 2016, GRW 2017 G-II, LHR 2017 G-I, GRW 2016 G-I)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 95
2. Give the trend of ionization energy in a period. (FSD 2017-GII)(U.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 108
3. Why the size of atom does not decrease regularly in a period? (U.B)
Ans: SIZE OF ATOM IN PERIOD
Because of electronic configuration of 3d and 4s orbitals, there is a variation in atomic size in transition
series. For example, atomic size decreases in 4th period but from Nickel (Ni) to Zinc (Zn) it increases
and again decreases.
4. Why noble gases are not reactive? (GRWP 2016-I)(U.B)
Ans: REACTIVITY OF NOBLE GASES
Noble gases are not reactive because they have their valence shells completely filled. They have 2 or 8
electrons in their valence shells. Their atoms do not have vacant spaces in their valence shell to
accommodate more electrons. Therefore they do not gain, lose or share electrons.
5. Why Cesium ([Link].55) requires little energy to release its one electron present in the outermost
shell? (U.B)
Ans: ENERGY REQUIRED BY CESIUM
Cesium require little energy because it has greater atomic size, more shielding effect (due to presence of
more electrons) that’s why it required little ionization energy to release its one electron present in
outmost shell.
6. How is periodicity of properties dependent upon number of protons in an atom?(U.B)
Ans: DEPENDENCE OF PERIODICITY

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Number of protons in an atom represents atomic number of that element which increases regularly by
one from element to element. So the arrangement of elements according to increasing atomic number
shows the periodicity in the electronic configuration of the elements that leads to periodicity in their
properties.
7. Why shielding effect of electrons makes cation formation easy? (U.B)
Ans: FORMATION OF CATIONS
The shielding effect of electrons makes the cation formation easy because it reduces the nuclear pull on
the outermost electrons and they are less tightly held by the nucleus and can easily be lost from the
outermost shell.
8. What is the difference between Mendeleev's Periodic Law and Modern Periodic Law? (GRW 2016 G-I,
LHR 2016 G-I, FSD 2017 G-II)(U.B)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between Mendeleev’s Periodic Law and Modern Periodic Law are as follows:
Mendeleev’s Periodic Law Modern Periodic Law
Definition
• Properties of the elements are periodic • Properties of the elements are periodic
function of their atomic masses. function of their atomic numbers.
Basis of Law
• Atomic masses is less fundamental • Atomic number is more fundamental
property and it is the basis of Mendeleev’s property and it is the basis of modern
periodic law. periodic law.
9. th
Why and how are elements arranged in 4 period? (U.B)
Ans: TH
ELEMENTS OF 4 PERIOD
Why Arranged?
The elements are arranged in the 4th period because they are all having four electronic shells.
Mode of Arrangement:
They are arranged by increasing atomic number from left to right in the period.
EXERCISE LONG QUESTIONS
1. Explain the contributions of Mendeleev for the arrangement of elements in his Periodic Table.
(U.B+K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 94 (Topic 3.1)
2. Show why in a 'period' the size of an atom decreases if one moves from left to right?
Ans: TRENDS OF ATOMIC SIZE IN PERIODS
The atomic size gradually decrease from left to right in a period.
Reasons:
It is because with the increase of atomic number, the effective nuclear charge increases gradually
because of addition of more and more protons in the nucleus. This nuclear force pulls down or contracts the
outermost shell towards the nucleus.
Example:
Atomic size in period 2 decreases from Li (152 pm) to Ne (69 pm).
2nd period elements 3Li 4Be 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F 10Ne

115
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Atomic radii (pm) 152 113 88 77 75 73 71 69

3. Describe the trends of electronegativity in a period and in a group.
Ans: Answer given on pg # 109, 110 (Topic 3.2)
4. Discuss the important features of Modern Periodic Table.
Ans: Answer given on pg # 96 (Topic 3.1)
5. What do you mean by blocks in a periodic table and why elements were placed in blocks?
Ans: Answer given on pg # 97 (Topic 3.1)
6. Discuss in detail the periods in Periodic Table?
Ans: Answer given on pg # 100 (Topic 3.1.1)
7. Why and how elements are arranged in a Periodic Table?
Ans: Answer given on pg # 99 (Topic 3.1)
8. What is ionization energy? Describe its trends in the Periodic Table?
Ans: Answer given on pg # 107 (Topic 3.2)
9. Define electron affinity, why it increases in a period and decreases in a group in the Periodic
Table.
Ans: Answer given on pg # 108 (Topic 3.2)
10. Justify the statement, bigger size atoms have low ionization energy and have more shielding effect.
(U.B)
Ans: LOW IONIZATION ENERGY AND MORE SHIELDING EFFECT
Justification:
As we move down the group more and more shells lie between the valence shell and the nucleus of the
atom, these additional shells reduce the electrostatic force felt by the electron present in the outermost
shell which results more shielding effect by such bigger size atoms. Resultantly the valence shell
electrons can be released easily. Therefore bigger size atoms have more shielding effect and low
ionization energies.
ADDITIONAL CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
Q.1 Which is more fundamental property than atomic mass? (Do you know Pg. # 46)(U.B)
Ans: ATOMIC NUMBER IS MORE FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTY
Atomic number of an element is more fundamental property than atomic mass because:
• It increases regularly by 1 from element to element.
• It is fixed for every element.
• No two elements have same atomic number.
Q.2 Explain with examples that how you can define position of an element a period? (U.B+A.B)
Ans: POSITION OF AN ELEMENT ALONG A PERIOD
• Valence electrons decide the position of an element along a period.
• Elements with 1 valence electron occupy the left most position in the respective period like alkali
metals.
• Elements with 8 valence electrons occupy the right most position in the respective periods like noble
gasses (Except helium).
Q.3 What are demerits/drawbacks of Mendeleev’s periodic table? (U.B)

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Ans: DEMERITS/DRAWBACKS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE

• Based on atomic mass instead of atomic number.
• Did not explain the position of Isotopes.
• Wrong order of atomic masses of some elements.
Q.4 What is the contribution of Moseley? (K.B)
Ans: CONTRIBUTION OF MOSELEY
In 1913 H. Moseley discovered a new property of the element i.e. atomic number. He observed that
atomic number instead of atomic mass should determine the position of elements in the periodic table.
Q.5 Who were Alchemists and what was Alchemy? (Do you know Pg. # 49)
Ans: ALCHEMIST AND ALCHEMY
“A group of Muslim scientists who tried to convert common metals into gold and find cure to diseases
and give eternal life to the people is called alchemists and this branch of chemistry is called alchemy.”
For thousands years alchemy remained field of interest for the scientists.
Q.6 What are transition elements? (FSD 2017)(K.B)
Ans: TRANSITION ELEMENTS
“Elements in which d or f subshells are in the process of completion are called transition elements”.
Example:
The elements of groups 3 to 12 and lanthanides as well as actinides are called transition elements. They
belong to periods 4, 5, 6 and 7.
Q.7 What is the basis of electronic configuration? (U.B)
Ans: BASIS OF ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
Atomic number of an element is equal to the number of electrons in neutral atom. So atomic number
provides the basis of electronic configuration.
Q.8 What was the main objective of Al-chemists?(Do you know Pg. # 49)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: MAIN OBJECTIVE OF ALCHEMIST
Alchemists (A group of Muslim scientists) worked with two main objectives;
(i) Change common metals into gold
(ii) Find cure to diseases and give eternal life to people.
Idea about Composition of Matter:
They believed all kinds of matter were same combination of four basic elements. Substances are
different because these elements combine differently. By changing composition or ratio of anyone
element, new substances can be formed.
Q.9 What are the advantages and disadvantages of the work of Alchemists? (U.B+K.B)
Ans: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ALCHEMISTS
Advantages:
Many methods and techniques invented by alchemists are still used in chemistry.
Disadvantages:
The way of making gold from silver or lead was never found and secret of eternal life was never
discovered.
Q.10 Why number of elements in a period is fixed? (U.B)
Ans: FIXED NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN A PERIOD
Number of elements in a period is fixed because of maximum number of electrons a particular valence
shell accommodates.
Q.11 Why elements of a group named as family? (U.B)
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Ans: ELEMENTS OF A GROUP NAMED AS FAMILY

“Due to similar chemical properties because of similar valence shell electronic configuration, elements
of a group called as family.”
Example:
For example group eighteen known as noble gases.
Q.12 Write down the types of elements on basis of completion of their inner & valence shells.
(U.B+K.B)
Ans: TYPES OF ELEMENTS ON BASIS OF COMPLETION OF INNER & VALENCE SHELL
On basis of completion of inner & valence shell, elements of modern periodic table are divided into 3
types:
1. Normal elements
2. Transition elements
3. Noble gases
1. NORMAL ELEMENTS
Definition:
“Those elements whose inner shells are completely filled with electrons, only valence (outermost) shells
are incomplete.”
Examples:
• Group 1
• Group 2
• Group 13 – 17
2. TRANSITION ELEMENTS
Definition:
“Those elements whose both inner & valence shells are incomplete with electrons.”
• In these elements ‘d’ subshell is in the process of completion.
Examples:
Group 3 to 12 elements
3. NOBLE GASES
Definition:
“Those elements whose both inner & valence shells are completely filled with electrons.”
• They are non-reactive elements.
Examples:
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Q.13 Why and how elements are arranged in the 3rd period? (FSD 2017)(U.B)
RD
Ans: ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENT IN 3 PERIOD
Why Arranged?
The elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl and Ar) are arranged in the 3rd period because they are all having
three electronic shell.
Mode of Arrangement:
They are arranged by increasing atomic number from left to right in the period.
Q.14 Write the names of elements of the first period. (RWP2017,GRW2017G-I,II)(K.B)
Ans: FIRST PERIOD
It is called a short period. It consists of only two elements hydrogen and helium.
Q.15 Write about group 18 elements? (SWL 2017)(K.B)
OR
Write down symbols of noble gases. (SGD 2017 G-I)(K.B)
Ans: GROUP 18 ELEMENTS
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The gaseous elements of group 18 or zero group are called noble gases. It consists of helium (He), neon
(Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe) and radon (Rn).
Q.16 Why Li has greater ionization energy than Rb? (U.B)
Ans: GREATER IONIZATION ENERGY OF Li
Lithium has little greater ionization energy (520 kJmol–1) then rubidium (403kJmol–1) because as we move
down the group more and more shells lie between the valence shell and the nucleus of the atom, these
additional shells reduce the electrostatic force felt by the electrons present in the outermost shell. Resultantly
the valence shell electrons can be taken away easily.
Q.17 Why chlorine has greater electron affinity as compared to fluorine? (U.B)
Ans: ELECTRON AFFINITY OF FLUORINE
Fluorine has smaller atomic size and its nine electrons are tightly held by the nucleus so that the thick
electronic cloud shield the force of the attraction of the nucleus on the incoming electron. Due to this
weak force of attraction less energy is released as compared to chlorine.
Q.18 Why is energy required to remove an electron from an atom? (U.B)
Ans: As we know that there is force of attraction present between nucleus and the revolving electrons. In
order to remove an electron we have to provide energy to break this force of attraction.

Q.19 Why is energy released when an electron added in to the outermost shell of an atom? (U.B)
Ans: Energy is released when an electron added into outermost shell of an atom because a new force of
attraction developed between nucleus and incoming (extra) electron.

TERMS TO KNOW
Terms Definitions
Dobreiner law of Triads A German chemist (1829) Dobereiner observed relationship
between atomic masses of several groups of three elements
called triads.
Law of Triads:
“In a triad the central or middle element had atomic mass average of
the other two elements.”
Newland law of Octaves In 1864 British chemist and musician Newlands put forward his
observations in the form of 'Law of Octaves'.
Statement:
“According to Law of Octaves there was a repetition in chemical
properties of every eighth element if they were arranged by their
increasing atomic masses.”
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table "Properties of the elements are periodic functions of their
atomic masses"
Modern Periodic table "Properties of the elements are periodic functions of their
atomic number"
Blocks “On the basis of completion of a particular subshell, elements
with similar valence subshell electronic configuration are
referred as a block of elements”.

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Periods “Horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table are called

periods”.
Groups “The vertical columns of elements in the periodic table are
called groups.”
Number of Groups:
There are 18 groups in the modern periodic table.
Atomic Radius “The half of the distance between the nuclei of the two bonded
atoms is referred as the atomic radius of the atom.
Shielding effect “The electrons present in the inner shells screen or shield the
force of attraction of nucleus felt by the valence shell electrons.
This is called shielding effect”.
Ionization energy “The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely
bound electron from the valence shell of an isolated gaseous
atom is called ionization energy”.
Electron affinity “The amount of energy released when an electron is added in
the outermost shell of an isolated gaseous atom is called
electron affinity”.
Electronegativity “The ability of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons
towards itself in a molecule is called electronegativity.”
SELF TEST
Time: 35 Minutes Marks: 25
Q.1 Four possible answers (A), (B), (C) and (D) to each question are given, mark the correct answer.
(6×1=6)
1. The general electronic configuration of Halogens is:
(A) ns2np2 (B) ns2np4 (C) ns2np5 (D) ns2np6
2. The d-block elements lie between the blocks:
(A) s and p (B) d and f (C) p and f (D) f and s
3. Which halogens have highest electron affinity:
(A) Fluorine (B) Chlorine (C) Bromine (D) Iodine
4. Which of the following have more shielding effect:
(A) Hydrogen (B) Lithium (C) Sodium (D) Potassium
5. Electronegativity of Fluorine is:
(A) 4.0 (B) 3.2 (C) 3.0 (D) 2.7
6. Normal elements which groups:
(A) Group 1 and 2 (B) Group 13 to 17 (C) Both a and b (D) Group 3 to 12

Q.2 Give short answers to the following questions. (5×2=10)

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(i) Differentiate between Periods and Groups.

(ii) How many elements are their in 3rd period, write their names and symbols?
(iii) Why electron affinity increases in a period?
(iv) Define Electronegativity. Give its trends.
(v) What is the difference between Mendeleev’s Periodic law and Modern Periodic law?

Q.3 Answer the following questions in detail. (5+4=9)

(i) What is Ionization Energy? Describe its trends in periodic table. (5)
(ii) Discuss the Important features of periodic table. (4)
Note:
Parents or guardians can conduct this test in their supervision in order to check the skill of students.

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