Lecture no 17
Roofs
COMPILED BY: DR. TAUHA HUSSAIN ALI
PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
MEHRAN UET, JAMSHORO,
Roof: Introduction
The covering provided over the top of an
enclosure made for a building to keep out the
sun, rain, wind and to protect the interior from
exposure to weather.
It is important element for protection from the
weather and has a significant role to play in the
reduction of heat loss from a building.
Roofs are classified as either pitched or flat.
Can be made of concrete, timber, steel etc
Functional Requirements
1. Strength and Stability
2. Resistance to weather
3. Durability and freedom from
maintenance
4. Fire safety
5. Resistance to the passage of heat
6. Resistance to the passage of sound
7. Resist air leakage
8. Security
9. Aesthetics
Strength and Stability
Strength and Stability depends on the
characteristics of the materials used for roof
construction.
The strength and stability of a flat roof on
adequate support from walls or beams and
sufficient depth or thickness of timber joists.
Weather it is made of timber, concrete or steel.
The roof should not suffer excessive deflection
under the dead load of the roof itself and the
load of snow and wind pressure or uplift that it
may suffer.
Resistance to weather
A roof prevents water entering a
building by using a roof covering
which prevents rain penetration.
The materials that cover the roof
range from the continuous
impermeable layer of asphalt that
can be laid horizontal to exclude rain,
to the small units of clay or concrete
tiles that are laid overlapping or
interlocking so that rain runs off the
roof to the rainwater gutters.
Resistance to weather
Clay tiles, profiled metal sheets can be used
whereas impermeable materials like asphalt,
bitumen and copper can be used to fill the voids
between the tiles.
Durability and freedom
from maintenance
Depends on the ability of the roof covering to
exclude rain, snow and the destructive action of
frost and temperature fluctuations.
Water penetration in to the roof structure may
cause and encourage decay of timber, corrosion
of steel or disintegration of concrete.
Fire safety
The requirements for the fire safety in the building
regulations are concerned for the safe escape of
occupants to the outside of the buildings,
limitation to internal and external fire spread.
Resistance to the passage
of heat
Roof materials are generally poor
insulators against the transfer of heat
so it is necessary to use insulating
materials to control excessive loss and
gain of heat.
The requirements of the building
regulations for the insulation of roofs of
dwellings is a maximum U value of 0.20
W/m²K for pitched roofs with insulation
between rafters, 0.16 W/m²K with
insulation between joints, and 0.25
W/m²K for flat roofs.
Resistance to the passage
of sound
Generally this factor isn't considered unless
building is close to airport or busy road or rail
network.
Depends on the mass of the material for roofs.
Concrete mass has good results than timber mass.
Requirements of a well planned
Roof
Should be structurally sound
Strong enough to carry anticipated
loads safely
Durable enough against the adverse
effect of the elements like rain, sun, and
winds
Requirements of a well planned
Roof
Should have adequate water proofing
and drainage provisions
Should provide desired insulation against
heat
Should provide adequate insulation
against sound
Roofs
Pitched
Flat Roof
Roof
Lean to Coupled
roof roof
Gabbled
Roof
Hip Roof
Types of Roofs
Gambrel
Roof
Mansard
Roof
ROOFS (Types)
Pitched or Sloped Roofs
Flat or Terraced Roofs
Sloped roofs are suitable for the houses or buildings in coastal
regions or the areas where rainfall and snow is expected at
high rate
ROOFS (Types)
Lean to Roof
Simplest type of pitched roof
Consist of rafters on side only
Upper ends the rafters are nailed to the wooden wall plate
Lower end of the rafter are notched and nailed to the
wooden post plate
This type of roof is considered suitable for a maximum span of
2.4 m
Lean to roof or Shed Roof
Coupled Roof
It is formed by a pair of inclined rafters
Their upper ends nailed to a common ridge piece
Their lower ends notched and nailed the wooden wall plates
embedded in masonry
This type of construction is considered suitable for maximum
span of 3.7 m
Gable Roof
Couple Closed Roof
In this type notches provided at the feet of the rafter prevent
them from spreading
With ordinary loading conditions this type of roof can be used
for span upto 5m
For increased spans a vertical rod is introduced between ridge
piece and the centre of the tie
This rod is termed as a king rod and its its function is to prevent
tie from sagging
Hip Roof
Gambrel Roof
Mansard Roof
ROOFS (Types)
Flat roofs are considered suitable for those houses and buildings
located in plains or in hot regions where rains are not frequent
Sometimes it becomes necessary to adopt the construction of
roofs other than these two types
Domes, Folded plate roof, steel shutter roofs
Flat Roof
ROOFS (Types)
Flat roofs are laid at an angle of less than 10º to the horizontal
It could be RCC, Reinforced brick work, Pre-cast concrete
The shallow slope to flat roof is necessary to encourage
rainwater to flow towards outlets.
ROOFS (Types)
If no proper slope is provided to the flat rood it may cause
deterioration in the roof membranes due in increase of
rainwater load over the roof.
The minimum slope for the flat roof covering are 1:60 for
copper, aluminum and zinc sheet and 1:80 for sheet load and
for mastic asphalt and built-up bitumen felt membranes.
Flat roof Advantages and
Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Can be used as terrace Restricted span
2. Easy to fire resistant Easily develop cracks on
the surface due to
3. Good insulating properties
exposed to sun
4. More simpler and
Initial cost higher than
architecturally suitable
the sloped roof
5. For multi story buildings Construction progress is
flat roofs are ideal slow
6. Requires lesser area of
roofing material than
sloped roofs
Thank you !!
