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Chemistry IXth VMC Module

The document discusses the concept of matter, defining it as anything that occupies space and has mass, and categorizes it into different states: solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and Bose-Einstein condensate. It explains the physical properties and characteristics of each state, including their molecular structure, compressibility, density, and behavior under temperature changes. Additionally, it covers concepts such as diffusion and Brownian motion, illustrating how particles of matter interact and move.

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177 views23 pages

Chemistry IXth VMC Module

The document discusses the concept of matter, defining it as anything that occupies space and has mass, and categorizes it into different states: solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and Bose-Einstein condensate. It explains the physical properties and characteristics of each state, including their molecular structure, compressibility, density, and behavior under temperature changes. Additionally, it covers concepts such as diffusion and Brownian motion, illustrating how particles of matter interact and move.

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kajalgupta9955
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Vidyamandir Classes Matter in Our Surroundings Matter In Our Surroundings INTRODUCTION Section - 1 In our surroundings, we see a large variety of things with different shapes, sizes and textures. Everything in this universe food, stones, clouds, stars, plants and animals, is made up of material which scientists have named "Matter’, for example a even a small drop of water ora sand particle are matter. The perception of joy, ove, hate, thought, cold, hot, pain does not constitute matter which we perceive. Anything that occupies space and has mass is called mattet. Air and water, hydrogen and oxygen, sugar and sand, silver ‘and steel are all different kinds of matter, Physical Nature of Matter : > Matter is made up of particles: Matter activity ‘Take a 100 ml beaker and fill half the beaker: ‘water and mark the level of water, Dissolve some sugar/salt with the help of a glass rod. The level of made up of particles which can be shown by performing the following > water will not change because what was there in Aeoeel ‘the spoon, salt or sugar, has now spread throughout agar the water. Thisactivty shows that when wedissolve $=“ salt in water, the particles of salt getinto the spaces magnified milion between particles of water. oftimes ‘The particles of matter are extremely small. The very, very small size of the particles of matter can be shown by performing the following experiment. Potassium permanganate isa kind of matter. Take 2 or 3 small crystals of itand dissolve them in 100 ml of water in a beaker. We will get a deep purple coloured solution of potassium permanganate in ‘water. Take out 10 ml of deep purple solution of itand mix with 90 ml of water in another beaker, to dilute it, Due to this Particles of matter are very, very small make, cote omens Pals OF on yp When we 5 i Wve space between them : Te eee te > Particles of matter hay he 1 particles of other which shows that there igh spi atte op matter get into the spaces between pat matter ina comer of yourclass. Potan unit incense stick in a comer of your class, Go closein froma distance. The smell oF unit ineng > Particles of Matter are Continuously Movin incense stick to smell it, Now light up the incense stick and t stick can be observed only by going close to it whereas th vously moving, that is, ry to get smell 5 ¢ smell of lighted incense stick can be detected fron they possess kinetic energy which increases with jy. also increases. distance. Particles of matter ate €0 temperature. As the kinetic energy increases, the movement of particles “This spontaneous intermixing of particles of two different types of matter is called diffusion “The rate of diffusion becomes faster with inerease in temperature because at higher temperature, the particles have more energy and hence move faster. Examples of Diffusion in Gases : @__‘Thesmet (aroma) of perfumes mixes with the particles of airand reaches large distances in few seconds Gi) tis commonly observed that if a bottle of ammonia is opened in one comer of the laboratory, its smell ean be felt in the ‘other comer of the laboratory after some time. Brownian Motion : Brownian motion can be observed in gases. Sometimes, when a beam of sunlight enters a room, we can see tiny particles suspended in air which are moving rapidly in a very haphazard way. The tiny dust particles move here and there because they are constantly ht bythe fast moving particle of air. This zig-zag movement of the small particles suspended ina lquid or gas is called Brownian motion, * The Particles of Matter Attract Each other: If we take a piece of chalk, a cube of ice and an iron nail, and beat hem ‘with a hammer, we will ind that itis very easy to break the piece of chalk into smaller particles. It requires more forceto break a cube of ice, whereas the ron nail does not break at all, ven with large force. This shows that force of attraction between the particles of chalk is quite weak, the force of attraction between the particles of ice isa bit stronger wherces the force of attraction between the particles of iron nail is very, very strong. In general, the forces of atraction is maximum between the panicles of solid matter and minimum between the particles of gaseous matter. You Several metres away, but to get the an ld food you have 10 go close. Explain ? 2 ie anaamel.frons cold food } SOLUTION: ‘The smell of hot sizzling food reaches us more: Guickly as compared to smell of, i is faster at higher temperature than at lower tem ce perature. The rate of diffusion of hot ind, rate of diffusion of cold food is les sause rate of diffusio® more and hence reach you even several metres away. On the other ha close to it in order to get its smell, ling food is 8 and therefore, you have to go ale 2 ot a Self Study Course for 1ITJEE with Online Support & scanned with OKEN Scanner GIrls Sees Matter in Our Surroundings STATES OF MATTER Section - 2 Physical Classification of Matter : [ose] Caer] (Cee) iene] l. Solid: + A solid has a definite shape and definite volume. PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS : {Solid state : (a) A solid possesses a fixed volume and a definite shape, distinct boundaries and a definite mass, (0). Solids are rigid and almost incompressible. (©) Solids may break under force but itis difficult to change their shape. (@ Solids generally possess high densities. (©) Solids do not exhibit diffusion. © Insolids intermotecular forces of attraction is more strong, Solids Generally do not Exhibit Diffusion : Due to smaller interparticle spaces and absence of translatory motion, Example of Diffusion in Solids If we write something with a chalk on a black-board and leave it as such for a few days, it becomes difficult to clean. This is due to diffusion of chalk particles into the surface of the black-board. N.Liquid: A liquid bas a definite volume but no definite shape, Examples are milk, water, ol, petrol, kerosene, alcohol ete PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS : (8) The matter in liquid state possesses a definite volume, a definite mass, but no definite shape, ©) Liquids are also almost incompressible but are not rigid. In fact, they can flow from a higher to a lower level. Liquids have a property of fluidity and aequire the shape of the container in which they are kept. (©) Liquids can undergo diffusion, (@ Liquids also have high densities but less than that of solids. (© Inliquids Intermolecular forces of attraction is weaker than solid, IM. Gases : A gas has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. It takes the shape and volume of the vessel containing it. Examples are steam, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, chlorine ete sestiycouseforiee wthnineSippot TEE & scanned with OKEN Scanner Vidyamandin Classes Matter in Our Surroundings NEE PROPERTIES OF GASE: «a) The matterin gascous state has neither definite volume nor definite shape but it has definite mass. I acquires the shape and volume of the container. (0) Gases are highly compressible (©) Ga es exert pressure on the walls of the container in which they are stored. (€) Gases can flow easily inall directions, (©) Gases have very low densities as compared to solids and liquids. WV. Plasma : (i) Plasma is a mixture of free electrons and ions. Plasma is considered the fourth state of matter. ii) Plasma occurs naturally in the stars (including the sun). Inside the stars, the temperature is so high that the atoms break up. Some of the electrons break away from the atoms converting the rest of atoms into electrically charged particles called ions. This mixture of free electrons and ions in a star is called plasma. iv) The sun and other stars glow because of the presence of plasma in them. (8) Plasma can also be made on the earth by passing electricity through gases at very low pressure taken in a lass tube (called discharge tube). (vi) Plasma makes a fluorescent tube (or neon sign bulb) glow. Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) : In 1920, an Indian scientist "Satyendra Nath Bose” did some calculations for the fifth state of matter. On the basis of these calculations, Albert Einstein predicted the existence of a new state of matter called Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), The fifth state of matter called Bose-Einstein condensate was finally achieved by three scientists, Cornell, Ketterle and Wieman of USA by cooling a gas of extremely low density (about one hundred thousandth the density of ‘normal air) to super low temperatures. Give reason for the following: (A wooden block should be called a solid. ii) A rubber band undergoes a change in shape on stretching, still we call it a soli SOLUTION : (@ A wooden block has a fixed shape and is rigid, Hence, it should be called solid, Gi) ‘A rubber band i called a solid because although it undergoes a change in shape on stretching yet it regain the same shape when the force is removed. WE, Self Study Course for INTJEE with Online Support & scanned with OKEN Scanner Vidyamandin Classes Matter in Our Surroundings Comparison of Some Important Characteristics of Solid, Liquid and Gas SE RO 10. nL Shape and Volume Density Nature Expansion on heating Compressibility Fluidity Melting and boiling point Intermolecular forces container Kinetic energy Diffusion Solids have fixed shape nd definite volume Solids have h h density Hard and rigid Solids show only slight expansion on heating ‘They have slight or no compressibility Solids do not flow ‘They have their melting and boiling points above room temperature Intermolecular forces are very strong and constituent particles are closely packed Solids cannot fll the ‘container Molecules of solid have least KE. Negligible Liquids have fixed Gases have no fixed volume but no definite volume and shape shape Liquids have high Gases have low density but less than density solids Fluid Highly uid Liquids show slight Gases expand ‘expansion on heating but considerably ‘more than solids on heating ‘They have slight, They have high compressibility but compressibility ‘more than solids Liquids generally flow easily Gases flow freely ‘They have their melting They have their melting point below room and boiling points both temperature below room temperature Intermolecular forces are Intermolecular forees are strong enough to keep the ‘very weak and the particles particles together but not are free to move strong enough to keep them in fixed position Liquids fll container Gases fill the entre space according to the volume ofa container of liquid Molecules of liquid have Molecules of gases have more K.E. than solids maximum K.E. Slow Very fast [EEEREEED) explain the nature of solid, liquid and gas state on the basis of molecular structure. SOLUTION : In case of solids : (i) Theintermolecularspaces are very small and intermolecular forces are very large, (Gi) The moleculesina solid can vibrate about their mean positions, butcannot change their post ii) tis on account of this molecular arrangement that solids have definite shape and i. definite volume, (iv) They are incompressible, Arrangement of molecules ina solid SeliSudyCoune tor EE wth onine suport irr” & scanned with OKEN Scanner Matter in Our Surroundings Vidyamandir Classes In case of Liquids forces fairl (@Theinermotecularspaces are somewhat large and intermotecular forces fairly small as compared tothe sods. Gi) The molecules of the liquid have large kinetic energy. Itis on account of the larger kinetic energy and large intermolecular spaces that the molecules can interchange their position. 409) Due to this liquids take the shape of the container and flow from higher to lower level Arrangement of molecules ina iquid (©) The intermolecular forces in the liquids are sufficient to hold the molecules together and therefore, they have fixed volume (99) They re incompressible, In case of Gases : @ The intermolecular spaces are 1000 times or more than in Fiquids. Gi) This in tum weakens the intermolecular forces to almost negligible magnitude. (il) The molecules ofa gas are free to move about in any direction. Gi) This accounts for the fact that gases have no definite shape or volume and ‘occupy all the available space. ©) They are easily compressible. Arrangement of molecvlesin 2 cae IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - A the correct alternative. Only One Choice is Correct : 1 All Tiquids have same: 5. 99% matter of the universe is present in which ofthe Density ©) Viscosity following states ? © Solubility ©) Noneoftheabove Plasma ®) solid Which has the least energetic molecules © Geseous ©) Liquid ) — Sotias ©) Liquias 6. What is the order of the three states of matter when © Gases ©) Plasmas they are arranged in the decreasing order of the Solids usually: compressibility oftheir molecules ? (A) Undergo large amounts of expansion when (Gas > Solid > Liquid the temperature rises ®) Gas > Liquid > Sotia B) Change shape easily © Liquid > Solid > Gas © — Haveatow density ©) Liquid > Gas > Sotia ©) None of the above 7. ‘The constituent atoms in ice are ‘Which of the following statements are incorect forthe A) Closely packed (B) Loosely packed liquid state? (© Freetomove ©) Not present a cee cs site 8 me Of the Tollowing matter has the highes (© Liquids cannot be compressed Ooo ® 5s which they are placed aia i seionz ON Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Suppo & scanned with OKEN Scanner Vidyamandir Classes % 10, Which of the following matter has the highest rigidity (tendency of not to flowing) ? Air Milk hice ©) Chalk nified sche The following. figure shows pictures of the arrangement of particles in the three states of matter. The three pictures (i), (ii), and (iii) represent the respective arrangements of the particles in Matter in Our Surroundings ooo Ce ° ° | 20 °, ° wACACLC 0. oan 0090, oS 0 @ Gi) (ii) (A) solid, liquid, and gas (B) liquid, gas, and solid (©) gas, solid, and liquid (D) solid, gas, and liquid CAN MATTER CHANGE ITS STATE Matter can exist in three physical states: soli, two ways: > By changing the temperature > By changing the pressure The spaces between the particles, forces of attra bbe changed by changing the temperature and pressure of a substance. |. Effect of Change of Temperature : Section - 3 id and gas. We can change the physical state of matter in the following between the particles and the amount of movement of particles can By increasing the temperature, a solid can be converted into liquid state and a liquid can be converted into gaseous state (or vapour state), The change of temperature can bring about the following changes: Solid changing to liquid is known as Melting. Liquid changing to gas is known as Boiling. Liquid changing to solid is known as Freezing. Gas changing to liquid is known as Condensation, Heat (Melting) Solid State Liguid State Heat (Boiling) Gaseous State ‘Cool (Condensation) Cool (Freezing) (Melting: The process in which aso substance changes into liquid on heating is called melting, The temperature at wh ich, 4 solid melts and changes into liquid at atmospheric pressure is called the melting point ofthe substance. Itis the ‘measure of the force of attraction between the particles, ‘On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of particles increases. Due to the increase in kinetic energy, the particles start vibrating with greater speed. The energy supplied by heating is used to overcome the force of attraction between the particles. On heating, they get sufficient energy, leave their fixed position and start moving freely and finally, at a certain temperature, solid melts and converts to liquid. aT eT 7 & scanned with OKEN Scanner Nenenciaeeees Matter in Our Surroundings i Latent Heat of Fusion + eo nen ice melts into ws cerved that though more and more ce, when ice melts into c ater, it s obs coeds vrvconstant at 0°C until ale ice melts, However, if we heat ate 1 thermometer rem temperature indicated by re starts rising. complete melting the temperatut xy required to change the state of eg temperature is the enere is used in overcoming the Force of fusion of ice. This not increase the kinetic energy of particles ang Jing into ice but not increasing its nas the latent heat of ‘The heat that is from solid to liquid. This is known ‘ween closely packed particles in ie. This heat does attraction bet hence, no rise in temperature takes place. iquid without ‘The latent heatof fusion ofa soldisthe quantity of heat n joules required toconvert | Ks of solid tol any change in temperature For Example : Latent hea of fusion fice is 3.34 x 10° Vig Boiling (Vapourisation) : ‘The process in which liquid substan which a liquid boils and changes rapidly into a gas at atmos ‘When a liquid is heated, the heat energy makes its particle .ce changes into a gas rapidly on heating is called boiling. The temperature spheric pressure is called the Boiling point ofthe liquid 1s move even faster. At the boiling point, particles of « liquid have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the forces of attraction holding them together and separate into individual particles. Then, the liquid boils to form a gas. Boiling is a bulk phenomenon. Latent Heat of Vapourisation : If wateris poured into.a beaker, and a thermometer is immersed ‘Thermometer init, during heating, the temperature of water rises gradually. ‘At 100°C, water starts boiling and converts to steam. Once the ‘water starts boiling, the temperature remains constant at 100°C ‘until all the water is converted to steam. er Beaker ‘The heat energy supplied is used in changing the state of [eee water from liquid to vapour by overcoming the force of [eee attraction between the particles. Latent heat does not inerease Wire gause les and hence, no rise in the kinetic energy of water par temperature takes place during boiling of water. Latent heat of vapourisation of iquidis the quantity of heat in "°" S09] pSuner ing point) to vapour or gas without any change in temperature. Tripod stand joules required 10 convert | kilogram of liquid (at its b (A) Ice at 0°C is more effective in cooling a substance than water at O°C. This is because for melting, each kilogram of fe withdraws its latent heat of fusion 3.34 x 10° J from the substance and hence, cools th 7 substance more effectively. On the other hand, water at 0°C cannot take any latent heat from the substance (B) Burns caused by steam are much more severe than those caused by te tuning arnt lew ea So ahen sean etnourdue reece water, gives out 22.5 10° Jkg more het than boiling waterat the same temperate. Men amis tet than boiling water for heating purposes. erature Hence sean . Se NEED, Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Suppo" & scanned with OKEN Scanner WIEN EIue Nl (s 1 Matter in Our Surroundings (ii), Sublimation: ‘The changing of a solid ditectly into vapour on heating is called sublimation and changing of vapour into solid on. cooling is known as deposition, Heating solid ——— Vapour (or Gas) Solid Cooling oo ‘The method or process can be clear by observing the activity in which crushed ammonium chloride or camphor is taken in the china dish and covered with inverted fu after putting cotton plug into the steam of the funnel, ‘On heating, ammonium chloride converts into white vapours and raise into the funnel. On coming in contact with the cold inner walls of the funne!, ammonium chloride is collected on the inner side of the funnel in the form of solid, ‘The common substances which undergo sublimation are : Ammonium chloride, Iodine, camphor, naphthalene and anthracene, ‘Ammonium quid Chloride ‘Ammonium vapours chloride % solidified Ww a China dish & Co Sublimation sold cas Burner Depariion Sublimation of ammonium chloride Interconversion ofthe three states of matter Scales of Measuring the Temperature : ‘Temperature is a measure of degree of hotness or coldness of a substance, ‘There are three scales in which temperature can be measured. These are known as celsius scale (°C) Fahrenheit scale ("F) and Kelvin by the sign scale (K). > Thermometers with celsius scale are calibrated from 0°C to 100°C. > > ‘Thermometers with Fahrenheit scale are calibrated from 32°F to 212°R, Kelvin scale of temperature is $1, Scale and is very common these days. Different scales of temperature are related as below : 'C) 432° K=°C+273.16 (or 273.0 for convenience) Self Study Course for ITJEE with Online Support Azzy 9 & scanned with OKEN Scanner Wieveluchiclia ee Matter in Our Surroundings Il. Effect of Change of Pressure : ters duc to the difference in the distances between constitu! be liquefied. nt particles. Khas Difference in various states of mat been ‘observed that on applying pressure and reducing temperature, gases may When a high pressure is applied toa gas, particles of the gas come so close together that they start attracting each ‘other sufficiently to form liquid Piston Piston Piston j | ovlider io Comores ‘and cook |! Gas |__ thepartcies get so fezsy] panicles close together that the setcloser essliuifies By applying pressure, particles of matter can be brought together ‘When a gas is compressed too much, heat is produced due to compression. So, the temperature of the gas is also lowered so that it can remove heat produced during compression. ‘Thus, gases can be liquefied by applying high pressure and low temperature. Special Case : Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) is stored under high pressure because on decreasing the pressure on it, it gets converted directly into carbon dioxide gas. Thus, conversion of solid carbon dioxide into carbon dioxide gas is a change of state that is caused by decrease in pressure and higher atmospheric temperature. This change in state directly from solid ‘gas is known as subli Se 10 La Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online SuPP™ & scanned with OKEN Scanner gs. Vidyamandlt Classes Matter in Our Surroundi EVAPORATION Section - 4 "The process of a liquid changing into vapour (or gas) even below its boiling point is called evaporation’ Evaporation of a liquid can take place even at room temperature, though itis faster at higher temperatures. It is a surface phenomenon because it occurs at the surface of a liquid only. Explanation of Evaporation on the Basis of Molecular Structure : Ina liquid the molecules move randomly and have different kinetic energies. All these molecules are continuously acted "upon by (i) intermotecular forces (i) pressure due to air, Which keeps them within the liquid. Due to their random motion, the molecules collide with one another. During these collisions the kinetic energy is not lost, but is transferred from one molecule to another. Such collisions are called elastic collisions. Thus, some molecules on account of the collisions, become so energetic that they completely overcome the intermolecular forces as well as the pressure due to air. In such a situation these molecules leave the liquid and escape into the air in the form of vapour. ‘This continues without the aid of any external source of heat energy and hence, the evaporation continues Factors Affecting Evaporation : The evaporation of liquid depends mainly on the following factors: (Temperature iy)-—“Surface area (il), Humidity Gs) Wind speed) Nature of Liquid (i) Temperature : With the increase in temperature, more particles acquire sufficient kinetic energy to go into ‘vapour state. Hence, the rate of evaporation increases on increasing the temperature. Surface Area : Evaporation is a surface phenomenon. Ifthe surface area of aliquid exposed to air is increased, the rate of evaporation ofthe liquid increases. So, we spread clothes for drying. (iii) Humidity of Air: Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air. The air around us can hold only a certain amount of water vapour ata given temperature. High humidity of atmosphere decreases the rate of evaporation. (iv) Wind Speed : When the speed of wind increases, the particles of water vapour move away with the wind, decreasing the amount of water vapour in the surroundings. increases the rate of evaporation of water, (v) Nature of the Liquid : Rate of evaporation is inversly proportional to the boiling point of the liquid. For Example : Alcohol (BP= 350 K) alcohol evaporates at a faster rate than water (BP=373 K). Evaporation Causes Cooling : Cooling caused by evaporation is based on the fact that when a liquid evaporates, it absorbs latent heat of vapourisation from the system or surroundings. By losing heat, the system and surroundings get cooled, (@) After a hot sunny day, people sprinkle water on the roof or open grounds because large latent heat of vapourisation of water helps to cool the hot surface. Sweating is our body's method of maintaining a constant temperature. On a hot day or after doing physical ‘exercise, our body temperature tends to rise significantly and therefore, our sweat glands secrete moisture When sweat evaporates, it takes latent heat of vaporisation from our body: This keeps our body cool (iii) We prefer wearing cotton clothes during summer because cotton is a good absorber of sweat from our body. ‘Alter absorbing sweat, cotton exposes it to the air for evaporation. The evaporation of sweat keeps our body cool Saf Study course for IEE With Onine Support TTT 1 & scanned with OKEN Scanner Matter in Our Surroundings Vidyamandir Classes >» How does Evaporation Cause Cooling? ‘The cooling caused by evaporation is based on the fact that when a liquid evaporates, it draws (or takes) the latent hea, ‘of vaporization from anything which it touches. By losing heat, ‘anything’ gets cooled. (During hot summer days, water is usually kept in an earthen pot (called matka) to keep it cool. The earthen pot hay a large number of extremely small pores (or holes) in its walls. Some of the water continuously keeps seeping through these pores to the outside of the pot. This water evaporates (changes into vapour) continuously ang takes the latent heat required for vaporization from the earthern pot and the remaining water. In this way, the remaining water loses heat and gets cooled. This is also an example of the cooling caused by evaporati All the water on the earth does not get evaporated due to the high value of the latent heat of vaporization of wate (ii) Perspiration (or sweating) is our body's method of maintaining a constant temperature: On a hot day or after doing some physical exercise, when our body temperature tends to rise too much, our sweat glands give out moisture (or sweat) on our skin, When this sweat evaporates, it takes the latent heat of vaporization from our body, This keeps our body cool i) We should wear cotton clothes in hot summer days to keep ourselves cool and comfortable: This can be explained as follows. We sweat a lot in hot summer days. Now, cotton isa good absorber of water, so itabsorbs the heat from ‘our body and exposes it to the air (or atmosphere) for evaporation. The evaporation of this sweat cools our body. ‘The synthetic clothes (made of polyester etc.) do not absorb much of sweat, so they fail to Keep our body cool in stummer. A fan inereases the rate of evaporation of sweat (or moisture) from our skin and makes us feel cool and ‘comfortable. Difference between boiling and evaporation a a | 1. Boiling occurs only when the liquid is () Evaporation of a liquid takes place heated. on its own, 2 Boiling takes place ata specific temperature ()._—_Evaporation takes place at all known as the boiling point of the liquid. temperatures. 3. Boiling occurs from the surface as well as (il) Evaporation is a surface phenomenon and from below the surface of the liquid, ‘occurs only from the surface of the liquid. 4. No cooling is caused during boiling. (wv) Cooling is always caused during evaporation. Explain, why we see water droplets on the outer surface of a glass containing ice-cold wat SOLUTION : anne ‘The water vapour present in air, on coming in contact with the cod las of water loss energy and gts converted to Oto tht liquid state, which we see as water droplets, e218 tina gs) Droplets formed onthe surface of the glass containing ie cold water 2 EEE. Self Study Course for ITJEE with Online Suppo & scanned with OKEN Scanner Winclone Matter in Our Surroundings IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - B Choose the correct alternative. Only One Choice is Correct : 5. 6 % 10. Rate of evaporation depends upon: (\) temperature (B)—Surfacearea (©) The liquid which has the highest rate of evaporation is (A) Petrol (By © — Water o) poration of a material takes place: (A) above its boiting point ® (© avits metting point only Which of the following is not correet about evaporation? (A) Itis a surface phenomenon (B) _Tttakes place a all temperatures (©) Teeauses cooling as it takes heat from surroundings (D) sate decreases with decrease in humidity ‘When a gas is compressed at constant temperature: (A) the speed of the molecules increases (B) (©) the speed of the molecules decreases D) ‘The change of state from gas to solid is called: (fusion (B) condensation (©) 10°Cis equalto: ® 18K ® 0K © ‘The boiling point of alcohol on celsius and kelvin scale is A BCIIK —B)18C28IK ‘The change from vapour to liquid i called (A) Condensation (B) Fusion o ‘The SI unit of temperature is A) Celsius @) Kelvin o humidity ) — Allofthese Nail-polish remover, Alcohol below its boiling point below its melting point the collisions among the molecules increase the collisions among the molecules decrease deposition (D)_vaporisation 183K 283K 56°C,329K —(D)—— 66°C, 339K Sublimation (D)_—_ None of these Fahrenheit (D)_—_-None of these Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support, wh 13 & scanned with OKEN Scanner Matter in Our Surroundings JEE FOUNDATION Types of Solids : Solids ean be classi constituent particles. Distinction between crystalline Shape Melting point Cleavage property Heat of fusion Anisotropy Nature Order in arrangement of constituent particles fied as crystalline oF amorphous on the basis ofthe Wieauchcls cree Section-§ nature of order present inthe arrangement of thy ‘and Amorphous Solids Definite characteris ‘geometrical shape Melt ata sharp and characteristic ‘temperature ‘When cut with a sharp edged tool, they split into two pieces and the newly generated surfaces are plain and smooth ‘They have a definite and characteristic heat of fusion Not isotropic ‘True solids Long range order Irregular shape Gradually soften over a range of temperature When cut with a sharp edged tool, they cut into two pieces with irregular surfaces They do not have definite heat of fusion Isotropic in nature Pseudo solids or super cooled liquids Only short range order 14 Ee Self « ; Study Course for 1ITJEE with Online SuPPO = & scanned with OKEN Scanner Vidyamandir Classes Matter in Our Surrounding: IMPORTANT POINTS Density: The mass of substance per unit of volume Formula : for kgm? In SL unit it is measured in kgmr? Volume solids occupy a fixed volume. The space occupied by a substance is called volume ‘The unit of volume is m3 (cubic meter). The common unit of volume is litre (L) Im’ = 1000 dm? = 1000 L. 1L=1dm’ 1. L = 1000 ml = 1000 em’ Pressure : In the gascous state the particles move about randomly at high speed. Due to their random movement, the particles hit each other and also the walls of the container. The pressure exerted by the gas is because of this foree exerted by gas particles per unit area on the walls of the container. The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atm, and is taker as the normal atmospheric pressure. F al P=Pressure, F=Force, © A= Area It is measured in "pascals" (Pa) in SI units and other units are atm and bar. These units are related as : Latm = LOL x 10° Pa 1 bar = 1 x 105 Pa atm = 1.01 bar ‘Quantity Unit ‘symbol Mass Kilogram Ke Length Meter m Temperature Kelvin K Weightforce Newton N Volume ‘Cubic meter ® Density Kilogram/Cubie meter kg/m? Pressure Pascal Pa ‘Some Important Relations Tkg = 100g Im= 100m 10% em" or 10° L (litre) o'em? = IL seltsudy couse fori TEE wth OnineSuppot TTT 3: & scanned with OKEN Scanner Vidyamandi ‘Matter in Our Surroundings EXERCISE BASED ON ‘CBSE [SUBJECTIVE] ‘SHORT ANSWER TYPE 1. Givereasons: (Solids melt on increasing the temperature. ii) Rate of evaporation decreases on a humid day. (iii) People prefer cotton clothes in summers. 2. Define the following terms: (0) Latentheat of fusion (@)_—_Latent heat of vaporization 3. Giveone word for the following: Which state of matter can easily change its shape and volume ? In which state of matter are the molecules most tightly packed ? In which form should energy be supplied to an object to change its state ? ‘What i the process of change of state from a gas toa liquid called ? ‘What is mass per unit volume of a substance called ? 4. Convert the following temperatures to Kelvin scale @ 38c i) RSC ©) Convert the following temperatures to Celsius scale: @ 3K Gi) 500K 5. Define sublimation. 6. Whatis diffusion? 7. Why do we see water droplets on the outer surface ofa glass containing ice-cold water ? ‘What does the difference in the melting points of different solids indicate ? 9. Sponge ean be compressed. Is it a solid ? 10. What types of clothes should we wear in summer season ? 11. Weare able to sip hot tea faster from a saucer than a cup. Why ? 12. Distinguish between gas and vapour LONG ANSWER TYPE 13, Whatis melting point? What does the difference in meli s the difference in melting points of different solids indicate? = lids indicate How can we say that temperature and pressure afect the state ofa substance? 15. Differentiate between: Boiling and Evaporation i) Freezin, reezing and boli 16. List the different properties of the states of matter, i 17, Define evaporation, What te the ators affecting evaporation? 18, How ibe change ofemperaue and pressure perature and pressure responsible for the interchanging b rt I. Write a method to liquify atmospheric gas, eee 2. Iodine does not change into liquid on heating. Explain, i Self ‘Study Course for IITJEE with Online SuPP x & scanned with OKEN Scanner Weel utelaSe ssc Matter in Our Surroundings Give reasons why the smell of hot sizzling food have to go close ? iches you several metres away but {o get the smell from cold food you inguish between latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporization, For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the change of state. Expla ‘luiity in liquids. Compare states of matter, Choose the correct altern: oh, 4. 1 EXERCISE BASED ON CBSE [OBJECTIVE] fe. Only One Choice is Correct : Which ofthe following is not matter? (A) Particles of matter are continuously moving (A) fog (8) solution (B) ‘The particles of matter attract each other © blood (D) meting point (© Particles of matter do not move Which of the following statements is not correct? @) Panicle of mater are very small (A) Matter is continuous in nature 8 Kineticenergy of molecules: (B) _Interparticle spaces are maximum in the gaseous (A) increases with increase in temperature state of a substance (B) decreases with increase in temperature (©) Particles which constitute the matter follow a (©) _isnotaffected by temperature zig-zag path (D) first increases and then decreases as temperature (D) Solid state is the most compact state of substance increases, “The particles of matter are: 9, The state of matter that can be easily compressed is (A) Very.verysmall (B) Constantly moving (A) Solid B) Liquid (©) _Repelled by each other © Gs (D) Super cooled solid ©) Both(A)and (B) 10, A substance which has a definite volume but no definite | ‘The best evidence that the particles of matter are re constantly moving comes from the studies of (A) Solid (B) Liquid (A) _ Diffusion ®) Fusion © Gas @) None of these (©) Brownianmotion (D) Both (A) and (C) 1, Solids can have Which of the following is not a characteristic of matter? (A) Fixedshape —(B)__ Fixed volume (A) Matters made up of extremely small particles (© Floweasily —D)_Both(A)and(B) B) There is no space between particles of matter 12, Which of the following will not undergo sublimation ? (© The particles of matter are continuously moving (A) Camphor (B)_Ammoniumchloride (D) The particles of matter attract each other © Iodine ©) Sodiumehloride Ifwekeep cold drink bottle in freezer, what will happen? 13, _A gas can be best liquefied : (A) Water will change into ice (A) By increasing the temperature (8) Colddrink bottle will beak (B) By lowering the pressure © CO, gas will get solidified (© By increasing the pressure and reducing the (©) Nothing happens temperature (Open a water tap and try breaking a stream of water with ony one ot these ie coe your finger. Its difficult to cut stream of water as: & scanned with OKEN Scanner Wc Nelue nll Matter in Our Surroundings 14, The property to flow is unique f° fluids. Which of the following statement is correct? (A) _ Only gases behave like fluids (8) Gases and solids behave lke Muids (© Gasesand liquids behave like Maids (D) Only liquids are uids In summer, we prefer wearing: 15, A) dark nylon clothe (8) _ white eatin clothes (©) darksitketothes (D) white sik clothes 16. Which of the following is not true regarding boiling: (A) itisa bulk phenomenon (B) it does not depend on surface ares (©) it depends on humidity (©) the boiling point of acetone is 56°C. 17. Which of the following conditions will increase the rate of evaporation? (A) _ Increase in temperature of water (B) Decrease in wind speed EXERCISE BASED ON NTSE (©) decrease in surface area of water o Humidity is the amount of = (A) Water vapours in ait (By Ieeinair (© Liquid waterin air (>) Water vapours and liquid water in air ‘Adding sugar to water Choose the incorrect statement (A) We should wear cotton clothes in summer (8) Plasma is composed of super energetic and super excited particle B.E.C. (Bose Einstein conde! cooling of gas of very low density at superlow temperature (©) Terylene can absorb more sw ‘water kept in an earthern pot becomes © mnsate) are formed y reat than cotton During summer, cool due to phenomenon of (A) diffusion (B) Transpiration (© Distillation () Evaporation Choose the correct alternative. Only One Choice is Correct : L (A) Nitrogen (B) Mercury © 2, Mixture of butane, ethane and propane is called (A) Coal gas (B) Oil gas © 3, The change of state from solid to liquid known as : (A) Fusion (B)_ Boiling © 4. Dry iee is (A) Water in solid state @) (© CO} in liquid state © 5. The boiling point of water on kelvin scale is : (A) 573K (B) 273K oO 6. van der waal's forces are also known as : (A) Intermolecular forces B) (©) Atomic forces ©) In which of the following processes intermolecular forces “ ae of water (Hj0 > Hy +09) (B) sublimatio imation o Which of the following has the strongest interparticle force o! vf attraction at the room temperature? Iron ©) Chalk Petroleum gas (D) Producer gas Condensation (D) None of these Water in gaseous state CO; in solid state 373K @) 100K Intramolecular forces Molecular forces are not involved ? condensation vaporisation 2 ZZ: Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online SUPP & scanned with OKEN Scanner Kea ee VENUE LASERS Matter in Our Surroundings 7. Based on the statements given here choose the correct answer. Lf we increase the temperature of a gas inside a container, its pressure also increases, molecules increase and increases the impact of foree on the I. Upon heating, the rate of collisions of the g: walls of the container, ‘The correct choice is = (A) Tand Il are true and I explains 1 (B) Land I are true but II does not explain 1 (©) Only Lis true 8. Match the following and choose the correct answer (D) Only I is true @ Solid (a) Super energetic particles Gi) Liquid (b) No fixed shape nor fixed volume at a given pressure ii) Gas (©) Has definite shape (iy) Plasma (@) _Definate volume, less molecular forces than that in solids () @~-a, Gi) -b, Gi) 6, Gy = BG) 4, Gi) - ©, Gi) - b ivy - a © Ge, (ii) = 4, Gil) —b. iv) - a @) Gi) -a, Gi) ~ 4, Git) -b, 9. Match the following and choose the correct answer. @ Evaporation (a) _Liquid to gas at a fixed temperature Gi) Vaporisation i) Sublimation Gv) Condensation () Solid to gas (©) Gas to liquid (@ Liquid into gas at any temperature The correct choice is : (A) (a, Gi), Gi) -¢, Gv) - 4 ®B) (4, Gi) ~ a, Git) ~b, iv) -€ © (-«, Gi)~4, Gil) - a, Gv) —b ©) a, Gi) - 4, Git) ~b, Gv) -€ 10. When water particles condense on dust present in air, it forms = (A) mist ®B) fog (©) frost ©) Vapour 11. Which is more effective in cooling ? (A) Water at 0° (B) Water at 100°C (© Ieeat °C — D)_— AMV of these ‘The temperature at which Celsius and Fahrenheit scales show the same reading is == 12. (B) 100°F © 0c () — -100°C (A) 40°K 13. Fluids are : (A) Liquids and gases (©) Liquids and solids (B) Solids and gases (D) Only solids 14, Based on the statements given here choose the correct answer. LI polar regions aquatic life is safe in water under frozen ice. TL Water has a high latent heat of fusion and the upper portion of ice does not allow the heat of the water to escape to the surroundings. (B) Land II are true but (2) does not explain (1) (A) Land I are true and Il explains 1 (D) Only (2) is true (©) Only (1) is true selsuiy come toriniee win ovine sppo TTS 19 & scanned with OKEN Scanner Matter in Our Surroundings 15.D Based on the statements given here choose the correct answer. 16. 17. 18. 9. 20. 2. 22, 23. 25. 26. L Boiling point of a liquid increases with increase in pressure TL The volume of liquids increases on boiling In. IV. The disorderness of the system increases on vaporisation The correct choice is : (A) Only (B) Wand It (© 1b Mland Iv Inan experiment of conversion of ice into water and water into vapour, observations were recorded and a graph plotted fortemperature against time as shown below. From the graph it can be concluded that : (A) Ice takes time to heat up to 0°C (B) During melting and boiling, temperature does not rise (© Process of boiling takes more time than the process of melting D) All the above Convert the temperature of 300°C to the kelvin scale ? (A) 573K @®) 546K © 300K Study the graph and select the correct statement : (A) When water is cooled to 4°C it contracts ‘mater Volume (B) Water freezes at 0°C (© The volume of ice is more than that of water ) All of these < 0 4 8 102 Temp. in*C. Plasma is the state of matter @ First (B) Second © — Third MENEIuEne Ge ‘The vaporisation curve shows the variation of the boiling point of a liquid with pressure @) 1, ll, land Iv Temp| 100°C, Maximum density @) Fourth The temperature at which a solid changes into liquid at atmospheric pressure is called (A) Melting point (B) Boiling point © _ Diffusion ©) Evaporation When the vapour pressure of a liquid is equal to its atmospheric pressure, then it (A) Freezes (B)_Evaporates © Boils ©) Does not undergo any chang: ‘The process for the change of a solid directly into its vapour is called : (A) Evaporation (B)_Bbullition (© — Condensation (D) Sublimation What is the volume of gases? (A) Definite (B) Almost nil © Large ©) Take the volume of container ‘The process of change of a liquid into vapour at any temperature is called : (A) _ Diffusion (B) Evaporation (©) Cox ©) Heating Which factor affects Evaporation (A) Temperature (B) Surface area (©) Both (A) & (B) (D) On increasing the temperature of the liquid the rate of evaporation is; (A) Increase (B) Decreases (©) Nochange —@) None of these None of these 20 SEE. sets stacy course forsee with online 90% & scanned with OKEN Scanner WEVanene arses Matter in Our Surroundings 27. Which substance undergo sublimation process (A) Naphthalene) CO, © ke o N, 28, The temperature at which liquid starts boiling at atmospheric pressure is known as (A) Melting point (B) Boiling point (C) Latent heat (D)-—_Convlensation 29. What is usually the total charge of plasma state ? (A) Positive ®) Neutral © Negative (©) None of these 30, Name the process by which a drop of ink spreads in a beaker of water : (A) Diffusion (B)Vaporization (€) Condensation (D) Sublimation EXERCISE BASED ON JEE FOUNDATION Choose the correct alternative. More than One choice are correct 1, The state of matter without any fixed shape (© Independent of wind speed (A) Gascous state (B) Liquid state ©) None of these (© Solid state ©) None of these 2 Aon 2. Freezing point of waters : a) 2730 ® 0K @ oc ®) 23K © ~4s9.4°F () None of these © 32F @D) Allof these 8 Amorphous solids are : 3.1 Pais equal to: (A) Regularin shape (B) Isotropic in nature ()1Nim? B) 10% bar (© Psuedo solids (D)_ Long range order solids (© both Aand BD) _ None of these 9. The true statements about evaporation of water are : Classical states of matter are (A) causes heating effect (A) BEC B) Plasma (B) causes cooling effect (© Solid ©) Liquia (© takes place between a range of temperature 5. Constituent of plasma are () _ takes place below boiling point of water (A) Electrons B) Molecules 10. Crystalline solids are : (© Ions ©) Atoms (A) regular in shape (B) true solids (© isotropic in nature have short range order forces Which of the following statements is false about evaporation? (A) Independent of surface area ® (B) Independent of temperature 11. Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with some entries of column-II. Only One entries of column-T may have the matching with the same entries of column-II and one entry of column-II Only one matching with entries of column-I Column Column I (A) Spread sweet odour into the atmosphere ®) Sublimation (B) Change of liquid state to gaseous state @ _ Diffusion (©) Change of solid state directly to gaseous state (R) Condensation (D) The gas changing to a liquid (8) Vaporization Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support SGn Paka cy 21 & scanned with OKEN Scanner Weenie aca ‘Our Surroundings Matter in 12, MATCHTHEFOLLOWING: Column I ae fixed volume @) Liqid @__ Mixtureof free ©) Gas (R)__ Donot have fixed shape (D) Plasma (S)__ Floweasily LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE Eg Paragraph for Questions 13-16 - {We wse celsius scale of temperature for measoring emperor paragraph for Questions 17 =20 smear everyday fe, Buthe Si. Unitof measuingsemPerare The assis! stats of matter are defined as solids Tigi ie elin whieh is denoted by symbol K, The meting Pont and gaseous based on their properties of shape and volun rice on kelvin scale is 273 K and the boiling point of eae a kelvin scale is 373 K, Temperature on kelvin ee rrrioet ot soles Comal acct ea a ete = Temperature on celsius seale +273. Now answer the classical states of matter are ° following questions : ww 2 @) 3 13. The kelvin temperature is 270 K. What is the correspond oO 4 @ 5 ing celsius scale temperature? Classical states of matter having : 37°C ws Cc 18. Fixed shape: © 3c o -"C (a) Solids (B) Liquids 14, Convert the temperature of $73 K tothe celsius scale (© Gaseous (D) None of these (a) 300°C @) 4c 19, Fixed Volume © sarc © orc (a). Solids (B) Liquids 15, Convert the temperature of 373°C into the kelvin sale (©) Gaseous (D) Both Aand B (a) 546K (B) 646K 20. No fixed Volume amd Shape © 31K (D) None (A) Solids (B) Liquids 16, The kelvin seale temperature is 0 K, What isthe come- (© Gaseous (D) None of these sponding celsius scale temperature? @ 2c @ 2:C © 3B (D)_ None of these INTEGER TYPE 21, How many classical states of matter e : 1 elassical states of matter exist? 24, Latmis = 1.01 x 10° Pa, value of x=? 2. “Cis the sum of following t rt i ee wing temperature, 25, Classical states of matter exhibiting fluidity? 26. a ‘i 2 «west fe opens er aanas 6. How many of the following are not matter? — Air, Smell, Emotion, Pain, Hunger, Water, Gas" 2 Pen pale Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online suppe® & scanned with OKEN Scanner Vidyamandinclasses ANSWERS TO IN-CHAPTER EXERCISES a] he 2A 3.0 4.8 5A 8c 9.0 10.8, B ft? 28 3.8 40 5.8 B.A 9A 10.8 ANSWERS TO PRACTICE QUESTIONS EXERCISE BASED ON CBSE [SUBJECTIVE] 34) Gas (li) Solid ii) Heat (iv) Condensation {(v) Density EXERCISE BASED ON CBSE [OBJECTIVE] 1D ZA 3.0 aa 5. 8B 6B 7.8 BA ac 10.8 11.0 12.0 13.¢ 14.¢ 15.8 16.¢ a7.A 18.8 19.0 20.0 EXERCISE BASED ON NTSE nC ze BA 4D 5. BA 2A ac 8.8 10.8 a.c 2c B.A 14.4 15.0 16.0 a7. 18.0 19.0 20.8 24.€ 22.0 23.0 24.8 25.C 26.8 27.4 28.8 29.8 30.4 EXERCISE BASED ON JEE FOUNDATION MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. AB 2. ABCD 3. ABC 4. cD 5. AC 6. ABC 7. ABC 8. BC 9. BCD 10. AB MATCH MATRIX 11, [A-q) [8-5] [Cp] [D-1] 12. 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