NAME:EBIERI PRAISE NIMIYE

MATRIC NUMBER:22/1314

TOPIC: INTRA AND INTER GENDER SUBJUGAION IN NIGERIAN LITERATURE

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Intra and inter gender subjugation is one of the main issues women and men face in Nigeria. Intra-gender su

bjugation refers to the processes and structures that perpetuate oppression and marginalisation within a gend

er group, often based on factors like; Intersectional identities, Power dynamics, Social norms and expectatio

ns and Internalised oppression.

Intra-gender subjugation refers to the processes and structure that perpetuate oppression, marginalisation and

exploitation within gender groups that is oppression happening within the gender,man and man or woman

and [Link] to bell hooks, a renowned feminist scholar, intra-gender subjugation refers to:

"...the ways in which individuals within the same gender group oppress, exploit, or marginalize one another"

In her book “feminist theory: From margin to center” she elaborates"Intra-gender oppression can take many

forms, including class exploitation, racism, and sexism". Another scholar Patricia Hill Collins defines intra

gender subjugation as "...the processes by which individuals within the same gender group police and

regulate one another's behavior".She explains in her book "...the processes by which individuals within the

same gender group police and regulate one another's behavior"

Intra-gender subjugation in Nigerian literature is portrayed through various themes, characters, and storylin

es, reflecting the complex social dynamics within gender groups. Intra-gender subjugation includes women

discriminating against their fellow women and men discriminating against effeminate men. It was observed

that this discrimination often arise when one does not conform to his or her expected gender roles. For

example, if a man has feminine traits, men would see him as being weak and not “man enough’ because he

does not conform to the traditional ideal hegemonic man as expected by the society thereby making him an

object of ridicule and discrimination among his peers. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Americanah(2013)

potrays intra gender subjugation through characters like Ifemelu’s mother and her friends.
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Inter-gender subjugation on the other hand, refers to the systemic and structural processes that perpetuate op

pression and marginalisation across different gender groups. Inter-gender subjugation is portrayed through v

arious thematic preoccupations reflecting the complex social conflict between genders such as patriarchal o

ppression against women, gender-based violence and Feminist struggles within male-dominated societies.

Inter-gender literary texts often challenges traditional gender roles and cultural [Link] Soyinka's Th

e Lion and the Jewel (1962) for example, explores traditional gender roles by portraying the tension between

modernity and tradition through the characters of Sidi, Lakunle, and Baroka, critiquing patriarchal norms an

d challenging societal expectations of women's subservience, male dominance, and restrictive feminine beau

ty standards, highlighting the complexities of gender dynamics in Nigerian culture. Chimamanda Ngozi Adi

chie's Half of a Yellow Sun (2006) also depicts gender-based violence through domestic abuse, rape, and exp

loitation, fueled by patriarchal norms and intra-gender complicity.

It is important to note that societal expectations dictate rigid gender norms, perpetuating harmful stereotypes

and judgments. For example, Men are coerced into dominant, masculine roles, expected to provide and lead

and embody traditional masculine traits., while women are relegated to subservient positions, confined to do

mesticity, beauty standards, and reproductive expectations. These rigid norms perpetuate harmful stereotype

s, judgments, and marginalisation leading to both intra and inter gender subjucation.

In certain Nigerian cultures, womens access to education is restricted, and early marriage is forced upon the

m. Conversely, boys are socialised to prioritise education and economic success, perpetuating gendered divis

ions in the labour market.

Moreover, individuals who deviate from traditional gender norms, such as men exhibiting non-masculine tra

its, face ridicule and marginalisation. This underscores the need to recognize and challenge harmful gender s

tereotypes, embracing diversity and individuality

There are different factors contributing to intra and intra gender subjugation. Examples of such factors are in

ternalised misogyny, patriarchal socialisation, gender role enforcement,body shaming and beauty standards.
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According to “The paradoxes of masculine socialisation” Kononova The traditional patriarchal system of so

cialisation is characterised by the subordination of women's social status and roles to men's status and roles;

strict control over the implementation of social norms; neglect or complete disregard for individuality; stren

gthening of gender stereotypes; upbringing children with the regard of the gender. The article deals with the

causes and problems of masculine socialisation and the transformation of gender roles in the society. Patriar

chal socialisation perpetuates harmful gender stereotypes and reinforces intra-gender subjugation among wo

men, who are conditioned to prioritise men's needs over their own.

Another dynamic is Internalised misogyny an example of this is Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Americanah.

Internalised misogyny is evident through Ifemelu's initial acceptance and perpetuation of patriarchal norms,

as she struggles to reconcile her Nigerian cultural upbringing with her growing feminist consciousness, often

judging herself and other women harshly according to societal beauty and behavioural standards. Internalise

d misogyny is another insidious consequence of rigid gender norms, where women and non-binary individua

ls internalise societal expectations and limitations.

According to Adichie Chimamanda(2014)"Internalised misogyny is a powerful tool of patriarchy." This hig

hlights how societal expectations and norms can lead women to unknowingly perpetuate harmful attitudes a

gainst themselves and other women.

Gender role enforcement is another factor contributing to intra gender subjugation. It is the Policing wome

n's behaviour to conform to traditional expectations. There are different ways women’s behaviour are police

d by traditions like their dressing, the way they should act , what hey are needed for etc . Betty Friedan (196

3) opines that "The problem that has no name" is the feeling of discontent among women trapped in tradition

al roles. Simon Beauvoir The second sex(1949) also observes that "The ideal of femininity is ... a myth cre

ated by men to confine women to their traditional roles."This is a foundational feminist text that explores the

concept of womanhood and the social construction of gender.

On the other hand, factors that contribute to Inter gender subjugation are; Systemic patriarchy, Gender-based

violence, Economic inequality,Representation and erasure and Cultural objectification

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Systemic patriarchy refers to the institutionalised and structural forms of oppression that perpetuate male do

minance and privilege across various sectors of society. There are many key features of this systemic patriar

chy like institutionalised sexism which talks of sexism being embedded in the law , politics and practices.

According to Bell Hooks "Sexism is embedded in the very fabric of our institutions, including law, educatio

n, and health-care." (1984).

Gerda Lerner, opines that "Patriarchal institutions perpetuate sexism through laws, policies, and practices th

at maintain male dominance." (1986). Men occupy the majority of leadership roles in politics, business, and

education. This concentration of power enables men to shape policies, allocate resources, and make decision

s affecting women's lives. Male-dominated power structures therefore perpetuate gender-based violence, dis

crimination, and marginalisation.

This research will therefore shed light on the intra and inter gender subjucation faced by both men and

women in the society as portrayed in the selected literary texts.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Inter- and intra-gender subjugation is not a new discourse in literary studies, and as such , many researchers

have examined the said discourse with the aim of educating the reading public on the problems caused by th

e variables. For example, Ebukue Onyeka worked on “Intra-Gender Subjugation among Women in Nigeria”

using Stephanie Okere’s Dry(2014) likewise Akaenyi worked on “Inter-gender Subjugation in Tosin Jobi Tu

me's Blood on My Hands”.

However, little attention has been paid to the inter and intra gender subjucation faced by both genders using

the selected texts together that is, Akeaeke Emezi’s The death of Vivek Oji and Abi Dare’s The Girl With T

he Louding Voice thereby creating a research gap in the said literature and area of discourse.

This research therefore intends to fill this gap by looking at inter and intra gender subjugation together using

the selected texts by looking at the topic from both the male and female perspective and not only from one g

ender as has been done before.

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1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

AIM

Te aim of this research is to explore the intra and inter gender subjugation as portrayed in “The Death of Vi

vek Oji” and “The Girl with the Louding voice”

OBJECTIVES

The specific objectives are too;

1)To examine how gender roles are constructed and reinforce through societal expectations in both novels

2)To analyse how intra and inter gender subjugation perpetuates harmful gender stereotypes

3) To explore how the novels portrayed the consequences of conforming to or challenging traditional gender

roles

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. How is inter and intra gender subjugation portrayed in the selected text?

2. What is the impact of intra and inter gender subjugation in the lives of individuals?

3. How does culture, society and the public contribute to intra and inter gender subjugation?

1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Generally scholars have focused more on Patriarchal dominance, women oppression,Gender roles and expec

tations of women in the society. However, there is limited literature done in the area of intra and inter gender

subjucation particuarly looking at them together. This however makes this work significant in that it focuses

on the analysis of the selected text by paying attention to these missing variables. It is believed that this rese

arch work will be of great help as it will shed light on the complex social and cultural factors that shape gen

der dynamics, promoting empathy, understanding, and social change to address gender-based violence, ineq

uality, and discrimination.

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1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY

The scope of this research is restricted to the exploration of intra and inter gender subjugation in Nigerian lit

erature,particularly with a focus on how intra and inter gender subjugation affects both the male and female

gender as portrayed in the selected texts which are The Girl With The Louding Voice (2020) by Abi Dare an

d Akwaeke Emezi’s The Death Of Vivek Oji(2020).

The study is also limited to library materials such as online reviews, textbooks, journal publications, articles,

monographs, etc.

1.7 JUSTIFICATION OF SELECTED TEXTS

The selected texts were chosen for these reasons; the first being that the selected texts both explore intra and

inter gender subjucation which is the area of focus thereby making them highly relevant . Secondly,both text

s offer different perspectives on gender roles, with one focusing on masculinity and the other focusing on fe

mininity. The texts complement each other, offering a nuanced understanding of gender roles and societal e

xpectations, and highlighting the complexities of intra and inter gender subjugation.

The two writers and text selected are:

[Link] Dare:The girl with the louding voice (2020)

[Link] Emezi:The death of Vivek Oji(2020)

1.8. METHODOLOGY

This research adopts a text based methodology focusing on the analysis of Abi Dare’s; The Girl With The Lo

uding Voice and Akwaeke Emezi’s; The Death Of Vivek Oji using Gender performativity theory in order to

give a critical analysis of the work.

Additional secondary materials will be gathered from the bar articles, journals and libraries in order to provi

de a valid assessment on inter and intra-gender subjugation in Nigerian literature using Abi Dare’s The Girl

With The Louding Voice and Akwaeke Emezi’s The Death Of Vivek Oji.
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1.9 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This research adopts the gender performativity theory in its analysis. Gender performativity encompasses a

range of ideas, reflecting the diversity of women worldwide. Gender performativity theory counters tradition

al philosophy with new ways of addressing issues affecting humanity, calling for the replacement of the pre

siding idea that gender is innate or biologically determined, the notion that gender exists as a strict male/fe

male dichotomy and The concept that men and women have predetermined, natural roles..

The exploration of intra and inter gender subjugation will be done through in-depth analysis of the two text u

nder study. The sources of primary data for his research are The girl With The Louding Voice by Abi Dare(2

020) and Akwaekes Emezis (2020) The Death of Vivek Oji. The instances of the non conformity from the ch

aracters and the different perspective of gender roles from both the male and female aspect.

The secondary data sources shall include other scholarly works like academic journals, articles,reference pap

er and textbooks will be [Link] materials from library and internet shall be used too.
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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 OVERVIEW

This chapter explores and analyses existing works that explore Queer theory,it discusses how queer individu

als are represented in Nigerian Literature, referencing specific text and authors on what they have previously

done on the research. It’s all about exploring the intersection of literature,power, class and queerism in the N

igerian context.

2.2 CONCEPT OF GENDER

Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, expectations, and attributes that society

considers appropriate for men, women, and non-binary individuals. This distinction between gender and biol

ogical sex is crucial, as gender roles vary significantly across cultures and historical periods (World Health

Organization). Traditional gender roles can be limiting and often fail to reflect the diversity of individual ide

ntities. Non-binary individuals, who identify outside the male/female binary, highlight the importance of sel

f-identification in understanding gender (Schilt and Westbrook).

2.2.1 GENDER STUDIES

Gender studies is an interdisciplinary field that examines the social, cultural, and political constructions of

gender and its intersections with other aspects of identity, such as class, sexuality, race, and ethnicity.

Scholars within this field analyze how gender shapes individual experiences, social relationships, and

institutional structures, recognizing that these factors are interconnected and influence one another
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(Crenshaw). This critical examination allows for a deeper understanding of how systems of privilege and

oppression operate, particularly in relation to power dynamics in society.

Moreover, gender studies encourages the exploration of how societal expectations regarding gender can lead

to discrimination and inequality. By investigating the lived experiences of individuals from diverse

backgrounds, researchers can reveal the complexities of identity formation and the impact of societal norms

on personal and collective experiences (Connell). This interdisciplinary approach not only fosters academic

inquiry but also promotes advocacy for inclusivity and social justice, challenging traditional narratives and

striving for a more equitable society (Ruth).

In summary, gender studies provides essential insights into the intricate ways in which gender influences

human experience, revealing the importance of respecting and validating diverse gender identities and

expressions (Butler).

1. Gender and class

The intersectionality of gender and class yields disparate experiences of privilege and oppression,

perpetuating systemic inequalities, which disproportionately affect women from lower socioeconomic

backgrounds who face restricted access to education, employment, and economic mobility. According to

Kimberlé Crenshaw, "the intersectional experiences of women of color reveal how different forms of

discrimination intersect" (Crenshaw 1242). Women from marginalized communities are concentrated in

lower-paying sectors due to occupational segregation, while men dominate higher-paying fields,

exacerbating gendered economic inequality.

Disproportionate caregiving responsibilities limit women's economic participation, and girls from low-

income families encounter barriers to education, perpetuating gender and class disparities. As Patricia Hill

Collins notes, "the social context of the workplace often reflects and reinforces existing inequalities"

(Collins 136). The underrepresentation of women from marginalized communities in politics further

exacerbates marginalization, constraining economic autonomy and perpetuating poverty.

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To address these intersectional inequalities, education and economic empowerment programs, policy

reforms such as paid family leave and equal pay, and inclusive activism are essential. Supporting grassroots

organizations tackling intersectional issues and challenging systemic biases through inclusive activism

fosters a more equitable society. Silvia Federici emphasizes that "the care work traditionally performed by

women is fundamental to the reproduction of labor power" (Federici 10). Traditional masculine norms stifle

emotional expression and vulnerability, underscoring the need for intersectional approaches to address these

complex issues.

2. Gender and sexuality

The intersectionality of gender and sexuality profoundly influences experiences of identity, expression, and

oppression, with gender identity shaping sexual orientation and sexual orientation informing gender

expression. According to Judith Butler, "gender is a kind of persistent impersonation that passes as the real"

(Butler 24). Transgender individuals face gender-based violence and erasure, while bisexual individuals

encounter bi-erasure and invisibility. As bell hooks notes, "the marginalization of bisexuality contributes to

the silencing of those who experience it" (hooks 149). Queer people of color experience intersecting

oppressions of racism and homophobia.

Intersectional feminism critically addresses the complex intersections of gender, sexuality, and other

identities, challenging dominant narratives and promoting inclusivity. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick asserts that

"the interdependence of sexuality and gender identity calls for a reevaluation of the binaries that have

traditionally defined them" (Sedgwick 8). Queer theory, as advanced by scholars like Judith Butler,

Adrienne Rich, bell hooks, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, and Roderick Ferguson, subverts heteronormative and

cisnormative assumptions. Roderick Ferguson emphasizes that "queer theory challenges the conventional

understandings of both gender and sexuality" (Ferguson 12). The confluence of gender and sexuality

necessitates nuanced understandings of power dynamics, identity formation, and social justice.

3. Gender and Culture

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Gender is shaped by cultural norms, values, and practices that influence gender roles, responsibilities, and

expressions, resulting in diverse experiences across cultures. Patriarchal cultures perpetuate gender

inequality, marginalizing women and limiting their opportunities, while matriarchal cultures empower

women and challenge traditional gender norms. As bell hooks states, "patriarchy is the single most life-

threatening social disease" (hooks 18). Conversely, gendered cultural practices reinforce social norms,

impacting individual behavior and shaping gender identity. This highlights the importance of cultural

relativism, which acknowledges diverse gender norms across cultures, promoting cross-cultural

understanding and acceptance.

Furthermore, intersectionality considers gender alongside ethnicity, race, religion, and nationality,

highlighting complex power dynamics that perpetuate inequality. Kimberlé Crenshaw explains that

"intersectionality is a lens through which you can see where power comes and collides, where it interlocks

and intersects" (Crenshaw 203). Postcolonial feminism examines colonialism's impact on gender and

culture, uncovering hidden histories and challenging dominant narratives. Chandra Talpade Mohanty asserts

that "feminism must be grounded in the realities of women’s lives, taking into account the complexities of

race, class, and nationality" (Mohanty 6).

Transnational feminism analyzes global gendered cultural practices and flows, emphasizing

interconnectedness and the need for collective action. As Inderpal Grewal notes, "transnational feminism

provides a framework for understanding how globalization reshapes gendered identities" (Grewal 5).

Indigenous cultures have unique gender traditions, facing specific challenges related to colonialism and

cultural erasure, which necessitates culturally sensitive approaches to address these issues. Globally, gender-

based violence, discrimination, and marginalization disproportionately affect women, particularly those

from marginalized communities.

2.3 TRADITIONAL GENDER ROLES

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Traditional gender roles refer to the societal expectations and norms associated with being male or female,

often rooted in biological differences as well as cultural and historical contexts. These roles have evolved

over time and can vary significantly across different cultures. Traditionally, women are often seen as

caregivers, nurturers, homemakers, and helpers, while male gender roles revolve around characteristics such

as dominance, assertiveness, and strength ([Link]). For instance, males are typically expected to

fulfill roles as breadwinners, leaders, and protectors of their families.

These gender roles are not just personal choices but are passed down through generations, influencing the

way individuals perceive themselves and each other. Research indicates that children become aware of

gender differences by the age of three, internalizing these societal expectations early on ([Link]).

This early awareness shapes their behavior and aspirations, often confining them to roles that align with

traditional gender norms.

While these roles have historically provided a sense of order and familiarity, they are laden with drawbacks

that can perpetuate inequality, limit individual potential, and hinder social progress. For example, traditional

expectations often lead to discrimination against individuals who do not conform to these norms, resulting in

psychological stress and societal exclusion ([Link]). Furthermore, the insistence on adhering to rigid

gender roles can stifle emotional expression and personal development, creating an environment where

individuals feel pressured to conform rather than embrace their authentic selves.

In contemporary society, there is a growing recognition of the need to challenge and redefine these

traditional roles. By fostering a more inclusive understanding of gender that allows for a spectrum of

identities and expressions, we can promote greater equality and social justice. This evolution in thinking

encourages individuals to step beyond the confines of traditional gender roles, ultimately leading to a richer

and more diverse social fabric.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.4 GENDER PERFORMATIVITY THEORY

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Gender performativity is the theory that gender and gender roles are elaborate social performances that one p

uts on in day-to-day life, the hegemonic versions of which underlay popular conceptions of “man”or “mascu

line” and “woman” or “feminine. The theory of gender performativity was introduced by feminist philosoph

er Judith Butler in her 1990 text Gender Trouble. It argues that gender is not an inherent trait, but a performa

nce or act that is repeated over time, reinforcing societal expectations. It challenges traditional understanding

s of gender as an innate, biological characteristic. Instead, Butler argues that gender is not something we are,

but something we do—a set of repeated behaviours, actions, and expressions that society interprets as mascu

line or feminine. This theory is central to queer theory and feminist thought, as it deconstructs binary notions

of gender and emphasises the role of social [Link] argues that gender is a social construct, created

through language, culture, and society's expectations. It is not tied to biological sex but is a set of cultural scr

ipts that people follow. This understanding disrupts the notion that sex and gender are naturally aligned (e.g.,

that people with male bodies should behave in masculine ways).

Gender performativity is deeply connected to power. Society enforces certain norms and expectations for wh

at is considered “appropriate” masculine and feminine behaviour. Those who deviate from these norms are o

ften marginalised or punished, reinforcing the power of dominant gender norms.

Some critics argue that Butler’s focus on performance downplays the material reality of bodies and biologic

al differences. Critics, especially from a materialist feminist perspective, believe that issues such as reproduc

tive rights and the bodily experiences of women need more emphasis in her [Link] Fraser (1997) said

"Butler's theory of performativity...risks collapsing the distinction between social construction and social rea

lity." Fraser's concern is that Butler's emphasis on performativity may Overlook the material conditions and

structural inequalities that shape social reality,Conflate the constructed nature of gender with the reality of g

endered experiences and Undermine the possibility of distinguishing between oppressive social norms and t

he lived experiences of individuals. To address Fraser's concerns, Butler (1997) responds that her theory See

ks to trouble the distinction between social construction and social reality rather than collapse it

"But my claim has been that construction is not opposed to reality, but rather, construction is the very proces

s through which reality is produced and sustained." (Butler, 1997, p. 33)

Aims to reveal the complex interplay between discourse and materiality

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“The materiality of the body is not opposed to its discursive construction, but rather, the materiality of the bo

dy is itself shaped and formed through discursive practices.” (Butler, 1997, p. 28)

Recognizes the importance of acknowledging both the constructed nature of gender and the reality of gende

red experiences.

"Gender is not simply a construction imposed upon a pre given sex, but rather, gender is the very apparatus t

hrough which the distinction between sex and gender is produced and sustained." (Butler, 1997, p. 10)

There are other scholars like Martha Nussbaum (1999) says "Butler's notion of performativity...seems to me

to be insufficiently nuanced” and Lynne Segal (2000) says "Butler's emphasis on performativity...distracts f

rom material inequalities."

2.4.1 DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER PERFORMATIVITY THEORY

Early Influences (1960s-1980s)

The concept of Gender Performativity Theory was influenced by Simone de Beauvoir's "The Second Sex" (1

949), which argued that women are treated as "other" in patriarchal societies (Beauvoir, 1949). Erving Goff

man's "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life" (1959) explored performative aspects of identity, laying g

roundwork for later theories (Goffman, 1959). Michel Foucault's "The History of Sexuality, Vol. 1" (1976) i

ntroduced the concept of discourse and power relations, shaping Butler's work (Foucault, 1976).

Judith Butler's Formulation (1990)

Judith Butler's "Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity" (1990) introduced Gender Perfor

mativity Theory, arguing that gender is performative, not essential (Butler, 1990). Butler drew on Foucault,

Derrida, and Austin to challenge traditional notions of identity (Butler, 1990).

Key Concepts and Developments (1990s-2000s)

Butler's "Bodies That Matter" (1993) expanded on performativity, introducing concepts like iteration and cit

ationality (Butler, 1993). Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's "Epistemology of the Closet" (1990) explored queer the

ory, highlighting fluidity and subversion (Sedgwick, 1990). Gayle Rubin's "The Traffic in Women" (1975) e

xamined gender and sexuality through an anthropological lens (Rubin, 1975).

Influential Works and Authors

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Adrienne Rich's "Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence" (1980) challenged heteronormativity

and influenced queer theory (Rich, 1980). Judith Halberstam's "Female Masculinity" (1998) explored non-tr

aditional gender expressions (Halberstam, 1998). Roderick A. Ferguson's "Aberrations in Black" (2004) app

lied queer of color critique to gender performativity (Ferguson, 2004).

2.4.2 CHARACTERISTIC OF GENDER PERFORMATIVITY THEORY

[Link] as Performance, Not Essence:

Gender performativity theory proposes that gender is not a fixed, inherent identity but is constantly being cre

ated and recreated through repetitive actions and behaviours (Butler, 1990; 1993). It is not something one is

(e.g., man or woman) but something one does through acts like speech, dress, and mannerisms (Goffman, 19

59; West & Zimmerman, 1987). For example, wearing makeup, speaking softly, or acting assertively are not

inherently linked to "female" or "male" identities but are societal codes that perform femininity or masculinit

y.

2. Repetitive Actions and Behaviours

Gender performativity, as conceptualized by Judith Butler (1990), suggests that individuals perform gender t

hrough various acts, which are repeatedly reinforced and naturalized within societal norms. These performan

ces include:

Speech, utilizing language associated with masculinity or femininity, as noted by Cameron (1997), who argu

es that linguistic patterns reinforce gendered identities. For instance, using assertive language may be seen a

s masculine, while empathetic language is often associated with femininity.

Dress, wearing clothing and accessories that conform to societal gender norms, as examined by Entwistle (2

000). Clothing choices can signify gender identity, with masculine attire often characterized by functional, st

raightforward designs, whereas feminine attire may emphasize aesthetics and ornamentation.
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Mannerisms, exhibiting behaviors like assertiveness or submissiveness, as discussed by Connell (1987). The

se nonverbal cues, such as posture, facial expressions, and eye contact, convey gendered messages.

3. Repetition and Ritual:

Gender performances are repeated acts. Over time, these acts become naturalised, meaning people believe th

at they reflect inherent gender qualities. Butler(1990,1993) points out that these repetitive behaviours solidif

y the illusion that gender is fixed when, in reality, they are socially reinforced through constant [Link]

ciety reinforces these norms through institutions like family, media, and education, making people believe th

at gender expressions (like being nurturing for women or aggressive for men) are natural rather than learned

4. Subversion of Gender Norms:

Since gender is a performance and not an essence, it can be disrupted or subverted. Butler highlights that no

n-conforming gender expressions—such as drag or transgender identities—reveal the constructed and perfor

mative nature of gender. Drag, for instance, is seen as a performance of gender that exposes how the categor

ies of "man" or "woman" are imitative and not natural. By exaggerating or mocking gender norms, drag perf

ormers show that these norms can be deconstructed or resisted.

5. The Social Construct of Gender:

Butler argues that gender is a social construct, created through language, culture, and society's expectations.

It is not tied to biological sex but is a set of cultural scripts that people follow. This understanding disrupts th

e notion that sex and gender are naturally aligned (e.g., that people with male bodies should behave in mascu

line ways).

The binary classification of male/female and masculine/feminine is, according to Butler, a form of social co

ntrol, maintaining power structures that privilege certain behaviours over others.

6. The Role of Power and Normativity:

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Gender performativity is deeply connected to power. Society enforces certain norms and expectations for wh

at is considered “appropriate” masculine and feminine behaviour. Those who deviate from these norms are o

ften marginalised or punished, reinforcing the power of dominant gender norms.

Institutions like marriage, religion, and government play key roles in policing and maintaining these gender

norms. For example, heterosexual marriage upholds specific roles for men and women, reinforcing tradition

al gender norms.

7. The Illusion of Gender Stability:

Butler stresses that the seeming stability of gender is an illusion created by the ongoing performance of gend

er norms. What we view as "natural" masculinity or femininity is simply a socially accepted performance tha

t has become ingrained in cultural consciousness through constant repetition.

This stability can be broken when individuals refuse to conform to societal expectations, showing that gende

r is fluid and changeable rather than fixed.

2.4.3 Examples of Gender Performativity:

1. Drag Performance:

Drag queens and kings exemplify Butler's idea of gender as performative. In drag, gender roles are exaggerat

ed or parodied, making it clear that gender behaviors are socially constructed. A drag queen, for instance, pe

rforms an extreme version of femininity (with makeup, costumes, and mannerisms) that highlights the perfor

mative nature of everyday gender expressions.

2. Transgender Identities:

Transgender individuals who defy the gender they were assigned at birth challenge the idea that gender is fix

ed or tied to biological sex. They highlight how gender is something performed and socially regulated, rather

than innate.

Butler also examines how society enforces gender conformity on transgender people and the broader implica

tions this has on the idea of gender fluidity.

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3. Masculine Women and Feminine Men:

Masculine women or feminine men disrupt the conventional gender binary. A woman in a traditionally mal

e-dominated field (e.g., a female mechanic) or a man who embraces softness and emotional expression (beha

viours associated with femininity) challenges societal expectations of what it means to be male or female.

These behaviours subvert and question the "naturalness" of gender categories.

2.5 MASCULINE PERFORMATIVE ROLE

The term masculinity, according to Collins dictionary, is defined as processing qualities or characteristics co

nsidered typical or appropriate to a man. According to Wikipedia Masculinity can be theoretically understoo

d as socially constructed and there is also evidence that some behaviours considered masculine are influence

d by both cultural factors and biological factors. Connell(2000) said , masculinity is a concept that names pa

tterns of gender practice, not just groups of people. He believes that masculinity cannot be understood only a

s discourse, since gender relations are also constituted in and shape non discursive practices such as Labour,

violence , sexuality, childcare etc. Many scholars have given definitions of masculinity like;

“Masculinity is not a fixed or essential identity, but rather a complex and dynamic set of social practices and

cultural representations that are constantly being negotiated and rewritten." - R.W. Connell (2005)

"Masculinity is a social construct, a cultural ideal of manhood that is imposed on individuals and groups, oft

en through violence, intimidation, and coercion." - Michael Kimmel (2000)

"Masculinity is a performance, a set of acts and behaviours that are designed to demonstrate one's masculinit

y to others." - Judith Butler (1990)

"Masculinity is a hegemonic project, a dominant ideology that legitimates and naturalises the power of men

over women and other marginalised groups." - Raewyn Connell and James W. Messerschmidt (2005)

"Masculinity is a fragile and precarious identity, constantly threatened by the possibility of being unmanned

or emasculated." - David Savran (1998)

These definitions highlight the complexities and nuances of masculinity, emphasising its social construction,

performance, and relationship to power dynamics.

 19
There are many aspects men are expected to fill when it comes to their roles in the society. Examples of suc

h are:

Social Roles

[Link]: Traditionally, men are expected to provide financially for their families. This role is deeply

ingrained in many cultures and can create significant stress for men who feel compelled to fulfill this duty

(Kilmartin).

[Link]: Men are often seen as the guardians of their families, responsible for their safety. This

expectation can lead to a heightened sense of responsibility but may also foster anxiety about potential

threats (Connell).

[Link]: Society frequently positions men as natural leaders, whether in family settings or professional

environments. This expectation can empower men, yet it may also isolate them during decision-making

processes (Kilmartin).

[Link]: Beyond financial support, this role encompasses meeting the emotional and physical needs of

family members. Failure to meet these expectations can lead to feelings of inadequacy (Mahalik et al.).

[Link]-maker: Men are often expected to make significant choices for their families. This can cultivate

a sense of authority but may also contribute to stress, especially when faced with uncertainty (Perry).

Emotional Roles

[Link]: Men are often socialized to suppress their emotions, leading to the idea that vulnerability is a

weakness. This can hinder emotional expression and contribute to mental health issues (Kilmartin).

[Link]: The expectation of resilience can foster a sense of pride, but it can also create a barrier to seeking

help when needed (Mahalik et al.).

[Link]: Society often rewards self-assuredness in men, leading to a culture where doubt is seen as

unacceptable (Connell).
 20
[Link]: While standing up for oneself is important, this trait can sometimes be conflated with

aggression, complicating interpersonal dynamics (Kilmartin).

Physical Roles

[Link]: Engagement in sports is often seen as a hallmark of masculinity. This can marginalize those who

do not fit this mold, fostering feelings of inadequacy (Connell).

2,Aggressive: Physical strength and dominance are frequently celebrated traits. However, this emphasis can

lead to unhealthy competition and potentially violent behavior (Kilmartin).

[Link]: The expectation to demonstrate power can overshadow collaborative behaviors, impacting

personal and professional relationships (Mahalik et al.).

[Link]: Men are expected to defend others, reinforcing traditional gender roles that can limit both

men's and women's agency (Connell).

[Link]: The notion of physical resilience often leads to the glorification of toughness, discouraging

vulnerability (Perry).

Cultural roles

[Link]/Gatherer: Historical roles of providing sustenance persist in modern expectations, even as

lifestyles have evolved (Connell).

[Link]: The image of men as defenders of their communities remains prevalent, reinforcing aggressive

behaviors (Kilmartin).

[Link]/Chief: Cultural narratives often elevate men in leadership roles, which can create pressure to

conform to traditional notions of authority (Mahalik et al.).

[Link]: The expectation for men to be ambitious and self-sufficient in business can lead to stress

and anxiety (Perry).

 21
[Link]: While this role provides a sense of authority, it can be restrictive and contribute to conflicts in

egalitarian relationships (Connell).

1.

Performative Acts

[Link] language: Using commanding language can establish dominance but may alienate others who

prefer a collaborative approach (Kilmartin).

[Link] physical strength: This performance can reinforce traditional masculine norms but may not

reflect one's true self (Mahalik et al.).

[Link] in competitive behaviors: Competition is often encouraged, which can foster a culture of

comparison and anxiety (Connell).

[Link] emotions: The act of hiding one's feelings can lead to emotional detachment and hinder

meaningful connections (Perry).

[Link] dominant postures: Physical expressions of dominance can create barriers in relationships,

discouraging empathy and collaboration (Kilmartin).

In conclusion, These roles and expectations create a complex web that impacts men's identities and

relationships. The pressure to conform to traditional masculinity can lead to significant mental health

challenges and emotional distress. As societal views evolve, there is a growing recognition of the need to

redefine masculinity to include traits such as vulnerability, collaboration, and emotional expression.

2.6 FORMS OF MASCULINITY

According to Cornell(1944), there has been a huge growth of debate and investigation on men as gendered b

eings, on questions about masculinity. When speaking on the types of masculinity R.W Connell write about
 22
four different types of masculinity in her seminal work. The four types are hegemonic, surbodinate,complicit

and marginalised. According to an article published, the factors that differentiate these forms of masculity,

are the ability or desire to adhere to hegemonic standards and the interaction of social hierarchies outside

gender namely class ethnicity etc, with the gender hierarchy.

2.6.1 HEGMONIC MASULINITY

Hegemonic masculinity refers to the culturally dominant form of masculinity that legitimises and maintains

patriarchal power and privilege(Connell 2005). This concept introduced by Raewyn Connell, highlights the

complex and hierarchical nature of masculinity.

2.6.2CHARACTERISTICS OF HEGOMONIC MASCULINITY

[Link]

Hegemonic masculinity is often defined by its emphasis on dominance, not only over women but also over

marginalized groups and subordinate masculinity. This concept, introduced by sociologist R.W. Connell,

describes a social condition where certain masculine traits are valued above others, establishing a hierarchy

that privileges some men while oppressing others. Dominance manifests in various forms, including social,

economic, and sexual control, perpetuating power dynamics that favor those who embody these traits

(Connell 77). This dominance can lead to systemic inequality and reinforces harmful stereotypes that define

masculinity in terms of power and aggression.

[Link] Strength and Aggression

Traditional ideals of masculinity often emphasize physical strength and aggression as key characteristics.

Men are socialized from a young age to associate their worth with their ability to exhibit toughness and

assertiveness. This cultural narrative glorifies physical prowess and often positions aggression as a necessary

trait for success and respect in various spheres, including sports, the workplace, and social interactions
 23
(Kilmartin 45). The pressure to conform to these ideals can lead to unhealthy behaviors, such as violence or

excessive competitiveness, as men strive to prove their masculinity.

[Link] control

Emotional control is another significant characteristic of masculinity, where emotional expression is often

suppressed and stoicism is highly valued. Men are typically socialized to view vulnerability as a weakness,

leading to a culture that discourages open emotional expression (Mahalik et al. 223). This expectation can

have detrimental effects on the mental health of men, as it may prevent them from seeking help or forming

deep emotional connections with others. Research indicates that the pressure to conform to stoic ideals can

contribute to higher rates of depression and anxiety among men, as they feel compelled to hide their true

feelings (Mahalik et al. 225).

[Link] Values

Hegemonic masculinity is deeply intertwined with patriarchal values, which reinforce male authority and

control in both public and private spheres. This characteristic supports traditional gender roles, where men

are seen as the heads of families and leaders in society. Such values perpetuate a system where women's

contributions are often undervalued or marginalized, fostering an environment that privileges male

perspectives and experiences (Connell 79). The reinforcement of patriarchal values not only impacts gender

relations but also shapes societal norms that dictate acceptable behaviors for both men and women, often

leading to systemic inequality.

The characteristics of masculinity, including dominance, physical strength and aggression, emotional

control, and patriarchal values, collectively contribute to a framework that defines and often restricts male

behavior. Understanding these traits is crucial for addressing issues of gender inequality and promoting

healthier models of masculinity that embrace emotional expression and equality.

 24
2.7 FEMININE PERFORMATIVE ROLES

Feminine performative roles refer to the socially constructed and culturally reinforced behaviours, attitudes,

and characteristics associated with being feminine. These roles can vary across cultures and contexts, but her

e are some traditional and contemporary examples:

2.7.1 Traditional Feminine Role

[Link]: Traditionally, women are seen as the primary caregivers in families. This role emphasizes

nurturing, empathy, and support, fostering emotional well-being for others. The caregiver role often includes

responsibilities such as attending to the physical and emotional needs of children, partners, and elderly

family members.

[Link]:This role involves managing domestic responsibilities, including cooking, cleaning, and

organizing the household. The homemaker is often expected to create a comfortable and welcoming home

environment, reflecting traditional views that prioritize family and domesticity.

[Link]:Being a mother is often idealized as a core component of femininity. This role focuses on rearing

children, emphasizing the importance of nurturing, education, and emotional support. Mothers are typically

seen as the primary influences in a child’s development, often prioritizing family needs over personal

ambitions.

[Link]:Traditionally, femininity is associated with yielding to male authority. This expectation often

places women in subordinate positions in both personal and professional contexts, reinforcing gender

hierarchies and limiting women's autonomy.

[Link]:Women are often socialized to express their emotions openly and empathetically. This role

involves being attuned to the feelings of others, promoting emotional connections, and often taking on the

emotional labor within relationships and families.

 25
2.7.2Performative Acts Of Feminine Roles

[Link] Feminine Language and Tone:Women often adopt speech patterns and tones considered feminine,

such as softer language, higher pitches, and conversational styles that emphasize cooperation and politeness.

This performance is often shaped by societal expectations regarding communication.

[Link] Emotional Expression:Women are typically encouraged to express their emotions openly,

showcasing vulnerability and empathy. This act reinforces traditional notions of femininity that value

emotional connection.

[Link] in Nurturing Behavior:Acts of care, support, and nurturing are often performed by women as a

demonstration of their care-giving roles. This behavior is seen as a natural extension of femininity, fostering

relationships and emotional bonds.

[Link] Feminine Attire and Grooming:The choice of clothing and grooming practices often reflects

societal ideals of femininity. Women may feel pressured to wear dresses, apply makeup, and maintain

certain hairstyles to conform to expectations of beauty and femininity.

[Link] Self-Care and Self-Presentation:Self-care practices, including grooming and wellness

routines, are often emphasized for women. The focus on self-presentation can reflect societal pressures to

look and feel a certain way, intertwining personal care with expectations of femininity

2.8 FORMS OF FEMININITY

Femininity encompasses various forms, each shaped by cultural, social, and historical contexts. Here are so

me key forms of femininity:

1. Domestic femininity

Domestic femininity emphasizes the roles of homemaking, childcare, and nurturing. Arlie Russell Hochschi

ld discusses this concept in her work on the "second shift," where women manage both professional respons

ibilities and the majority of household tasks (Hochschild 1989). This role positions women as the primary c

aregivers and managers of the home, reinforcing traditional gender norms that associate femininity with do
 26
mestic duties. Hochschild argues that this division of labor perpetuates inequality, as women's contributions

in the home often go unrecognized and undervalued.

[Link] femininity

Submissive femininity prioritizes deference to male authority. In her groundbreaking book, Sexual Politics,

Kate Millett argues that societal structures and cultural norms enforce a submissive role for women,

encouraging them to yield to male dominance in both public and private spheres (Millett 1969). This

submission is often seen as a virtue, promoting the idea that women should be compliant and supportive of

male decision-making. Such expectations can limit women's agency and opportunities for empowerment,

creating a cycle of dependency on male figures.

[Link] femininity

Emotional femininity focuses on the importance of emotional expression and empathy. Susan Jagger

emphasizes that women are often socialized to be more in touch with their emotions and to prioritize the

emotional well-being of others (Jaggar 1989). This expectation encourages women to take on roles that

involve emotional labor, such as caregiving and maintaining relationships, which can lead to greater

emotional investment in personal interactions. While this trait can foster deep connections, it also places an

emotional burden on women, who may feel compelled to manage the feelings of those around them.

2.8.1 Characteristcs of Tradiional Feminity

[Link] Expression:

Women are often encouraged to express their emotions openly, which is considered a hallmark of

femininity. This emphasis on emotional expressiveness can foster deeper connections but may also lead to

the expectation that women manage others' emotions.

[Link] and Caregiving:

Traditional femininity promotes nurturing behaviors, positioning women as caregivers within families and
 27
communities. This characteristic reinforces gender roles that assign domestic responsibilities primarily to

women.

[Link] Appearance and Beauty Standards:

Societal pressures often compel women to conform to specific beauty standards, emphasizing physical

appearance as an essential aspect of femininity. This focus on looks can lead to self-esteem issues and an

overemphasis on aesthetics.

[Link] and Deference:

The expectation for women to be submissive and deferential to male authority is deeply rooted in traditional

gender norms. This characteristic can limit women's autonomy and discourage assertiveness in various

settings.

[Link] and Self-Expression:

While traditional femininity often restricts autonomy, there is an emerging recognition of the importance of

self-expression and personal agency. Modern feminist movements advocate for women's rights to define

their identities and choices beyond traditional roles.

In conclusion, Traditional femininity encapsulates a range of roles and expectations that have historically

defined women's experiences. While these traits have been critiqued for perpetuating gender inequality, they

also represent aspects of women's identities that can foster connection and care. Understanding these

dimensions is crucial for addressing the complexities of gender in contemporary society.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

ABI DARE

Abi Dare is a Nigerian author known for her poignant storytelling and vivid character portrayals. She gained

significant attention with her debut novel, "The Girl with the Louding Voice," which highlights the struggles

and resilience of a young girl in Nigeria facing societal challenges. Abi Dare’s writing often explores themes
 28
of gender, identity, and the quest for education, making her work relatable and impactful. Her ability to

blend cultural elements with universal experiences resonates with readers around the world.

AKWAEKE EMEZI

Akwaeze is a talented writer whose work often delves into the complexities of life and identity. Drawing

from rich cultural backgrounds and personal experiences, they create stories that resonate with many

readers. Akwaeze’s writing is known for its emotional depth and vivid imagery, often exploring themes like

love, belonging, and the challenges of navigating different worlds. With a unique voice, Akwaeze captivates

audiences and invites them to reflect on their own experiences.

LITERATURE REVIEW: PREVIOUS WORKS ON INTER AND INTA GENDER SUBJUGATION

1. “ Inter and intra gender discourse in African Prose:An interrogation of the female image in selected

literary text” by Ebele peace Okpala and Tracie Chima Utoh Ezeajugh. In this work they concluded that the

oppression of women by the male gender will greatly be countered by womens collective acvtivism, which

can only be possible when they close ranks and unite.

2. “Intra and Inter gender conflict in Amma Darkos fiction ” by Dele Maxwell Ugwanyi. He examined

feminist issues that are prevalent in the African Literary Discourse .

3. “Intra gender Subjugation among women in Nigeria:A Study of Stephanie Okere’s Dry” by Emmanuel

Onyeka Ebekwe. His findings showed that intra gender oppression is prominent within the Nigerian Geo

space

4.“Intra Gender Subjugation in Selected African Female Writers Novels” by Okpala E.p and Utoh

Ezeajugh . They concluded that female marginalisation is not only inter gender, indicating that women

should also look inwards and put their house in order, instead of blaming men all through for the perceived

power imbalance.

[Link]-Genderism' in African Feminist Discourse: the Dynamics of Female 'Unbonding' in Ifeoma Okoye's

the Trial and between Women” by Tracie Utoh Ezeajugh. In this work, she examines the interplay between
 29
patriarchy, culture and women's subjugation within the Igbo culture in Nigeria as captured in Ifeoma

Okoye's “The Trial” and “Between Women”.

Some of these works worked on both intra gender and inter gender while the others looked at ust inter gendr

or inter gender alone, however what they all had in common is they looked at the topic from the female

point of view.

My work in this case hopes to fill in the gap by focusing on itra and inter gender subjugation that both the

male and female go encounter

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