lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Research-final - research

accountancy (Southern Baptist College)

Scan to open on Studocu

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

ACCEPTABILITY OF BANANA (PSEUDO)STEM FIBER AS AN ALTERNATIVE

FOR PAPER

A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of

MLANG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School Department
Mlang, Cotabato

CRISTY PEÑAS

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS (STEM)

Academic Track

JUNE 2023

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

ABSTRACT

Cristy Penas 2023 Banana (Pseudo) stem fiber as alternative for paper.

Quantitative Research. Senior High School, M’lang National High School, M’lang,

Cotabato,

Research Adviser: JERICK Ivan Palomar

This study aims to produce a paper out of banana (pseudo) stem fiber as

an alternative to wood pulp-based paper, or commercial paper and to determine

significant difference between the acceptability of the ‘banana (pseudo)Stem

fiber ’ as an alternative to wood pulp-based paper in terms of texture, strength

and color.

It is a quantitative study wherein True Experimental Design is used. This

study applied quota sampling together with convenience sampling. The

researchers chose 30 respondents that will participate on the study.

A paired-sample t-test was conducted to determine the significant

difference of Banana (Pseudo)Stem Fiber Paper and Wood Pulp-Based Paper in

terms of texture, strength, and color.

According to the result of analysis in Comparing Wood Pulp-Based Paper

and Banana (Pseudo) Stem Fiber Paper (Texture) the t-score is -4.12, and the

value of p is .00028, which means that the result is significant at p < 0.05.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region XII
Cotabato Division
MLANG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Mlang, Cotabato

ACCEPTABILITY OF BANANA (PSEUDO)STEM FIBER PAPER AS AN

ALTERNATIVE TO WOOD PULP-BASED PAPER

Proponents
CRISTY C. PEÑAS

JERICK IVAN A. PALOMAR, PhD

Research Adviser

___________________________________________________
A Research Paper Submitted to the Faculty of
MLANG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL - Senior High School
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject of
INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS AND IMMERSION
___________________________________________________

STEM RESEARCH NO. _____ June 2023

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region XII
Cotabato Division
MLANG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Mlang, Cotabato

TRANSMITTAL SHEET

This research paper attached hereto entitled ACCEPTABILITY OF

BANANA PSEUDO AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO WOOD PULP-BASED PAPER”,
prepared and submitted by, CRISTY C. PEÑAS as partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Subject of Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion is hereby
endorsed for acceptance.
HENRY B. MALONES, JR RUBELYN O.
BENIDICTO
Member Member
_______________
_________________
Date Singed Date Singed

JERICK IVAN A. PALOMAR, PhD

Research Adviser
______________
Date Signed
Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject of
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion.

JEAN PARACHA
Principal I/SHS Assistant Principal for Academics
______________
Date Signed

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

CYNTHIA S. BUSTILLO
Principal IV
______________

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region XII
Cotabato Division
MLANG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Mlang, Cotabato

APPROVAL SHEET

This research paper attached hereto entitled, “ACCEPTABILITY OF

BANANA (PSEUDO) STEM FIBER PAPER AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO WOOD
PULP-BASED PAPER”, prepared and submitted by CRISTY C. PEÑAS as
partial fulfillment of the requirements for Inquiries, Investigations, has passed the
standards set by Mlang National High School and has been successfully
defended before this panel of examiners:
HENRY B. MALONES, JR RUBELYN O.
BENIDICTO
Member Member
_______________
_________________
Date Singed Date Singed
JERICK IVAN PALOMAR, PhD
CHAIRMAN
Date Signed

JERICK IVAN A. PALOMAR, PhD

Research Adviser
______________

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Date Signed

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject of

Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion.

JEAN PARACHA
Principal I /SHS Assistant Principal for Academics
______________
Date Signed

CYNTHIA S. BUSTILLO, EdD

Principal IV
______________
Date Signed

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This research will not be finished without the help and contribution of the

following:

To the parents of the researcher: Mr. and Mrs. Peñas. thank you for your

support and understanding on the process of making this research.

We would also like to express our warm gratitude to our Practical

Research II subject Teacher Mr. Jerick Ivan A. Palomar, for his overwhelming

support and guidance throughout this research.

To our friends, fellow students of M’lang National High School and whom

had help us in this research, thank you for contributing some help—may it be

moral, financial, or spiritual.

Lastly, praises and thanks to God Almighty, for showering us His

blessings throughout this research work.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
PRELIMINARY PAGES

Abstract i
Title Page ii
Transmittal Sheet iii
Approval Sheet iv
Acknowledgment v
Table of Contents vii
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
List of Appendices x

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1

Background of the Study 1

Objectives of the Study 4
Significance of the Study 4
Scope and Delimitations of the Study 5
Operational Definition of Terms 7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 8

Review of Related Studies 8

Brief History of Paper 9
Wood Pulp-Based Paper 10
Ecological Effects 10
Alternatives to Wood Pulp in Paper Production 11
Banana (Pseudo) stem fiber as Paper 13
Banana Production 13
Characteristics of Banana stem fiber 14
Banana Pseudo Paper Production 15
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework 17
Hypotheses 18

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 19

Research Design 19
Sampling Design 19
Location of the Study 20
Research Instrument 20
Intervention 27
Data Collection Procedure 29

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Plan for Data Analysis 30

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 31

Acceptability of Banana (Pseudo)Stem fiber paper in Terms of 32

Texture
Discussion 1 32
Acceptability of Banana(Pseudo)Stem fiber in Terms of 34
Strength
Discussion 2 34
Acceptability of Banana (Pseudo)Stem fiber Paper in Terms of 36
Color
Discussion 3 36

CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND 38

RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary 38
Conclusions 41
Recommendations 42

BIBLIOGRAPHY 44
APPENDICES 46

Certification of Content Specialist 47

Certification of Research Adviser 48
Certification of the Examining Committee 49
Certification for Final Findings 50
Approval Letter 51
Research Instrument 52
Budgetary Requirements 55
Research Questionnaire 68
Curriculum Vitae 70

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page

1 Instruments Used in the Study 21

2.a Intervention (Texture) 27

2.b Intervention (Strength) 27

2.c Intervention (Color) 28

3 Comparing Wood Pulp-Based Paper and 32

Banana Pseudo Paper (Texture)

4 Comparing Wood Pulp-Based Paper and 34

Banana Pseudo Paper (Strength)

5 Comparing Wood Pulp-Based Paper and 36

Banana Pseudo Paper (Color)

6 Respondents’ Ratings on Banana Pseudo 59

Paper in Terms of Texture

7 Respondents’ Ratings on Banana Pseudo 62

Paper in Terms of Strength

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

8 Respondents’ Ratings on Banana Pseudo 65

Paper in Terms of Color

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page

1 Conceptual Framework 17

2 Steps in Data Collection 29

3 The Banana Pseudo Paper 31

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Title Page

A Certification of Content Specialist 47

B Certification of Research Adviser 48

C Certification of the Examining Committee 49

D Certification For Final Findings 50

E Approval Letter 51

F Research Instrument 52

G Budgetary Requirements 55

H Research Questionnaire 56

I Curriculum Vitae
68

70

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

ACCEPTABILITY OF BANANA (PSEUDO)STEM FIBER AS AN

ALTERNATIVE FOR PAPER

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Banana Plant (Musa acuminate) is really familiar to all people. All part of

banana plant can be used by people to make product or even have

medical applicants: the flower in dysentery cooked flowers in diabetic’s;

young leaves as poultices on burns the roots in digestive disorder

Banana as fruit or vegetables can be used as complementary ingredient

or even directly consume. Banana leaves can act as traditional food

warp. The residence of banana tree can be used as pulp for paper and

combustible.

Banana Flower which, may called banana blossom or banana heart is a

large , dark purple blossom which frows on the tip of a banana bunch on

the end of the stem holding a cluster of banana. In most topical countries

, banana , blossoms are used as vegetable either raw or cooked which

only the tendon core is sliced and eaten .Banana blossom has a huge

nutritional value and healthy benefits . It represent a valuable source of

potassium, Vitamin A,C ,E, minerals, Fatty, acid, flavonoids, saponin,

essential and non- essential amino acid, glycoside, and steroid

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Banana is one of the earliest crops cultivated in the history of human

agriculture. The origin of this particular plant family stretches from India

to Papua New Guinea which includes the southeast Asia region

(Arvanitoyannis and Mavromatis 2009; De Lange et al; 2009). It mass

cultivation and consumption in the recent decades made it the world

second largest fruit crop with an estimated gross production exceeds

banana 139 billion tones (FAO 2016). World leading banana and

plantation producers are India, China, Uganda, Ecuador, Philippines, and

Nigeria. Most of the edible banana are cultivated mainly for their fruits,

thus banana farms could generate several tones of underused by-

products and waste. Therefore without proper agricultural waste

management practice, huge amount of valuable untapped commodity will

serious ecological damages (Essien et .2005; Yabaya and Ado 2008).

Numerous studies have been done to improve the usage of banana by-

products to meet the escalating demand of raw materials supply in

various industries (Clarke et al. 2008; Doran et al; 2005;Emaga et al

2008; kuo et al. 2006). These researchers paved new and alternative

ways in creating new products and applications with the value added

approach at the cost of recycling banana agricultural wastes. There is a

continuous need to create and invent new products with the value-added

application from alternative bio-resources as mean as to develop a

sustainable civilization. Due to the high demand for food products,

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

energy, and other essential needs, gradual improvement in the current

technological development towards utilizing alternative resources in

many industries is necessary to cater the needs of the ever-increasing

world population (Mohammadi 2006).

Objectives of the Study

This study aims to produce a paper out of banana pseudo stem

fiber as an alternative to wood pulp-based paper, or commercial paper.

Specifically, this study has specific objectives:

1. To develop an alternative paper made from banana pseudo stem fiber ;

2. To determine the significant difference of banana pseudo stem fiber

paper to the wood pulp-based paper in terms of texture, strength, and

color;

3. To determine the acceptability of the ‘banana pseudo stem fiber paper’

as an alternative to wood pulp-based paper in terms of:

a. texture

b. strength, and;

c. color.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Significance of the Study

This study aims to investigate the acceptability of banana

(pseudo) stem fiber paper as an alternative to paper. The researchers

also aimed to come up with a paper that is of high quality but on the

other hand must also be cost efficient, and most importantly

environmentally friendly. This study will benefit the following:

For the Students and Teachers, this study will help them by

reducing their waste and lessen their expenses in buying paper.

For Entrepreneurs and Agriculturists, this study will give

information to them and could widen their understanding about the

profitable use of banana (pseudo) stem fiber . Entrepreneurs and

agriculturists may give high value to banana peels in the market for the

future production of paper.

For the researchers, this study will give them reliable information

on the possible alternative use of banana (pseudo) paper and its effect/s

on the environment.

For future researchers, this study will project a wide picture of

the subject that will serve as a reference for a more intensified research

for Banana (pseudo) stem fiber as an alternative to paper.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

SCOPE AND DELIMATION

This study is quantitative and nature experimental research will be

conducted at Barangay Pobalcion A Mlang North Cotabato. This is mainly

focused on the use of banana (pseudo) stem fiber in the production of

paper. The researchers did not dwell chemical composition of the fibers,

but only on the production paper. Additionally the researchers will

compare the banana (pseudo) stem fiber products to only (1) commercial

or wood pulp- based which is the brand of ‘Paper One’ in terms of

texture, strength, and color. Factors and other properties such as

longevity, odor, etc. is excluded in the study .

The Researchers sample is composed of 30 individuals, divided in

to three (3) groups; 10 STEM students coming from Mlang National High

School 10 Science Teacher coming from the said School, and the 10

random students from the said School. The Data used in research came

from the direct testing and measurement of banana pseudo stem fiber

paper during production, existing literature, interviews and survey from

the said respondents .

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Definition of Terms

Banana (pseudo) stem fiber- is the part of the banana plant that looks

like a trunk.

Banana (pseudo) stem fiber paper- a paper made out of banana stem

fiber pulp

Color- the light-sensitivity of paper based on color prints.

Linen paper- paper - a material made of cellulose pulp derived mainly

from wood or rags or certain grasses.

Paper- a material manufactured in thin sheets from wood pulps or fibrous

substances, used for writing, drawing, or printing.

Strength- the toughness of paper before tearing apart.

Texture- the roughness or smoothness of the paper.

Wood pulp- a wood fiber reduced chemically or mechanically to pulp

and used in the manufacture of paper.

Wood pulp-based paper- a paper made out of wood pulp; usually the

commercial papers

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Review of Studies and Literature

The chapter discussed some related literature and studies, theorical nad

conceptual framework, and the study’s hypothesis regarding the

acceptability of banana (pseudo) stem fiber as an alternative in making

banana paper

The research is intended to determine the acceptability of banana stem

fiber in making banana (pseudo) stem fiber paper

Banana (Musa paradisiaca, Family Musaceae) is a central fruit crop of

the tropical and subtropical regions of the world grown on about 8.8

million hectares (Mohapatra et al;2010). It is possibly the worlds oldest

cultivated crop (kumar et al;2012). As a diet, banana is an affluent source

of carbohydrates with calorific value of 6z calories per 100g fruit and is

one of the most well-liked and widely traded fruit across the world

(Emaga et al;, 2012). It is one of the tallest herbaceous plant’s with a

pseudo stem fiber Its tough treelike pliable stem is composed of the

sheathing twisting leaf bases, which contains ,about 300 varieties of

banana are grown pf which a vast majority are grown in tropical

Asia(Sinmonds 1962). Banana grows almost everywhere in Bangladesh,

Rangpur, Dinajpur, Noakhali, Faridpur, Tangail, and Khulma. The

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

common species have been growing in Bangladesh are Musa

cavendishi; M. oranta (Sagar kala), M paradisiaca sub-species

paradisica (kamcha kala), and M. Sapientum sub-species sylvestris (Aita

kala) (banlapedia). All varieties of banana can be used for the fiber

extraction purpose (Mukho padhay et al; 2008 ). Musa textiles (Pahari

kala), a wild banana variety grow in Bangladesh is important

Brief History of Paper

Papermaking can be traced to about AD 105, when Ts’ai Lun, an

official attached to the Imperial court of China, created a sheet of paper

using mulberry and other bast fibers along with fishnets, old rags,

and hemp waste. In its slow travel westward, the art of papermaking

reached Samarkand, in Central Asia, in 751; and in 793 the first paper was

made in Baghdad during the time of Hārūn ar-Rashīd, with the golden age

of Islāmic culture that brought papermaking to the frontiers of Europe

(Brook, 2011).

By the 14th century, a number of paper mills existed in Europe,

particularly in Spain, Italy, France, and Germany. The invention of

printing in the 1450s brought a vastly increased demand for paper.

Through 18th century, papermaking process remained essentially

unchanged, with linen and cotton rags furnishing the basic raw materials.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Paper mills were increasingly plagued by shortages; in the 18th century

they even advertised and solicited publicly for rags. It was evident that a

process for utilizing a more abundant material was needed (Anderson,

2009).

Furthermore, the earliest manuscript on paper known to have survived

dates from A.D. to Ts’ai Luns’s invention. It was discovered in Turkestan by Sir

Aurel Stein in 1904 in one of the ruined towers of the Great Wall of China

(Thomas, 1965).

The Egyptians had prepared an acceptable writing material from the

papyrus reed, probably by cutting strips from the outer skin, laying them side on

a flat stone, laying the second layer on top of them, at right angles, pressuring

and drying the whole, earlier before 1904 (Carby, 1965).

Wood Pulp-Based Paper

Wood is the main source of pulp and paper. Preliminary production

steps are debarking and chipping. Pulping processes are of three

principal types: mechanical, or grinding; chemical, or cooking with added

chemicals; and semi chemical, or a combination of heat or chemical

pretreatment with subsequent mechanical reduction to fibers. The yield of

pulp ranges from about 40 percent by chemical methods to 95 percent by

mechanical ones. Chemical processes are based on either acids

(i.e., sulfite pulping) or alkalis (alkaline pulping, including soda and sulfate

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

[kraft] processes). The pulp so produced is washed, screened, thickened

by the removal of most of the water, and bleached. Paper manufacture

involves beating or refining (defibering) the pulp, sizing and filling or

loading (introducing various additives), and running the pulp into the

proper machine (Memon, 2008).

Ecological Effects

It is necessary to cut down trees. Nearly 4 billion trees or 3.5

percent of total trees cut around the world are used in paper industries

on every continent (Matin, 2011).

One of the most used components in human’s daily living is paper.

According to a survey of Cornell University Library Conservation on

Ecological effects of papermaking industry, 2018, on an average, a

human use 27 kgs of paper annually and this thesis is about impact of

usage of paper on our environment. Historically pulp and paper

production has ranked among the most resource-intensive and highly

polluting of all manufacturing industries. Besides fiber, the primary inputs

into the paper making process are water, energy and chemicals (Bora,

2011).

On the other hand, although recycling reduces use of raw material

to some extent but it is very difficult to produce tree at a pace at which

they are cut down every day. Even after recycling or use of water paper

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

to produce new paper 93% of raw material should be required for making

fresh and good quality paper. Another this recycling was not everybody

prefers. Let’s say in India, ITC was the only company which recycles the

used paper till now (Permasoftly, 2010).

Alternatives to Wood Pulp in Paper Production

Due to the demand of trees in paper production, some studies have

been carried out to obtain Kraft pulps using alternative materials to

traditional wood, including olive tree wood, Cynara cardunculuns L , vine

shoots, wheat straw, and kenaf. Nevertheless, due to the more

accessible structure of these materials compared to conventional wood

materials, a soda process is usually applied to them, as this process is

less pollutant (Haider, 2013). Paper made of grass and fibers requires

much less processing than wood-derived paper and is far made of

grasses and fibers requires much less processing than wood/derived

paper, and is far better for the environment anyone who’s ever visited a

pulp mill can attest to the unpleasant smells, and moreover, turning wood

into paper releases harmful chemicals like dioxin (Striepe, 2011).

During the year 1994, at Kenya a local entrepreneur, John Matano,

came up with the idea of recovering elephant dung and turning it into

paper. Ten years later, the pilot project resulted in the first sheaves of

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

paper being sold. Today, his company - Nampath Paper - employs 42

people. And 17 sites are now developing this industrial activity in Kenya.

Darr (2011) used stone in his study as an alternative to wood pulp-

based paper. According to the researcher, stone paper has some

attractive characteristics as a writing material. At first touch, an individual

can tell the sheets are not normal wood-based paper. The pages are

smoother, and individuals have to make an effort to tear them. Ink writes

just as well, or perhaps even better, although some gel inks may take a

minute or two to dry completely. In many ways stone papers like RepRap

seem to reinvigorate paper with aspects you always wished paper had.

It’s durable, oil and tear resistant, and waterproof, and since you can fold

it like paper your airplane-making days may not be as numbered as you

thought before.

Companies using stone paper claim it is a better alternative to the

pulp-based standard, as it does not use trees, water, chlorine, acids, or

petroleum in its creation. It is primarily made from calcium carbonate,

one of the most common substances on the planet. Aside from making

up part of marine organism shells, pearls, and eggshells, calcium

carbonate is also a natural byproduct of water and limestone that is

found in quarries. The substance is no stranger to the paper world – for

the past 30 years it has been used as a filter and a coating pigment to

produce whiter, brighter, glossier paper. But in making stone paper, the

mineral graduates from just being a simple coating to being the heart of

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

the product, comprising 80 percent of its composition. The calcium

carbonate is ground into a fine powder and mixed together with a small

amount of high-density polyethylene (HDPE).

Characteristics of Banana Pseudo stem Fiber

The physical and chemical properties of banana fiber are considered

below:

 The composition of banana fiber is cellulose (50-60%), hemicellulose

(25-30%), pectin (3-5%), lignin (12-18%), water soluble materials (2-

3%), fat and wax (3-5%) and ash (1-1.5%). (Mukhopadhay, et.al.,

2008)

 Its appearance is similar to that of bamboo and ramie fiber; however,

banana fiber has better fineness and spin ability. It has shiny

appearance depending upon the extraction and spinning process (Rao

and Mohana, 2007)

 It has very strong fiber with 3% elongation and light weight.

 Its average fineness is 2386 Nm, average strength is 3.93 cn/dtex and

average length is 50-60 mm.

 It absorbs and releases moisture easily.

 It is biodegradable and has no negative effect on environment thus can

be categorized as eco-friendly (Mukhopadhay et al., 2008).

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Banana (Pseudo)Stem fiber Paper Production

Banana stem fiber fiber can be alternative raw material of paper industries

like writing paper, anti-grease paper, cheque paper, as well as hard board

industries (Mohapatra et al., 2010).

At first, raw paper materials are collected from banana plants and fibers

are collected afterwards. The collected fibers are soaked in water prior to make

pulp. Later, the extracted fibers is bleached by microbial treatment using

Trichoderma and Pythium for 3-5 days (Muraleedharan and Perumal, 2010).

These fungi act on cellulose and breaks the bonds between lingo cellulosic

complex structures and lignin and hemicellulose are broken down and leached

out. This enhances the brightness of the paper and helps to soften the fiber as

well as do pulping process easier (Crouch et.al., 1998).

Furthermore, after the microbial treatment, banana fiber has to be washed

to clean unwanted materials including microbes and convert to pulp in a process

called beating. All of the additives in required amount and actual proportions

must add during the beating process. Usually, starch, polysaccharide resins, and

natural gums (glue) are used to modify or enhance the bonding between the

fibers in pulp paper. In the sizing step, it is tried to retard the ability of wetting and

penetration. Sizing reduces porosity and hence reducing absorption ability. After

several steps to be carried out, finished paper is made from banana stem fiber

(Cordeiro et.al., 2004).

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Acceptability of Paper in terms of:

Banana stem fiber  Texture
 Strength
 Color

Figure 1. A schematic diagram that shows the perceived hypothesis in the

study together with the relationship of independent and dependent
variable.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Research Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis

1. H0: There is no significant difference in the texture between the

experimental (banana stem fiber paper) and the control unit (wood pulp-

based paper).

2. H0: There is no significant difference in strength between the

experimental (banana stem fiber paper) and the control unit (wood pulp-

based paper).

3. H0: There is no significant difference in color between the

experimental (banana stem fiber paper) and the control unit (wood pulp-

based paper).

4. H0: Banana stem fiber paper is not an accepted alternative to

wood pulp-based paper.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study entitled “Acceptability of Banana (Pseudo) stem fiber

Paper as Alternative to Wood Pulp-Based Paper” is a quantitative study

wherein True Experimental Design is used.

This research design fits the study for the reason that it will help

the researchers to measure the significant difference between the paper

made of banana (pseudo) stem fiber and the wood pulp-based paper

and; the eco-friendliness of banana stem fiber paper compared to the

wood pulp-based paper.

Sampling Design

This study applied quota sampling together with convenience

sampling. In quota sampling, the researchers chose 30 respondents that

will participate on the study. The researchers divided the participants into

three groups wherein each group will have a weightage of 33.33%, which

means that there will be ten (10) respondents coming from each group.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

The three groups are: STEM 12 students, science teachers and random

locals.

Location of the Study

This study will take place in Barangay Poblacion, M’lang, North

Cotabato and the respondents such as the teachers and students will be

coming from M’lang National High School. The geographical area was

chosen because it is the only area available for the researchers and the

given time frame in the making of the research work is only for three

months.

Research Instrument

Table 1. Instruments Used in The Study

Instrument Description Photo

½ kg Banana the core layer of

banana stem used
Pseudo stem as the main raw
material for this
experimental
research.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

1 L Water used during the

paper making
process; to help
dissolve other
ingredients and to
make the mixture
even.

A4 size Deckle a paper making

Frame mold frame made
of screen and
wood.

Blender used during the

paper making
process; to grind
the banana stem
fiber and to mixed
the ingredients
thoroughly.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Container used to contain the

mixture of banana stem
fiber and water

Smartphone used to take pictures as

a documentation of the
study

Survey to guide the interviewers

questionnaires on what questions are to
be asked to the
respondents.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

These are the following procedures done by the researchers in the

making of paper out of banana stem fiber as an alternative to wood pulp-
based paper:

STEP 1: Gather the banana stem fiber needed for the experiment.

STEP 2: Place 1 cup of shredded recycled paper into a blender along

with two cups of water. Blend it until it becomes slurry

STEP 3: Cut the banana stem fiber into cube size and then depositing

them into a rapid boiling water. Allow the banana stem fiber to soften for

20-30 minutes.

STEP 4: Add now the rehydrated skins to the slurry paper in the blender.

Once

the mixture is evenly blend, add 1 more cup of water, until it all comes

together in texture and consistency.

STEP 5: Place the papermaking mold and deckle in the bottom of a

plastic basin with the glass frame facing up and slowly pour the paper

slurry inside the mold while concurrently raising the double frame so that

all excess water will be drain through.

STEP 6: With a large damp cloth covering the table, place the
mold/deckle on top so the deckle frame can be immediately removed,
followed by the mold itself.

STEP 7: Dry the solid sheet of banana peel-paper pulp for 24 hours or

until all water has evaporated.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Intervention

Experimental Set-up

After the making of banana stem fiber paper, the researchers will

then test the acceptability of the said product as an alternative to the

wood-pulp based paper. Before the researchers undergo a survey to the

selected respondents, the researchers will first make an intervention of

the banana stem fiber paper and the respondents.

This intervention will only be applied to the second objectives of

the study which is to determine significant difference between the

acceptability of the ‘banana stem fiber ’ as an alternative to wood pulp-

based paper in terms of: a. texture; b. strength, and; c. color. The

researchers use the Post-test only design wherein the data are only

collected after the intervention.

a. Texture

Table 2.a Intervention (Texture)

Sample Intervention Post Test

Control Groups No intervention ̷

(wood pulp-based
paper)
Experimental Groups Receives intervention (respondents ̷
will be able to touch both banana
(banana stem fiber
stem fiber paper and wood pulp-
paper)
based paper)

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

b. Strength

Table 2.b Intervention (Strength)

Sample Intervention Post

Test

Control Groups No intervention ̷

(wood pulp-
based paper)
Experimental Receives intervention ̷
Groups (respondents will measure
how much weight the paper
(banana stem
can hold before tearing)
fiber paper)

a. Color

Table 2.c Intervention (Color)

Sample Intervention Post

Test

Control Groups No intervention ̷

(wood pulp-
based paper)
Experimental Receives intervention ̷
Groups (respondents will draw and
color a “rainbow” to both
(banana stem
banana stem fiber paper
fiber paper)
and to wood pulp-based
paper to test how colors
and tonal value appear on
to both papers)

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Data Collection Procedure

Figure 2. Steps in Data Collection

Date: April 4-5,2023

Step 1 Activity: Making a letter of permission to conduct the study

Date: April 5-8,2023

Step 2 Activity: Goal-setting

Date: April 8-20, 2023

Step 3 Activity: Planning of approach and methods

Date: April 25- May 5, 2023

Step 4 Activity: Making the banana peel paper

Date: May 5-17, 2023

Step 5 Activity: Survey

Date: May 17-25, 2023

Step 6 Activity: Analyzing and Interpreting data

Date: May 25-June 3,2021

Step 7 Activity: Acting on result

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Plan for Data Analysis

The data analysis to be used in this study will be inductive analysis from

which the data collected from a survey and an interview will be explained in a

manner of being specific, following a structure of organization based on the

specific objectives and derives from a final analysis.

For the objective number one of the study, the researchers will just simply

make a paper out of banana stem fiber . For the second objective, the

researchers will use t-test analysis, and supported with graph and charts to

analyze the raw data from the survey of the respondents.

After the final analysis, the conclusion will be drawn by the researchers

based on the analysis of data.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter contains the respondents’ response to the questions of the

researchers which corresponds to the objectives of this study. This study entitled

“Acceptability of Banana (Pseudo) stem fiber Paper as an Alternative to Wood

Pulp-Based Paper” aimed to develop an alternative linen for paper made from

banana stem fiber and determine significant difference between the acceptability

of the ‘banana stem fiber’ as an alternative to wood pulp-based paper in terms of

(a) texture, (b) strength, and (c) color.

The respondents involved in this study are given code names due to

confidentiality.

Figure 3. The Banana stem fiber Paper

Width: 8.27 inches
Length: 11.69 inches

A4 size

11.69 inches

8.27 inches

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Acceptability of Banana (Pseudo) Stem fiber Paper in Terms of

Texture

This results and discussions are based on the number two (2)

objectives of the study. In this part, t-test analysis is used, and supported

by tables and graph to present the data in a structured manner.

Table 3. Comparing Wood Pulp-Based Paper and Banana Peel Paper

Texture
Sample Mean Mean (x-y) df Critical t-value p-value
value
(n-1)
Wood Pulp- 𝛍1 = 𝜶 = 0.05
Based 6.23
-1.3 29 -4.12 .00028
Paper
(2.045)
Banana 𝛍2 =
Pseudo 7.53
Paper

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Discussion 1:

The Table 3.a shows the responses of the respondents to the

effectiveness of Banana stem fiber Paper compared to Wood Pulp-Based

Paper in terms of texture.

A paired-sample t-test was conducted to determine the significant

difference of Banana stem fiber Paper and Wood Pulp-Based Paper in

terms of texture.

With that, on the Table 3.b shows the comparison of wood pulp-

based paper and banana stem fiber paper. In order to get the result and

conclude the hypothesis, the researchers used the t-test analysis

wherein a critical value of α =¿ 0.05 is used. The t-score is -4.12, while

the value of p is .00028, which means that the result is significant at p<

0.05.

Based on the result, the null hypothesis: There is no significant

difference in the texture between the experimental (banana stem fiber

paper) and the control unit (wood pulp-based paper), is rejected—which

means that there is a significant difference in texture between banana

stem fiber paper (M=7.533) and wood pulp-based paper (M=6.233).

Moreover, based on the Table 3.b, Banana stem fiber Paper has a

mean of Paper has a greater mean compared to the Wood Pulp-Based

Paper, which means that Banana stem fiber Paper is an effective

alternative to Wood Pulp-Based Paper 7.5333, and Wood Pulp Based

Paper has a mean of 6.2333. Banana stem fiber in terms of texture.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Therefore, evidence exists that banana stem fiber paper and wood pulp-

based paper has a significant difference with each other; and Banana

Stem fiber Paper is an effective alternative to Wood Pulp-Based Paper in

terms of texture.

Acceptability of Banana (Pseudo)Stem fiber paper in Terms of Strength

Table 4. Comparing Wood Pulp-Based and Banana

(Pseudo)Stem fiber Paper

Strength
Sample Mean Mean (x-y) df Critical t-value p-value
value
(n-1)
Wood Pulp- μ1 = 6 α =¿ 0.05
Based
2.03 29 10.12 .00001
Paper
(2.045)
Banana μ2 =
Pseudo 8.03
Paper

Discussion 2:

The Table 4.a shows the responses of the respondents to the

effectiveness of Banana Stem fiber Paper compared to Wood Pulp-Based Paper

in terms of strength.

A paired-sample t-test was conducted to determine the significant

difference of Banana Stem fiber Paper and Wood Pulp-Based Paper in terms of

strength.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

With that, on the Table 4.b shows the comparison of wood pulp-based

paper and banana Stem fiber paper. In order to get the result and conclude the

hypothesis, the researchers used the t-test analysis wherein a critical value of

α =¿ 0.05 is used. The t-score is 10.12, while the value of p is .00001, which

means that the result is significant at p < 0.05.

Based on the result, the null hypothesis: 2H0: There is no significant

difference in strength between the experimental (banana Stem fiber paper) and

the control unit (wood pulp-based paper), is rejected—which means that there is

a significant difference in strength between banana Stem fiber paper (M=8.0333)

and wood pulp-based paper (M=6.00S).

Moreover, based on the Table 4.b, Banana Stem fiber Paper has a mean

of 8.0333, while the Wood Pulp-Based Paper has a mean of 6.00. Banana Stem

fiber Paper has a greater mean compared to the Wood Pulp-Based Paper, which

means that Banana Stem fiber Paper is an effective alternative to Wood Pulp-

Based Paper in terms of strength.

Therefore, evidence exists that banana stem fiber paper and wood pulp-

based paper has a significant difference with each other; and Banana Stem fiber

Paper is an effective alternative to Wood Pulp-Based Paper in terms of strength.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter contains the summary, conclusion and recommendations

based on the results and discussions of the study.

Summary

This study aims to produce a paper out of banana Stem fiber as

an alternative to wood pulp-based paper, or commercial paper and to determine

significant difference between the acceptability of the ‘banana Stem fiber ’ as an

alternative to wood pulp-based paper in terms of a. texture, b. strength, and; c.

color.

It is a quantitative study wherein True Experimental Design is used. This

study applied quota sampling together with convenience sampling. The

researchers chose 30 respondents that will participate on the study.

A paired-sample t-test was conducted to determine the significant

difference of Banana Stem fiber Paper and Wood Pulp-Based Paper in terms of

texture, strength, and color.

According to the result of analysis in Table 3 “Comparing Wood Pulp-

Based Paper and Banana Stem fiber Paper (Texture) the t-score is -4.12, and

the value of p is .00028, which means that the result is significant at p < 0.05.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Based on the result, the null hypothesis: 1H0: There is no significant

difference in the texture between the experimental (banana pseudo paper) and

the control unit (wood pulp-based paper), is rejected—which means that there is

a significant difference in texture between banana Stem fiber paper (M=7.533)

and wood pulp-based paper (M=6.233).

According to the result of analysis in Table 4.b, “Comparing Wood Pulp-

Based Paper and Banana stem fiber Paper (Strength) the t-score is 10.12, while

the value of p is .00001, which means that the result is significant at p < 0.05.

Based on the result, the null hypothesis: 2H0: There is no significant

difference in strength between the experimental (banana stem fiber paper) and

the control unit (wood pulp-based paper), is rejected—which means that there is

a significant difference in strength between banana pseudo paper (M=8.0333)

and wood pulp-based paper (M=6.00).

According to the result of analysis in Table 5, “Comparing Wood Pulp-

Based Paper and Banana Stem fiber Paper (Color) The t-score is -4.12, while the

value of p is .00028, which means that the result is significant at p< 0.05.

Based on the result, the null hypothesis: 3H0: There is no significant

difference in color between the experimental (banana stem fiber paper) and the

control unit (wood pulp-based paper), is rejected—which means that there is a

significant difference in color vibration between banana Stem fiber paper

(M=7.3667) and wood pulp-based paper (M=6.333).

Therefore, evidence exists that banana Stem fiber paper and wood pulp-
based paper has a significant difference with each other; and Banana Stem fiber
Paper is an

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

accepted alternative to Wood Pulp-Based Paper in terms of texture and strength,

but not in color vibration.

Conclusion

Banana Stem fiber paper and wood pulp-based paper has a significant

difference with each other furthermore, the banana Stem fiber paper is an

accepted alternative to wood pulp-based paper in terms of texture, and strength,

while it is not an effective alternative in terms of color.

Therefore, based on the study, banana Stem fiber paper is an accepted

alternative to wood pulp-based paper.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Recommendations

In conclusion, the banana Stem fiber paper is an effective alternative to

wood pulp-based paper. The researchers recommend the following:

For Agriculturists/ Local Farmers.

The use of banana stem fiber paper is recommended for the reason that it

is toxicologically safe, environment-friendly, and easy to produce. For

entrepreneurs, it can lessen the cost in economic field and may give banana

Stem fiber high value in the market.

For the future researchers.

The research has presented that banana Stem fiber paper is an effective

alternative to wood-pulp based paper. In addition, this research provides an

insight for future development of banana Stem fiber paper as an alternative to

wood pulp-based paper which can provide a cheaper, easier and locally

produced product.

The researchers recommend to have a further research regarding the

banana Stem fiber in order to identify its potential in the market and to produce

products that sustainable are eco-friendly. Furthermore, the future researchers

should set their research to a higher understanding regarding the topic.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Andersson, Peter, et al. "Active matrix displays based on all‐organic

electrochemical smart pixels printed on paper." Advanced Materials 14.20 (2002):
1460-1464.
Andersson, P., Nilsson, D., Svensson, P. O., Chen, M., Malmström, A., Remonen,
T., ... & Berggren, M. (2002). Active matrix displays based on all‐organic
electrochemical smart pixels printed on paper. Advanced Materials, 14(20), 1460-
1464.
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT),"Paper
Sludge - Waste Disposal Problem or Energy Opportunity, Engineering
Conference Proceedings". Technical Association of the
Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI), Norcross, GA. Retrieved 2008-05-
07, 1999.
Mohd Kassim, A.S., Mohd Aripin, A., Ishak, N., Zainulabidin, M.H., 2015. Cogon
Grass as an Alternative Fibre for Pulp and Paper-Based Industry: On Chemical
and Surface Morphological Properties. AMM 773–774, 1242–1245.
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1242
Brown, Michele,” Parchment Making” Cornell University Library Conservation,

Duanne Polzen,2016, https://blogs.cornell.edu/culconservation/2015/04/03/parchment-

making/.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

APPENDICES

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

A Certification of Content Specialist

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

B Certification of Research Adviser

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

C Certification of the Examining Committee

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

D Certification for Final Findings

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

E Approval Letter
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region XII
Cotabato Division
MLANG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Mlang, Cotabato

JUNE 17 , 2021

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN:

I am , the researcher from STEM-12 Hawkings of M’lang National High

School is conducting a study entitled “Acceptability Banana (Pseudo) stem fiber
Paper as an Alternative to Wood Pulp-Based Paper,” which aims to make an
alternative linen paper out of banana Stem fiber paper to wood pulp-based paper.

I am humbly asking for your permission to approve this, so we can

conduct a survey in this experimental research and to make this authentic, If you
have any questions in regards of this research just contact us. This is approved
and reviewed by our research adviser Mr. Jerick Ivan Palomar.

We are expecting for your good response. Thank you and God bless

Cristy Peñas.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

F Research Instrument

½ kg Banana the core layer of

banana stem used
Pseudo stem as the main raw
material for this
experimental
research.

1 L Water used during the

paper making
process; to help
dissolve other
ingredients and to
make the mixture
even.

A4 size a paper making

Deckle Frame mold frame made of
screen and wood.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Blender used during the paper

making process; to
grind the banana
Stem fiber and to
mixed the ingredients
thoroughly.

Container used to contain the

mixture of banana Stem
fiber and water

Smartphone used to take pictures as

a documentation of the
study

Survey to guide the interviewers

questionnaires on what questions are to
be asked to the
respondents.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Evaluation of Data:

Acceptability of Banana (Pseudo)Stem fiber Paper in Terms of Texture

This results and discussions are based on the number two (2) objectives

of the study. In this part, t-test analysis is used, and supported by tables and

graph to present the data in a structured manner.

Table 6. Respondents’ Ratings on Banana (Pseudo)Stem fiber Paper

in Terms of
Texture
Respon- Ratings on Ratings on
Wood Pulp- Banana stem
dent’s Difference
Based Paper fiber Paper
No. (x-y) (x-y)²
(x) (y)
001 6 4 2 4
002 8 7 1 1
003 6 6 0 0
004 9 5 4 16
005 7 5 2 4
006 7 4 3 9
007 7 5 2 4
008 7 5 2 4
009 8 4 4 16
010 9 6 3 9
011 7 4 3 9
012 9 7 2 4
013 7 6 1 1
014 7 5 2 4
015 8 6 2 4

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

016 8 6 2 4
017 7 6 1 1
018 8 6 2 4
019 7 5 2 4
020 7 5 2 4
021 6 10 -4 16
022 7 10 -3 9
023 9 8 1 1
024 10 9 1 1
025 8 8 0 0
026 7 7 0 0
027 8 7 1 1
028 6 7 -1 1
029 8 7 1 1
030 8 7 1 1
SUM Ʃ x= 226 Ʃ y= 187 Ʃ (x-y)=39 Ʃ (x-y)²=137

MEAN μ1 =7.5333 μ2 =6.2333 -1.3 4.5667

Formula:

Ʃ D/n Ʃ D = 39
t=
√( Ʃ D )−¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
2

n = 30
2
Ʃ D = 137

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Solution:

39/ 30
t=
√ (137 )−¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
39 /30
¿

√ 137−

√
3 92
30
29∗30

13 √ 29∗30 13 √870
¿ =

√ √ 1521
2
39 10 137−
10 137−
30 30

13 √ 870 13 √870 13 √ 870

¿ = =
10
√
863 10 √863 10 √ 863
10 √10 √10

13 √ 8700 130 √ 87 13 √87

¿ = =
10 √ 863 10 √ 863 √ 863

13 √ 75081
¿ t =4.1276
863

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Acceptability of Banana (Pseudo)Stem fiber paper in Terms of Strength

Table 7. Respondents’ Ratings on Banana Stem fiber Paper in Terms

of
Strength
Respon- Ratings on Ratings on
Wood Pulp- Banana Stem
dent’s Difference (D)
Based Paper fiber Paper
No. (x-y) (x-y)²
(x) (y)
001 5 7 -2 4
002 6 8 -2 4
003 6 7 -1 1
004 6 9 -3 9
005 6 8 -2 4
006 5 8 -3 9
007 4 7 -3 9
008 6 8 -2 4
009 5 7 -2 4
010 5 8 -3 9
011 5 8 -3 9
012 6 9 -2 4
013 6 8 -2 4
014 5 8 -3 9
015 6 8 -2 4
016 6 9 -3 9
017 6 7 -1 1
018 6 7 -1 1
019 6 8 -2 4
020 7 8 -1 1

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

021 7 7 0 0
022 6 9 -3 9
023 8 6 2 4
024 7 10 -3 9
025 7 9 -2 4
026 7 9 -2 4
027 7 9 -2 4
028 5 8 -3 9
029 6 8 -2 4
030 7 9 -2 4
SUM Ʃ x= 180 Ʃ y= 241 Ʃ (x-y)= -60 Ʃ (x-y)²= 154

MEAN μ1 =6 μ2 =8.0333 2.03 5.1333

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Formula:

Ʃ D/n Ʃ D = -60
t=
√( Ʃ D )−¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
2

n = 30
Solution: 2
Ʃ D = 154
60/30
t=
√ (154 )−¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
2
¿

√ 154−
6 02
30
√ 29∗30
2 2 √ 870
¿ =

√ 154−

√ 870
60²
30 √ 154−
3600
30

2 √ 870
= √
2 870 2 √ 435
¿ =
√ 154−120 √34 √ 17

2 √ 7395
¿ t=10.116
17

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Acceptability of Banana (Pseudo)Stem fiber Paper in Terms of Color

Table 8. Respondents’ Ratings on Banana Stem fiber Paper in Terms

of
Color
Respon- Ratings on Ratings on
Wood Pulp- Banana Stem
dent’s Difference (D)
Based Paper fiber Paper
No. (x-y) (x-y)²
(x) (y)
001 9 7 2 4
002 8 6 2 4
003 8 6 2 4
004 7 7 0 0
005 7 7 0 0
006 8 7 1 1
007 8 4 4 16
008 7 4 3 9
009 8 5 3 9
010 7 5 2 4
011 8 6 2 4
012 9 6 3 9
013 7 7 0 0
014 8 6 2 4
015 7 6 1 1
016 6 6 0 0
017 8 6 2 4
018 9 7 2 4
019 7 6 1 1
020 6 6 0 0

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

021 6 9 -3 9
022 7 10 -3 9
023 9 6 3 9
024 9 9 0 0
025 8 6 2 4
026 5 6 -1 1
027 6 6 0 0
028 7 6 1 1
029 5 6 -1 1
030 7 6 1 1
SUM Ʃ x= 221 Ʃ y=190 Ʃ (x-y)=31 Ʃ (x-y)²=114

MEAN μ1 =7.3667 μ2 =6.3333 -1.0333 3.8

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Formula:

Ʃ D/n Ʃ D = 31
t=
√( Ʃ D )−¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
2

n = 30
Solution: 2
Ʃ D = 114
31/30
t=
√ (114 )−¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
31 /30
¿

√ 114−
312
30
√29∗30

31 √ 29∗30 31 √ 870
¿ =

√
30 114−
31²
30
30 114−
961
30 √
31 √ 870 31 √ 870 31 √ 870
¿ = =
30
√
2459 30 √ 2459 30 √ 2459
30 √30 √ 30

31 √ 26100 930 √ 29 31 √29

¿ = =
30 √ 2459 30 √2459 √ 2459

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

31 √ 271311
¿ t=3.367 Research Questionnaire
2459

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region XII
Cotabato Division
MLANG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Mlang, Cotabato

We, the researchers from STEM-12 Hawkings of M’lang National High

School is conducting a study entitled “Acceptability of Banana (Pseudo)Stem
fiber Paper as an Alternative to Wood Pulp-Based Paper,” which aims to make an
alternative linen paper out of banana Stem fiber paper to wood pulp-based
paper in terms of (a) texture, (b) strength, and (c) color.
In line with the research objectives, the respondents were being
performed three sets of activities. Regarding the activities, the researchers are
seeking for feedbacks from respondents to help evaluate the effectiveness of
banana Stem fiber paper as an alternative to wood pulp-based paper.
We are asking for your participation and honest answer in this survey.

Name (optional): _____________________________________

Nickname: _______________ Respondent Number: ________ Age: _______
Classify yourself: ___ Student ___ Teacher ___Others: ____________
If student, Grade: __________

TEXTURE: Rate the texture of banana Stem fiber paper and wood pulp-based
paper on a scale of 1-10, wherein 1 as the roughest and 10 as smoothest. Write
your answer in the box below.

Banana Stem fiber Paper Wood Pulp-Based Paper

STRENGTH: Rate the strength of banana Stem fiber paper and wood pulp-
based paper on a scale of 1-10, wherein 1 as the easiest to tear and 10 as
hardest to tear. Write your answer in the box below.

Banana Peel Paper Wood Pulp-Based Paper

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

COLOR: Rate the color of banana Stem fiber paper and wood pulp-based paper
on a scale of 1-10. Write your answer in the box below.

Banana Stem fiber Paper Wood Pulp-Based Paper

Thank you for taking the time to participate in this study, as well as to answer
these questions.

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

J Curriculum Vitae

CRISTY PEÑAS

Personal Data
Age: 18
Date of Birth: April 23, 2005

Place of Birth: Burgos St., M’lang

North Cotabato
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Father’s Name: Bernardo H. Peñas
Mother’s Name: Rosalie C. Peñas

Educational Background

Elementary M’lang Pilot Elementary School

Rizal Street, Poblacion A, M’lang, North Cotabato

Junior High School M’lang National High School

Rizal Street, Poblacion A, M’lang, North Cotabato

Senior High School M’lang National High School

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|54802817

Rizal Street, Poblacion A, M’lang, North Cotabat

Strand
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS (STEM)

Downloaded by Azraeal Vergara ([email protected])